Article(id=1312000033860444471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.015, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750176000000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-18, revisedDate=1752076800000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790734783854, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790734783854, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790734783854, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790734783854, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311999647825101743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, year='2025', volume='56', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='818', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1766592000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790734691815, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790738411040, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312015247465083866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312015247465083867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=170, endPage=179, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1312000034086936888, articleId=1312000033860444471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, language=EN, title=Design and Test of Anti-instability System of Hilly and Mountain Track Agricultural Machinery Transfer Platform, columnId=1311999648647185329, journalTitle=Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, columnName=Special Column of Key Technologies for Intelligent Agricultural Power Equipment, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Hilly and mountainous regions are characterized by complex terrain and agricultural machinery with high centers of gravity, which often leads to instability and rollover risks during rail transport operations. To address this challenge, a hydraulic automatic leveling anti-instability system for a mountain rail transport platform was proposed. The system integrated an ADXL345 triaxial accelerometer for real-time attitude monitoring and employed a particle swarm optimization fuzzy PID (PSO Fuzzy-PID) controller, using the platform's Z-axis tilt angle as the feedback variable. A simulation model was established in Simulink to compare the performance of conventional PID, fuzzy PID, and PSO Fuzzy-PID controllers. Simulation results demonstrated that the PSO Fuzzy-PID controller achieved a rapid response time of 0.181 s with zero overshoot, and outperformed conventional PID and fuzzy PID controllers in terms of adjustment time, stability, and overall dynamic response. Static experimental tests were conducted under track inclinations of 4°, 7°, and 10°, and the PSO Fuzzy-PID controller yielded an average leveling error standard deviation of only 0.068°, with maximum error constrained within 0.45°. The average leveling time was reduced by approximately 6.3% and 15.6% compared with that of fuzzy PID and conventional PID, respectively. Dynamic experiments further revealed that the system maintained a response delay below 0.4 s, with platform attitude fluctuations confined to-0.079° to 0.497°, thereby meeting the precise leveling requirement within±10°. These results confirmed the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed PSO Fuzzy-PID based hydraulic leveling system. The system significantly enhanced the operational stability and safety of agricultural machinery transport on hilly rail platforms, providing valuable technical support for the intelligent development and practical application of agricultural transport equipment in mountainous regions.

, authors=Maohua XIAO1, Jiachen DING1, Yejun ZHU1, Wentao KE1, Chenshuo XIE1, Jiabo WANG2, Haoqi SHI3, authorsList=Maohua XIAO, Jiachen DING, Yejun ZHU, Wentao KE, Chenshuo XIE, Jiabo WANG, Haoqi SHI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1312000048980910467, articleId=1312000033860444471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, language=CN, title=丘陵山地轨道农机具转运平台防失稳系统设计与试验, columnId=1311999648798180275, journalTitle=农业机械学报, columnName=智能农业动力装备关键技术专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对丘陵山地轨道运输平台转运农机具易失稳、运输安全性差等问题,设计了一种山地轨道运输平台防失稳液压自动调平系统。系统采用三轴加速度传感器实时监测平台姿态,开发了以平台Z轴倾角为输入的PSO模糊PID(PSO Fuzzy-PID)调平控制器,并进行仿真试验与实机测试。仿真结果显示,在单位阶跃信号下,基于PSO Fuzzy-PID算法的系统响应时间为0.181 s,超调量为0。静态实机试验结果显示,在室内轨道倾角为4°、7°和10°下,PSO Fuzzy-PID算法调平误差的标准差平均值为0.068°,最大调平误差控制在0.45°以内。动态实机试验结果显示,系统滞后时间小于0.4 s,可保证平台在-0.079°~0.497°范围内波动,满足±10°范围内平台精准调平的需求。研究结果验证了本系统的有效性,表明其在工程应用场景中有实际应用价值。

, authors=肖茂华1, 丁甲辰1, 朱烨均1, 柯文韬1, 解臣硕1, 王家博2, 史浩琪3, authorsList=肖茂华, 丁甲辰, 朱烨均, 柯文韬, 解臣硕, 王家博, 史浩琪, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

肖茂华(1981—),男,教授,博士,主要从事智能农机装备研究,E-mail:

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肖茂华(1981—),男,教授,博士,主要从事智能农机装备研究,E-mail:

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Rice cultivar coefficient optimization of DSSAT based on PSO, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1312000084255007208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312000033860444471, awardId=2022YFD2001805, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD2001805), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1312000049828159876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312000033860444471, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312000049836548485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312000033860444471, companyId=1312000049828159876, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312000049853325702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312000033860444471, companyId=1312000049828159876, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.南京农业大学工学院,南京 210031)]), AuthorCompany(id=1312000049945600391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312000033860444471, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312000050188870024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312000033860444471, companyId=1312000049945600391, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Zhenjiang 212400, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312000050201452937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312000033860444471, companyId=1312000049945600391, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.江苏农林职业技术学院,镇江 212400)]), AuthorCompany(id=1312000050654437770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312000033860444471, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312000050687992203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312000033860444471, companyId=1312000050654437770, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.China Europe Engineering College, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312000050708963724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312000033860444471, companyId=1312000050654437770, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.上海大学中欧工程学院,上海 200444)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1312000063640003006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312000033860444471, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Diagram of transport platform model, figureFileSmall=JptL5ipTjuMZq2wX8XAFZQ==, figureFileBig=dF5BNoRLe00p0NazYBKUOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312000063736471999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312000033860444471, language=CN, label=图1, caption=运输平台模型图

1. 前挡板 2. 钩锁电机(钩子) 3. 转运平台台面 4. 液压泵(电磁阀安装位置) 5. 蜗杆电机(驱动限位块前后移动) 6. 滑槽 7. 移动式限位块 8. 液压尾板 9. 双轨轨道 10. 伺服电机(驱动限位块伸出或隐藏) 11. 轨道轮 12. 固定式限位块 13. 调平液压杆

, figureFileSmall=JptL5ipTjuMZq2wX8XAFZQ==, figureFileBig=dF5BNoRLe00p0NazYBKUOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312000064566944192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312000033860444471, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Overall structural diagram of transit platform, figureFileSmall=3Vnrq5HLPGx8POt0/dUuUA==, figureFileBig=ZfiKBgXwdXn6h0FbJUQBvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312000064919265730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312000033860444471, language=CN, label=图2, caption=转运平台总体结构图, figureFileSmall=3Vnrq5HLPGx8POt0/dUuUA==, figureFileBig=ZfiKBgXwdXn6h0FbJUQBvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312000065330307523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312000033860444471, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Schematic of leveling, figureFileSmall=BekJeStPBHDR+OlrvpBBzg==, figureFileBig=f2/4gyy4V9+NUI6sRZTbGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312000066160779716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312000033860444471, language=CN, label=图3, caption=调平示意图, figureFileSmall=BekJeStPBHDR+OlrvpBBzg==, figureFileBig=f2/4gyy4V9+NUI6sRZTbGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312000067075137989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312000033860444471, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Hydraulic system workflow diagram, figureFileSmall=rSPABu2CO+NjL1ZTrUYtKQ==, figureFileBig=lGWlFOx/PKJqumGh4WUt0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312000067528122822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312000033860444471, language=CN, label=图4, caption=液压系统工作流程图, figureFileSmall=rSPABu2CO+NjL1ZTrUYtKQ==, figureFileBig=lGWlFOx/PKJqumGh4WUt0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312000068304069063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312000033860444471, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, 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ADXL345 parameters of three-axis accelerometer

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数规格/数值
工作电压/V2.0~3.6(典型值3.3)
工作/待机电流/μA40(低功耗模式)/0.1
量程范围/g±2,±4,±8,±16
数字接口I2C(支持标准/快速模式)
SPI(3/4线模式)
工作温度/℃-40~85
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ADXL345三轴加速度传感器相关参数

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参数规格/数值
工作电压/V2.0~3.6(典型值3.3)
工作/待机电流/μA40(低功耗模式)/0.1
量程范围/g±2,±4,±8,±16
数字接口I2C(支持标准/快速模式)
SPI(3/4线模式)
工作温度/℃-40~85
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Comparison of data of three controllers

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控制方式上升时间/s调节时间/s超调量/%
PID0.0280.58722.5
Fuzzy-PID0.0690.2690
PSO Fuzzy-PID0.0510.1810
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3种控制器数据对比

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控制方式上升时间/s调节时间/s超调量/%
PID0.0280.58722.5
Fuzzy-PID0.0690.2690
PSO Fuzzy-PID0.0510.1810
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丘陵山地轨道农机具转运平台防失稳系统设计与试验
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肖茂华 1 , 丁甲辰 1 , 朱烨均 1 , 柯文韬 1 , 解臣硕 1 , 王家博 2 , 史浩琪 3
农业机械学报 | 智能农业动力装备关键技术专栏 2025,56(12): 170-179
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农业机械学报 |智能农业动力装备关键技术专栏 2025 , 56 (12) : 170 -179
丘陵山地轨道农机具转运平台防失稳系统设计与试验
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肖茂华1 , 丁甲辰1, 朱烨均1, 柯文韬1, 解臣硕1, 王家博2, 史浩琪3
作者信息
  • 1.南京农业大学工学院,南京 210031
  • 2.江苏农林职业技术学院,镇江 212400
  • 3.上海大学中欧工程学院,上海 200444
作者简介:

肖茂华(1981—),男,教授,博士,主要从事智能农机装备研究,E-mail:

Design and Test of Anti-instability System of Hilly and Mountain Track Agricultural Machinery Transfer Platform
Maohua XIAO1 , Jiachen DING1, Yejun ZHU1, Wentao KE1, Chenshuo XIE1, Jiabo WANG2, Haoqi SHI3
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, China
  • 2.Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Zhenjiang 212400, China
  • 3.China Europe Engineering College, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
出版时间: 2025-12-25 doi: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.015
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针对丘陵山地轨道运输平台转运农机具易失稳、运输安全性差等问题,设计了一种山地轨道运输平台防失稳液压自动调平系统。系统采用三轴加速度传感器实时监测平台姿态,开发了以平台Z轴倾角为输入的PSO模糊PID(PSO Fuzzy-PID)调平控制器,并进行仿真试验与实机测试。仿真结果显示,在单位阶跃信号下,基于PSO Fuzzy-PID算法的系统响应时间为0.181 s,超调量为0。静态实机试验结果显示,在室内轨道倾角为4°、7°和10°下,PSO Fuzzy-PID算法调平误差的标准差平均值为0.068°,最大调平误差控制在0.45°以内。动态实机试验结果显示,系统滞后时间小于0.4 s,可保证平台在-0.079°~0.497°范围内波动,满足±10°范围内平台精准调平的需求。研究结果验证了本系统的有效性,表明其在工程应用场景中有实际应用价值。

丘陵山地轨道运输  /  农机具转运平台  /  液压自动调平  /  粒子群算法  /  模糊PID

Hilly and mountainous regions are characterized by complex terrain and agricultural machinery with high centers of gravity, which often leads to instability and rollover risks during rail transport operations. To address this challenge, a hydraulic automatic leveling anti-instability system for a mountain rail transport platform was proposed. The system integrated an ADXL345 triaxial accelerometer for real-time attitude monitoring and employed a particle swarm optimization fuzzy PID (PSO Fuzzy-PID) controller, using the platform's Z-axis tilt angle as the feedback variable. A simulation model was established in Simulink to compare the performance of conventional PID, fuzzy PID, and PSO Fuzzy-PID controllers. Simulation results demonstrated that the PSO Fuzzy-PID controller achieved a rapid response time of 0.181 s with zero overshoot, and outperformed conventional PID and fuzzy PID controllers in terms of adjustment time, stability, and overall dynamic response. Static experimental tests were conducted under track inclinations of 4°, 7°, and 10°, and the PSO Fuzzy-PID controller yielded an average leveling error standard deviation of only 0.068°, with maximum error constrained within 0.45°. The average leveling time was reduced by approximately 6.3% and 15.6% compared with that of fuzzy PID and conventional PID, respectively. Dynamic experiments further revealed that the system maintained a response delay below 0.4 s, with platform attitude fluctuations confined to-0.079° to 0.497°, thereby meeting the precise leveling requirement within±10°. These results confirmed the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed PSO Fuzzy-PID based hydraulic leveling system. The system significantly enhanced the operational stability and safety of agricultural machinery transport on hilly rail platforms, providing valuable technical support for the intelligent development and practical application of agricultural transport equipment in mountainous regions.

hilly and mountainous rail transportation  /  agricultural machinery transfer platform  /  hydraulic automatic leveling  /  particle swarm optimization algorithm  /  fuzzy PID
肖茂华, 丁甲辰, 朱烨均, 柯文韬, 解臣硕, 王家博, 史浩琪. 丘陵山地轨道农机具转运平台防失稳系统设计与试验. 农业机械学报, 2025 , 56 (12) : 170 -179 . DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.015
Maohua XIAO, Jiachen DING, Yejun ZHU, Wentao KE, Chenshuo XIE, Jiabo WANG, Haoqi SHI. Design and Test of Anti-instability System of Hilly and Mountain Track Agricultural Machinery Transfer Platform[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2025 , 56 (12) : 170 -179 . DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.015
我国丘陵山地资源丰富,而复杂的地形条件与较低的农业机械化水平在一定程度上制约了该区域农业的可持续发展[1]。在丘陵山区,中小型农机具(如收获机、插秧机和播种机等)依然是主要的农业生产装备[2]。受限于地势起伏大、轨道坡度较陡等自然条件,目前已建成的山地轨道运输系统主要服务于农用物资(如化肥、农药等)的转运,尚不能满足动力农机具安全、可靠的转运需求[3]。动力农机具因普遍存在重心偏高的问题,在运输过程中易出现姿态不稳甚至倾覆的现象,严重影响作业的安全性与可靠性。鉴于此,研发一种可实现农机具运输过程中姿态快速感知与稳定调控的防失稳系统,对提升丘陵山区农机运输安全性具有重要意义[4]。
目前,防失稳系统研究主要集中在车辆、机器人以及丘陵山区农机作业部件等领域。在车辆领域,稳定性控制是核心研究内容,主要包括基于速度跟踪的横向稳定控制与底盘系统的协调稳定控制[5-6]。例如,文献[7-8]将速度跟踪问题转化为纵向控制,实现横纵向协同稳定控制;文献[9-10]则结合底盘结构特性构建了稳定性协同控制框架。在机器人领域,底盘行走机构的设计直接关系到机身姿态的平衡与稳定[11-12]。当前轮腿式机器人[13-14]在地形适应性和机动性能方面优势突出,刘毅等[15]和张庆等[16]围绕该类型机器人开展了位姿控制策略研究,实现了连杆与铰链结构的动态调整以维持稳定性。在丘陵山区农机作业部件方面,国内外学者也进行了大量研究。文献[17-18]采用PID控制策略设计了喷药机喷杆自动调平系统,有效提升了施药作业效率;LATORRE-BIEL等[19]提出了一种适用于拖拉机通用前端装载装置自动调平机构,并配套开发了相应控制算法。
车辆与机器人领域的防失稳技术普遍存在成本高、结构复杂等问题,难以在丘陵山地农机具轨道运输平台中实现工程化应用。而丘陵农机作业部件的调平系统多采用电推杆配合传统算法,难以满足轨道运输平台高负载、高可靠性的控制需求。
针对上述问题,本文设计一种适用于丘陵山地农机具轨道运输平台的防失稳系统。该系统集成姿态检测与液压自动调平技术,采用粒子群优化算法(PSO)对模糊逻辑PID控制器(Fuzzy-PID)进行参数优化,以实现对液压调平系统快速、精准控制,从而增强运输平台在复杂地形条件下的运输安全性。
丘陵山地农机具轨道运输平台主要由前挡板、钩锁电机、平台台面、液压尾板、轨道轮、固定装置以及调平装置等组成(图1)。其中,固定装置包括移动与固定限位块及驱动电机,调平装置包括液压泵、电磁阀、液压杆及输油管(图中未表示)。转运平台的总体结构图如图2所示。
在农机具转运作业过程中,转运平台首先放下液压尾板,并通过钩锁电机钩住农机具将其沿尾板牵引至平台上,直至其前轮接触到平台前段的固定限位块。此时,后方的隐藏式限位块伸出,并沿滑槽移动,最终抵靠于农机具底盘(车轮或履带)位置,实现前后限位的双重固定。该限位装置的尺寸设计充分考虑了当前市场上常见的丘陵山区中小型农机具特性,能够兼容不同轮距、轴距、履带宽度及履带间距,具备良好的通用性与适应性。在运输过程中,防失稳调平系统持续调节平台姿态,使农机具始终保持在较小的倾斜角度范围内,保证转运平台的运输稳定性与安全性。
通过市场调研丘陵山区常用中小型农机具的规格参数,设计转运平台尺寸为3 000 mm×1 500 mm×1 500 mm,最大承载800 kg,调平范围为±10°。
防失稳液压调平系统通过布置在平台前后各两根液压推杆实现对平台姿态的动态调节。根据转运平台设计参数并结合图3进行防失稳系统液压推杆选型,液压推杆的极限负载与行程为
式中
      l0——两液压推杆顶部间距
      h0——两层平行时距离
      h1——液压杆伸长后平台两层固定点间距
      α——调平的范围角度
      β——液压推杆与台面的夹角
      Δh——液压推杆伸长后平台左侧升高高度
      Δl——推杆最大行程
      G1——机具在调平转轴左侧的重量
      F1——假设平台工作时其所有质量均处于左侧,且重心位置与液压推杆接触位置在一条垂直的直线上时推杆的极限负载
代入实际数据得:Δh=0.317 4 m;Δl=0.366 5 m;F1=8 915.32 N。
为确保系统在实际运行中的安全性与可靠性,设计中预留一定的安全裕度,选用单缸双向液压推杆作为调平执行元件。其主要参数如下:额定推力为20 000 N、行程为370 mm、缸径为40 mm、杆径为25 mm、最大工作压力16 MPa。该液压推杆配置可满足系统在丘陵山地复杂工况下对调平响应力和行程范围的要求,为平台姿态调整提供可靠的执行能力。
特种运输车辆在执行运输任务过程中发生货物侧翻的风险可通过多种指标进行评估[20]。鉴于丘陵山地轨道地形起伏显著的特点,轨道坡度(即所运输货物的倾斜角度)成为评估丘陵山地轨道农机具转运平台运输稳定性的核心指标。基于此,本文防失稳系统以转运平台实时监测的倾角值作为主要输入与反馈信号,构建控制程序。综合考虑稳定性与成本,系统集成ADXL345三轴加速度传感器来实时监测平台角度变化。表1列出了该传感器的主要参数。
图4为液压自动调平系统工作流程图。
其中,变量a表示由ADXL345三轴加速度传感器实时检测的平台当前倾斜角,变量b为系统预设的最大允许倾斜角阈值。在正常运行过程中,控制板在通电后首先对系统进行初始化,随后ADXL345传感器开始持续监测平台姿态角,并将检测值与预设的倾斜角阈值进行比较。
当平台倾斜角超过设定的安全限值时,防失稳调平控制器将启动自动调平程序。一方面,控制器驱动液压系统中的电机工作,使液压管路内产生压力;另一方面,系统根据实时检测值与设定目标值之间的偏差e进行控制参数整定,并计算出相应的控制输出量。执行机构电磁比例阀根据控制器的输出量调整阀口的开度及通油方向,从而驱动液压缸实现伸缩,完成对平台姿态实时调节。通过该闭环控制过程,可确保农机具在运输过程中的倾斜角始终维持在安全范围内,显著提升运行稳定性与作业安全性。
设计该调平控制器前需计算该调平控制系统的传递函数。在忽略弹性负载的情况下,将液压系统的数学模型简化为液压缸与电磁比例阀的传递函数组合,其中液压缸传递函数为
式中
      s——拉普拉斯变换中的复频率变量
      Ah——等效液压缸横截面积
      ξh——液压缸阻尼比
      ωh——液压缸固有频率
电磁比例阀的传递函数为
式中
      Ka——比例放大器增益系数
      Kv——比例阀电磁铁增益系数
      Kh——比例阀流量增益系数
      ξv——比例电磁阀阻尼比
      ωv——电磁铁固有频率
总系统的传递函数为
对液压缸进行阶跃响应测试,得出ξh取0.8,ωh为700 Hz,根据1.2节液压缸实际参数计算横截面积Ah为12.56 cm2。对电磁阀进行频率响应分析以及实验测定,得出ξv取0.5,ωv为150 Hz,Ka取188.6,Kh为2.82 L/(min·mA),Kv取7.1 N/A。
传统常规PID控制是目前自动控制中使用最为广泛的控制策略之一[21],其主要分为位置式和增量式2种。增量式PID控制常用于被控对象为电机的控制系统,本文防失稳系统中被控对象为液压自动调平系统中的电磁比例阀,适合采用位置式PID控制。位置式PID控制器主要由比例项、积分项与微分项3个单元互相配合而成,主要结构如图5所示。
在控制器中,需要设置比例系数KP、积分系数KI与微分系数KD3个控制参 数对被控项进行控制,其关系式为
控制器根据t时刻下设定值r(t)与测量值y(t)差值e(t)的情况,给出控制量u(t)并作用于受控对象,但式(7)为连续算法表达式,在嵌入式部署实际调平过程需要进行离散化采样步骤,假设一共进行m次采样,取采样周期T取1 ms。最终推得离散化PID控制算法为
式中
      em、em-1、eb——第m、m-1、b次采样的误差值
将实际数据代入传递函数,采用试凑法结合系统开环试验进行初步整定,经多次调整设置传统PID控制器KP0为0.07、KI0为0.5、KD0为0.005。
传统PID控制器因其结构简单、参数整定方便,在各类线性系统中得到了广泛应用。然而,当应用于具有强非线性特征的复杂控制对象时,其控制性能往往受到显著限制。一方面,复杂系统难以建立精确的数学模型;另一方面,被控对象本身及其所处环境具有较强的不确定性,导致传统PID难以实现理想的控制目标,系统稳定性与响应性能难以保障。
利用模糊逻辑控制器优化传统PID控制是针对上述问题而提出的一种控制策略。其控制流程图如图6所示。
由于模糊控制可有效解决复杂非线性系统控制问题,因此将传统PID与模糊控制相结合,使丘陵山地农机具轨道运输平台液压调平系统具有自适应性,可自动调节控制参数,适应被控过程的变化,提高控制性能和可靠性,改善传统PID不足之处。
设计的Mamdani型模糊控制器以角度偏差e与偏差变化率ec为输入量,ec=de/dt,根据模糊规则进行模糊推理,利用Centroid解模糊并输出PID的调整参数ΔKP、ΔKI、ΔKD,得出模糊PID控制器实际输出KP、KI、KD为
在模糊PID控制器中对输入量e与ec以及输出量ΔKP、ΔKI、ΔKD进行模糊规则设计,每个变量的模糊集个数均为7个,分别为NB、NM、NS、Z、PS、PM、PB,输入变量e与ec隶属函数NB与PB取gaussmf型,输入变量的其他隶属函数以及输出变量的全部隶属函数均取trimf型函数。且每个输入变量与输出变量的模糊集个数均为7个,输出变量ΔKP、ΔKI、ΔKD的模糊规则均为49条,对应的空间曲面如图7所示。
传统模糊PID控制器在参数整定过程中主要依赖人工经验,核心参数如量化因子与比例因子的选择具有一定的主观性,容易陷入局部最优,难以实现系统性能的全局最优化。PSO是一种基于群体智能机制的全局优化方法,其基本思想是通过粒子间的信息交互与协同搜索,在解空间中寻找全局最优解[22-23]。将PSO算法引入模糊PID控制器的参数优化过程中,可通过粒子间的协作与竞争机制实现对控制器参数的自动寻优,从而有效提高系统的鲁棒性与控制精度。该算法尤其适用于求解高维、复杂、非线性的优化问题。基于粒子群算法优化模糊PID控制器的结构如图8所示。
在优化算法迭代过程中,需借助适应度函数对群体中各个体性能进行量化评价。其中,ITAE(Integral of time-weighted absolute error)指标因其兼具响应速度快、系统平稳性好及超调量小等优势,已被广泛应用于控制系统性能评估。鉴于其优越的动态特性评价能力,将ITAE作为防失稳系统中控制器性能优化的重要依据之一。以系统ITAE指标为优化目标,优化模糊PID控制器的量化因子(Ke、Kec)与比例因子(KΔKP、KΔKI与KΔKD)。
首先根据需优化的参数生成5维向量
初始化粒子的位置与速度,以ITAE指标计算每个粒子的适应度,在实际过程中需进行离散化处理,以F为采样周期,J为采样序号,ITAE函数离散化公式为
在评估完每个粒子的适应度之后,更新个体最优和全局最优并记录,然后进行速度与位置迭代优化,即
式中
      、、、——粒子k在第t、t-1次迭代的速度和位置
      ω——惯性因子
      ——粒子k的个体最优值
      ——粒子群的全局最优解
      c1、c2——加速度常数
      r1、r2——随机函数
基于粒子群优化的模糊PID控制器由3部分组成,分别是粒子群优化算法、模糊逻辑控制器以及传统PID控制器。其主要控制流程图如图9所示。
在自动调平控制过程中,引入粒子群优化算法对模糊控制器中的隶属函数进行优化搜索,通过在目标解空间中寻找满足性能要求的最优隶属函数参数组合,并结合系统运行状态对其进行实时更新,从而有效提升模糊PID控制器的响应速度与控制精度。
在仿真试验中采用传统PID、模糊PID和基于粒子群算法优化的模糊PID 3种不同的控制方法在Matlab/Simulink软件中进行仿真,并设置采样周期为1 ms,仿真模型图如图10所示。
传统位置式PID控制器:根据2.2节所选参数,取KP为0.07、KI为0.5、KD为0.005。输入单位阶跃信号进行仿真。
模糊PID控制器:根据2.3节的设计流程,设置输入参数偏差e与偏差变化率ec论域均为[-6,6],输出参数ΔKP的论域范围为[-6,6],ΔKI和ΔKD的论域均为[-3,3]。
基于PSO优化的模糊PID控制器:PSO Fuzzy-PID控制器首先设定算法参数,初始粒子群数量s设置为25。惯性因子ω设置为0.8,控制粒子的惯性。加速度常数c1、c2均为0.2,用来调节个体和群体经验的权重。最大迭代次数设为200,不设置最小适应度,以达到最优目标。
图11为PSO算法在迭代过程中个体最优适应度曲线,同时也反映稳态性能指标ITAE的优化过程。由图11可见,随着迭代次数增加,最优适应度持续下降,并在后期逐渐趋于平稳,表明算法具有良好的全局搜索能力,能有效规避局部最优的风险。约在第50次迭代后,适应度趋于稳定,说明粒子群已基本收敛至全局最优解,对应的个体适应度达到最优水平。
为了更加直观进行对比,将单位阶跃信号作为输入信号,对比上升时间(系统初次从稳态值的10%上升到90%的时间)、调节时间以及超调量3种性能指标,仿真时间为1 s,3种控制器的单位阶跃响应对比分析图如图12所示,3种性能指标如表2所示。
由图12可知,PSO Fuzzy-PID控制系统在最短时间内达到稳态目标值,且整体响应过程稳定迅速。尽管其上升时间略慢于传统PID控制器,但后者存在显著的超调现象,且调节时间明显长于前者,表明PSO Fuzzy-PID控制器在系统动态性能方面具有明显优势。
进一步地,与常规Fuzzy-PID算法相比,PSO Fuzzy-PID控制器在超调量上表现相近,二者均保持在较低水平;但在上升时间与调节时间方面,PSO优化方案均优于未优化的Fuzzy-PID控制器,从而体现出其更优的综合性能。
表2可进一步验证上述结论:传统PID控制器仅在上升时间方面具有一定优势,而在超调量和调节时间上均明显劣于另外2种方法。具体而言,传统PID控制器的超调量高达22.5%,而Fuzzy-PID与PSO Fuzzy-PID控制器的超调几乎为零;传统PID控制器调节时间分别较PSO Fuzzy-PID与Fuzzy-PID控制器多0.406 s和0.318 s,PSO Fuzzy-PID控制器调节时间相较传统PID与Fuzzy-PID降低69%与33%。
综上,通过Matlab仿真分析可知,PSO Fuzzy-PID控制器在响应速度与系统稳定性之间实现了良好平衡,具备显著的控制性能优势。
为评估所提出的防失稳调平控制系统在丘陵山地农机具轨道运输平台上的实际性能,并验证其工程适用性,搭建了试验台架并开展了实机测试,如图13所示。
试验条件:试验平台搭建于桑普农机(常州)有限公司厂区内,选用辅助柴油动力机对运输平台进行牵引。为模拟典型农机具转运工况,在平台上安置桑普3WZ-SP500型履带式喷雾机作为负载。机头与平台在轨道上实际运行距离为18 m,其中前段4 m为水平直轨(轨道倾角为0°),后段4 m为固定坡道(轨道倾角为10°),中间10 m为过渡弯轨,轨道每米倾角递增1°,以构建连续变化的坡度环境,模拟实际运行中的复杂地形。
系统设计:控制系统以STM32F103ZET6单片机为核心处理器,集成ADXL345三轴加速度传感器实现对平台倾斜角的实时监测,并采用Keil μVision5软件编写与加载控制算法。液压系统配置小型定速液压泵,其排量为2.5 mL/r、额定转速为3000 r/min时最大流量为7.5 L/min、最大工作压力为20 MPa,采用24 V直流供电,功率为300 W。控制执行元件选用通径为6 mm的直动式电磁比例方向阀,其最大工作压力为25 MPa,额定流量5 L/min,额定电压24 V,适用温度范围为-20~80℃。各液压单元通过定制液压软管连接,构成完整的丘陵山地轨道运输平台防失稳液压自动调平系统。
试验方法:①为验证3种控制算法的实际调平性能,开展静态自动调平试验。综合考虑试验安全性及厂区空间限制,设定平台调平控制范围为轨道倾角0°~10°(-10°~0°部分为对称工况)。试验选取轨道倾角为4°、7°和10°3种典型工况,调平目标均设定为0°。在每种工况下,分别对传统PID、Fuzzy-PID和PSO Fuzzy-PID 3种控制策略各进行8次独立试验,记录系统实际调平时间及调平误差,以评估不同算法在静态调平过程中的性能差异。②为进一步验证PSO Fuzzy-PID算法动态性能,开展动态调平试验。设定辅助动力机头以1 m/s的恒定速度从室内轨道起点运行至终点,在试验过程中每0.4 s记录1次平台角度,共采集45个数据点,动态试验共进行3组。
统计72次静态试验的数据绘制成点线图,探究3种算法下防失稳系统的实际性能。静态调平试验结果如图14所示。
由图14可知,基于PSO优化的模糊PID控制算法在响应速度、控制精度及系统稳定性方面均优于传统PID与常规模糊PID控制器。在轨道倾角为4°、7°和10°3种工况下,PSO Fuzzy-PID控制器调平误差的标准差平均值为0.068°,优于Fuzzy-PID控制器(0.094°)及传统PID控制器(0.128°),该误差可能来源于机器装配、传感器安装、传感器本身测量精度所产生的误差,整体调平误差在可接受范围内。为进一步提高测量数据的准确性与系统的运行可靠性,可通过提升装配工艺水平、优化传感器安装结构,或选用更高精度的传感器加以改进。此外PSO Fuzzy-PID算法在不同倾角条件下的调平误差和倾角幅度并未表现出明显相关性,表明算法的稳定性较强。在最大调平误差方面,PSO Fuzzy-PID控制器误差为0.45°,同样低于Fuzzy-PID控制器的0.51°和传统PID控制器的0.64°。
在调平时间方面,3种不同倾角的多次试验中PSO Fuzzy-PID的整体调平时间均低于另外2种算法。PSO Fuzzy-PID控制器在3种倾角下的平均调平时间分别为1.94、2.45、2.74 s,而Fuzzy-PID控制器分别为2.10、2.61、2.90 s,传统PID控制器则分别为2.39、2.86、3.20 s。与Fuzzy-PID和传统PID控制器相比,PSO Fuzzy-PID控制器的平均调平时间分别缩短约6.3%与15.6%。
动态调平试验,每次独立试验后均对传感器重新进行校准,收集3次试验采样点的数据并绘制成折线图(图15),以便直观反映基于PSO Fuzzy-PID算法控制的系统动态性能。
如图15所示,3次独立试验所得结果整体趋势基本一致。在试验初始阶段(0~4 m),由于设备运行过程中存在轻微振动,传感器检测到的平台倾角在0°附近呈极小幅度波动,此阶段自动调平系统尚未启动。距离轨道约4 m处,由于轨道坡度发生变化,平台随之出现明显倾斜,在4.3~4.4 m处自动调平系统开始介入,表明系统响应滞后时间为0.3~0.4 s。该滞后主要由传感器采样延迟、电磁阀响应时间、液压油压缩效应及静摩擦力克服过程所致,但整体滞后量处于系统允许范围内。为减小系统响应滞后,可采用高采样频率的传感器、选用响应速度更快的电磁阀,同时加强机械结构润滑以减小初始静摩擦力,从而有效提升系统响应速度与控制精度。
在试验中期(4~14 m),防失稳自动调平系统持续工作,使平台姿态波动控制在-0.079°~0.497°之间,系统表现出良好的调平能力与稳定性。进入试验后期(14~18 m),当轨道坡度稳定维持在10°时,平台姿态趋于稳定,最终保持在0.2°~0.3°的狭小范围内,进一步验证了调平系统在持续运行过程中的有效性与鲁棒性。
综上所述,基于PSO优化的模糊PID控制策略在动态响应性能和调平精度方面均表现出更优的控制效果,充分验证了本文所设计防失稳系统在丘陵山地轨道运输平台实际工况下的适用性与可靠性,能够有效保障农机具运输作业的安全运行。
(1)设计了一种基于PSO Fuzzy-PID控制策略的液压自动调平系统。系统利用ADXL345三轴加速度传感器实现对平台姿态的实时检测,以平台倾角作为反馈量调节液压阀阀口开度,从而实现对液压缸动作的精确控制。该方案有效保障了调平系统响应灵活性与运行稳定性。
(2)在对系统传递函数建模的基础上建立了完整的Simulink仿真平台。仿真结果表明,经粒子群算法优化后,控制器在迭代约50次内完成收敛,系统调节时间减少至0.181 s,相较于传统PID控制器(0.587 s)和模糊PID控制器(0.269 s)分别减少了约69%和33%;同时,系统在调节过程中无超调现象,验证了PSO Fuzzy-PID控制算法在响应速度与稳定性方面的优越性能。
(3)静态试验结果表明,在3种典型轨道倾角条件下,基于PSO Fuzzy-PID控制的防失稳液压调平系统的调平误差的标准差平均值为0.068°,表明系统在多个测试中调平误差分布稳定,具有良好的一致性,最大误差不超过0.45°,优于传统PID与常规模糊PID控制器,且平均调平时间分别缩短6.3%与15.6%。动态试验结果显示,在转运过程中系统延迟小于0.4 s,平台姿态角稳定在-0.079°~0.497°范围内波动,进一步验证了所设计系统在实际工况下的稳定性与可靠性。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD2001805)
参考文献 引证文献
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2025年第56卷第12期
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doi: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.015
  • 接收时间:2025-06-18
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-18
  • 修回日期:2025-07-10
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国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD2001805)
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    1.南京农业大学工学院,南京 210031
    2.江苏农林职业技术学院,镇江 212400
    3.上海大学中欧工程学院,上海 200444
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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