Article(id=1311999990654918784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.040, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1746633600000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-08, revisedDate=1752163200000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790734773553, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790734773553, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790734773553, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790734773553, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311999647825101743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, year='2025', volume='56', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='818', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1766592000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790734691815, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790738411040, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312015247465083866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312015247465083867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=436, endPage=449, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1311999992852734082, articleId=1311999990654918784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, language=EN, title=Estimation of Aboveground Biomass of Maize Based on Multisource Remote Sensing and Meteorological Parameters, columnId=1311999800569066336, journalTitle=Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, columnName=Agricultural Informatization Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Accurately and rapidly monitoring the spatio-temporal distribution of aboveground biomass in crops is crucial for assessing growth conditions and managing precision irrigation in agricultural fields. Spectral indices have been widely utilized for estimating aboveground biomass; however, the spectral saturation effect under high coverage significantly impacts model performance. Furthermore, the effectiveness of integrating complementary and synergistic effects of spectral, temperature, and texture information from UAV remote sensing for estimating maize aboveground biomass across different growth stages and irrigation treatments at the farmland scale remains unclear. Additionally, the influence of meteorological factors on the interannual performance of remote sensing models for aboveground biomass estimation requires further investigation. Based on data from experimental sites in Inner Mongolia in 2018, 2019, and 2021, the spectral indices, temperature indices, and texture information obtained from UAV-based multisource remote sensing system, along with meteorological parameters such as reference evapotranspiration and vapor pressure deficit, were used as input features. Five modeling methods—stepwise regression, random forest regression, adaptive boosting regression, support vector regression, and one-dimensional convolutional neural network regression—were employed to establish a multisource feature fusion remote sensing estimation model for aboveground biomass of maize in large fields. The results showed that compared with single-type remote sensing information, the aboveground biomass estimation model integrating spectral, temperature, and texture information had better accuracy. Among them, the one-dimensional convolutional neural network regression model had relatively better accuracy (R2=0.87, RMSE=295.77 g/m2). After introducing meteorological parameters, there was no significant improvement in the accuracy of the aboveground biomass estimation model by using drone multisource remote sensing information, indicating redundancy between meteorological parameters and drone multisource remote sensing information. Considering the cost of drone-mounted equipment and the operation efficiency, the aboveground biomass estimation model based on spectral indices and meteorological parameters using random forest regression also had satisfactory accuracy (R2=0.85, RMSE=296.74 g/m2), suggesting that meteorological parameters can serve as a supplement to spectral indices. The performance of the one-dimensional convolutional neural network model for aboveground biomass estimation varied across different growth stages, indicating that the accuracy and reliability of the model need to be comprehensively assessed based on the crop growth stage. The research result can provide technical support for promoting the application of drone multisource remote sensing technology in precision irrigation management in farmlands.

, authors=Guomin SHAO1, Wenting HAN2, Beibei ZHOU1, Yi WANG3, Guanghua LIN4, authorsList=Guomin SHAO, Wenting HAN, Beibei ZHOU, Yi WANG, Guanghua LIN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wenting HAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1312000004072497315, articleId=1311999990654918784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, language=CN, title=基于无人机多源遥感与气象参数的大田玉米地上生物量估算研究, columnId=1311999800749421410, journalTitle=农业机械学报, columnName=农业信息化工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

快速、准确地监测作物地上生物量的时空分布情况对于作物长势状况评估及农田精准灌溉管理具有重要意义。光谱指数已广泛应用于地上生物量估算,但高覆被下光谱饱和效应严重影响模型性能,另外,结合无人机遥感光谱、温度和纹理信息之间的互补与协同效应进行农田尺度不同生育期和不同灌溉量处理下玉米地上生物量估算的适用性以及气象因素对于遥感模型估算年际间地上生物量的影响仍需深入探究。本文以2018、2019、2021年内蒙古不同实验地数据为基础,使用无人机多源遥感系统获取的光谱指数、温度指数和纹理信息以及气象参数(参考蒸散量和饱和水汽压差)作为输入特征参数,采用逐步回归、随机森林回归、自适应增强回归、支持向量回归和一维卷积神经网络回归5种建模方法,建立多源特征融合的大田玉米地上生物量遥感估算模型。研究结果表明:与单一类型遥感信息相比,融合光谱、温度和纹理信息的地上生物量估算模型精度较好,其中一维卷积神经网络回归模型的精度相对较好(验证集R2=0.87,RMSE为295.77 g/m2);引入气象参数后,地上生物量无人机多源估算模型精度无明显提升,表明气象参数与无人机多源遥感信息存在冗余;考虑到无人机机载设备的成本因素及作业效率,本研究中基于光谱指数和气象参数的地上生物量随机森林估算模型的精度也较高(验证集R2=0.85,RMSE为296.74 g/m2),说明气象参数可作为光谱指数的补充,推荐其进行年际间大田玉米地上生物量估算;地上生物量一维卷积神经网络模型的性能在不同生育期存在差异,因此需根据作物生育期来综合评估模型性能。本研究为促进无人机多源遥感技术在农田精准灌溉管理上的应用提供了技术支持。

, authors=邵国敏1, 韩文霆2, 周蓓蓓1, 王毅3, 蔺广花4, authorsList=邵国敏, 韩文霆, 周蓓蓓, 王毅, 蔺广花, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=韩文霆, authorNote=

邵国敏(1991—),男,讲师,博士,主要从事农业定量遥感监测技术研究,E-mail:

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韩文霆(1972—),男,研究员,博士,主要从事农情信息智能感知及精准灌溉技术研究,E-mail:
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journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999990654918784, language=CN, label=图10, caption=地上生物量卷积神经网络模型的年际泛化性能和单因素方差分析结果, figureFileSmall=M6zZ/x7DHYmJUMk5FVVpKQ==, figureFileBig=QYJtVyF/jJEg/d37tr6hxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312000017326498027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999990654918784, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Irrigation totals during different growth stages in Zhaojun and Xingongzhong towns

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年份灌溉处理不同生育期灌溉量灌溉总量
V期R期M期
2018TR114516369377
TR212916369361
TR311416669349
TR413214158331
TR511816369350
2019TR67915812249
TR7601478215
TR84615510211
TR9601378205
TR10461425193
2021TR114826714329
TR125934214415
TR1311426714395
TR1412623214372
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昭君镇和新公中镇实验地不同生育期的灌溉总量

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年份灌溉处理不同生育期灌溉量灌溉总量
V期R期M期
2018TR114516369377
TR212916369361
TR311416669349
TR413214158331
TR511816369350
2019TR67915812249
TR7601478215
TR84615510211
TR9601378205
TR10461425193
2021TR114826714329
TR125934214415
TR1311426714395
TR1412623214372
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Input variables of maize aboveground biomass estimation models

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编号变量个数输入变量
B110植被指数:NDVI、SAVI、EVI、GNDVI、TCARI、VARI、SR、NDRE、NDREI和MCARI
B23温度指数:DACT、Tcratio和NRCT
B348纹理信息:红(Red)、绿(Green)、蓝(Blue)、红边(RE)、近红外(NIR)和热红外(THR)波段的灰度共生矩阵指标(均值、方差、同质性、对比度、差异性、熵、角二阶矩和相关性)
B413植被指数(B1)和温度指数(B2)
B558植被指数(B1)和纹理信息(B3)
B651温度指数(B2)和纹理信息(B3)
B761光谱指数(B1)、温度指数(B2)和纹理信息(B3)
M2参考蒸散量ET0和饱和水汽压差VPD
), ArticleFig(id=1312000019058745582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999990654918784, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

玉米地上生物量估算模型的输入变量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号变量个数输入变量
B110植被指数:NDVI、SAVI、EVI、GNDVI、TCARI、VARI、SR、NDRE、NDREI和MCARI
B23温度指数:DACT、Tcratio和NRCT
B348纹理信息:红(Red)、绿(Green)、蓝(Blue)、红边(RE)、近红外(NIR)和热红外(THR)波段的灰度共生矩阵指标(均值、方差、同质性、对比度、差异性、熵、角二阶矩和相关性)
B413植被指数(B1)和温度指数(B2)
B558植被指数(B1)和纹理信息(B3)
B651温度指数(B2)和纹理信息(B3)
B761光谱指数(B1)、温度指数(B2)和纹理信息(B3)
M2参考蒸散量ET0和饱和水汽压差VPD
), ArticleFig(id=1312000019167797487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999990654918784, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Accuracy of aboveground biomass estimation model based on single-type information from UAV remote sensing and meteorological parameters

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年份特征参数逐步回归随机森林回归AdaBoost回归支持向量回归CNN回归
R2RMSE/(g·m-2)R2RMSE/(g·m-2)R2RMSE/(g·m-2)R2RMSE/(g·m-2)R2RMSE/(g·m-2)
2018+2019+2021B10.47568.290.74395.800.64466.390.18707.290.51585.92
B1+M0.47565.590.85296.740.77367.390.23686.830.73432.51
B20.55518.350.41591.680.46566.240.10741.240.52583.21
B2+M0.64462.530.85297.280.75380.330.12730.960.72443.98
B30.74393.860.79349.060.77366.670.36623.980.83342.28
B3+M0.77364.290.83318.540.81330.450.42594.300.87295.53
), ArticleFig(id=1312000019260072176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999990654918784, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

基于无人机遥感单一类型信息和气象参数的地上生物量估算模型精度

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年份特征参数逐步回归随机森林回归AdaBoost回归支持向量回归CNN回归
R2RMSE/(g·m-2)R2RMSE/(g·m-2)R2RMSE/(g·m-2)R2RMSE/(g·m-2)R2RMSE/(g·m-2)
2018+2019+2021B10.47568.290.74395.800.64466.390.18707.290.51585.92
B1+M0.47565.590.85296.740.77367.390.23686.830.73432.51
B20.55518.350.41591.680.46566.240.10741.240.52583.21
B2+M0.64462.530.85297.280.75380.330.12730.960.72443.98
B30.74393.860.79349.060.77366.670.36623.980.83342.28
B3+M0.77364.290.83318.540.81330.450.42594.300.87295.53
), ArticleFig(id=1312000019591422193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999990654918784, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Accuracy of aboveground biomass estimation models based on vegetation indices, temperature indices, texture information, and meteorological parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份逐步回归随机森林回归AdaBoost回归支持向量回归CNN回归
特征参数R2RMSE/(g·m-2)R2RMSE/(g·m-2)R2RMSE/(g·m-2)R2RMSE/(g·m-2)R2RMSE/(g·m-2)
2018+2019+2021B40.62476.020.78358.110.69430.080.24682.710.70461.79
B50.77374.320.83323.350.81342.250.47566.690.86311.74
B60.75387.400.83317.750.79355.920.4955.090.86312.72
B70.75383.670.84309.660.80344.440.54527.700.87295.77
B7+M0.75383.650.85297.400.81333.220.57512.090.87295.90
), ArticleFig(id=1312000019704668402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999990654918784, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

基于植被指数、温度指数、纹理信息和气象参数的地上生物量估算模型精度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份逐步回归随机森林回归AdaBoost回归支持向量回归CNN回归
特征参数R2RMSE/(g·m-2)R2RMSE/(g·m-2)R2RMSE/(g·m-2)R2RMSE/(g·m-2)R2RMSE/(g·m-2)
2018+2019+2021B40.62476.020.78358.110.69430.080.24682.710.70461.79
B50.77374.320.83323.350.81342.250.47566.690.86311.74
B60.75387.400.83317.750.79355.920.4955.090.86312.72
B70.75383.670.84309.660.80344.440.54527.700.87295.77
B7+M0.75383.650.85297.400.81333.220.57512.090.87295.90
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基于无人机多源遥感与气象参数的大田玉米地上生物量估算研究
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邵国敏 1 , 韩文霆 2 , 周蓓蓓 1 , 王毅 3 , 蔺广花 4
农业机械学报 | 农业信息化工程 2025,56(12): 436-449
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农业机械学报 |农业信息化工程 2025 , 56 (12) : 436 -449
基于无人机多源遥感与气象参数的大田玉米地上生物量估算研究
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邵国敏1 , 韩文霆2 , 周蓓蓓1, 王毅3, 蔺广花4
作者信息
  • 1.西安理工大学旱区水工程生态环境全国重点实验室,西安 710048
  • 2.西北农林科技大学旱区节水农业研究院,陕西杨凌 712100
  • 3.西安财经大学信息学院,西安 710100
  • 4.延长油田股份有限公司吴起采油厂,延安 717600
通讯作者:
韩文霆(1972—),男,研究员,博士,主要从事农情信息智能感知及精准灌溉技术研究,E-mail:
作者简介:

邵国敏(1991—),男,讲师,博士,主要从事农业定量遥感监测技术研究,E-mail:

Estimation of Aboveground Biomass of Maize Based on Multisource Remote Sensing and Meteorological Parameters
Guomin SHAO1 , Wenting HAN2 , Beibei ZHOU1, Yi WANG3, Guanghua LIN4
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Water Engineering Ecology and Environment in Arid Area, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
  • 2.Institute of Water-saving Agriculture in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
  • 3.College of Information, Xi'an University of Finance and Economics, Xi'an 710100, China
  • 4.Wuqi Oil Production Plant, Yanchang Oil Field Co., Ltd., Yan'an 717600, China
出版时间: 2025-12-25 doi: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.040
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快速、准确地监测作物地上生物量的时空分布情况对于作物长势状况评估及农田精准灌溉管理具有重要意义。光谱指数已广泛应用于地上生物量估算,但高覆被下光谱饱和效应严重影响模型性能,另外,结合无人机遥感光谱、温度和纹理信息之间的互补与协同效应进行农田尺度不同生育期和不同灌溉量处理下玉米地上生物量估算的适用性以及气象因素对于遥感模型估算年际间地上生物量的影响仍需深入探究。本文以2018、2019、2021年内蒙古不同实验地数据为基础,使用无人机多源遥感系统获取的光谱指数、温度指数和纹理信息以及气象参数(参考蒸散量和饱和水汽压差)作为输入特征参数,采用逐步回归、随机森林回归、自适应增强回归、支持向量回归和一维卷积神经网络回归5种建模方法,建立多源特征融合的大田玉米地上生物量遥感估算模型。研究结果表明:与单一类型遥感信息相比,融合光谱、温度和纹理信息的地上生物量估算模型精度较好,其中一维卷积神经网络回归模型的精度相对较好(验证集R2=0.87,RMSE为295.77 g/m2);引入气象参数后,地上生物量无人机多源估算模型精度无明显提升,表明气象参数与无人机多源遥感信息存在冗余;考虑到无人机机载设备的成本因素及作业效率,本研究中基于光谱指数和气象参数的地上生物量随机森林估算模型的精度也较高(验证集R2=0.85,RMSE为296.74 g/m2),说明气象参数可作为光谱指数的补充,推荐其进行年际间大田玉米地上生物量估算;地上生物量一维卷积神经网络模型的性能在不同生育期存在差异,因此需根据作物生育期来综合评估模型性能。本研究为促进无人机多源遥感技术在农田精准灌溉管理上的应用提供了技术支持。

玉米  /  地上生物量  /  无人机多源遥感  /  参考蒸散量  /  纹理信息  /  光谱指数

Accurately and rapidly monitoring the spatio-temporal distribution of aboveground biomass in crops is crucial for assessing growth conditions and managing precision irrigation in agricultural fields. Spectral indices have been widely utilized for estimating aboveground biomass; however, the spectral saturation effect under high coverage significantly impacts model performance. Furthermore, the effectiveness of integrating complementary and synergistic effects of spectral, temperature, and texture information from UAV remote sensing for estimating maize aboveground biomass across different growth stages and irrigation treatments at the farmland scale remains unclear. Additionally, the influence of meteorological factors on the interannual performance of remote sensing models for aboveground biomass estimation requires further investigation. Based on data from experimental sites in Inner Mongolia in 2018, 2019, and 2021, the spectral indices, temperature indices, and texture information obtained from UAV-based multisource remote sensing system, along with meteorological parameters such as reference evapotranspiration and vapor pressure deficit, were used as input features. Five modeling methods—stepwise regression, random forest regression, adaptive boosting regression, support vector regression, and one-dimensional convolutional neural network regression—were employed to establish a multisource feature fusion remote sensing estimation model for aboveground biomass of maize in large fields. The results showed that compared with single-type remote sensing information, the aboveground biomass estimation model integrating spectral, temperature, and texture information had better accuracy. Among them, the one-dimensional convolutional neural network regression model had relatively better accuracy (R2=0.87, RMSE=295.77 g/m2). After introducing meteorological parameters, there was no significant improvement in the accuracy of the aboveground biomass estimation model by using drone multisource remote sensing information, indicating redundancy between meteorological parameters and drone multisource remote sensing information. Considering the cost of drone-mounted equipment and the operation efficiency, the aboveground biomass estimation model based on spectral indices and meteorological parameters using random forest regression also had satisfactory accuracy (R2=0.85, RMSE=296.74 g/m2), suggesting that meteorological parameters can serve as a supplement to spectral indices. The performance of the one-dimensional convolutional neural network model for aboveground biomass estimation varied across different growth stages, indicating that the accuracy and reliability of the model need to be comprehensively assessed based on the crop growth stage. The research result can provide technical support for promoting the application of drone multisource remote sensing technology in precision irrigation management in farmlands.

maize  /  aboveground biomass  /  UAV multisource remote sensing  /  reference evapotranspiration  /  texture information  /  spectral index
邵国敏, 韩文霆, 周蓓蓓, 王毅, 蔺广花. 基于无人机多源遥感与气象参数的大田玉米地上生物量估算研究. 农业机械学报, 2025 , 56 (12) : 436 -449 . DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.040
Guomin SHAO, Wenting HAN, Beibei ZHOU, Yi WANG, Guanghua LIN. Estimation of Aboveground Biomass of Maize Based on Multisource Remote Sensing and Meteorological Parameters[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2025 , 56 (12) : 436 -449 . DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.040
玉米作为我国三大主粮作物之一,其产量直接影响我国粮食安全和农业生产的发展。地上生物量是评价作物生长状况和田间产量的重要指标[1],快速、准确地获得作物地上生物量,对于指导农田灌溉和施肥管理具有重要意义。传统的地上生物量估算常采用破坏性采样法,但该方法存在耗时长且成本较高的局限性。遥感技术的快速发展,为作物长势参数的准确、高效获取提供了一种可行的解决方案。前人研究证明可采用不同尺度遥感平台进行作物长势监测。对于近地遥感平台,其监测精度较高,但监测范围有限且效率较低;卫星遥感适用于区域尺度作物长势监测,其时空分辨率仍难以满足田块尺度管理需求[2]。随着无人机低空遥感技术的快速发展,凭借其高分辨率、高灵活性、高精度和低成本等显著优势,使得作物长势精准监测及广泛应用成为可能。无人机平台可搭载可见光、多光谱/高光谱、热红外等多种类型遥感传感器,用于评估作物长势状况[3]。
遥感监测方法中,光谱指数被最早且广泛应用于作物地上生物量估算模型研究。已有研究建立了不同波段组合的光谱指数与地上生物量之间的关系[4-5]。然而,单一植被指数包含有限的信息,且会受到外界光照和土壤背景的影响。因此,需要结合多个植被指数进行地上生物量估算[6-7]。基于光谱指数的冬小麦[8]、水稻[9]、玉米[10]和冬油菜[11]的地上生物量估算模型也有类似的结果,说明了生育期对于基于光谱指数的地上生物量估算模型影响较大。已有研究证明了可见光遥感影像在地上生物量估算方面的有效性[12-13],为多光谱数据提供了一种低成本的替代方案。尽管多光谱植被指数在作物地上生物量估算中具有重要作用,但其在高覆被条件下的饱和效应限制了其应用范围[14-15]。
为了克服光谱植被指数的局限性,可融合反映冠层结构的遥感信息进行地上生物量估算。激光雷达技术可以在相对精细的尺度上确定冠层结构和体积属性,如植被高度、树冠尺寸和冠层容积等[16],有学者结合激光雷达和光谱指数进行生物量估算,并获得了较高的精度[17-18]。然而,激光雷达系统的较高成本以及数据采集和处理的复杂性阻碍了其广泛应用。遥感信息中纹理特征可用来衡量图像特定区域内像素色调值的异质性,能够更精细地识别植被结构特征[19]。与多光谱植被指数相比,纹理信息与地上生物量的相关性更好。例如,基于多光谱植被指数和纹理信息的油菜、小麦和大豆地上生物量估算模型精度高于基于多光谱植被指数的地上生物量估算模型精度[20-22]。当发生水分胁迫时,作物通过调节气孔导度减少蒸腾,叶片温度相应会发生变化,因此冠层温度可用来评估作物水分胁迫程度[23],这为进一步提高作物地上生物量估算模型精度提供了可能,也有学者使用了冠层温度指数进行产量的估算[24-26]。目前在亏缺灌溉条件下进行大田玉米地上生物量估算时,冠层温度指数对模型的贡献仍有待进一步评估。遥感信息并不能经常较好地表征气象胁迫对生物量的影响。例如,SAKAMOTO[27]在玉米和大豆的产量遥感估算模型中引入温度、降雨量、太阳辐射等气象参数,取得较好的结果,同时说明了气象参数对产量遥感估算模型的重要性。
机器学习算法可建立遥感影像中提取的特征参数和作物长势参数值之间复杂的关系模型,对于作物长势参数估算非常重要。如支持向量回归算法(Support vector regression,SVR)被用来建立基于气象、土壤和作物生理参数的作物实际蒸散量估算模型[28]。随机森林回归(Random forest regression,RFR)和自适应增强模型(Adaptive boosting,AdaBoost)被用于建立生物量和产量的估算模型[27,29-30]。卷积神经网络(Convolutional neural network,CNN)可以自动提取目标特征,广泛应用于图像识别领域,其中一维卷积神经网络(1D-CNN)可以捕捉时间维度上作物长势数据中的局部依赖关系,已经被用来进行长时间序列参考蒸散量估算[31]。目前,一些开源的机器学习库的快速发展,如Python版的机器学习库Sklearn(https://scikit-learn.org),使得机器学习算法非常方便和容易地结合多个特征参数进行作物长势参数估计。
气象参数驱动的参考蒸散量(Reference crop evapotranspiration,ET0)表征大气蒸散能力,与作物水分胁迫及生长潜力密切相关[32-33],饱和水汽压差(Vapor pressure deficit,VPD)是大气干燥度的衡量指标,同时也是生态系统光合作用的重要气候调节因子。已有研究证明了气象参数可增强区域遥感模型的年际泛化能力,但是气象因子对于年际间大田作物地上生物量遥感估算模型的影响仍有待进一步探索。本文基于无人机多源遥感系统获取的光谱指数、温度指数和纹理信息,并结合气象参数ET0和VPD,采用多种机器学习算法,建立全生育期不同灌溉梯度下大田玉米地上生物量最优估算模型,分析特征参数对地上生物量估算模型的相对重要性,评估模型在不同灌溉梯度和不同生育期的适用性以及气象因素对地上生物量遥感估算模型的影响,以期快速、准确地获得高分辨率的地上生物量时空分布图,为农田尺度精准灌溉管理提供技术支撑。
分别在内蒙古自治区鄂尔多斯市达拉特旗昭君镇(40°26′0.29″N,109°36′25.99″E)和巴彦淖尔市五原县新公中镇(41°04′33.86″N,108°0′58.55″E)进行。2018、2019年在昭君镇开展实验,该实验地海拔1 010 m,年平均空气温度约7.5℃,年降水量206~383 mm,年日照时数2 797~3 516 h。土壤类型属于壤砂土,沙粒占80.7%、粉粒占13.7%、黏粒占5.6%,土壤容重为1.56 g/cm3。2021年在五原县新公中镇开展实验,该实验地海拔1 028 m,属于中温带大陆性气候,年平均气温约6.1℃,年降水量约170 mm,年日照时数约3 263 h,土壤类型属于粉砂壤土,沙粒占36.37%、粉粒占59.39%、黏粒占4.24%。2018、2019年昭君镇实验地(图1a)面积为1.13 hm2,玉米品种为“钧凯918”,整个生育期为130 d左右。播种前,根据当地种植经验施底肥,播种时,行距为50 cm,株距为30 cm。玉米整个生育期可划分为营养生长期(Vegetative,V)、生殖生长期(Reproductive,R)和成熟期(Maturity,M)。新公中镇实验地(图1b)面积为1.6 hm2,玉米品种为“先玉1225”,整个生育期130 d左右,实验地采用宽窄行种植方式,宽行距为80 cm,窄行距为40 cm,株距为30 cm。
2018、2019年内蒙古达拉特旗昭君镇实验地采用喷灌方式进行灌溉,每年实验地进行5个灌溉水平处理(表1),灌溉总量分别为331~377 mm和193~249 mm,每个处理的范围如图1a中的扇形区域,面积约为2 260 m2。实验地采用维蒙特公司的VALLEY8120型中心支轴式喷灌机进行灌溉,该喷灌机的灌溉均匀系数在80%以上,通过喷灌机控制系统调整喷灌机在不同分区内转动的角速度以实现不同的灌溉量处理。在V期和R期,由于玉米生长迅速,为了保证玉米的正常生长,在这2个时期的灌溉量相对较大。喷灌机的主管道上安装美控自动化公司的MIK-FSC400型超声波流量计以测量总灌溉量,在不同的灌溉处理分区内分别放置3个雨量筒,以测量各分区的实际灌溉量。2021年内蒙古五原县新公中镇实验地采用膜下滴灌方式进行灌溉,实验区域有4个灌溉处理,灌溉量为329~415 mm,采用4个法兰水表测量不同灌溉处理区域的灌溉量。为了保证最终的产量,在玉米生殖生长期的灌溉量较大,在营养生长期和成熟期的灌溉量相对较小。以当地充分灌溉下的玉米蒸散量为基准,进行不同亏缺灌溉水平设置。
使用六旋翼无人机多源遥感系统(图2a)采集昭君镇和新公中镇实验地的可见光、多光谱和热红外遥感影像。该系统搭载了大疆公司的Zenmuse X3型可见光相机(图2b)、MicaSense公司的RedEdge型多光谱相机(图2c)和FLIR公司的Flir Vue Pro R640型热红外相机(图2d)。其中RedEdge型多光谱相机配备了光强传感器,可以减小飞行过程中外界光强变化对光谱影像的影响。进行多光谱影像航拍前,需要在地面拍摄具有固定反射率(58.446%、57.958%、57.339%、56.682%、57.128%)的白板,为后期生成反射率影像做好准备。热红外相机的测温范围为-40~135℃,精度为读数的5%或±5℃。实验开展期间,在晴朗、无云天气下进行无人机多源遥感影像采集,采样间隔为7~10 d,采集时间段为北京时间11:30—12:30,飞行高度为70 m,飞行速度为2 m/s。为了保证遥感影像的拼接质量,无人机航线的航向和旁向重叠度均为85%。为了对无人机遥感影像进行几何校正处理,需要在实验区域内布置多个地面像控点(图1a)。采用上海华测导航技术股份有限公司的Z-survey i50型卫星定位仪(平面精度为8 mm)测量地面像控点的地理坐标信息(东坐标、北坐标和高程),同时选择China 2000坐标系和高斯投影。
在昭君镇实验地的每个扇形灌溉处理区域内划分了3个6 m×6 m的采样区域进行作物和土壤参数的测量,整个实验地共15个采样区。在新公中镇实验地的每个灌溉处理区域内划分了4个6 m×6 m的采样区域进行地面数据测量,整个实验区共16个采样区。在11:30—12:30,每个样区内随机选择10株玉米,使用美国ST60+型手持红外测温仪测量玉米冠层和相应的土壤温度。该测温仪的测量范围为-32~600℃,精度为±1℃。另外,使用手持式测温仪之前,采用上海芸尖智能科技有限公司的HT-C50型黑体辐射源(测温范围25~70℃,发射率0.95±0.02,精度±0.1℃)对手持测温仪进行校正。为了对无人机热红外图像中提取的温度进行校正,在无人机航拍的过程中,同步地使用手持式测温仪测量了5种地物(土壤、水体、玉米冠层、黑布和白布)的表面温度。为了避免土壤温度的影响,在玉米冠层上方使用手持红外测温仪以一定倾斜角度(与垂直方夹角约75°)测量冠层温度。使用传统称量法进行玉米地上生物量(干物质量)测量,该方法具有破坏性,为了减小破坏性实验对固定采样区的影响,在每个采样区四周随机选取5株玉米,重复2次,并收割玉米植株地上部分,然后根据种植密度,得到相应的地上生物量值。使用鼓风干燥箱处理玉米植株时,先在105℃下杀青0.5 h,然后在85℃下烘干至质量恒定,最后使用电子秤测量干生物量。
昭君镇和新公中镇实验地的附近都安装农业气象站,测量的参数包括:空气温度、相对湿度、风速、降雨量和太阳净辐射。农业气象站由河北省邯郸市清易电子科技有限公司进行组装和调试,每30 min记录一次数据。气象站下垫面为紫花苜蓿,对苜蓿进行正常的施肥和灌溉管理,并保持株高在12 cm左右,以确保参考蒸散量计算结果的可靠性与准确性。
基于无人机机载多光谱、可见光和热红外相机获得的光谱植被指数、温度指数和纹理信息进行全生育期不同灌溉梯度下大田玉米地上生物量估算。选择的10种常用光谱植被指数[34]包括:归一化植被指数(Normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)、转换型叶绿素吸收反射率指数(Transformed chlorophyll absorption in reflectance index,TCARI)、土壤调整植被指数(Soil adjusted vegetation index,SAVI)、绿度归一化植被指数(Green normalized vegetation index,GNDVI)、增强型植被指数(Enhanced vegetation index,EVI)、抗大气指数(Visual atmospheric resistance index,VARI)、比值指数(Simple ratio index,SR)、归一化差值红边(Normalized difference red-edge,NDRE)、归一化差值红边指数(Normalized difference red-edge index,NDREI)和修正叶绿素吸收反射率指数(Modified chlorophyll absorption in reflectance index,MCARI)。选择的3种冠层温度指数包括:归一化相对冠层温度指数(Normalized relative canopy temperature,NRCT)[35]、冠层阈值以上度数(Degree above the canopy threshold,DACT)[36]和温度比值指数(Temperature ratio,Tcratio)[37]。DACT中的冠层阈值温度Tcritical参数对于具体作物是常量,玉米的Tcritical为28℃[38]。当冠层温度小于Tcritical时,作物无胁迫,DACT等于0,而作物有胁迫时,DACT大于0。灰度共生矩阵(Gray level co-occurrence matrix,GLCM)[39]是一种常用的纹理信息提取方法,在遥感影像分类与反演中具有较高的精度。本研究基于ENVI 5.3软件,采用GLCM法提取8种常用纹理信息,包括:均值(Mean,ME)、方差(Variance,VA)、同质性(Homogeneity,HO)、对比度(Contrast,CO)、相异性(Dissimilarity,DI)、熵(Entroy,EN)、角二矩阵(Second moment,SM)和相关性(Correlation,COR)。根据不同生育期特征变量与地上生物量的相关性分析,剔除不同生育期相关系数小于0.4的特征变量。
参考蒸散量和饱和水汽压差由彭曼公式[33]计算得出,计算式为
其中
式中
      ET0——参考蒸散量,mm/d
      Δ——饱和水汽压曲线斜率,kPa/K
      Rn——太阳净辐射,MJ/(m2·d)
      G——土壤热通量,MJ/(m2·d)
      T——冠层上方2 m处空气温度,℃
      VPD——饱和水汽压差,kPa
      es——饱和水汽压,kPa
      ea——实际水汽压,kPa
      u2——作物冠层上方2 m处的风速,m/s
      γ——干湿表常数,kPa/K
      RH——相对湿度,%
以2018年(165个样本)、2019年(150个样本)和2021年(64个样本)实验地的数据为基础,分别采用逐步回归、随机森林回归、AdaBoost回归、支持向量回归和一维卷积神经网络(CNN)回归5种建模方法,建立不同生育期(V、R和M期)多源特征融合的大田玉米地上生物量遥感估算模型,技术路线如图3所示。随机森林回归和AdaBoost回归模型中决策树数量参数“n_estimators”为300,支持向量回归的核函数类型为“linear”。一维卷积神经网络包含输入层、卷积层、池化层、扁平化层、全连接层、丢弃层和输出层。本研究采用最大似然法[40]进行无人机可见光影像二分类(玉米和土壤),并生成土壤掩膜,以便后期进行作物冠层无人机多源遥感信息提取。本研究建立的地上生物量估算模型的输入特征变量组合见表2。本研究采用5折交叉验证法计算模型性能评价指标:决定系数(R2)、均方根误差(RMSE)、平均绝对误差(MAE)和归一化均方根误差(nRMSE)。其中nRMSE为衡量预测值和真实值之间差异程度的指标,其值越小,代表模型性能越好。为了评估地上生物量最优估算模型的年际泛化能力,采用2019、2021年数据进行建模,并以2018年数据进行验证。
2018、2019、2021年内蒙古实验地大田玉米地上生物量的变化曲线如图4a~4c所示,由图4可知,2018、2019年整个生育期大田玉米地上生物量值呈上升趋势,2018年玉米地上生物量(33.68~2 633.44 g/m2)高于2019年玉米地上生物量(56.32~1 800 g/m2),这与2018年的灌溉量相对较大相关;2018年TR1处理和2019年TR6处理下的地上生物量值相对较大,主要原因是与同年其他处理相比,2018年TR1处理和2019年TR6处理的灌溉量相对较大。2021年成熟期玉米地上干生物量的范围为2 246.30~4 325.40 g/m2,整体水平要高于2018年(1 377.05~2 625.84 g/m2)和2019年(422.24~2 412.28 g/m2)成熟期的玉米地上生物量情况,这种现象可能与2块实验地的玉米品种和土壤类型差异相关。
内蒙古实验地进行了不同灌溉量梯度处理,视为水分胁迫因子,并进行单因素方差分析检验。采用Fisher的最小显著差异进行事后检验,如图4d所示,图中字母是统计学中显著性差异标记,且字母不同代表差异显著。结果表明,在0.05水平下,2021年4种灌溉处理的地上生物量测量值的差异不显著,说明了该年份灌溉处理对地上生物量的差异影响不显著;在0.05水平下,2018年不同灌溉处理的地上生物量测量值存在差异,但不显著,而2019年TR6、TR7、TR8灌溉处理的地上生物量差异显著。
2018、2019、2021年基于无人机光谱指数、温度指数和纹理信息与地上生物量的相关性如图5所示,采用皮尔森相关系数(r)进行相关性评价。由图5可知,营养生长阶段(V期)植被指数EVI与地上生物量的相关性最高,生殖生长阶段(R期)红边波段的均值纹理信息(ME)与地上生物量相关性最高,成熟阶段(M期)近红外波段的均值纹理信息与地上生物量相关性最高。不同生育期特征参数与地上生物量相关性绝对值的箱线图如图6所示,由图6可知,V期植被指数和地上生物量相关系数绝对值的平均水平高于其他生育期,且优于其他特征参数的表现,而温度指数和地上生物量相关系数绝对值的平均水平在V期最低;在R和M期,植被指数和温度指数分别与地上生物量相关系数绝对值的平均水平接近,且优于纹理信息的表现;R期气象因素与地上生物量相关系数绝对值的平均水平相对高于其他生育期。
基于无人机单一类型遥感信息和气象参数的玉米地上生物量估算模型精度如表3所示。由表3可知,基于无人机多光谱植被指数的地上生物量估算模型中,随机森林回归模型精度最高(R2=0.74,RMSE为395.80 g/m2),支持向量回归模型精度精度最低,引入气象参数后,随机森林回归模型的精度有较大提升(R2=0.85,RMSE为296.74 g/m2);基于热红外温度指数的玉米地上生物量估算模型中,逐步回归模型精度相对较高,同样的支持向量回归模型精度精度最低,引入气象参数后,随机森林回归模型精度最高(R2=0.85,RMSE为297.28 g/m2);基于无人机多光谱和热红外波段纹理信息的地上生物量估算模型中,一维卷积神经网络模型精度相对最高,随机森林回归模型精度次之,当引入气象参数后,一维卷积神经网络模型精度仍然最高(R2=0.87,RMSE为295.53 g/m2);总体而言,无人机植被指数、温度指数和纹理信息分别与气象参数进行组合,构建的地上生物量最优估算模型的精度比较相近。
基于无人机遥感光谱指数、温度指数、纹理信息和气象参数的地上生物量估算模型精度如表4和图7所示。由表4和图7可知,基于光谱指数、温度指数和纹理信息不同组合的地上生物量估算模型中,CNN回归模型的精度相对较高(R2为0.70~0.87,RMSE为295.77~461.79 g/m2);与基于植被指数的地上生物量估算模型相比,分别引入温度指数和纹理信息均可提高地上生物量估算模型精度;采用光谱指数、温度指数和纹理信息不同组合进行地上生物量估算时,基于植被指数和纹理信息(R2为0.47~0.86)以及基于温度指数与纹理信息(R2为0.49~0.86)的地上生物量估算模型精度接近,并与基于光谱指数、温度指数和纹理信息(R2为0.54~0.87)的地上生物量估算模型精度相似,且均高于基于植被指数和温度指数(R2为0.24~0.70)的地上生物量估算模型精度,也说明了光谱指数、温度指数和纹理信息之间存在冗余;引入气象参数后,基于光谱指数、温度指数和纹理信息的地上生物量估算模型精度无明显提升。特征变量中ET0、GNDVI、VARI、Tcratio、红波段的对比度(CO)纹理信息、蓝和红边波段的均值(ME)纹理信息以及热红外波段的方差(VA)纹理信息对于地上生物量估算模型的贡献度较高,且温度指数Tcratio的相对重要性最高(图8)。基于地上生物量最优遥感估算模型,可获得不同生育期玉米地上生物量的时空分布图,这对于农田精准灌溉管理有重要的参考意义。
本研究对地上生物量卷积神经网络估算模型在不同灌溉量处理和不同生育期下的性能进行了评估,如图9所示。当灌溉量相对较高时,模型的MAE相对较大,如TR1、TR6和TR13处理下模型的MAE相对较大;2021年地上生物量估算模型的MAE整体要高于2018、2019年模型的MAE值,这种差异可能与玉米品种不同相关;TR1、TR8和TR13灌溉处理下模型的nRMSE相对较大,表明在灌溉量较高或严重水分胁迫时地上生物量卷积神经网络模型的性能相对较低。地上生物量卷积神经网络模型的MAE在V期最小,在M期最大,但对于nRMSE而言,其在V期最大,而在R和M期相对较小。
本研究建立基于无人机光谱指数、温度指数和纹理信息以及气象参数的玉米地上生物量遥感估算模型,CNN回归、随机森林回归、逐步回归和AdaBoost回归模型都可以较好地监测大田玉米地上生物量的变化情况,其中CNN模型可以获得最优精度(R2=0.87,RMSE为295.90 g/m2),表明深度学习在复杂特征挖掘中的潜力。在玉米营养生长期(V期)地上生物量数值小于300 g/m2时,逐步回归模型预测值存在负值现象,在地上生物量数值小于1 000 g/m2时,AdaBoost回归模型预测值存在高估现象。冠层光谱信息广泛应用于作物地上生物量或产量估算,本研究植被指数GNDVI和VARI对于大田玉米地上生物量随机森林回归模型的贡献度较高,其与地上生物量之间的相关性也较好,相关系数r分别为0.63和0.55。ZHANG等[41]和MENG等[42]得出了类似的结论,该结果也体现了绿波段和红波段在年际地上生物量估算模型中的重要性。另外,植被指数NDREI对于地上生物量估算模型也具有较高的相对重要性,说明红边波段对地上生物量也较为敏感,LIU等[43]在马铃薯地上生物量光谱遥感估算中也得到类似结论。光谱指数在高覆被条件下存在饱和效应,本研究中植被指数GNDVI、VARI和NDREI在V期与地上生物量的相关性最好,而在生殖生长期(M期)和成熟期(R期)与地上生物量的相关性较低(图5),说明了高覆被条件下光谱指数估算地上生物量的局限性。
冠层温度可指示土壤水分和大气条件对作物水分状况的综合影响,这些因素影响作物地上生物量的形成,因此,冠层温度可用于评估地上生物量的状况。本研究中温度指数Tcratio与地上生物量的相关性较高(r=0.65),且在地上生物量估算模型的输入特征参数中Tcratio具有最高的相对重要性,这些结果表明了使用Tcratio进行地上生物量估算的重要性。纹理信息可以较好反映冠层空间结构细节,且受环境因素干扰较小。本研究结果表明基于纹理信息的地上生物量估算模型精度(R2=0.83,RMSE为342.28 g/m2)高于基于光谱指数和基于温度指数的地上生物量估算模型精度,说明了与光谱指数和温度指数相比,纹理信息是估算地上生物量的重要指标,尤其推荐使用红边波段的均值纹理信息进行大田玉米地上生物量估算,其与地上生物量的相关系数可达-0.61。YANG等[44]在谷子地上生物量无人机遥感估算模型中获得相似结论。另外,融合光谱指数、温度指数和纹理信息构建的大田玉米地上生物量估算模型精度优于仅使用单一指标建立的地上生物量估算模型精度,表明无人机遥感光谱、温度和纹理信息之间的互补和协同效应,可以提高不同灌溉梯度下大田玉米地上生物量估算模型的准确性和稳定性。基于植被指数和纹理信息与基于温度指数和纹理信息的地上生物量估算模型精度高于基于植被指数和基于温度指数的地上生物量估算模型精度(表3和表4),说明纹理信息可以作为植被指数和温度指数的有益补充,进行作物地上生物量精确评估。ZHANG等[41]报道基于无人机高光谱波段的植被指数和株高估算多种氮肥处理下的玉米生物量估算模型的R2为0.81,RMSE为395 g/m2。与之相比,本研究提出的大田玉米地上生物量卷积神经网络和随机森林回归模型(R2=0.85,RMSE为297.40 g/m2)的精度相对较好。
参考蒸散量(ET0)反映了特定气象条件下土壤蒸发和作物蒸腾的能力,饱和水汽压差(VPD)影响作物与环境间的水分交换,而地上生物量的积累与水分的供应和消耗密切相关,因此,这2个气象参数与作物地上生物量累积存在潜在关联。与基于无人机遥感单一类型参数建立地上生物量估算模型相比,结合无人机遥感单一类型参数和气象因素的地上生物量估算模型精度都有一定提升,提高了遥感模型解释大田玉米地上生物量变异性的能力,且推荐气象参数ET0作为地上生物量估算的重要特征参数,且该参数对于地上生物量估算模型的相对重要性较高(图8)。与基于光谱指数、温度指数和纹理信息的地上生物量估算模型精度相比(R2为0.54~0.87,RMSE为295.77~527.70 g/m2),引入气象参数对于模型精度(R2为0.57~0.87,RMSE为295.77~512.09 g/m2)提升效果不明显,表明进行地上生物量估算时气象参数与无人机多源遥感信息存在冗余现象。本研究对地上生物量一维卷积神经网络估算模型的年际泛化能力进行了评估(图10),结果表明引入气象参数可以提升年际间大田玉米地上生物量估算模型的精度,且R2提高0.07,RMSE降低34.52 g/m2。由于本研究涉及的数据量和玉米品种有限,地上生物量估算模型的年际间泛化能力后期仍有待进一步评估。为了获得高拼接质量的热红外正射影像,使用无人机热红外遥感航拍时需要保持较低的飞行速度和较高的航向与旁向重叠度,这也极大限制了无人机热红外遥感的作业效率。考虑到无人机机载设备的成本因素及作业效率,本研究中基于光谱指数和气象参数的地上生物量随机森林估算模型的精度也较好(R2为0.85,RMSE为296.74 g/m2),表明气象参数可作为光谱指数的补充,推荐其进行年际间大田玉米地上生物量估算。
为了深入探究地上生物量一维卷积神经网络估算模型的性能,评估了模型在不同生育期和不同灌溉梯度下的适用性。地上生物量卷积神经网络模型的平均绝对误差MAE在V期最小,在M期最大,且输入特征参数大多在V期与地上生物量的相关性较高。原因可能是营养期主要集中在叶片、茎秆等营养器官的生长,受环境因素的影响相对较小,模型能够较好地捕捉到这些特征,从而实现较为精准估算;但是,在成熟期还涉及生殖器官的发育和成熟,以及叶片衰老、枯黄等变化,使得地上生物量的构成和变化更加复杂,导致模型估算误差增大。地上生物量卷积神经网络模型的nRMSE在V期最大,在M期最小。虽然地上生物量卷积神经网络模型在V期的平均绝对误差较小,但对于该时期相对较小的地上生物量实测值,这种差异所占的比例相对较大,导致nRMSE也较大。前人研究也说明了生育期对于植被指数估算作物生理参数的性能有较大的影响[10,45]。因此,需要根据作物生育期来综合评估模型的准确性和可靠性。
为评估地上生物量一维卷积神经网络模型识别不同灌溉处理下玉米地上生物量差异的能力,对2019年地上生物量卷积神经网络模型的预测值进行单因素方差分析。在2019年,TR6灌溉处理下的地上生物量测量值与TR7、TR8灌溉处理下的生物量测量值的方差差异显著,与TR9、TR10处理下的地上生物量方差差异不显著(图4d)。但2019年,地上生物量卷积神经网络模型在TR6处理下的预测值与其他4种灌溉处理下的预测值的方差差异都显著(图10),表明本研究建立的基于无人机多源遥感与气象参数的地上生物量卷积神经网络模型可以识别不同灌溉量处理下地上生物量的差异,但是识别能力仍有待进一步提升。以卷积神经网络为代表的深度学习模型可自动提取图像的特征,广泛应用于图像分类、目标检测、图像分割等任务中,其准确率已超过传统的机器学习方法[46],本研究从无人机多源影像中人工提取多维特征参数作为模型的输入变量,自动化程度有待提升,未来研究可尝试直接使用无人机遥感原始影像作为输入参数,进一步挖掘卷积神经网络模型估算地上生物量的潜力。本研究分析了5个宽波段的光谱影像特征与地上生物量的关系,后期的研究中可以进一步分析整个生育期内地上生物量对于高光谱窄波段的响应规律。本研究采用无人机航拍高度为70 m,无人机的飞行高度对单次遥感影像的航拍面积有较大的影响,进而影响无人机的作业效率。后期研究可深入分析不同地面分辨率的无人机遥感影像对玉米地上生物量估算模型的影响,以期在较小影响模型精度的条件下,较大提高无人机遥感的作业效率。
(1)以2018、2019、2021年内蒙古实验地数据为基础,基于无人机光谱指数、温度指数和纹理信息,结合气象参数参考蒸散量ET0和饱和水汽压差VPD,分别采用逐步回归、随机森林回归、AdaBoost回归、支持向量回归和一维卷积神经网络回归5种建模方法,建立了整个生育期不同灌溉量处理下的大田玉米地上生物量估算模型,最终生成了高时空分辨率的大田玉米地上生物量分布图。
(2)基于无人机单一类型遥感信息的玉米地上生物量估算模型中,基于纹理信息的地上生物量卷积神经网络估算模型精度最好(R2为0.83,RMSE为342.28 g/m2);与基于无人机遥感单一类型参数的地上生物量模型相比,结合无人机遥感单一类型参数和气象因素的地上生物量估算模型精度均有提升,提高了模型解释大田玉米地上生物量变异性的能力,其中基于纹理信息和气象参数的地上生物量卷积神经网络模型精度仍然最高(R2为0.87,RMSE为295.53 g/m2),表明纹理信息是估算大田玉米地上生物量的重要指标。
(3)与单一类型遥感信息相比,融合光谱、温度和纹理信息的地上生物量估算模型精度较高,其中卷积神经网络回归模型的精度相对较高(R2为0.87,RMSE为295.77 g/m2);基于植被指数和纹理信息与基于温度指数和纹理信息的地上生物量估算模型精度高于基于植被指数和基于温度指数的地上生物量估算模型精度,说明纹理信息可以作为植被指数和温度指数的有益补充进行作物地上生物量精确评估;引入气象参数后,地上生物量无人机多源遥感估算模型精度无明显提升,表明气象参数与无人机多源遥感信息存在冗余;考虑到无人机机载设备的成本因素,本研究中基于光谱指数和气象参数的地上生物量随机森林估算模型的精度(R2为0.85,RMSE为296.74 g/m2)也较高,说明气象参数可作为光谱指数的补充,推荐其进行年际间大田玉米地上生物量估算。
(4)特征变量中ET0、GNDVI、VARI、Tcratio、红波段的对比度纹理信息、蓝和红边波段的均值纹理信息以及热红外波段的方差纹理信息对于地上生物量估算模型的贡献度较高,且温度指数Tcratio的相对重要性最高;地上生物量卷积神经网络模型的平均绝对误差MAE在V期最小,在M期最大,但对于nRMSE,其在V期最大,在M期最小,说明地上生物量卷积神经网络模型的性能在不同生育期存在差异,需根据作物生育期来综合评估模型的准确性和可靠性。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD1900802)
  • 国家自然科学基金优秀青年科学基金项目(52222903)
  • 陕西省重点研发计划项目(2024NC-ZDCYL-05-01)
  • 陕西省自然科学基础研究计划项目(2022JQ-363)
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2025年第56卷第12期
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doi: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.040
  • 接收时间:2025-05-08
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-08
  • 修回日期:2025-07-11
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD1900802)
国家自然科学基金优秀青年科学基金项目(52222903)
陕西省重点研发计划项目(2024NC-ZDCYL-05-01)
陕西省自然科学基础研究计划项目(2022JQ-363)
作者信息
    1.西安理工大学旱区水工程生态环境全国重点实验室,西安 710048
    2.西北农林科技大学旱区节水农业研究院,陕西杨凌 712100
    3.西安财经大学信息学院,西安 710100
    4.延长油田股份有限公司吴起采油厂,延安 717600

通讯作者:

韩文霆(1972—),男,研究员,博士,主要从事农情信息智能感知及精准灌溉技术研究,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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