Article(id=1311999985613373949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.046, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744732800000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-16, revisedDate=1752768000000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790734772350, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790734772350, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790734772350, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790734772350, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311999647825101743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, year='2025', volume='56', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='818', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1766592000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790734691815, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790738411040, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312015247465083866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312015247465083867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=499, endPage=509, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1311999985919558142, articleId=1311999985613373949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, language=EN, title=YOLO v8-based Intelligent Recognition of Live Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Using Optimized Targeted Trapping Device, columnId=1311999800569066336, journalTitle=Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, columnName=Agricultural Informatization Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming to address the issues of small target size, varying pest postures, and low detection efficiency, and suboptimal performance of trapping devices during live rice pest identification, an intelligent recognition method was proposed based on an improved YOLO v8n model integrated with a one-to-three live targeted trapping device. By optimizing the structural design of the traditional targeted recognition equipment, a one-to-three live targeted trapping device was developed to enhance operational efficiency. For the construction of the dataset required for intelligent recognition, a frame-by-frame image clarity comparison and sorting method was proposed to improve data quality. Additionally, an adaptive module was introduced into the improved CBAM attention mechanism to enhance the model's focus on target regions, and a high-resolution P2 layer was added to the AFPN structure to improve small target recognition capability. Comparative experiments demonstrated that the improved YOLO v8n model achieved a mean average precision (mAP@0.5) of 95.65% on the rice leaf folder dataset. Ablation experiments further verified that the enhanced CBAM module and the introduction of the P2 layer in the AFPN structure significantly improved model performance, resulting in optimal overall recognition capability. Field trials confirmed the practical effectiveness of the improved YOLO v8n model, achieving a recognition rate of over 90% for rice leaf folder pests across 60 mu (approximately 4 hectares) of rice fields when combined with the targeted identification device, demonstrating good robustness and stability. In summary, the intelligent recognition method for live rice pests based on YOLO v8n the improved model proposed effectively enhanced recognition accuracy and efficiency, providing a scientific basis for precise pest identification and control in rice fields, with strong practical application value and promotion potential.

, authors=Shuangxi LIU1, 2, Liuxihang WANG1, Jinxing WANG1, 3, Xianliang HU4, Shengjie YANG1, Pan MA5, authorsList=Shuangxi LIU, Liuxihang WANG, Jinxing WANG, Xianliang HU, Shengjie YANG, Pan MA, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1311999998120788554, articleId=1311999985613373949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, language=CN, title=基于优化靶向诱捕器的YOLO v8活体稻纵卷叶螟智能识别方法, columnId=1311999800749421410, journalTitle=农业机械学报, columnName=农业信息化工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对水稻活体害虫智能识别过程中容易出现目标小、姿态各异以及诱捕时诱捕装置效率不高等问题,导致害虫识别精度不足,本文提出一种基于一拖三活体靶向诱捕器改进YOLO v8n模型的水稻害虫智能识别方法。通过改进传统靶向识别装置结构,设计一拖三活体靶向诱捕装置提高工作效率;针对智能识别所需数据集制作,提出图像逐帧清晰度对比排序法进行数据集提取,通过改进CBAM注意力机制引入自适应模块,提升模型对目标区域关注度,改进AFPN结构,在AFPN中增加高分辨率P2层,以增强对小目标的识别能力。模型试验结果表明,改进后的YOLO v8n模型在稻纵卷叶螟数据集上的平均精度均值(mAP@0.5)达到95.65%。消融试验结果表明,改进后的CBAM模块、引入P2层AFPN结构均显著提升模型性能,使模型综合识别能力达到最优。田间试验进一步验证改进后的YOLO v8n模型实际应用效果,结合靶向识别装备在稻田中稻纵卷叶螟识别率达90%以上,表现出较好鲁棒性和稳定性。综上,本文提出基于YOLO v8n改进的模型水稻活体害虫识别方法能够有效提高识别精度与效率,为水稻害虫精准识别和防控提供科学依据,具有较强实际应用价值与推广潜力。

, authors=刘双喜1, 2, 王刘西航1, 王金星1, 3, 胡宪亮4, 杨圣杰1, 马盼5, authorsList=刘双喜, 王刘西航, 王金星, 胡宪亮, 杨圣杰, 马盼, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

刘双喜(1978—),男,教授,博士,主要从事图像处理与智能装备研究,E-mail:

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1. 金属机箱 2. 太阳能蓄电池 3. 传输线 4. 直杆 5. 水盆式诱捕装置 6. 图像采集装置 7. 三角支架

, figureFileSmall=dB6Yzj2c7rSCh55KatifXg==, figureFileBig=XHs/vDXgw38p6mUrZajH+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312000006312264326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999985613373949, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Live trap bucket and image acquisition device, figureFileSmall=wohVu1MCsyE2B/3g8s1qTg==, figureFileBig=co9AG4pW93PkR/Jrpb21yg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312000006379373191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999985613373949, language=CN, label=图2, caption=活体诱捕桶与图像采集装置

1. 锥筒 2. 第三红外传感器 3. 侧门 4. 斜板 5. 黄色背景板 6. 工业相机 7. 透明圆柱筒 8. 红外传感器

, figureFileSmall=wohVu1MCsyE2B/3g8s1qTg==, figureFileBig=co9AG4pW93PkR/Jrpb21yg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312000006446482056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999985613373949, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Intelligent identification of workflows, figureFileSmall=r2tZldlTgYuy4VZ+jN7iYw==, figureFileBig=cNJtPeE3gMwQGxiDf7I86g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312000006505202313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999985613373949, language=CN, label=图3, caption=诱捕器诱捕工作流程, figureFileSmall=r2tZldlTgYuy4VZ+jN7iYw==, figureFileBig=cNJtPeE3gMwQGxiDf7I86g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312000006572311178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999985613373949, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Picture of rice leaf roller in different poses, figureFileSmall=0Is2GJ5baBAib4S7+NeaJA==, figureFileBig=TsLP5I21FaHRFMahBDGFjg==, tableContent=null), 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Comparative test results of attention mechanism

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模型平均精度均值(mAP@0.5)精确率召回率
YOLO v8n86.7086.285.6
YOLO v8n+SE88.2486.785.2
YOLO v8n+ECA87.6688.286.8
YOLO v8n+CBAM89.1090.488.5
YOLO v8n+CBAM-self91.8591.790.9
), ArticleFig(id=1312000008291975839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999985613373949, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

注意力机制试验结果

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模型平均精度均值(mAP@0.5)精确率召回率
YOLO v8n86.7086.285.6
YOLO v8n+SE88.2486.785.2
YOLO v8n+ECA87.6688.286.8
YOLO v8n+CBAM89.1090.488.5
YOLO v8n+CBAM-self91.8591.790.9
), ArticleFig(id=1312000008354890400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999985613373949, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Test results of different models

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模型mAP@0.5/%精确率/%召回率/%检测速度/(f·s-1)
Faster R-CNN84.4583.9583.5912
YOLO v5n79.6379.1378.24145
YOLO v775.2274.7674.16180
YOLO v8n86.7086.2785.64200
YOLO v9n91.6691.2190.82156
YOLO v10n93.7294.1793.61142
YOLO 11n93.2093.5992.96135
YOLO v12n85.8784.5383.25165
改进YOLO v8n95.6594.8094.25185
), ArticleFig(id=1312000008421999265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999985613373949, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同模型试验结果

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模型mAP@0.5/%精确率/%召回率/%检测速度/(f·s-1)
Faster R-CNN84.4583.9583.5912
YOLO v5n79.6379.1378.24145
YOLO v775.2274.7674.16180
YOLO v8n86.7086.2785.64200
YOLO v9n91.6691.2190.82156
YOLO v10n93.7294.1793.61142
YOLO 11n93.2093.5992.96135
YOLO v12n85.8784.5383.25165
改进YOLO v8n95.6594.8094.25185
), ArticleFig(id=1312000008497496738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999985613373949, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Comparison of ablation test results

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模型平均精度均值(mAP@0.5/%)精确率/%召回率/%浮点运算量
YOLO v8n86.7086.285.68.20×109
YOLO v8n+CBAM89.1090.488.58.20×109
YOLO v8n+CBAM-self91.8591.790.98.40×109
YOLO v8n+AFPN92.4791.990.38.90×109
YOLO v8n+AFPN-P291.2091.089.71.71×1010
YOLO v8n+CBAM+AFPN93.9593.091.51.67×1010
YOLO v8n+CBAM-self+AFPN-P295.6594.894.31.76×1010
), ArticleFig(id=1312000008564605603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999985613373949, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同模型消融试验结果

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模型平均精度均值(mAP@0.5/%)精确率/%召回率/%浮点运算量
YOLO v8n86.7086.285.68.20×109
YOLO v8n+CBAM89.1090.488.58.20×109
YOLO v8n+CBAM-self91.8591.790.98.40×109
YOLO v8n+AFPN92.4791.990.38.90×109
YOLO v8n+AFPN-P291.2091.089.71.71×1010
YOLO v8n+CBAM+AFPN93.9593.091.51.67×1010
YOLO v8n+CBAM-self+AFPN-P295.6594.894.31.76×1010
), ArticleFig(id=1312000010187801252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999985613373949, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Field trial data

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试验田序号稻纵卷叶螟识别个数/只诱捕到稻纵卷叶螟总数/只诱捕到昆虫总数/只其中捕捉到益虫总数/只蜘蛛数量/只寄生蜂数量/只食蚜蝇数量/只精确率/%
1192126321090.48
2212225110095.45
3151624513193.75
4101219530283.33
5121622402275.00
6131623531181.25
), ArticleFig(id=1312000010271687333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999985613373949, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

田间试验数据

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试验田序号稻纵卷叶螟识别个数/只诱捕到稻纵卷叶螟总数/只诱捕到昆虫总数/只其中捕捉到益虫总数/只蜘蛛数量/只寄生蜂数量/只食蚜蝇数量/只精确率/%
1192126321090.48
2212225110095.45
3151624513193.75
4101219530283.33
5121622402275.00
6131623531181.25
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基于优化靶向诱捕器的YOLO v8活体稻纵卷叶螟智能识别方法
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刘双喜 1, 2 , 王刘西航 1 , 王金星 1, 3 , 胡宪亮 4 , 杨圣杰 1 , 马盼 5
农业机械学报 | 农业信息化工程 2025,56(12): 499-509
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农业机械学报 |农业信息化工程 2025 , 56 (12) : 499 -509
基于优化靶向诱捕器的YOLO v8活体稻纵卷叶螟智能识别方法
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2.农业装备智能化山东省工程研究中心,泰安 271018, bio={"content":"

刘双喜(1978—),男,教授,博士,主要从事图像处理与智能装备研究,E-mail:

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刘双喜(1978—),男,教授,博士,主要从事图像处理与智能装备研究,E-mail:

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刘双喜1, 2 , 王刘西航1, 王金星1, 3, 胡宪亮4, 杨圣杰1, 马盼5
作者信息
  • 1.山东农业大学机械与电子工程学院,泰安 271018
  • 2.农业装备智能化山东省工程研究中心,泰安 271018
  • 3.山东省设施园艺智慧生产技术装备重点实验室(筹),泰安 271018
  • 4.山东祥辰科技集团有限公司,济南 251400
  • 5.济南市农业科学研究院,济南 251400
作者简介:

刘双喜(1978—),男,教授,博士,主要从事图像处理与智能装备研究,E-mail:

YOLO v8-based Intelligent Recognition of Live Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Using Optimized Targeted Trapping Device
Shuangxi LIU1, 2 , Liuxihang WANG1, Jinxing WANG1, 3, Xianliang HU4, Shengjie YANG1, Pan MA5
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
  • 2.Shandong Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Equipment Intelligentization, Taian 271018, China
  • 3.Shandong Key Laboratory of Intelligent Production Technology and Equipment for Facility Horticulture, Taian 271018, China
  • 4.Shandong Xiangchen Technology Group Co., Ltd. Co., Ltd., Ji'nan 251400, China
  • 5.Ji'nan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ji'nan 251400, China
出版时间: 2025-12-25 doi: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.046
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针对水稻活体害虫智能识别过程中容易出现目标小、姿态各异以及诱捕时诱捕装置效率不高等问题,导致害虫识别精度不足,本文提出一种基于一拖三活体靶向诱捕器改进YOLO v8n模型的水稻害虫智能识别方法。通过改进传统靶向识别装置结构,设计一拖三活体靶向诱捕装置提高工作效率;针对智能识别所需数据集制作,提出图像逐帧清晰度对比排序法进行数据集提取,通过改进CBAM注意力机制引入自适应模块,提升模型对目标区域关注度,改进AFPN结构,在AFPN中增加高分辨率P2层,以增强对小目标的识别能力。模型试验结果表明,改进后的YOLO v8n模型在稻纵卷叶螟数据集上的平均精度均值(mAP@0.5)达到95.65%。消融试验结果表明,改进后的CBAM模块、引入P2层AFPN结构均显著提升模型性能,使模型综合识别能力达到最优。田间试验进一步验证改进后的YOLO v8n模型实际应用效果,结合靶向识别装备在稻田中稻纵卷叶螟识别率达90%以上,表现出较好鲁棒性和稳定性。综上,本文提出基于YOLO v8n改进的模型水稻活体害虫识别方法能够有效提高识别精度与效率,为水稻害虫精准识别和防控提供科学依据,具有较强实际应用价值与推广潜力。

水稻害虫  /  一拖三活体靶向诱捕器  /  CBAM  /  AFPN

Aiming to address the issues of small target size, varying pest postures, and low detection efficiency, and suboptimal performance of trapping devices during live rice pest identification, an intelligent recognition method was proposed based on an improved YOLO v8n model integrated with a one-to-three live targeted trapping device. By optimizing the structural design of the traditional targeted recognition equipment, a one-to-three live targeted trapping device was developed to enhance operational efficiency. For the construction of the dataset required for intelligent recognition, a frame-by-frame image clarity comparison and sorting method was proposed to improve data quality. Additionally, an adaptive module was introduced into the improved CBAM attention mechanism to enhance the model's focus on target regions, and a high-resolution P2 layer was added to the AFPN structure to improve small target recognition capability. Comparative experiments demonstrated that the improved YOLO v8n model achieved a mean average precision (mAP@0.5) of 95.65% on the rice leaf folder dataset. Ablation experiments further verified that the enhanced CBAM module and the introduction of the P2 layer in the AFPN structure significantly improved model performance, resulting in optimal overall recognition capability. Field trials confirmed the practical effectiveness of the improved YOLO v8n model, achieving a recognition rate of over 90% for rice leaf folder pests across 60 mu (approximately 4 hectares) of rice fields when combined with the targeted identification device, demonstrating good robustness and stability. In summary, the intelligent recognition method for live rice pests based on YOLO v8n the improved model proposed effectively enhanced recognition accuracy and efficiency, providing a scientific basis for precise pest identification and control in rice fields, with strong practical application value and promotion potential.

rice pest  /  one-to-three live targeted trapping device  /  CBAM  /  AFPN
刘双喜, 王刘西航, 王金星, 胡宪亮, 杨圣杰, 马盼. 基于优化靶向诱捕器的YOLO v8活体稻纵卷叶螟智能识别方法. 农业机械学报, 2025 , 56 (12) : 499 -509 . DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.046
Shuangxi LIU, Liuxihang WANG, Jinxing WANG, Xianliang HU, Shengjie YANG, Pan MA. YOLO v8-based Intelligent Recognition of Live Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Using Optimized Targeted Trapping Device[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2025 , 56 (12) : 499 -509 . DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.046
根据全国农业技术推广服务中心数据,虫害所造成的经济损失占所有农作物虫害经济损失的55%[1-2]。但传统水稻害虫诱捕往往伴随着益虫误捕情况,在水稻田误捕的益虫,像食蚜蝇、蜘蛛、寄生蜂在生态系统中扮演着重要角色[3],它们能捕食危害水稻的害虫如二化螟、稻纵卷叶螟、稻飞虱等。水稻害虫活动轨迹和运动量是其危害程度的关键指标,活体害虫识别对于地区害虫防控具有积极意义,对害虫轨迹观察等需在活体识别进行,因此对活体水稻害虫精准识别刻不容缓[4-6]。识别出活体水稻害虫后采取适当措施区分害虫和益虫可减少误捕现象,但水稻害虫体型较小,常见二化螟体长9~13 mm,稻纵卷叶螟7~9 mm,甚至稻飞虱仅有4~4.2 mm,因此对于活体水稻害虫识别,有着数据量少,尺寸小,姿态各异的情况,造成识别困难[7]。
近年来,随着计算机硬件算力显著提升,深度学习技术得到飞速发展。深度学习模型在多个领域展现出卓越性能[8-10],与传统机器学习模型相比[11-13],深度学习模型具有更强泛化能力,性能更为稳定。谭泗桥等[14]提出一种基于改进YOLO v8m模型的稻田害虫识别方法FieldSentinel-YOLO v8,精确率达到69.90%;林相泽等[15]提出一种基于迁移学习和Mask R-CNN的稻飞虱图像分类方法,平均精度均值达到92.3%;曾伟辉等[16]提出一种基于SCResNeSt的低分辨率水稻害虫图像识别方法,识别精确率达到91.20%;梁勇等[17]引入目标检测算法YOLO v5,稻纵卷叶螟识别精确率达到91.67%;赵辉等[18]提出一种改进YOLO v7的害虫识别方法,将CBAM集成到YOLO v7,精确率为91.6%;何泽珅等[19]提出改进YOLO v5网络的水稻虫害识别模型,平均精度均值达到91.30%;王泰华等[20]基于YOLO v5引入CBAM注意力机制等,水稻害虫的平均精度均值达到94.3%;靳新宇等[21]将YOLO v8n检测算法与AFPN结合,精确率达到85.1%;TANG等[22]通过改进ECA机制和transformer编码器提出Pest-YOLO,在Pest24数据集上实现平均精度均值73.4%;WANG等[23]通过引入CBAM注意力模块提出Insect-YOLO,水稻害虫识别的平均精度均值达到93.8%。
针对国内外研究现状,当前多数害虫识别研究仍停留在静态图像或实验环境中,尚未聚焦田间环境活体害虫的动态识别。尽管部分模型在算法优化方面取得进展,但对小目标、多姿态识别精度仍有限,实际应用效果不理想。尤其在活体水稻害虫的识别与诱捕方面,尚缺乏可行的系统方案。为此,亟需构建一种适用于田间环境、具备高精度与强适应性的识别方法,以提升虫情监测的智能化水平[24]。
针对活体昆虫拍摄,设计改进一种活体水稻害虫诱捕拍摄装置——一拖三活体靶向诱捕器,该装置与山东祥辰科技集团有限公司联合研发。针对传统现有靶向诱捕器存在问题:仅有单个诱捕桶,诱捕效率低;识别功能只能等诱捕桶里昆虫死去滑落才可进行识别。改进后的一拖三靶向诱捕器效率更高,3个诱捕装置同时进行工作,且诱捕桶为改进活体诱捕桶,可实现对活体水稻害虫进行拍摄,其结构如图1和图2所示。
该诱捕器通过将工业摄像头控制器等连接4G边缘数据网关[25],可实时传输数据到网站,并可查看识别害虫种类,获取实时虫情数据。通过大数据分析,自动生成虫害发生趋势报告,可以实时看到诱捕器在线状态,进一步提高虫害管理效率,做到水稻虫害及时预防以采取措施。
一拖三靶向诱捕器工作时在水盆式诱捕装置内放置稻纵卷叶螟生物食诱捕剂[26]对活体水稻害虫进行诱捕,采用红外线检测装置对昆虫进行检测并反馈给控制器,从而触发工业相机对目标昆虫进行拍照识别,实现图像数据采集与智能识别,工作流程如图3所示。
为制作高质量数据集,提出一种图像逐帧清晰度对比排序法,该方法基于Intel RealSense D435i视频信息和OpenCV[27]清晰度对比技术,通过对图像逐帧清晰度对比排序获取最优数据集。由于图像由视频逐帧提取,存在动态模糊,因此采用边缘强度和模糊度2种方法进行图像清晰度质量评估。边缘强度是指图像中物体轮廓的清晰度,动态模糊通常会导致图像的边缘模糊或消失[28],模糊度评分是一类专门用于定量评估图像模糊程度的指标,通常使用Brenner梯度和Laplacian方差[29]。最终,结合边缘强度和模糊度评分计算综合评分。
使用Canny算子提取图像边缘,边缘强度评分Sedge为
式中
      E(i,j)——图像中位置(i,j)边缘强度
      N——图像总像素数
使用Brenner梯度和Laplacian方差进行模糊度评分,Brenner梯度通过计算像素强度的变化量化模糊度,公式为
Laplacian方差衡量图像高频成分,模糊图像通常缺少高频信息,公式为
模糊度评分为两者加权组合,公式为
式中
      α、β——边缘强度和拉普拉斯模糊度指标权重
为确定合适的权重组合,本文在初期选取多个图像样本集,并通过人工主观评价进行初步标注,将评分结果与人工清晰度判断进行比较分析,最终选择α=0.6,β=0.4。
结合边缘强度和模糊度评分计算综合评分为
式中
      Stotal——图像清晰度评分
      λ——权重,取0~1
为确定最优λ取值,在初步试验中以0.1为步长,在λ∈[0.1,0.9]范围内进行遍历测试,并通过与人工主观评分对比,计算识别准确率与一致性指标,最终选择λ=0.7作为最优参数配置。
Stotal值高则图像清晰,将所有图像进行该值计算,然后对所有值进行由大到小排序,在顺序排好的图像中删除模糊不清图像,最终得到2 521幅高质量数据集,图4为不同姿态稻纵卷叶螟图像片。
目前稻纵卷叶螟原始图像数据集有2 521幅,无法满足模型训练需求。为提高模型识别精度,采用数据增强技术对原始数据集进行扩增。为获取高质量训练样本,对原始样本进行镜像翻转、多角度旋转、明暗调节和随机遮挡等转换进行样本扩增,最终数据集达到7 563幅图像。数据集扩增后用labelImg标注,将数据集划分为训练集、验证集和测试集,其比例为7∶2∶1。数据增强效果如图5所示。
由于活体水稻害虫具有检测目标小、姿态各异的特点,YOLO v8n模型存在漏检、错检、精度低的问题[30],针对以上问题,对YOLO v8n进行改进。
(1)针对稻纵卷叶螟在诱捕桶中姿态各异的问题,引入CBAM注意力机制[31-33],使模型聚焦于其飞行姿态,并加入自适应机制动态调整通道和空间注意力强度,利用自注意力机制为不同位置和通道分配权重。
(2)对于稻纵卷叶螟在图像中目标较小,引入层(AFPN-P2),增强对小目标的感知能力,同时减少非相邻特征层之间的语义差异,提升检测精度。
改进YOLO v8n结构图如图6所示。
通道空间注意力机制结合通道和空间的注意力计算,有助于聚焦关键特征。但是,传统注意力机制通常是静态,未能对动态自适应输入特征。针对稻纵卷叶螟在复杂背景下识别需求,提出一种自适应自适应空间特征融合(ASFF)技术[34-35],将ASFF加入AFPN中,即在AFPN的特征融合阶段引入ASFF机制,改进AFPN,通过增加分辨率更高的P2动态调整方案,使通道和空间注意力更加灵活,以便提高对活体稻纵卷叶螟的检测精度。
通道注意力模块(Channel attention module,CAM)主要基于全局平均池化和最大池化获取全局特征,但在各通道之间的加权是固定的。为实现动态调整,本文引入自注意力机制(Self-Attention)增强通道注意力,使其权重能够根据每个通道特征动态生成。
首先,给定输入特征图X∈RHWC,通过全局平均池化和全局最大池化获得每个通道的静态特征表示,即
式中
      Zavg——全局平均池化
      Zmax——全局最大池化
      H——特征图的高度
      W——特征图的宽度
加入自注意力机制动态调整通道权重,将特征Zavg和Zmax通过自注意力机制进行加权,公式为
式中
      Zdynamic——动态通道权重
最终,通道注意力权重为
式中
      σ——Sigmoid函数
      C1、C2——全连接层
这样生成的通道注意力能够根据输入特征不同,自适应地调整各通道的权重,从而提升小目标检测效果。
同理空间注意力模块(Spatial attention module,SAM)通常是通过通道池化得到空间特征计算每个位置的注意力分布。最终空间注意力图计算公式为
式中
      Conv5——5×5卷积操作,用于增强局部空间依赖
在通道和空间注意力生成之后,可以对2种注意力进行自适应融合。为实现自适应融合,在通道和空间注意力之间引入加权参数α1调节二者权重,即
式中
      β1——可学习参数
在训练过程中进行更新,以实现通道和空间注意力的自适应组合,从而使得模型在不同场景中能够灵活调整注意力的权重分布,提高检测精度。最终将融合后的注意力图作用于输入特征图,得到加权输出特征图为
式中
      ⊙——逐元素相乘
改进的CBAM机制结构如图7所示。通道和空间细化流程如图8所示。
为验证改进CBAM的优势,与当前热门注意力机制进行对比试验,加入SE-Net、ECA-Net注意力机制,注意力机制对比试验结果如表1。由表1可以看出,加入自适应机制的CBAM在平均精度均值、精确率以及召回率较其他注意力机制要高,体现其在增强特征表达和提升小目标识别精度方面的显著优势。
动态调整通道和空间注意力方案通过在CAM和SAM中引入自注意力机制,使得模型注意力生成过程可以自适应地响应输入特征的不同信息,提升对小目标的检测能力。本文方法在通道和空间维度上引入动态调整机制,使得网络能够更灵活地捕捉到小目标的特征,从而提高检测精度。
ASFF(Adaptive spatial feature fusion)有效地解决单阶段目标检测器中特征金字塔的不一致性问题。特征金字塔中不同尺度的特征图之间通常存在冲突,这些冲突可能会干扰训练期间的梯度计算,进而降低金字塔特征的有效性。ASFF通过自适应学习优化特征图融合过程,使网络能够在空间上过滤掉无用的特征信息,仅保留有用信息,从而提升特征的尺度不变性。在特征金字塔中融合4个不同尺度特征,即ASFF-4,图9为4个不同层级特征图自适应空间融合网络结构。
ASFF核心流程包括恒等缩放和自适应融合,学习到的权重随后被用于加权融合不同尺度的特征图,以生成最终的融合特征。ASFF-4自适应融合公式为
式中
      ——将第n层级特征图调整为与第l层级特征图相同分辨率后得到的第(i,j)个位置上向量
      、、、——输出特征图αl、βl、、中第(i,j)个位置上向量及4个不同层级特征图的空间权重
对于第l层级特征图中第(i,j)个位置上的空间重要性权重,由网络自适应地学习,满足以下条件
YANG等[36]提出AFPN(自适应特征金字塔网络)通过引入ASFF(自适应空间特征融合)抑制不同层级特征图之间矛盾,确保有效信息保留并减少无关信息干扰。同时,AFPN采用一种渐进式特征层融合策略,融合相邻低层特征,然后逐步将较高级别特征图纳入融合过程。P2层通常代表卷积网络中较低层级,具有较高的空间分辨率。P2层分辨率高于P3、P4和P5层,能保留更多细节,有助于检测稻纵卷叶螟等小目标,提高检测精度。
AFPN-P2网络结构如图10所示。ASFF先将低分辨率P2和P3融合,再继续与P4层特征层融合,最后P2到P5层4个特征层进行融合,该渐进式融合策略借助ASFF机制,有效缓解多尺度特征图之间的信息干扰,增强有用信息在融合过程中的保留能力,同时减小非相邻层之间的语义鸿沟,进而提升对小目标的检测精度。
为确保P2层特征图能够与其他层(如P3、P4、P5)兼容,通过适当采样和融合策略,使得P2层高分辨率特征图能够有效地与较低分辨率特征图(如P3、P4)进行融合。P2层特征图通过公式(14)生成。
式中
      ——P3层特征图
      r2——上采样比例因子,将P3层特征图映射到P2层高分辨率空间
改进后P2层不仅能够提供高分辨率特征图,还通过AFPN中自适应融合模块与其他层级特征图进行加权融合。自适应融合机制能够根据任务需求和数据特性,自动学习每个特征图的重要性并调整融合权重。给定不同层级的特征图F′Pk(其中k∈{2,3,4,5}),通过加权平均方式将各层级的特征图融合成最终输出特征图,公式为
式中
      ——由网络在训练过程中学习得到的自适应权重,表示每个层级特征图对最终融合结果的贡献
引入P2层使YOLO v8n能捕捉更多细节,提升水稻害虫等小目标的检测精度。同时,借助AFPN的自适应融合机制,P2层的高分辨率特征图能够与低分辨率的特征图有效融合,增强模型对不同尺度目标的综合感知能力。
使用Anaconda集成开发环境结合PyTorch深度学习框架进行模型构建,操作系统为Windows 11专业版,CPU型号为Intel(R)Core(TM)i9-14900k@3.0 GHz,单核5.40 GHz,GPU型号为NVIDIA GeForce RTX4090,运行内存为128 GB,1 T固态,编程语言为Python 3.11,训练过程中的模型参数设置:分辨率为640像素×640像素,批量大小为64,迭代次数为200,优化器为SGD,初始学习率为0.01。
为定量评估模型在活体水稻害虫识别中的性能,采用平均精度均值(mAP)、检测速度和模型内存占用量作为主要评估指标。精确率(Precision)可衡量模型正确检测到的害虫个体与所有检测到的目标害虫的比率,而召回率(Recall)则表示模型成功识别出的害虫个体与实际存在害虫的比率。对于活体水稻害虫的识别任务,精确率的检测和较高的召回率尤为重要,因为害虫个体较小,必须确保高精确率和召回率以避免漏检。
为评估改进YOLO v8n模型在活体稻纵卷叶螟识别检测中表现,引入当前主流目标检测模型,包括Faster R-CNN、YOLO v5n、YOLO v7、YOLO v9n、YOLO v10n、YOLO 11n以及YOLO v12n和YOLO v8n,与改进YOLO v8n模型进行对比试验,不同模型试验结果见表2。
从表2可以看出,改进的YOLO v8n模型平均精度均值(mAP@0.5%为95.65%)、精确率(94.80%)、召回率(94.25%)等指标均表现优异。其中,改进的YOLO v8n相较于Faster R-CNN、YOLO v5n、YOLO v7、YOLO v8n、YOLO v9n,YOLO v10n、YOLO 11n以及YOLO v12n的mAP@0.5分别提升11.20、16.02、20.43、8.95、3.99、1.93、2.45、9.78个百分点;精确率分别提升10.95、15.67、20.20、8.53、3.59、0.63、1.21、10.27个百分点;召回率分别提升10.66、16.01、20.09、8.61、3.43、0.64、1.29、11个百分点。这些结果表明,改进后的YOLO v8n在图像的快速检测任务中具有显著优势,能够对稻田活体水稻害虫实时检测,并及时反馈检测情况。
从表2可以看出,改进YOLO v8n模型在水稻活体害虫识别任务中的性能表现。改进后的模型加入自适应CBAM模块和添加P2层AFPN,各项性能指标都有很大提高。
不同模型检测效果如图11所示,试验结果表明,改进YOLO v8n模型对于水稻活体虫害的检测能力具有明显提升,更加准确地定位并识别稻纵卷叶螟小型害虫个体,预测框与真实目标的重合度更高,其他模型在复杂背景和虫体姿态变化情况下容易出现漏检或精确度偏低的问题,而改进的YOLO v8n模型能准确捕捉害虫边缘特征,显著降低误检率,同时不仅提高了检测准确性,还能实时为虫害监测提供技术支持。
为进一步研究改进后模型对水稻害虫的识别效果,使用7组不同的模型进行消融试验,利用平均精度均值对试验结果进行分析,从而明确各模块对模型检测性能的提升效果,不同模型消融试验结果如表3所示。
由表3可以看出,在YOLO v8n模型基础上,仅引入CBAM模块时,mAP提升2.40个百分点;加入AFPN模块时,mAP提升5.77个百分点;结合CBAM和AFPN模块时,mAP提升7.25个百分点;替换为自适应CBAM-self模块时,mAP提升5.15个百分点;单独加入P2层的AFPN模块后,mAP显著提升4.50个百分点;当结合CBAM-self和P2层的AFPN模块(改进YOLO v8n模型)时,mAP达到最高值95.65%,相比YOLO v8n模型提升8.95个百分点。
通过消融试验结果可得,AFPN模块和加入P2层的AFPN模块对模型性能提升作用尤为显著,而结合自适应的CBAM-self和P2层的AFPN模块后,模型综合性能达到最佳。表明本文所提出的改进YOLO v8n模型优化方案对稻田活体虫害检测任务具有较强的实用性和有效性。
为验证本文所提出的改进YOLO v8n模型在实际应用中的效果与适用性,在稻田自然环境条件下进行田间测试,评估该模型在稻田环境中对稻纵卷叶螟识别精度。试验基地和所安装设备如图12所示。
田间试验在山东省济南市槐荫区五洲都市农业科技有限公司农场水稻田进行,时间为2024年7—8月晴朗天,试验按照每0.67 hm2地为1组,每组放置1个靶向诱捕器,通过对比性诱捕剂和食诱捕剂的诱捕效果,使用深圳百乐宝生物农业科技有限公司等生产的生物食诱捕剂,诱捕器内放置稻纵卷叶螟靶向食诱捕剂,试验田1、2、3采用改进YOLO v8n模型,试验田4、5、6采用YOLO v8n模型,试验结果如表4所示。
图13为活体水稻害虫识别结果,可以清晰地看出前3列采用原YOLO v8n模型有些图像识别不出或识别精度低,后3列采用改进的YOLO v8n模型所有图像都可以识别且精度高。
由表4可以看出,试验田1、2、3稻纵卷叶螟精确率分别为90.48%、95.45%、93.75%;试验田4、5、6稻纵卷叶螟精确率分别为83.33%、75.00%、81.25%。由此可见,改进YOLO v8n模型在实际田间环境下识别精度显著优于原模型,尤其在试验田1、2、3中,精确率均超过90%,展现出较高稳定性和准确性。相比之下,使用YOLO v8n模型装置在试验田4、5、6表现出的精确率相对较低,最高为83.33%,在识别条件较为复杂或目标特征模糊的情况下,表现出一定局限性。表明改进YOLO v8n模型能够更好地适应田间环境的多样性,对稻纵卷叶螟识别更加准确。
综合来看,改进YOLO v8n模型结合一拖三活体靶向诱捕器,在田间试验中表现出优异识别能力,与通过数据集训练得出的结果基本一致,进一步验证改进的模型有效性与实用性。改进模型显著弥补了原模型在实际应用中不足,为稻田活体昆虫实时检测提供技术支持,具备推广应用的潜力和价值。未来可进一步优化设备的部署方式与模型参数,以适应更复杂的田间环境,提高识别精度和效率。
(1)基于YOLO v8n模型提出改进方案,通过引入CBAM-self模块、AFPN模块以及增加P2层,显著提升模型在活体水稻害虫检测任务中的性能。改进YOLO v8n模型在mAP@0.5、精确率和召回率方面表现优异,mAP@0.5达到95.65%,精确率为94.80%,召回率为94.25%,表明改进后模型在稻田虫害检测任务中具有显著优势。
(2)通过田间试验验证,改进YOLO v8n模型在稻田环境下对水稻害虫的检测表现优异,能够在不同虫害密度下准确地完成害虫识别任务。同时,消融试验结果表明,AFPN模块和增加P2层AFPN模块对模型检测性能提升效果尤为显著,其中单独引入P2层AFPN模块时mAP@0.5提升4.50个百分点,而结合CBAM-self与P2层的AFPN模块后,mAP@0.5达到最高值95.65%,模型性能达到最佳。
(3)综合试验结果表明,改进YOLO v8n模型能够满足稻田活体害虫实时检测需求,为精准农业和稻田作业质量的实时监测提供重要技术支持。
  • 山东省现代农业产业技术体系水稻农业机械岗位专家项目(SDAIT-17-08)
  • 山东省水稻产业技术体系济南综合试验站项目(SDAIT-17-10)
  • 济南市农业科学研究院2024年协同创新项目(202402)
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2025年第56卷第12期
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doi: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.046
  • 接收时间:2025-04-16
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-16
  • 修回日期:2025-07-18
基金
山东省现代农业产业技术体系水稻农业机械岗位专家项目(SDAIT-17-08)
山东省水稻产业技术体系济南综合试验站项目(SDAIT-17-10)
济南市农业科学研究院2024年协同创新项目(202402)
作者信息
    1.山东农业大学机械与电子工程学院,泰安 271018
    2.农业装备智能化山东省工程研究中心,泰安 271018
    3.山东省设施园艺智慧生产技术装备重点实验室(筹),泰安 271018
    4.山东祥辰科技集团有限公司,济南 251400
    5.济南市农业科学研究院,济南 251400
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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