Article(id=1311999967506559159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.029, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739548800000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-15, revisedDate=1759161600000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790734768033, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790734768033, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790734768033, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790734768033, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311999647825101743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, year='2025', volume='56', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='818', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1766592000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790734691815, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790738411040, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312015247465083866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312015247465083867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=322, endPage=330, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1311999967716274360, articleId=1311999967506559159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, language=EN, title=Design and Experiment of Adaptive Threshing Gap Device for Soybean Combine Harvester, columnId=1311999707161919908, journalTitle=Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, columnName=Agricultural Equipment and Mechanization Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming to address the issue that the threshing and separation device of traditional soybean combine harvesters cannot adjust the threshing gap in real-time, resulting in uneven material distribution in the threshing chamber and consequently high rates of soybean grain breakage, unthreshed grain loss, and entrainment loss, an adjustment system was designed based on the real-time matching of feed rate and threshing gap. Using the feed rate, threshing section gap, and separation section gap as experimental factors, and the grain breakage rate, unthreshed grain rate, and entrainment loss rate as evaluation indicators, bench tests, adaptive threshing gap adjustment tests, and comparative tests were conducted. The experimental results indicated that the average adjustment errors of the control system for the threshing and separation section gap were 0.49 mm and 0.47 mm, respectively. Under the test combinations where the feed rates were 0~2 kg/s, 2~3 kg/s, and 3~4 kg/s, with corresponding threshing section gaps of 15 mm, 23 mm and 30 mm, and separation section gaps of 15 mm, 20 mm and 27 mm, the grain breakage rate, unthreshed grain rate, and entrainment loss rate were 2.73%, 0.30% and 0.42%, respectively. Compared with the constant gap tests, these values were reduced by 0.39, 0.27 and 0.28 percentage points, respectively. All evaluation indicators from the adaptive threshing gap adjustment tests outperformed those from the comparative tests. The research result can support the development of adaptive threshing gap control systems and the intelligent of the soybean combine harvester.

, authors=Anwen LIU1, 2, Fangping XIE1, 2, Lixue ZHU1, 3, Xiushan WANG1, 2, Bang JI1, 2, Jiaxin KANG4, authorsList=Anwen LIU, Fangping XIE, Lixue ZHU, Xiushan WANG, Bang JI, Jiaxin KANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Bang JI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1311999974821425383, articleId=1311999967506559159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, language=CN, title=大豆联合收获机脱粒间隙自适应装置设计与试验, columnId=1311999707321303462, journalTitle=农业机械学报, columnName=农业装备与机械化工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对传统大豆联合收获机脱粒分离装置无法适时调控脱粒间隙,导致脱粒室内物料分布不均匀,进而造成大豆籽粒破碎率、未脱净率和夹带损失率较高的问题,本文设计了一种基于喂入量和脱粒间隙适时匹配的调节系统。以喂入量、脱粒段脱粒间隙和分离段脱粒间隙为试验因素,大豆籽粒破碎率、未脱净率和夹带损失率为评价指标,进行了台架试验、脱粒间隙自适应调节试验和对照试验。试验结果表明,该控制系统调节脱粒段脱粒间隙和分离段脱粒间隙平均误差为0.49 mm和0.47 mm,当喂入量为0~2 kg/s、2~3 kg/s和3~4 kg/s,脱粒段脱粒间隙为15、23、30 mm,分离段脱粒间隙为15、20、27 mm的试验组合时,籽粒破碎率、未脱净率和夹带损失率分别为2.73%、0.30%和0.42%,相比恒定间隙试验分别降低0.39、0.27、0.28个百分点。脱粒间隙自适应调节试验各项指标优于对照试验,研究结果可为脱粒间隙自适应控制系统及大豆联合收获机智能化提供支持。

, authors=刘安稳1, 2, 谢方平1, 2, 朱立学1, 3, 王修善1, 2, 季邦1, 2, 康家鑫4, authorsList=刘安稳, 谢方平, 朱立学, 王修善, 季邦, 康家鑫, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=季邦, authorNote=

刘安稳(1991—),男,博士生,主要从事智能农业机械装备研究,E-mail:

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季邦(1990—),男,讲师,博士,主要从事智能农业机械装备研究,E-mail:
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刘安稳(1991—),男,博士生,主要从事智能农业机械装备研究,E-mail:

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Study on adaptive and low breaking threshing method of soybean[D]. Zibo: Shandong University of Technology, 2024. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Study on adaptive and low breaking threshing method of soybean, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311999992496222584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999967506559159, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=52, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=JB/T 11912—2014 大豆联合收获机[S]. 北京: 机械工业出版社, 2014., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1311999984732565823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999967506559159, awardId=湘财农指[2023]6号, language=CN, fundingSource=湖南省智能农机装备创新研发项目(湘财农指[2023]6号), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1311999984808063296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999967506559159, awardId=HARS-02, language=CN, fundingSource=湖南省旱粮产业技术体系项目(HARS-02), fundOrder=null, 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language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Schematic of whole machine structure, figureFileSmall=fzw0HUVpkBtN+hgBCJJ+4A==, figureFileBig=pij6nszDitGHjOpkW0WRaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999980462764322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999967506559159, language=CN, label=图1, caption=整机结构示意图

1. 割台 2. 输送槽 3. 动力带轮 4. 动力输出带轮 5. 底盘 6. 对称可调式凹板筛 7. 位移传感器 8. 电动缸 9. 清选装置 10. T型变速箱 11. 后段脱粒滚筒 12. 粮箱 13. 前段脱粒滚筒 14. 控制系统

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1. 脱粒室机架 2. 外支架 3. 电缸底端固定架 4. 电位移传感器 5. 电缸 6. 电缸顶端支撑轴 7. 上固定板 8. 铰接轴 9. 脱粒段凹板筛 10. 分离段凹板筛 11. 纹杆齿 12. 杆齿 13. 脱粒滚筒 14. 底部挡板

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1. 4LZ-4.0型联合收获机 2. 输送带

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Test factors and codes

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编码因素
喂入量q/(kg·s-1)脱粒段脱粒间隙x2/mm分离段脱粒间隙x3/mm
-1.6822.0015.0015.00
-12.4120.0020.00
03.0027.5027.50
13.5935.0035.00
1.6824.0040.0040.00
), ArticleFig(id=1311999983969202486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999967506559159, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试验因素编码

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编码因素
喂入量q/(kg·s-1)脱粒段脱粒间隙x2/mm分离段脱粒间隙x3/mm
-1.6822.0015.0015.00
-12.4120.0020.00
03.0027.5027.50
13.5935.0035.00
1.6824.0040.0040.00
), ArticleFig(id=1311999984040505655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999967506559159, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Results of threshing gaps adaptive control

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序号脱粒段脱粒间隙分离段脱粒间隙
设定值测量值设定值测量值
115.0015.2315.0015.43
215.0014.9615.0014.89
315.0015.4115.0015.15
420.0019.8620.0019.67
520.0019.7520.0019.88
620.0019.5320.0019.81
725.0024.8625.0025.26
825.0024.5525.0025.35
925.0024.8125.0024.71
1030.0029.6530.0029.61
1130.0029.2230.0029.34
1230.0029.3130.0030.51
1335.0034.0235.0035.82
1435.0035.6235.0035.92
1535.0034.5235.0034.62
1640.0039.2240.0039.13
1740.0038.8740.0039.25
1840.0039.2640.0039.01
), ArticleFig(id=1311999984120197432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999967506559159, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

脱粒间隙自适应控制试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号脱粒段脱粒间隙分离段脱粒间隙
设定值测量值设定值测量值
115.0015.2315.0015.43
215.0014.9615.0014.89
315.0015.4115.0015.15
420.0019.8620.0019.67
520.0019.7520.0019.88
620.0019.5320.0019.81
725.0024.8625.0025.26
825.0024.5525.0025.35
925.0024.8125.0024.71
1030.0029.6530.0029.61
1130.0029.2230.0029.34
1230.0029.3130.0030.51
1335.0034.0235.0035.82
1435.0035.6235.0035.92
1535.0034.5235.0034.62
1640.0039.2240.0039.13
1740.0038.8740.0039.25
1840.0039.2640.0039.01
), ArticleFig(id=1311999984195694905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999967506559159, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Test design and results

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序号因素Y1/%Y2/%Y3/%
q/(kg·s-1)x2/mmx3/mm
12.4120.0020.003.330.520.49
23.5920.0020.003.620.380.61
32.4135.0035.003.430.970.46
43.5935.0035.003.210.960.55
52.4120.0020.003.270.750.47
63.5920.0020.003.170.580.65
72.4135.0035.003.560.620.43
83.5935.0035.003.010.510.51
92.0027.5027.503.140.700.42
104.0027.5027.503.420.350.67
113.0015.0027.502.990.670.68
123.0040.0027.503.020.990.56
133.0027.5015.003.350.840.55
143.0027.5040.003.010.430.61
153.0027.5027.502.870.340.52
163.0027.5027.502.880.440.51
173.0027.5027.502.690.370.56
183.0027.5027.502.880.340.53
193.0027.5027.502.850.490.50
203.0027.5027.503.010.360.49
213.0027.5027.502.870.340.53
223.0027.5027.503.030.550.46
233.0027.5027.502.850.390.48
), ArticleFig(id=1311999984262803770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999967506559159, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

试验安排与结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号因素Y1/%Y2/%Y3/%
q/(kg·s-1)x2/mmx3/mm
12.4120.0020.003.330.520.49
23.5920.0020.003.620.380.61
32.4135.0035.003.430.970.46
43.5935.0035.003.210.960.55
52.4120.0020.003.270.750.47
63.5920.0020.003.170.580.65
72.4135.0035.003.560.620.43
83.5935.0035.003.010.510.51
92.0027.5027.503.140.700.42
104.0027.5027.503.420.350.67
113.0015.0027.502.990.670.68
123.0040.0027.503.020.990.56
133.0027.5015.003.350.840.55
143.0027.5040.003.010.430.61
153.0027.5027.502.870.340.52
163.0027.5027.502.880.440.51
173.0027.5027.502.690.370.56
183.0027.5027.502.880.340.53
193.0027.5027.502.850.490.50
203.0027.5027.503.010.360.49
213.0027.5027.502.870.340.53
223.0027.5027.503.030.550.46
233.0027.5027.502.850.390.48
), ArticleFig(id=1311999984334106939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999967506559159, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Significance test results

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方程Y1Y2Y3
P0.001**<0.000 1**0.003 2**
), ArticleFig(id=1311999984409604412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999967506559159, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

显著性检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方程Y1Y2Y3
P0.001**<0.000 1**0.003 2**
), ArticleFig(id=1311999984493490493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999967506559159, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Threshing performance indicators

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号试验组对照组
Y1Y2Y3Y1Y2Y3
12.770.330.413.230.610.62
22.590.310.433.270.640.77
32.710.280.462.890.550.76
42.820.270.413.030.570.67
52.750.330.393.160.490.68
平均值2.730.300.423.120.570.70
), ArticleFig(id=1311999984636096830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999967506559159, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

脱粒性能指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号试验组对照组
Y1Y2Y3Y1Y2Y3
12.770.330.413.230.610.62
22.590.310.433.270.640.77
32.710.280.462.890.550.76
42.820.270.413.030.570.67
52.750.330.393.160.490.68
平均值2.730.300.423.120.570.70
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大豆联合收获机脱粒间隙自适应装置设计与试验
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刘安稳 1, 2 , 谢方平 1, 2 , 朱立学 1, 3 , 王修善 1, 2 , 季邦 1, 2 , 康家鑫 4
农业机械学报 | 农业装备与机械化工程 2025,56(12): 322-330
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农业机械学报 |农业装备与机械化工程 2025 , 56 (12) : 322 -330
大豆联合收获机脱粒间隙自适应装置设计与试验
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刘安稳1, 2 , 谢方平1, 2, 朱立学1, 3, 王修善1, 2, 季邦1, 2 , 康家鑫4
作者信息
  • 1.湖南农业大学机电工程学院,长沙 410128
  • 2.智能农机装备湖南省重点实验室,长沙 410128
  • 3.仲恺农业工程学院机电工程学院,广州 510225
  • 4.湖南工程学院机械工程学院,湘潭 411104
通讯作者:
季邦(1990—),男,讲师,博士,主要从事智能农业机械装备研究,E-mail:
作者简介:

刘安稳(1991—),男,博士生,主要从事智能农业机械装备研究,E-mail:

Design and Experiment of Adaptive Threshing Gap Device for Soybean Combine Harvester
Anwen LIU1, 2 , Fangping XIE1, 2, Lixue ZHU1, 3, Xiushan WANG1, 2, Bang JI1, 2 , Jiaxin KANG4
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
  • 2.Hunan Key Laboratory of Intelligent Agricultural Machinery Equipment, Changsha 410128, China
  • 3.College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agricultre and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
  • 4.College of Mechanical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Engineering, Xiangtan 411104, China
出版时间: 2025-12-25 doi: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.029
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针对传统大豆联合收获机脱粒分离装置无法适时调控脱粒间隙,导致脱粒室内物料分布不均匀,进而造成大豆籽粒破碎率、未脱净率和夹带损失率较高的问题,本文设计了一种基于喂入量和脱粒间隙适时匹配的调节系统。以喂入量、脱粒段脱粒间隙和分离段脱粒间隙为试验因素,大豆籽粒破碎率、未脱净率和夹带损失率为评价指标,进行了台架试验、脱粒间隙自适应调节试验和对照试验。试验结果表明,该控制系统调节脱粒段脱粒间隙和分离段脱粒间隙平均误差为0.49 mm和0.47 mm,当喂入量为0~2 kg/s、2~3 kg/s和3~4 kg/s,脱粒段脱粒间隙为15、23、30 mm,分离段脱粒间隙为15、20、27 mm的试验组合时,籽粒破碎率、未脱净率和夹带损失率分别为2.73%、0.30%和0.42%,相比恒定间隙试验分别降低0.39、0.27、0.28个百分点。脱粒间隙自适应调节试验各项指标优于对照试验,研究结果可为脱粒间隙自适应控制系统及大豆联合收获机智能化提供支持。

联合收获机  /  大豆  /  自适应  /  脱粒间隙  /  设计

Aiming to address the issue that the threshing and separation device of traditional soybean combine harvesters cannot adjust the threshing gap in real-time, resulting in uneven material distribution in the threshing chamber and consequently high rates of soybean grain breakage, unthreshed grain loss, and entrainment loss, an adjustment system was designed based on the real-time matching of feed rate and threshing gap. Using the feed rate, threshing section gap, and separation section gap as experimental factors, and the grain breakage rate, unthreshed grain rate, and entrainment loss rate as evaluation indicators, bench tests, adaptive threshing gap adjustment tests, and comparative tests were conducted. The experimental results indicated that the average adjustment errors of the control system for the threshing and separation section gap were 0.49 mm and 0.47 mm, respectively. Under the test combinations where the feed rates were 0~2 kg/s, 2~3 kg/s, and 3~4 kg/s, with corresponding threshing section gaps of 15 mm, 23 mm and 30 mm, and separation section gaps of 15 mm, 20 mm and 27 mm, the grain breakage rate, unthreshed grain rate, and entrainment loss rate were 2.73%, 0.30% and 0.42%, respectively. Compared with the constant gap tests, these values were reduced by 0.39, 0.27 and 0.28 percentage points, respectively. All evaluation indicators from the adaptive threshing gap adjustment tests outperformed those from the comparative tests. The research result can support the development of adaptive threshing gap control systems and the intelligent of the soybean combine harvester.

combine harvester  /  soybean  /  adaptive  /  threshing gap  /  design
刘安稳, 谢方平, 朱立学, 王修善, 季邦, 康家鑫. 大豆联合收获机脱粒间隙自适应装置设计与试验. 农业机械学报, 2025 , 56 (12) : 322 -330 . DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.029
Anwen LIU, Fangping XIE, Lixue ZHU, Xiushan WANG, Bang JI, Jiaxin KANG. Design and Experiment of Adaptive Threshing Gap Device for Soybean Combine Harvester[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2025 , 56 (12) : 322 -330 . DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.029
大豆是我国重要的粮油作物[1],是粮食安全的重要组成部分,全球种植面积超过1×108 hm2,确保大豆高产十分重要[2],但随着种植规模逐年上升,总体产量效益不高,主要是与之配套的机械化体系不完善[3]。收获机械化是大豆产业提升发展的关键环节[4],脱粒分离装置作为联合收获机核心工作部件,对收获机械化整个流程起关键性作用[5-6]。影响脱粒分离装置工作质量因素包括滚筒转速、喂入量和脱粒间隙。其中,脱粒间隙通过改变进入脱粒室内物料松紧度影响脱粒质量[7]。由于目前调节脱粒间隙机械结构复杂和自动化控制系统薄弱[8],无法适时调节脱粒间隙,导致籽粒破碎率和损失率高。
目前,国内外学者对脱粒间隙调节研究主要集中在脱粒滚筒直径和凹板筛位置上[9-10]。对于脱粒滚筒直径主要通过改变脱粒滚筒上杆齿末端与凹板筛相对位置[11-12]。王勋威等[13]设计了一种直径可调的横轴流脱粒滚筒,将短杆分别铰接在长杆中点与滑动轴套上,驱动链轮带动内套筒旋转,使脱粒齿杆上钉齿顶端与凹板筛相对位置发生变化,从而实现脱粒间隙调节。LI等[14]设计了一种直径可调的脱粒滚筒,工作时,电机带动调节机构上的脱粒齿杆沿径向移动,改变脱粒间隙。但调节脱粒滚筒直径的方式会导致滚筒结构复杂,增加额外功耗。调节凹板筛位置方式有:凹板筛单侧移动和凹板筛两侧同时上下移动。张成文[15]依据喂入量调节脱粒间隙,将凹板筛一侧铰接在机架上,另一端与液压缸连接,当脱粒分离装置监测到喂入量变化时,控制液压缸活塞杆伸缩,从而调节脱粒间隙。滕悦江等[16]设计一种脱粒间隙调节机构,工作时,可通过电推杆调节凹板筛位置。ALAN等[17]设计了一种恒压式凹板筛,通过调节液压缸活塞杆行程精准控制联合收获机的脱粒间隙。王建鹏等[18]在脱粒杆齿上安装应力采集模块,当需要调节脱粒间隙时,将信号传输到驱动电机调整凹板筛位置,从而改变脱粒滚筒与凹板筛之间间隙。李耀明等[19]通过4个液压缸铰接凹板筛两侧,通过操纵液压缸活塞杆伸缩实现脱粒间隙调节。REGIER等[20]设计一种脱粒间隙可调的装置,工作时通过调节中间连接杆位置,改变脱粒间隙。研究表明,凹板筛单侧移动易导致脱粒滚筒两侧间隙不均匀,而两侧同时上下移动则破坏凹板筛与滚筒的共轴性,均对脱粒效果产生不利影响。康家鑫等[7]提出了一种对称可调式凹板筛,当需要调节脱粒间隙时,可手动增大或减少脱粒间隙,但缺乏自适应调控系统,导致脱粒室内物料分布不均匀,造成大豆籽粒破碎率和损失率增大。
自适应控制系统在农业智能控制领域展现出显著的实时性和准确性[21-23]。FAN等[24]研制了一种基于喂入量的脱粒间隙自动调控系统,检测精度误差保持在±1.33%。张真等[25]提出了玉米摘穗自适应调控方法,验证了自适应控制系统的有效性。李海同等[26]开发了一种割台螺旋输送器的自适应间隙调节机构,可实现输送器与底板间隙自主优化调控。耿爱军等[27]设计了一种基于仿形检测的联合收获机割台高度自适应调控系统,该系统有效解决了玉米收获机地形适应性差的问题。综上所述,利用自动控制系统可显著提高农业复杂环境中的作业效率和准确性。
针对脱粒室内物料分布不均匀造成大豆籽粒破碎率和损失率较大的问题,本文设计一种基于喂入量和脱粒间隙适时匹配的调节系统。针对喂入量、脱粒段脱粒间隙和分离段脱粒间隙对大豆籽粒破碎率、未脱净率和夹带损失率的影响,设计正交组合试验。构建喂入量与脱粒间隙适时匹配的数学模型,并进行试验验证。
4LZ-4.0型大豆联合收获机主要由割台、输送槽、清选装置、粮箱、底盘、动力带轮、动力输出带轮和脱粒分离装置等组成,其中,脱粒分离装置主要包括脱粒滚筒、对称可调式凹板筛、T型变速箱、控制系统和电动缸等。考虑到脱粒滚筒工作特点,将滚筒分为前段和后段,整机结构如图1所示。
联合收获机在作业过程中,拨禾轮上的尼龙弹齿将作物拨向往复式割刀,往复式割刀将大豆茎秆切断,拨禾轮将切割后的大豆植株拨倒在割台上,螺旋输送器将大豆植株输送到输送槽,并通过链耙总成将大豆植株喂入脱粒分离装置。电动缸控制系统根据喂入量适时调节脱粒滚筒与凹板筛之间的间隙,以实现脱粒间隙优化匹配。在脱粒滚筒与凹板筛相互作用下,大豆茎秆断裂,籽粒与荚壳实现分离。未通过凹板筛筛孔杂质被排出脱粒室,而穿过凹板筛筛孔脱出物落入清选室,脱出物在清选风机和振动筛作用下,获得干净籽粒,通过籽粒输送器输送到粮箱。未脱净豆荚和部分混合物通过复脱升运器进行二次脱粒。
脱粒间隙自适应调节系统由对称可调式凹板筛结构和脱粒间隙调节装置组成,如图2所示。对称可调式凹板筛结构包括脱粒段凹板筛、分离段凹板筛、脱粒室机架、上固定板、铰接轴和底部挡板。其中,脱粒段凹板筛筛孔尺寸为14 mm×45 mm,分离段凹板筛筛孔尺寸为19 mm×45 mm。上固定板通过铰接轴与凹板筛一侧相连,并固定于机架上。底部挡板用于防止物料从两侧凹板筛底部落入清选系统。脱粒间隙调节装置由控制板、继电器、外支架、电动缸底端固定架、电动缸顶端支撑轴、4个电动缸和位移传感器组成。电动缸由底端固定架与电动缸顶端支撑轴连接,电动缸采用直流有刷电机驱动,单侧行程为50 mm,通过底端固定架与顶端支撑轴连接。电动缸顶端支撑轴分别与4个筛体连接,位移传感器与电动缸集成,用于实时监测电动缸行程并控制凹板筛升降,从而实现脱粒间隙精准调节。
自动控制系统包括上位机和运动控制两部分。上位机软件采用Visual Studio 2022开发平台,以C#语言开发。自动控制系统原理如图3所示,系统以计算机作为上位机,与控制板通讯。通过建立的非线性映射关系q(t)→Δs(其中q(t)为单位时间内喂入量,Δs为理论脱粒间隙调整量)生成目标间隙指令。当大豆植株将要进入脱粒段时,控制板通过继电器调控电动缸控制器,驱动电动缸调节脱粒段凹板筛升降,使其与滚筒之间的间隙与预设值匹配,从而实现纹杆齿与凹板筛对大豆植株挤压或搓擦脱粒。当脱粒混合物将要进入分离段,电动缸调节分离段凹板筛升降,使其与滚筒之间的间隙与预设值匹配。当喂入量发生变化时,位移传感器实时采集位置数据并反馈至控制板,并传输给上位机,系统判断当前喂入量下的预设脱粒间隙与实际间隙是否相等,如果两者相等,则保持凹板筛位置不变;如果两者不相等,电动缸控制器驱动脱粒段与分离段凹板筛调整至目标位置,以确保脱粒间隙精准控制。
为分析不同脱粒间隙下物料运动特性,建立以凹板筛中心点O为原点的直角坐标系,其中X轴为凹板筛中心点O与凹板筛铰接点Q的连线,以向右为正方向;Y轴为凹板筛中心点O与最低点G的连线,以向上为正方向。由于凹板筛筛体两侧对称,选择单侧凹板筛进行分析,如图4所示。点K1和K2为电动缸伸缩前后电动缸顶端位置点,点Q为凹板筛铰接点,点O为凹板筛初始时圆弧圆心,点O1为凹板筛减小间隙后的圆弧圆心,点G为凹板筛最低点,点O2为点O1向下做垂线与坐标轴X交点,Δh为脱粒段脱粒间隙减少量。
在初始位置时,凹板筛与脱粒滚筒的间隙最大,当需要减少间隙时,电动缸调节凹板筛位置,使凹板筛初始圆弧圆心O转动到间隙减小后的圆弧圆心O1。在调整脱粒段脱粒间隙过程中,假设底部挡板始终与X轴保持平行,可得到凹板筛圆弧坐标方程为
式中
      R——凹板筛初始位置时圆弧内径,mm
      θ——间隙改变后O1Q与OQ之间夹角,(°)
      h1——初始位置时凹板筛内侧与脱粒滚筒末端间隙,mm
即对称可调式凹板筛在间隙减小后,其圆弧与脱粒滚筒横截面积S可表示为
式中
      r——脱粒滚筒运动轨迹半径,mm
在收获作业过程中,当脱粒室内物料发生变化时,脱粒室内物料流密度动态变化需通过适时调整脱粒间隙进行优化,以确保与喂入量相匹配,从而避免因物料流密度失衡导致的籽粒破碎率和损失率升高[28]。脱粒滚筒在特定时刻脱分空间内谷物流密度ρi可表示为
式中
      ρi——单位时间上对应的脱分空间内谷物流密度,kg/m3
      mi——单位时间内质量,kg
      Vi——单位时间内对应的脱粒空间体积,m3
      li——单位时间内脱粒滚筒轴向长度,m
当物料进入脱粒室后,对称可调式凹板筛与脱粒滚筒对谷物流产生挤压或搓擦作用,谷物流内部以内摩擦形式抵抗外部作用力,进而产生剪切应力[29-30],依据牛顿内摩擦定律,剪切应力τ可表示为
式中
      c——剪切系数
      μ′——谷物之间摩擦因数
      u——谷物流沿滚筒外圆切线方向绝对速度,m/s
      v——谷物沿滚筒轴线方向绝对速度,m/s
实际工作中,当凹板筛与脱粒滚筒的间隙减小时,此时脱粒滚筒内部物料与凹板筛之间的搓擦或挤压强度增大,导致剪切力显著增加[7],可得
式中
      S0——凹板筛初始位置时与脱粒滚筒之间的横截面积,mm2
      Si——脱粒间隙减小后与脱粒滚筒之间的横截面积,mm2
      τ0——凹板筛初始时谷物流与凹板筛的内部剪切力,Pa
      τi——脱粒间隙减小后谷物流与凹板筛的内部剪切力,Pa
当喂入量改变时,需要适量增大或减小脱粒间隙保持物料团密度在一定范围内,使脱粒装置保持均匀打击效果,并持续提供适宜的脱粒作用力[31],从而有效降低籽粒破碎率和损失率。
为了评估自适应控制系统调节脱粒间隙精度,设计了脱粒间隙自适应控制装置,装置采用自动控制系统单次调节凹板筛,通过电子游标卡尺测量脱粒段凹板筛与纹杆齿之间距离d1、分离段凹板筛与杆齿之间距离d2,如图5所示。
调节脱粒段凹板筛与分离段凹板筛位置,控制脱粒段凹板筛和纹杆齿、分离段凹板筛与杆齿之间间隙为15、20、25、30、35、40 mm,每组试验重复3次,共计36组试验。
为探究脱粒性能指标下喂入量、脱粒段脱粒间隙和分离段脱粒间隙的适宜范围,依据现有凹板筛结构设计[7],设定脱粒间隙为15~40 mm。同时,为了提高机械化收获效率,当喂入量低于2 kg/s时,脱粒间隙保持恒定。
试验大豆品种为许豆19号,采用人工收获,留茬高度为5 cm。使用DHS-20A型数字卤素水分仪测定籽粒和茎秆含水率为21.3%和57.6%。依据文献[32],选取籽粒破碎率Y1、未脱净率Y2和夹带损失率Y3为评价指标。破碎率采用五点取样法测定,从粮箱内去除杂质后的籽粒中取样,破碎率Y1计算式为
式中
      Wpz——样品质量,g
      Wpq——破碎籽粒清除后样品质量,g
在取样区域内收集随豆皮或茎秆排出的籽粒和豆荚中的籽粒,分别称量其质量,减去每平方米自然落粒,未脱净率Y2和夹带损失率Y3计算式为
式中
      Mz——大豆收获量,g/m2
      Mu——未脱净籽粒损失量,g/m2
      ——夹带籽粒损失量,g/m2
试验台基于4LZ-4.0型大豆联合收获机改造,拆除拨禾轮,并将前滚筒和后滚筒转速设定为500、650 r/min。物料通过输送带喂入,输送带上的物料量作为喂入量,如图6所示。采用二次正交旋转回归组合试验设计,试验因素编码如表1所示。
为验证喂入量与脱粒间隙适时匹配数学模型准确性,于2025年9月11日在湖南省常德市开展脱粒间隙自适应调节试验与对照试验,如图7a所示,试验大豆品种为许豆19号,种植密度为1.35 kg/m2。使用DHS-20A型数字卤素水分仪测定籽粒和茎秆含水率为20.9%和56.2%。试验中,前滚筒和后滚筒转速设为500、650 r/min。喂入量监测通过人工计时与物料称量法相结合,定时采集大豆籽粒及秸秆样本并测定其质量,间接计算喂入量;同时,在联合收获机上集成北斗卫星导航系统(BDS),实时获取收获机行进速度v1,由于田间作物长势均匀和试验条件相同,喂入量计算式为
式中
      ρ——作物密度,kg/m2
      L——割台割幅,m
通过BDS测算联合收获机行进速度,计算喂入量。当喂入量为0~2 kg/s、2~3 kg/s和3~4 kg/s时,行进速度为0.72、1.08、1.32 m/s。试验行程为45 m,如图7b所示。试验组开启凹板筛自适应调控系统,对照组关闭该系统。
由表2可知,自动控制系统单次调节脱粒段脱粒间隙平均误差为0.49 mm,最大误差为1.13 mm,均方根误差为0.58 mm;调节分离段脱粒间隙平均误差为0.47 mm,最大误差为0.99 mm,均方根误差为0.55 mm。均满足控制精度要求。
依据试验方案和评价指标方法,计算大豆籽粒破碎率Y1、未脱净率Y2和夹带损失率Y3,结果如表3所示。
运用Design-Expert 13软件对表3的数据进行回归分析,得到大豆籽粒破碎率Y1、未脱净率Y2和夹带损失率Y3回归方程为
利用Design-Expert 13软件对回归模型进行显著性检验,结果如表4所示。
由表4可知,大豆籽粒破碎率Y1回归模型P=0.001,表明模型极显著;未脱净率Y2回归模型P<0.000 1,表明模型极显著;夹带损失率Y3回归模型P=0.003 2,表明模型极显著。
为探究喂入量与脱粒间隙对破碎率Y1、未脱净率Y2及夹带损失率Y3的影响,采用Design-Expert 13软件绘制响应曲面。
破碎率Y1响应曲面如图8所示。由图8a可得,在相同脱粒段脱粒间隙下,破碎率随喂入量增加呈先降后升趋势。喂入量较小时,凹板筛与纹杆齿对谷物层的压实作用减弱,籽粒更易穿过谷物层,破碎率降低;喂入量较大时,谷物层挤压增强,籽粒难以通过凹板筛间隙,碰撞次数增加,导致破碎率上升。由图8b可得,在分离段脱粒间隙固定时,破碎率随喂入量增加而降低。喂入量较小时,豆荚移动范围较大,碰撞杆齿概率增加,破碎率升高;喂入量增加后,谷物流内部搓擦强度减弱,破碎率下降。
未脱净率Y2响应曲面如图9所示。从图9a可得,在相同脱粒段脱粒间隙下,未脱净率随喂入量增加而降低。喂入量较小时,谷物流内部搓擦强度不足,部分豆荚未能充分脱粒;喂入量增加后,搓擦强度增强,脱粒效果改善,未脱净率下降。由图9b可得,在分离段脱粒间隙固定时,未脱净率同样随喂入量增加而减小。喂入量较小时,豆荚与纹杆齿接触概率较低,脱粒不充分;喂入量增加后,籽粒与纹杆齿碰撞频率提高,脱粒效果显著改善。
夹带损失率响应曲面如图10所示。由图10a可得,在相同脱粒段脱粒间隙下,夹带损失率随喂入量增加而升高。喂入量较小时,谷物层密度较低,籽粒易于分离,夹带损失率较小;喂入量增加后,谷物层密度增大,籽粒分离难度增加,导致夹带损失率上升。由图10b可得,在分离段脱粒间隙固定时,夹带损失率同样随喂入量增加而增大。喂入量较小时,谷物层较薄,籽粒易于通过高速旋转的分离段脱粒滚筒分离;喂入量增加后,谷物层密度增大,籽粒分离效率降低,夹带损失率显著升高。
为全面评价各因素对脱粒分离装置工作性能的影响。将未脱净率、夹带损失率和破碎率权重设为0.2、0.2、0.6,得到综合评价值YZ方程式为
根据脱粒间隙调节参数和综合评价值YZ的方程式,确定喂入量q与脱粒段脱粒间隙x2、分离段脱粒间隙x3定量关系式为
每组试验前,调整大豆联合收获机割台、前脱粒滚筒转速和后脱粒滚筒转速等参数,设置割台高度为5 cm,前滚筒和后滚筒转速为500、650 r/min,并清空粮箱内大豆籽粒。试验结束后,统计破碎率、未脱净率和夹带损失率,5组凹板筛自适应调节试验平均破碎率为2.73%,未脱净率为0.30%,夹带损失率为0.42%;5组对照组试验平均破碎率为3.12%,未脱净率为0.57%,夹带损失率为0.70%,如表5所示。
由表5可得,4LZ-4.0型大豆联合收获机采用凹板筛自适应调节装置收获大豆时,破碎率、未脱净率和夹带损失率相比对照组分别降低0.39、0.27、0.28个百分点。在脱粒间隙恒定情况下,喂入量变化会导致进入脱粒室的物料分布发生变化,进而影响豆荚与纹杆齿或杆齿之间的碰撞,导致脱粒效果不均匀。脱粒间隙自适应调节装置能够根据喂入量变化自动调整脱粒间隙,从而保持脱粒室内物料分布相对稳定。
(1)自动控制系统单次调节脱粒段脱粒间隙平均误差为0.49 mm,最大误差为1.13 mm,均方根误差为0.58 mm;调节分离段脱粒间隙平均误差为0.47 mm,最大误差为0.99 mm,均方根误差为0.55 mm。满足控制精度要求。
(2)脱粒综合性能试验确定了不同喂入量范围内脱粒段和分离段间隙。当喂入量分别为0~2 kg/s、2~3 kg/s、3~4 kg/s时,脱粒段脱粒间隙为15、23、30 mm,分离段脱粒间隙为15、20、27 mm。
(3)脱粒间隙自适应调控与对照试验结果表明,采用凹板筛自适应调控系统收获大豆籽粒时破碎率、未脱净率和夹带损失率分别为2.73%、0.30%、0.42%,相比对照组分别降低0.39、0.27、0.28个百分点。
  • 湖南省智能农机装备创新研发项目(湘财农指[2023]6号)
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2025年第56卷第12期
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doi: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.029
  • 接收时间:2025-02-15
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-15
  • 修回日期:2025-09-30
基金
湖南省智能农机装备创新研发项目(湘财农指[2023]6号)
湖南省旱粮产业技术体系项目(HARS-02)
农业装备技术全国重点实验室(华南农业大学)开放基金项目(SKLAET-202406)
湖南省研究生科研创新项目(CX20240067)
作者信息
    1.湖南农业大学机电工程学院,长沙 410128
    2.智能农机装备湖南省重点实验室,长沙 410128
    3.仲恺农业工程学院机电工程学院,广州 510225
    4.湖南工程学院机械工程学院,湘潭 411104

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季邦(1990—),男,讲师,博士,主要从事智能农业机械装备研究,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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