Article(id=1311999950825808773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.035, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1751040000000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-28, revisedDate=1753027200000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790734764057, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790734764057, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790734764057, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790734764057, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311999647825101743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, year='2025', volume='56', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='818', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1766592000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790734691815, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790738411040, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312015247465083866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312015247465083867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=386, endPage=396, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1311999952285426568, articleId=1311999950825808773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, language=EN, title=Residual Film-Root Stubble-elastic Tooth Interactions Based on SPH-FEM Coupling, columnId=1311999707161919908, journalTitle=Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, columnName=Agricultural Equipment and Mechanization Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The existing residual plastic film recovery techniques in Xinjiang's cotton fields primarily focus on mechanical properties, neglecting the dragging effect of root stubble on the film during collection. This results in residual film readily becoming entangled in the root stubble. It confirmed the operational parameters of the pick-up teeth by analyzing the recovery of residual film when picking up teeth in conditions containing root stubble. Employing a coupled finite element method (FEM) and smooth particle hydrodynamics (SPH) algorithm, the tines, stubble, and residual film were modeled as FEM meshes, while the soil was represented as SPH particles. This enabled simulation of the shear strain, peak stress, pick-up height, and tensile stress exerted by root stubble on the residual film. The recovery of residual plastic film in the presence of cotton root stubble was simulated and the recovery efficiency was analyzed. Field trial results indicated that when root stubble height ranged from 5 cm to 9 cm, the average recovery rate of residual film reached 91.25%, with a residual film retention rate on root stubble of 4.30%. When root stubble height was 10~12 cm, the average residual film recovery rate across plots was 82.66%, with 12.55% of residual film remaining on the root stubble. Plots with root stubble heights of 5~9 cm exhibited an 8.59 percentage point increase in recovery rates compared with plots with root stubble heights of 10~12 cm, alongside an 8.25 percentage point reduction in residual plastic film on stubble. In trial plots with root stubble heights of 5~9 cm, the residual film retention rate on root stubble was 45.34% lower than in plots with root stubble heights of 10~12 cm. The research findings can provide theoretical support for the correlation between root stubble and plastic film remnants, as well as for enhancing the recovery rate of plastic film remnants.

, authors=Xuejun ZHANG1, 2, Yangyang SHI1, Jinshan YAN1, 2, Zenglu SHI1, 2, Xu MA1, 2, Zhaoquan HOU1, Huazhi LI1, authorsList=Xuejun ZHANG, Yangyang SHI, Jinshan YAN, Zenglu SHI, Xu MA, Zhaoquan HOU, Huazhi LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jinshan YAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1311999963962368997, articleId=1311999950825808773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, language=CN, title=基于SPH-FEM耦合的残膜-根茬-弹齿互作规律研究, columnId=1311999707321303462, journalTitle=农业机械学报, columnName=农业装备与机械化工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对新疆棉田现有的残膜回收技术主要侧重于机械性能,忽略收膜过程中根茬对残膜的拖拽作用,导致残膜容易挂在根茬上的问题,本文通过对捡拾弹齿在含有根茬回收残膜时理论及仿真分析,确定了弹齿工作参数。使用有限元法(FEM)与光滑粒子流体动力学(SPH)相耦合算法,将弹齿、根茬、残膜构建为FEM网格,土壤构建为SPH颗粒,对残膜所受到的剪切应变、峰值应力、拾取高度及受到根茬的拉扯应力进行模拟。模拟含有棉秆根茬时的残膜回收情况,分析回收效果。田间试验结果表明,当根茬高度为5~9 cm时,残膜平均回收率为91.25%,根茬上残膜残留率为4.30%。当根茬高度为10~12 cm时,残膜平均回收率为82.66%,根茬上残膜残留率为12.55%。根茬高度为5~9 cm的地块比根茬高度为10~12 cm的地块回收率提高8.59个百分点,根茬上的残膜残留率降低8.25个百分点。根茬高度5~9 cm的地块中,根茬上残膜残留量占未回收残膜总量比根茬高10~12 cm地块低45.34%。研究结果为根茬与残膜相关性以及残膜回收率提升提供了理论支持。

, authors=张学军1, 2, 史阳阳1, 鄢金山1, 2, 史增录1, 2, 马旭1, 2, 侯召全1, 李华智1, authorsList=张学军, 史阳阳, 鄢金山, 史增录, 马旭, 侯召全, 李华智, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=鄢金山, authorNote=

张学军(1966—),男,教授,博士生导师,主要从事农业机械化装备研究,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
鄢金山(1986—),男,副教授,主要从事农业机械化装备研究,E-mail:
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张学军(1966—),男,教授,博士生导师,主要从事农业机械化装备研究,E-mail:

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journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999950825808773, language=EN, label=Fig. 16, caption=Test results, figureFileSmall=am7P5Gt4ruY4K21uCgPBZQ==, figureFileBig=XRPgS9iI8F8Hh++QBmmNPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999976444616766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999950825808773, language=CN, label=图16, caption=试验效果, figureFileSmall=am7P5Gt4ruY4K21uCgPBZQ==, figureFileBig=XRPgS9iI8F8Hh++QBmmNPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999976817909823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999950825808773, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Analogue material parameters

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结构密度/(kg·m-3)弹性模量/Pa泊松比
残膜1 0306.6×1050.34
土壤1 6607.2×1060.38
根茬1 2501.2×1030.34
弹齿7 8502.1×10110.30
), ArticleFig(id=1311999977224757313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999950825808773, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

模拟材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构密度/(kg·m-3)弹性模量/Pa泊松比
残膜1 0306.6×1050.34
土壤1 6607.2×1060.38
根茬1 2501.2×1030.34
弹齿7 8502.1×10110.30
), ArticleFig(id=1311999977665159234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999950825808773, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Simulation test factors and codes

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编码因素
前进速度/(m·s-1)转动角速度/(rad·s-1)入土角/(°)
-1.6820.61.125
-10.91.827
01.32.930
11.74.033
1.6822.14.735
), ArticleFig(id=1311999979011530819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999950825808773, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

仿真试验因素编码

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编码因素
前进速度/(m·s-1)转动角速度/(rad·s-1)入土角/(°)
-1.6820.61.125
-10.91.827
01.32.930
11.74.033
1.6822.14.735
), ArticleFig(id=1311999979095416900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999950825808773, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Simulation test design and results

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序号因素拾取高度Y1/cm根茬对残膜拉扯平均应力Y2/MPa
前进速度X1转动角速度X2入土角X3
1-1-1-139.15.4
21-1-139.94.3
3-11-138.96.6
411-138.16.5
5-1-1139.66.1
61-1137.94.6
7-11138.66.7
811137.66.1
9-1.6820037.97.2
101.6820038.35.3
110-1.682037.25.4
1201.682037.47.1
1300-1.68240.84.1
14001.68239.54.3
1500041.33.6
1600041.13.7
1700041.23.7
1800042.23.8
1900042.13.8
2000041.03.9
), ArticleFig(id=1311999979179302981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999950825808773, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

仿真试验设计与结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号因素拾取高度Y1/cm根茬对残膜拉扯平均应力Y2/MPa
前进速度X1转动角速度X2入土角X3
1-1-1-139.15.4
21-1-139.94.3
3-11-138.96.6
411-138.16.5
5-1-1139.66.1
61-1137.94.6
7-11138.66.7
811137.66.1
9-1.6820037.97.2
101.6820038.35.3
110-1.682037.25.4
1201.682037.47.1
1300-1.68240.84.1
14001.68239.54.3
1500041.33.6
1600041.13.7
1700041.23.7
1800042.23.8
1900042.13.8
2000041.03.9
), ArticleFig(id=1311999979254800454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999950825808773, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Variance analysis

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来源自由度Y1Y2
平方和FP平方和FP
模型955.0220.09<0.000 1**30.63119.53<0.000 1**
X110.010.040.838 23.09108.49<0.000 1**
X211.535.010.049 1*5.12179.68<0.000 1**
X310.010.050.834 80.082.760.127 5
X1X210.782.570.140 10.4515.850.002 6**
X1X310.010.040.851 40.103.560.088 7
X2X310.361.190.301 40.217.420.021 4*
122.9175.31<0.000 1**11.86416.56<0.000 1**
134.35112.88<0.000 1**11.86416.56<0.000 1**
10.391.290.282 90.4816.850.002 1**
残差103.040.28
失拟项51.881.620.3040.234.180.071 4
误差51.160.055
总和1958.0730.92
), ArticleFig(id=1311999979334492231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999950825808773, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源自由度Y1Y2
平方和FP平方和FP
模型955.0220.09<0.000 1**30.63119.53<0.000 1**
X110.010.040.838 23.09108.49<0.000 1**
X211.535.010.049 1*5.12179.68<0.000 1**
X310.010.050.834 80.082.760.127 5
X1X210.782.570.140 10.4515.850.002 6**
X1X310.010.040.851 40.103.560.088 7
X2X310.361.190.301 40.217.420.021 4*
122.9175.31<0.000 1**11.86416.56<0.000 1**
134.35112.88<0.000 1**11.86416.56<0.000 1**
10.391.290.282 90.4816.850.002 1**
残差103.040.28
失拟项51.881.620.3040.234.180.071 4
误差51.160.055
总和1958.0730.92
), ArticleFig(id=1311999979414184008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999950825808773, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Test result data

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参数试验序号平均值
12345
原残膜质量/g187.1177.4179.7184.4179.7181.7
5~9 cm剩余膜总质量/g17.515.312.916.717.115.9
5~9 cm根茬缠绕残膜质量/g8.17.77.66.88.97.82
10~12 cm剩余膜总质量/g32.429.434.732.129.031.5
10~12 cm根茬缠绕残膜质量/g24.821.627.320.319.922.8
), ArticleFig(id=1311999979510653001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999950825808773, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

试验结果

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参数试验序号平均值
12345
原残膜质量/g187.1177.4179.7184.4179.7181.7
5~9 cm剩余膜总质量/g17.515.312.916.717.115.9
5~9 cm根茬缠绕残膜质量/g8.17.77.66.88.97.82
10~12 cm剩余膜总质量/g32.429.434.732.129.031.5
10~12 cm根茬缠绕残膜质量/g24.821.627.320.319.922.8
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基于SPH-FEM耦合的残膜-根茬-弹齿互作规律研究
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张学军 1, 2 , 史阳阳 1 , 鄢金山 1, 2 , 史增录 1, 2 , 马旭 1, 2 , 侯召全 1 , 李华智 1
农业机械学报 | 农业装备与机械化工程 2025,56(12): 386-396
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农业机械学报 |农业装备与机械化工程 2025 , 56 (12) : 386 -396
基于SPH-FEM耦合的残膜-根茬-弹齿互作规律研究
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张学军1, 2 , 史阳阳1, 鄢金山1, 2 , 史增录1, 2, 马旭1, 2, 侯召全1, 李华智1
作者信息
  • 1.新疆农业大学机电工程学院,乌鲁木齐 830052
  • 2.新疆智能农业装备重点实验室,乌鲁木齐 830052
通讯作者:
鄢金山(1986—),男,副教授,主要从事农业机械化装备研究,E-mail:
作者简介:

张学军(1966—),男,教授,博士生导师,主要从事农业机械化装备研究,E-mail:

Residual Film-Root Stubble-elastic Tooth Interactions Based on SPH-FEM Coupling
Xuejun ZHANG1, 2 , Yangyang SHI1, Jinshan YAN1, 2 , Zenglu SHI1, 2, Xu MA1, 2, Zhaoquan HOU1, Huazhi LI1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
  • 2.Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Agricultural Equipment, Urumqi 830052, China
出版时间: 2025-12-25 doi: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.035
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针对新疆棉田现有的残膜回收技术主要侧重于机械性能,忽略收膜过程中根茬对残膜的拖拽作用,导致残膜容易挂在根茬上的问题,本文通过对捡拾弹齿在含有根茬回收残膜时理论及仿真分析,确定了弹齿工作参数。使用有限元法(FEM)与光滑粒子流体动力学(SPH)相耦合算法,将弹齿、根茬、残膜构建为FEM网格,土壤构建为SPH颗粒,对残膜所受到的剪切应变、峰值应力、拾取高度及受到根茬的拉扯应力进行模拟。模拟含有棉秆根茬时的残膜回收情况,分析回收效果。田间试验结果表明,当根茬高度为5~9 cm时,残膜平均回收率为91.25%,根茬上残膜残留率为4.30%。当根茬高度为10~12 cm时,残膜平均回收率为82.66%,根茬上残膜残留率为12.55%。根茬高度为5~9 cm的地块比根茬高度为10~12 cm的地块回收率提高8.59个百分点,根茬上的残膜残留率降低8.25个百分点。根茬高度5~9 cm的地块中,根茬上残膜残留量占未回收残膜总量比根茬高10~12 cm地块低45.34%。研究结果为根茬与残膜相关性以及残膜回收率提升提供了理论支持。

弹齿  /  残膜回收  /  SPH-FEM  /  棉秆根茬  /  残留率

The existing residual plastic film recovery techniques in Xinjiang's cotton fields primarily focus on mechanical properties, neglecting the dragging effect of root stubble on the film during collection. This results in residual film readily becoming entangled in the root stubble. It confirmed the operational parameters of the pick-up teeth by analyzing the recovery of residual film when picking up teeth in conditions containing root stubble. Employing a coupled finite element method (FEM) and smooth particle hydrodynamics (SPH) algorithm, the tines, stubble, and residual film were modeled as FEM meshes, while the soil was represented as SPH particles. This enabled simulation of the shear strain, peak stress, pick-up height, and tensile stress exerted by root stubble on the residual film. The recovery of residual plastic film in the presence of cotton root stubble was simulated and the recovery efficiency was analyzed. Field trial results indicated that when root stubble height ranged from 5 cm to 9 cm, the average recovery rate of residual film reached 91.25%, with a residual film retention rate on root stubble of 4.30%. When root stubble height was 10~12 cm, the average residual film recovery rate across plots was 82.66%, with 12.55% of residual film remaining on the root stubble. Plots with root stubble heights of 5~9 cm exhibited an 8.59 percentage point increase in recovery rates compared with plots with root stubble heights of 10~12 cm, alongside an 8.25 percentage point reduction in residual plastic film on stubble. In trial plots with root stubble heights of 5~9 cm, the residual film retention rate on root stubble was 45.34% lower than in plots with root stubble heights of 10~12 cm. The research findings can provide theoretical support for the correlation between root stubble and plastic film remnants, as well as for enhancing the recovery rate of plastic film remnants.

stubble-elastic tooth  /  film recovery  /  SPH-FEM  /  cotton stalk stubble  /  residual rate
张学军, 史阳阳, 鄢金山, 史增录, 马旭, 侯召全, 李华智. 基于SPH-FEM耦合的残膜-根茬-弹齿互作规律研究. 农业机械学报, 2025 , 56 (12) : 386 -396 . DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.035
Xuejun ZHANG, Yangyang SHI, Jinshan YAN, Zenglu SHI, Xu MA, Zhaoquan HOU, Huazhi LI. Residual Film-Root Stubble-elastic Tooth Interactions Based on SPH-FEM Coupling[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2025 , 56 (12) : 386 -396 . DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.035
地膜铺设可很好地锁住土壤水分,同时具有增温保墒、改善土壤结构、防治病虫害等功能。地膜材料通常使用聚乙烯,厚度一般为0.008~0.01 mm。地膜材料耐腐蚀性强,能满足棉花生长周期的时间要求,并可回收利用[1-2]。但由于地膜长期残留在土地上风吹日晒,会导致其机械性能下降,使其很难被回收利用[3-4]。目前,我国常用的残膜回收机械设备主要有齿链式、伸缩杆式和导向链耙式[5-6],其中齿链式通过旋转钉齿钩膜,结构简单、成本低、作业速度快,但作业深度浅,一般小于5 cm,含杂率极高、易缠绕,回收膜破损严重。伸缩杆式模仿人工捡拾,杆件深插土壤5~10 cm掘膜,回收深度大、膜体较完整、含杂率低,但结构复杂、成本高、功耗大、作业效率低。导向链耙式结合链耙与振动脱土,含杂率较低、作业速度快、稳定性较好,但回收深度有限,易受秸秆和湿土影响,而降低了残膜回收率。在残膜回收装备研究中,主要集中在机械和性能两方面研究,也有少数结合残膜和土壤特性的研究。但根茬对残膜回收时的影响却被忽视。由于残膜在回收时拉伸性能急剧下降,残膜与根茬之间有着相互牵制关系,收膜时极易造成残膜再次撕裂而挂在根茬上,增加了回收难度,导致残膜回收效果并不理想。
目前关于土壤建模和棉秆立柱与地膜之间的动态相互作用有各种建模方式。ANSYS中LS-DYNA模块已成为三维动态建模土壤的首选[7]。杨望等[8]在LS-DYNA中使用SPH构建土壤模型,并与FEM耦合建立了挖掘铲、根和土壤可视化动态模型,研究挖掘土壤时松动机理与土壤变形以及根部应力变化过程。康建明等[9]使用ANSYS建立了挖沟刀盘,仿真切割过程,得出了挖沟刀盘在切割过程中的损耗和功耗变化规律。马明瑞等[10]提出一种自适应生成的多分辨率SPH-FEM耦合方法,更加精准地模拟了航空发动机叶片抗鸟撞击设计。HUO等[11]针对液体与固体相互作用,提出了FEM-SPH和SPH-SPH两种数值模型来模拟液滴撞击船舶弹性梁的问题,并证明了数值模拟的准确性。张仕林等[12]使用Abaqus建立了压实轮与土壤相互作用的仿真模型,模拟了压实过程中接触部件与土壤之间的相互作用过程。
本文构建未被铲除的棉秆根部与土壤、残膜和弹齿有限元模型。使用SPH-FEM耦合方法,将土壤构建为SPH粒子形式,残膜构建为壳体,将棉秆与弹齿划分为FEM网格格式。模拟表层残膜回收时弹齿在钩膜过程中,残膜与根茬之间的撕扯情景。结合实际试验验证,优化弹齿运动参数以提高残膜回收率,以期为提高残膜回收效率提供参考。
弹齿接触土壤过程中,运动速度与圆周速度一致。弹齿在工作区域时,其运动轨迹可近似看作机身和弹齿之间的平移、旋转组合轨迹。弹齿进入工作区域时,齿尖将残膜穿透,带动残膜与弹齿一起平移、转动。以残膜作为研究对象,对其与弹齿之间进行相互受力分析[13]。如图1所示,当弹齿轴线与残膜重力之间夹角γ越小时,残膜所受到弹齿接触摩擦力越大,越不容易发生残膜滑落现象。由图1可得
式中
      g——残膜自身重力,N
      G——土壤重力,N
      Fn——弹齿齿尖对残膜的力,N
      F——附在残膜周围土壤对残膜造成的压力,N
      Fr——弹齿工作时对残膜造成的力,N
      f——残膜自身对弹齿形成的摩擦阻力,N
      fr——土壤对残膜形成的摩擦力,N
      η——弹齿轴线与弹齿对残膜造成的力之间夹角,(°)
      v——弹齿前进速度,m/s
      ω1、ω2——整体转动角速度与弹齿转动角速度,rad/s
      R——齿尖到转动中心半径,mm
由于残膜轻薄,做功微小,所以忽略不计。参照文献[14]可得弹齿旋转一周做功为
其中
式中
      P——弹齿做功,J
      F1——残膜回收机牵引力,N
      z——弹齿齿数
      e——齿间间距,mm
      H——弹齿入土深度,mm
      G0——转矩,N·m
      b——齿横截面直径,mm
结合式(1)、(2)可得
由式(3)可得,弹齿转动做功与齿数、齿间距、入土深度、弹齿旋转半径与速度、弹齿齿截面直径有关。当弹齿齿数、齿间距、入土深度、弹齿齿截面直径越大,弹齿做功越小。而弹齿旋转角速度和旋转半径越大,其做功越大。
由图2可知,在弹齿转动轨迹里部分土壤隆起,经试验验证及文献[15]得出该部分土壤隆起较高时,起抛土壤较多,使残膜被挑起时二次撕裂可能性较大,并且加大弹齿转动功耗。新疆棉花播种深度为20~40 mm,弹齿有效工作深度h为150 mm,则该部分隆起土壤高度为
式中
      h0——土壤隆起高度,mm
弹齿初始位置坐标方程为
式中
      vt——弹齿前进方向位移,mm
对式(5)求导可得弹齿运动速度方程为
式中
      α——弹齿入土角,(°)
为考虑残膜回收质量与效率,根据前期试验,设弹齿残膜回收机前进速度v为3~6 km/h,链轮转速为80~150 r/min,链轮角速度ω为8~16 rad/s,弹齿入土角为20°~40°。
通过理论分析发现,残膜回收时,残膜和秸秆根茬之间有密切关系。在土壤含有根茬的情况下,机械作业时,对宽38 cm、长50 cm的大面积残膜进行仿真优化试验。
光滑粒子流体动力学(SPH)是用来跟踪离散粒子元素模拟流体和固体的计算方法[16],可以较为直观地观测到材料模拟大变形,覆盖了流体和固体力学中的广泛问题[17-18]。
SPH技术可将模拟区域离散化粒子单元进行集合,每个粒子都有独立的实时变量,如质量和速度。该方法运用核近似技术求解控制偏微分方程(PDE)的形式,便于计算数量较多的变量形式[19]。计算式为
式中
      f(xi)——土壤粒子积分
      W(xi-xj,h)——光滑核函数
      mj——土壤颗粒j质量
      pj——土壤颗粒j密度
权重光滑核函数可优先考虑内核中心附近粒子的贡献,减少以该点为中心,远离该点粒子的影响,并将采样区域以外的粒子排除在计算之外。该特征满足本文使用的土壤模型需求,使用节点无网格方法将土壤构建为光滑颗粒模型[20]。
如图3a所示,建立仿真可视化模型。设置齿间距为8 cm,齿尖到旋转中心距离为25 cm,可实现捡拾深度超过12 cm。设置根茬行间距10 cm,列间距10 cm。如图3b所示,目前位于新疆大部分棉田根茬高度为7~12 cm,在收膜过程中,残膜大部分会挂在根茬处,导致收膜率下降,地中残余膜较多。仿真试验设置10根秸秆根茬,根茬高度为10 cm。土壤使用5 mm的SPH颗粒,生成215 002颗粒子,颗粒间实现有效接触[21-22]。残膜设置为壳单元,选择面,生成网格为15 675个2 mm的单元格,设为可塑性变形结构[23]。弹齿和秸秆以及秸秆根茬设置为solid,分别生成1.5 mm的网格单元。设置弹齿为钢性材料,各材料参数如表1所示[24-25]。
根据前期研究,当机器前进速度为3~6 km/h时,设置弹齿围绕z轴转动角速度1.8 rad/s和x轴平动速度1.3 m/s,入土角为30°。为保证计算速度,将拾取机构去掉输送链、旋转轴、链轮等部件,对模型进行简化。将模型k文件导入Ls-Prepost,设置弹齿与残膜和弹齿之间为自动面面接触。土壤和其他设置为自动点面接触。残膜和秸秆根茬设置为附带侵蚀的面面接触[26-27]。低值应变设为0.5,当接触时侵蚀达0.5时,残膜将发生破裂,能够更贴合实际模拟残膜回收。为更好地分析残膜受力,将控制函数设置为罚函数(SFS)。罚函数可控制接触间穿透的允许量,当罚函数(SFS)刚度在0.1~1.0区间逐步增大时,接触模型穿透量会逐步减小,但计算时长会逐渐变大[28]。为了保证仿真参数准确性的同时尽可能降低计算时长,将罚函数值设为0.7,总运行时长为0.5 s。
图4a为起膜过程在0.1 s时剪切应变。可以看到残膜被根茬拖拽严重,此时剪切应变集中在第1排根茬处,最大为2 701.3,残膜已经产生撕裂,土壤伴随着弹齿滑动轨迹解裂出4道深沟。图4b为起膜过程在0.2 s时剪切应变情况,土壤进一步解裂,此时残膜受到第2排根茬拖拽,剪切应变最大为2 732.8,残膜发生撕裂。图4c为起膜过程在0.4 s时,可以看到残膜还未与第2排根茬脱离,产生了明显拖扯,并且撕裂进一步加大,此时残膜剪切应变为2 742.1。图4d为起膜过程在0.5 s时,可以看出,土壤被划开4道深沟,同时残膜被根茬撕扯出一个比较大的裂口,整张残膜被撕裂,此时剪切应变为2 742.3。残膜在瞬间剪切应变达到2 000时,会发生撕裂。对于土壤与弹齿之间相互接触时,仿真并不影响弹齿实时转速与前进速度。由此可见,在收膜过程中,根茬对残膜回收影响较大。
图5a为起膜过程在0.1 s时残膜平均峰值应力。可以看到残膜在根茬处应力颜色变化较大,最大峰值应力为3.5 MPa,在残膜与根插交汇处已经发生撕裂。图5b为起膜过程在0.2 s时残膜平均峰值应力,此时残膜受到第2排根茬拖拽,平均峰值应力为7.8 MPa,残膜在根茬处发生撕裂。图5c为起膜过程在0.4 s时残膜平均峰值应力,可以看到此时残膜还未与第2排根茬脱离,并且撕裂进一步加大,此时残膜平均峰值应力为9.2 MPa。图5d为起膜过程在0.5 s时,可以看出,残膜被根茬撕扯出一个更大的裂口,整张残膜被撕裂,此时平均峰值应力为9.7 MPa。由图5可知,残膜所受平均峰值应力可很好地反映出被捡拾所受影响,整张膜未被成功完全捡拾,在前半段中,残膜有部分撕裂并挂在根茬处。
如图6a所示,在0.1 s时,弹齿刚接触残膜,此时残膜出现褶皱。如图6b所示,在0.2 s时,残膜被弹齿的横向力向前推进,此时残膜被第1排根茬拖拽,残膜向上位移并没有有效升高,并且出现撕裂情况。如图6c所示,在0.4 s时,弹齿破土而出,但残膜在第1排和第2排根茬处还未完全分离,此时残膜上升高度为26 cm,但最低高度依然为2 cm,表示有部分残膜未被有效捡拾。如图6d所示,在0.5 s时,可看出残膜被进一步撕裂,残留在根茬上,但后半部分残膜拾取高度上升至39.6 cm,整张膜在高破损情况下被捡拾。由残膜捡拾位移可较好地看出残膜捡拾情况,从而更好地进行优化试验。
如图7所示。在残膜与根插交汇处,给出5个点,在捡膜过程中,可以看出在交汇处残膜所受根茬的拉扯应力。
由图8可知,在0~0.35 s时,残膜受到根茬拉扯应力变化较大,在点1和点2最大应力达到13 MPa,出现严重撕裂,现实中已经无法有效回收。在0.35~0.5 s时,残膜也受到不同程度拉扯,当残膜应力超过4 MPa时,就会出现撕裂,逐渐加大导致无法回收。由此可见,根茬过高时,对残膜回收率影响较大。
如图9所示,为更好地比对根茬对残膜回收的影响,将根茬降低至5 cm。图9a为起膜过程在0.1 s时剪切应变情况,可以看到残膜与第1排根茬还存在着拉扯,此时剪切应变集中在第1排根茬处,最大为2 006.1,残膜产生轻微撕裂。图9b为起膜过程在0.2 s时剪切应变情况,弹齿继续转动推进,残膜已经与第1排根茬完全脱离并且撕裂较小,平均剪切应变为1 678.9。图9c为起膜过程在0.4 s时,可以看到残膜已经脱离第2排根茬,并覆盖根茬之上,没有明显拖扯,残膜剪切应变为1 706.6,并未发生大规模撕裂。图9d为起膜过程在0.5 s时,可以看出,残膜在比较完整的情况下被有效收起,整张残膜有较小撕裂,此时剪切应变为1 769.4。与根茬高度为10 cm时的收膜相比,整张膜以较为完整的姿态被收起,表明根茬高度为5 cm时可有效提高残膜回收率。
图10a为起膜过程在0.1 s时残膜平均峰值应力,可以看到残膜在与弹齿接触地方峰值应力最大,最大峰值应力为2.3 MPa,在残膜与根茬交汇处已经发生撕裂。图10b为起膜过程在0.2 s时残膜平均峰值应力情况,残膜受到第2排根茬拖拽,而与第1排根茬已经完全脱离,发生撕裂,但未有残留在地中膜,平均峰值应力为2.7 MPa,残膜在根茬处发生轻微撕裂。图10c为起膜过程在0.4 s时残膜平均峰值应力,可看到残膜已经脱离第2排根茬,并且未与第2排根茬产生过多撕裂,残膜平均峰值应力为3.1 MPa。图10d为起膜过程在0.5 s时,可以看出,残膜除了在第1排根茬处留下较为明显撕裂之后并没有较大撕裂,此时平均峰值应力为3.3 MPa,整张残膜以完整的形态被捡拾。由图10可知,根茬高度为5 cm的残膜所受平均峰值应力与根茬高度为10 cm的残膜所受平均峰值应力相比,整张膜被成功捡拾,并且未发生大的裂口,未出现残留在地中的残膜。
如图11a所示,在0.1 s时,弹齿刚接触残膜,此时残膜出现褶皱,在第1排根茬交汇处,残膜已经出现向上位移姿态,残膜被根茬拖挂但不足以加大撕裂。如图11b所示,在0.2 s时,残膜被弹齿拖拽向前推进,此时残膜呈现出前半段完全上升姿态,向上位移有效升高,没有出现被根茬拖拽而未有效上升的情况。如图11c所示,在0.4 s时,弹齿破土而出,但是残膜在第1排和第2排根插处完全分离,残膜上升高度为37.2 cm,最低高度为8.3 cm,表示被有效捡拾。如图11d所示,在0.5 s时,可以看出整张残膜被完全捡拾,后半部分残膜拾取高度上升至46.1 cm,整张膜在较低破损情况下被捡拾。
由图12可看出,点1所受到应力为9.7 MPa,是因为在起膜阶段,膜与根茬未能在第一时间分离而导致的。随着弹齿继续转动,在0.05~5 s区间,残膜所受x轴方向横向拉扯应力不断减小,趋近于稳定状态,最大应力为3.7 MPa。由上述分析可看出,根茬高度5 cm时,残膜所受到根茬拖拽情况相比于根茬高度10 cm大幅度减小,从而提高了残膜回收率。
通过试验可以看出,当根茬高度越低时,对残膜拖拽影响越小,残膜回收越完整,回收率越高。为找到合适的根茬高度区间,分别对根茬高度为5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12 cm展开残膜回收仿真。
图13a为残膜在不同根茬高度下的剪切应变。可以看出,收膜作业时,残膜随着根茬高度的不断增加而增加,整体呈线性上升趋势。在0.1 s时,根茬高度为5~8 cm时残膜剪切应变都在0.1~0.5 s时达到最大值,是因为弹齿将残膜推进至第1排根茬处,残膜在第一时间并不能很好地与根茬分离,而导致剪切应变过大,虽有撕裂,但不足以出现挂在根茬上无法回收的情况。随着时间变化,残膜剪切应逐渐趋近于平衡,有不同程度损伤,但整张膜可被成功收起。当根茬高度为9~12 cm时,残膜受到剪切应变整体都在2 000以上,瞬时变形量大,残膜撕裂会随之增大,特别在0.1~0.3 s时,剪切应变会出现不同程度的最大值,是因为收膜时随着根茬的不断增高,残膜很难与根茬有效分离从而加大剪切应变,直至残膜撕裂。当根茬高度为9 cm时,剪切应变为2 199.6~2 396.3,仿真发现,残膜虽整体撕裂较大但是也被完全收起。当根茬高度为10~12 cm时,残膜均有残留在根茬上未被成功收起的情况出现。
图13b为不同根茬高度时残膜平均峰值应力。可以看出残膜平均峰值应力随根茬高度增加而增加,整体呈线性上升趋势。其中根茬高度为5~9 cm时,残膜平均峰值应力最大为6.9 MPa,其中均值最大为5.1 MPa,残膜整体有不同程度损伤,多数集中在弹齿和根茬接触的地方。根茬高度超过9 cm后,残膜应力出现跳跃式增加,最大平均峰值应力从6.9 MPa增加到9.7 MPa。可以发现,根茬在9 cm到10 cm时仅为1 cm的增加,残膜被根茬拖拽严重,这也导致了平均应力峰值整体跳跃大。随后继续增加根茬高度,平均峰值应力上升浮动逐渐减小,是因为残膜已经撕裂较大并且没有办法被完全拾取。
图13c为仿真收膜在不同根茬高度时残膜位移,可以看出残膜整体上升高度随着根茬高度的上升而减小。根据弹齿收膜正常高度,在0.5 s时,应上升至35 cm。在0.5 s时同时超过标准值。在0.1~0.3 s时,根茬高度9~12 cm时残膜最大向上位移为19.4 cm,是因为残膜被根茬过度拉扯撕裂导致未能有效上升,但根茬高度9 cm在强烈拉扯时虽有破裂,最终还是可与根茬完全脱节,这并不影响残膜回收率。在0.1~0.3 s时,根茬高度5~8 cm时残膜最大向上位移为22.2~28.4 cm,轻度拖拽并没有影响到残膜回收,以正常速度上升。
图13d为根茬对残膜的拉扯应力。当根茬高度为5~8 cm时,根茬对残膜拉扯应力呈现出缓慢上升趋势,最大应力为11.1 MPa,是集中在0.1 s时第1排根茬上,因为起膜阶段与第1排根茬通常是难以分离的状态。最小应力为2.9 MPa,其余地方的应力都不足以使残膜挂在根茬上,回收效果比较好。当根茬高度为9~12 cm时,最小应力达到5.9 MPa,最大应力为13.4 MPa,残膜撕裂不断增大,在根茬高度增加到10 cm后,每次都会有残膜挂在根茬上,不能成功回收。当根茬高度为9 cm时,虽然残膜也出现挂在根茬上,并被撕裂,但在0.3 s时显示其可以与根茬分离开,最后可以成功回收,提高了回收率。
分析可得,当根茬高度为5~9 cm时,残膜虽有不同程度撕裂,但都会被完整地捡拾。当根茬超过9 cm时,残膜部分挂在根茬上无法捡拾。因此,选择根茬高度5~9 cm进行弹齿速度配合及入土角优化试验。当根茬越高时,残膜回收难度越大,所以选取高度根茬9 cm为试验优化目标,以最大程度减小残膜拖挂情况,提高残膜回收率。
为获得弹齿最佳工作参数,采用二次正交组合设计。以弹齿前进速度X1、转动角速度X2和入土角X3为试验因素。以残膜拾取高度Y1、根茬对残膜拉扯平均应力Y2为试验指标,进行仿真试验。试验因素如表2所示。
仿真试验,每组试验重复5组,分别取残膜最大剪切应变、残膜拾取高度和平均应力峰值平均值。结果如表3所示。
由表4可知,各因素对Y1影响从大到小为:、、X2、X1X2、、X2X3、X3、X1、X1X3。其中和影响极显著,X2影响显著,其余不显著。对Y2影响从大到小为:、、X2、X1、、X1X2、X2X3、X1X3、X3。其中、、、X1、X2、X1X2影响极显著,X2X3影响显著,其余不显著。
关于弹齿前进速度X1、角速度X2、入土角X3对残膜拾取高度Y1、根茬对残膜拉扯的平均应力Y2回归方程数学模型为
由表4可知,该模型P<0.0001,失拟项P分别为0.304、0.071 4。决定系数R2分别为0.95、0.99,均接近1,表明该回归方程拟合率高。校正决定系数与预测决定系数差值均小于0.2,表明该模型误差小、拟合完好。变异系数分别为1.39%、3.30%,表明试验结果可靠性较高。
通过Design-Expert 12.0软件绘制弹齿前进速度、转动角速度、入土角对残膜拾取高度和根茬对残膜拉扯平均应力的响应曲面。由分析得到,对于残膜拾取高度,弹齿前进速度与入土角影响不显著,相互交互作用均不显著,但弹齿旋转角速度对残膜拾取高度影响显著,是决定拾取高度的关键因素。而对于残膜受到根茬拖拽产生的拉扯应力,弹齿前进速度与转动角速度产生的交互影响最显著,其次是转动角速度与入土角产生的交互作用,在这两组交互作用下对残膜受到的拉扯应力影响较大。
由图14a可知,当弹齿前进速度为1.3~1.7 m/s、角速度为2.0~3.1 rad/s时,残膜受到根茬拖拽产生的拉扯应力为4.2 MPa,表明残膜虽有撕裂,但并没有挂在根茬上。超过这个范围残膜受到根茬平均拉扯应力变大,残膜挂在根茬难以回收。如图14b所示,弹齿转动角速度为2.0~3.0 rad/s、入土角为27°~32°时,根茬对残膜拉扯应力最小。随着弹齿转动角速度的不断增大或减小,根茬对残膜拉扯应力也随着增大,最终导致无法有效回收。
使用Design-Expert 13中的响应优化功能,通过多元二次回归方程进行优化试验,建立目标函数为
通过分析计算,得到最优参数组合为:弹齿前进速度1.41 m/s、弹齿转动角速度2.67 rad/s、弹齿入土角29.87°,此时残膜捡拾高度为41.77 cm,根茬对残膜拉扯平均应力为3.60 MPa。
为更好地验证仿真试验所得优化参数的准确性,结合仿真地优化试验结果,展开田间试验,于2025年4月中旬在新疆阿克苏地区柯坪县吐和高速阿恰立交西北侧一处棉花种植地进行了现场试验。试验场地为采棉后试验田,残膜厚为0.01 mm,膜宽2050 mm。使用土壤密度测试仪测试土壤密度约为1 691 kg/m3。采用土壤含水率测定仪测定土壤深度0~100 mm的含水率为16.56%。试验样机采用拖挂式弹齿残膜回收机,上方挂置弹齿模拟残膜回收,工作幅宽为2 050 mm,作业深度为0~120 mm。设置弹齿前进速度1.4 m/s、转动角速度2.7 rad/s,入土角为30°,如图15所示。
通过残膜回收率检验残膜回收机作业效果,其计算式为
式中
      W——残膜回收率,%
      S——拾取残膜质量,g
      S0——拾取前残膜质量,g
由仿真所得,残膜破损情况大多数出现在残膜与秸秆根茬交汇处。为方便验证和更直观有效地得到作业后残膜与秸秆根茬之间的残留率,定义根茬上残膜剩余量,包含与其连续情况。计算式为
式中
      W1——残膜与秸秆根茬交汇处残留率,%
      S1——根茬处未拾取得残膜质量,g
根据文献[29-30],在试验区域株距方向,将试验田均匀分布10个区域,每个区域选取1个长、宽各2 m的试验区,其中5组秸秆根茬高度为5~9 cm,5组秸秆根茬高度为10~12 cm,高出12 cm的秸秆根茬忽略不计。将残膜除土和风干后,计算残膜质量,取其平均值。如图16所示,图16a~16c为秸秆根茬高度为5~9 cm时,在该配速下,可以看出残膜回收率较高,残膜与秸秆根茬拖挂极少。图16d~16f为秸秆根茬高度为10~12 cm,明显看出残膜回收效果不理想,较多残膜拖挂在秸秆根茬处。试验结果如表5所示。
代入式(10),在根茬高度5~9 cm秸秆根茬试验中,平均残膜回收率为91.25%;在秸秆根茬高度10~12 cm试验中,平均残膜回收率为82.66%。
代入式(11),在5~9 cm根茬地,计算出残膜与根茬交汇处残膜残留率为4.30%,占总剩余残膜质量27.04%;在10~12 cm根茬地里,计算出残膜与秸秆根茬交汇处残膜残留率为12.55%,占总残膜质量72.38%。
当弹齿残膜回收机弹齿仿真参数应用进现场试验速度:前进速度5.1 km/h、角速度2.7 rad/s和入土角30°。结果表示,根茬高度5~9 cm秸秆根茬试验地比根茬高度10~12 cm的秸秆根茬试验地回收效果理想,残膜回收率提高8.59个百分点,残膜与秸秆根茬残留率降低8.25%。根茬高度5~9 cm地块根茬残膜残留量占未回收残膜总量比茬高10~12 cm地块低45.34%。
该参数配置下,残膜回收干净,对土壤破坏小,减少不必要损耗。弹齿入土角30°可以有效将残膜挑起并减小与土壤之间得横向摩擦,这有效延长弹齿的使用寿命,提高了残膜回收效率。当弹齿角速度为2.7 rad/s时,一方面可以有效延长皮带和弹齿的使用寿命,另一方面在试验过程中发现,该配速下弹齿式残膜回收机残膜回收效率最佳。超过该配速时,弹齿容易产生不可逆变形,并且影响残膜回收效率。
(1)为了确定棉茬对残膜回收的影响,通过优化机械参数,减少棉茬对残膜回收的影响,提高回收率。
(2)采用SPH-FEM耦合算法,建立了弹齿、残膜、土壤和棉茬的动态相互作用模型。通过精确模拟残膜回收过程中残膜的剪切应变、应力和残膜拾取高度,分析了棉茬对残膜回收的影响。优化弹齿运动参数,当前进速度为1.41 m/s、角速度为2.67 rad/s、入土角为29.87°时,根茬对残膜拉扯平均应力为3.60 MPa、残膜捡拾高度为41.77 cm,降低了根茬对残膜回收的影响。
(3)多因素正交试验结果表明,田间最佳作业参数为:前进速度1.4 km/h、角速度2.7 rad/s和入土角30°。结合田间试验,对比根茬高度5~9 cm和10~12 cm对残膜回收率的影响。结果表明,在适当的机器操作参数下,可减小棉花根茬对残膜回收率的影响。
  • 自治区重点研发计划项目(2022B02038)
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2025年第56卷第12期
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doi: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.035
  • 接收时间:2025-06-28
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-28
  • 修回日期:2025-07-21
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自治区重点研发计划项目(2022B02038)
作者信息
    1.新疆农业大学机电工程学院,乌鲁木齐 830052
    2.新疆智能农业装备重点实验室,乌鲁木齐 830052

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鄢金山(1986—),男,副教授,主要从事农业机械化装备研究,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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