Article(id=1311999814389301483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.030, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750953600000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-27, revisedDate=1752336000000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790734731528, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790734731528, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790734731528, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790734731528, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311999647825101743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, year='2025', volume='56', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='818', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1766592000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790734691815, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790738411040, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312015247465083866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312015247465083867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=331, endPage=342, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1311999814930366700, articleId=1311999814389301483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, language=EN, title=Design and Testing of Cutting and Squeezing Combination Peanut Digging and Harvesting Device for Saline Soils, columnId=1311999707161919908, journalTitle=Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, columnName=Agricultural Equipment and Mechanization Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the saline peanut harvesting process in the traditional shovel pole type excavation and harvesting device exists in the soil crushing effect is poor, the root and pod part of the soil content rate is high, the excavation operation resistance is large and has other problems. Combining saline soil characteristics and peanut planting agronomic requirements, a cutting and squeezing combined excavation device was designed. A mechanical model for the cutting and squeezing forces of the digging device and a mechanical model for the fragmentation and separation of the peanut root-pod-soil aggregates were established. The main factors affecting the operational performance of the digging device were identified as the blade surface inclination angle of the digging shovel, the blade edge angle of the digging shovel, and the radius of the squeezing roller. The value ranges for these parameters were analyzed and determined. Simulation experiments were conducted by using EDEM software to investigate the dynamic changes in peanut root-pod-soil aggregates during the operation of the digging device. Single-factor experiments were used to determine the influence level of each factor on operational resistance and the soil adhesion rate on the root-pod system. Using operational resistance and soil adhesion rate as evaluation indicators, a quadratic regression orthogonal rotational composite experiment was carried out by employing the central composite design (CCD) method. The optimal operational parameter combination was determined as digging shovel blade surface inclination angle of 22°, digging shovel blade edge angle of 50°, and squeezing roller radius of 110 mm. Under these parameters, the soil adhesion rate on the root-pod system was 48.86%, and the machine operational resistance was 15 696.3 N. Field trial results demonstrated that the cutting-squeezing combined peanut digging device achieved a post-operation soil adhesion rate on the root-pod system of 53.61% and an operational resistance of 15 965.57 N. Compared with the original digging device, this represented a reduction of 21.58 percentage points in the soil adhesion rate on the harvested root-pod system and a reduction of 5.57% in operational resistance, indicating superior performance.

, authors=Zengcun CHANG1, Dongwei WANG2, Zelong ZHAO3, Chuanzhi XI4, Zeqi LIU4, Jialin HOU1, authorsList=Zengcun CHANG, Dongwei WANG, Zelong ZHAO, Chuanzhi XI, Zeqi LIU, Jialin HOU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jialin HOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1311999824241721659, articleId=1311999814389301483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, language=CN, title=盐碱地土壤切挤组合式花生挖掘收获装置设计与试验, columnId=1311999707321303462, journalTitle=农业机械学报, columnName=农业装备与机械化工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对盐碱地花生收获过程中铲杆式挖掘收获装置存在土壤破碎效果差、根果部分含土率高、挖掘作业阻力大等问题,结合盐碱地土壤特性及花生种植农艺要求,设计了一种切挤组合式挖掘装置。构建了挖掘装置切削挤压力学模型和花生根果土团聚体破碎分离力学模型,明晰了影响挖掘装置作业性能的主要因素为挖掘铲铲面倾角、挖掘铲刃口角和挤压滚筒半径,并分析确定了各参数的取值范围。利用EDEM软件开展仿真试验,探究花生根果土团聚体在挖掘装置作业时的变化过程,利用单因素试验确定了各因素对作业阻力和根果部分含土率的影响程度;以作业阻力与含土率为评价指标,采用中心复合设计法开展二次回归正交旋转组合试验,得出最优作业参数组合为:挖掘铲铲面倾角22°、挖掘铲刃口角50°、挤压滚筒半径110 mm,根果部分含土率为48.86%、机具工作阻力为15 696.3 N。田间试验结果表明,切挤组合式花生挖掘装置的作业后根果部分含土率为53.61%、工作阻力为15 965.57 N,相较原挖掘装置挖掘收获根果部分含土率降低了21.58个百分比,工作阻力降低了5.57%,性能优于原挖掘装置。

, authors=常增村1, 王东伟2, 赵泽龙3, 奚传智4, 刘泽琦4, 侯加林1, authorsList=常增村, 王东伟, 赵泽龙, 奚传智, 刘泽琦, 侯加林, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=侯加林, authorNote=

常增村(1994—),男,博士生,主要从事经济作物机械与智能装备研究,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
侯加林(1963—),男,教授,博士生导师,主要从事智能农机装备研究,E-mail:
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常增村(1994—),男,博士生,主要从事经济作物机械与智能装备研究,E-mail:

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1. 三点悬挂装置 2. 变速箱 3. 拉杆 4. 波浪型分离输送筛 5. 抖振转子 6. 柔性缓冲导流板 7. 分离输送装置驱动轮 8. 对辊挤压滚筒 9. 归拢铺放装置 10. 动力传输系统 11. 二级分离输送装置 12. 限深轮 13. 平土镇压滚筒 14. 土垡挤压破碎滚筒 15. 导流防缠绕装置 16. 铲杆式挖掘铲 17. 压秧松土滚筒 18. 动力输出轴 19. 机架

, figureFileSmall=qqdpueolj5UUG4qd27y5xw==, figureFileBig=C7PWsM89A2YapgQuR0ApUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999833276252538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999814389301483, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Schematic structure of cutting and extruding combined excavation device, figureFileSmall=ey/nqZpXTCXfH8WjR0329A==, figureFileBig=J5GgE3Tbg1AzmgvE2GqwxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999833347555707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999814389301483, language=CN, label=图4, caption=切挤组合式挖掘装置结构示意图

1. 机架限位调节杆 2. 机架 3. 导流防缠绕装置安装轴承 4. U型梳土栅杆 5. 导流防缠绕装置 6. 挖掘铲角度调节板 7. 挖掘平铲 8. 滚筒位置调节连杆 9. 压秧松土滚筒

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ArticleFig(id=1311999833615991167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999814389301483, language=CN, label=图6, caption=挖掘铲剪切受力分析, figureFileSmall=/HTPKPRE0GWCFxVntE6kHA==, figureFileBig=ETTYQVfgAFo5PSNFWLh05g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999833674711424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999814389301483, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Analysis of force of excavation device on root-pod-soil aggregate, figureFileSmall=GBvS0t2RyeSXrEoH1DZ1lQ==, figureFileBig=T18WXoUxfLvUcoRk/VXrvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999833729237377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999814389301483, language=CN, label=图7, caption=挖掘装置对根果土团聚体作用力分析图, figureFileSmall=GBvS0t2RyeSXrEoH1DZ1lQ==, figureFileBig=T18WXoUxfLvUcoRk/VXrvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999833787957634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999814389301483, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Soil and peanut simulation model, figureFileSmall=K1pcZflRl2GT4nmBjSxNdw==, figureFileBig=yJ7N51YwpH3a04u/YJxYXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999833850872195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999814389301483, language=CN, label=图8, caption=土壤与花生仿真模型, figureFileSmall=K1pcZflRl2GT4nmBjSxNdw==, figureFileBig=yJ7N51YwpH3a04u/YJxYXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999833909592452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999814389301483, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Excavation harvest simulation process, figureFileSmall=FFBGE8FotmPI8coevvpwNQ==, figureFileBig=IOG+RTSg+TNAStXLsS6Fnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999835578925445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999814389301483, language=CN, label=图9, caption=挖掘收获仿真过程, figureFileSmall=FFBGE8FotmPI8coevvpwNQ==, figureFileBig=IOG+RTSg+TNAStXLsS6Fnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999835654422918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999814389301483, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Results of one-factor simulation test on shovel surface inclination angle, figureFileSmall=ePQqaJ9pN1RAJedwuekhIQ==, figureFileBig=0WZDZdBI12GDhbqXYDkJxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999835725726087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999814389301483, language=CN, label=图10, caption=铲面倾角单因素仿真试验结果, figureFileSmall=ePQqaJ9pN1RAJedwuekhIQ==, figureFileBig=0WZDZdBI12GDhbqXYDkJxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999835809612168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999814389301483, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Results of one-factor simulation test on edge angle, figureFileSmall=3s74LgLygmmzuLqzShuqhg==, figureFileBig=I5isvn2TqY+r/cVav7+/SA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999835885109641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999814389301483, language=CN, label=图11, caption=刃口角单因素仿真试验结果, figureFileSmall=3s74LgLygmmzuLqzShuqhg==, figureFileBig=I5isvn2TqY+r/cVav7+/SA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999835973190026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999814389301483, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=Results of one-factor simulation test on extrusion roller radius, figureFileSmall=YDbNQ/I/DsbdNkJ7t58/7A==, figureFileBig=gttiPrS+wS0GKwegZwkCeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999836052881803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999814389301483, language=CN, label=图12, caption=挤压滚筒半径单因素仿真试验结果, figureFileSmall=YDbNQ/I/DsbdNkJ7t58/7A==, figureFileBig=gttiPrS+wS0GKwegZwkCeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999836136767884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999814389301483, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=Field experiment, figureFileSmall=Jlqs8te5CoJBE/rjV8Yzog==, figureFileBig=hOY8jb9qXouCphsYubbw8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999836208071053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999814389301483, language=CN, label=图13, caption=田间试验, figureFileSmall=Jlqs8te5CoJBE/rjV8Yzog==, figureFileBig=hOY8jb9qXouCphsYubbw8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999836266791310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999814389301483, language=EN, label=Fig. 14, caption=Response surfaces for interaction of factors on soil content ratio, figureFileSmall=9rq1+TBkL6Q6pRsjTE1wZw==, figureFileBig=UcKt09w6/1SjPNFPTihGmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999836367454607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999814389301483, language=CN, label=图14, caption=各因素交互作用对含土率的响应曲面, figureFileSmall=9rq1+TBkL6Q6pRsjTE1wZw==, figureFileBig=UcKt09w6/1SjPNFPTihGmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999836442952080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999814389301483, language=EN, label=Fig. 15, caption=Field comparison trial, figureFileSmall=SrJiFyWLt1Z24W4/EXY31g==, figureFileBig=xIGmxK/ztEUbnhgKYaYR6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999836522643857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999814389301483, language=CN, label=图15, caption=田间对比试验, figureFileSmall=SrJiFyWLt1Z24W4/EXY31g==, figureFileBig=xIGmxK/ztEUbnhgKYaYR6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999836589752722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999814389301483, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Main technical parameters of combined harvester

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术参数数值
整机尺寸(长×宽×高)/(mm×mm×mm)4 650×2 300×1 250
收获垄数/垄2
作业幅宽/mm1 600
适应垄宽/mm≤750
挖掘深度/mm100~150
作业速度/(km·h-1)3.2~4.8
), ArticleFig(id=1311999836661055891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999814389301483, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

收获机主要技术参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术参数数值
整机尺寸(长×宽×高)/(mm×mm×mm)4 650×2 300×1 250
收获垄数/垄2
作业幅宽/mm1 600
适应垄宽/mm≤750
挖掘深度/mm100~150
作业速度/(km·h-1)3.2~4.8
), ArticleFig(id=1311999836774302100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999814389301483, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Discrete element simulation parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
土壤颗粒泊松比0.32
土壤颗粒物理半径/mm5
土壤颗粒接触半径/mm6
土壤颗粒密度/(kg·m-3)2.270×103
土壤颗粒剪切模量/Pa1.20×109
土壤之间恢复系数0.358
土壤颗粒间静摩擦因数0.546
土壤颗粒间动摩擦因数0.15
65Mn钢泊松比0.3
65Mn钢密度/(kg·m-3)7.865×103
65Mn钢剪切模量/Pa7.90×1010
花生荚果泊松比0.386
花生荚果密度/(kg·m-3)582.36
花生荚果剪切模量/Pa3.04×106
土壤与65Mn钢间恢复系数0.3
土壤与65Mn钢间静摩擦因数0.5
土壤与65Mn钢间动摩擦因数0.1
土壤与花生荚果间恢复系数0.11
土壤与花生荚果间静摩擦因数0.5
土壤与花生荚果间动摩擦因数0.05
颗粒间法向接触刚度/(N·m-1)3.32×107
颗粒间切向接触刚度/(N·m-1)2.89×107
颗粒间临界法向应力/kPa192.46
颗粒间临界切向应力/kPa97.07
), ArticleFig(id=1311999836891742613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999814389301483, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

离散元仿真参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
土壤颗粒泊松比0.32
土壤颗粒物理半径/mm5
土壤颗粒接触半径/mm6
土壤颗粒密度/(kg·m-3)2.270×103
土壤颗粒剪切模量/Pa1.20×109
土壤之间恢复系数0.358
土壤颗粒间静摩擦因数0.546
土壤颗粒间动摩擦因数0.15
65Mn钢泊松比0.3
65Mn钢密度/(kg·m-3)7.865×103
65Mn钢剪切模量/Pa7.90×1010
花生荚果泊松比0.386
花生荚果密度/(kg·m-3)582.36
花生荚果剪切模量/Pa3.04×106
土壤与65Mn钢间恢复系数0.3
土壤与65Mn钢间静摩擦因数0.5
土壤与65Mn钢间动摩擦因数0.1
土壤与花生荚果间恢复系数0.11
土壤与花生荚果间静摩擦因数0.5
土壤与花生荚果间动摩擦因数0.05
颗粒间法向接触刚度/(N·m-1)3.32×107
颗粒间切向接触刚度/(N·m-1)2.89×107
颗粒间临界法向应力/kPa192.46
颗粒间临界切向应力/kPa97.07
), ArticleFig(id=1311999836975628694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999814389301483, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Coding of test factors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编码因素
铲面倾角/(°)刃口角/(°)挤压滚筒半径/mm
-1.682174590
-1194899
02151108
12354117
1.6822557126
), ArticleFig(id=1311999837051126167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999814389301483, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

试验因素编码

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编码因素
铲面倾角/(°)刃口角/(°)挤压滚筒半径/mm
-1.682174590
-1194899
02151108
12354117
1.6822557126
), ArticleFig(id=1311999837118235032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999814389301483, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Experimental design and results

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试验号因素含土率Y1/%工作阻力Y2/N
X1X2X3
1-1-1-158.4614 215.94
21-1-146.4915 433.08
3-11-151.7814 660.39
411-147.0215 230.38
5-1-1165.5915 218.14
61-1158.7516 248.45
7-11148.3115 724.87
811150.0116 012.71
9-1.6820058.0414 264.62
101.6820050.3615 553.09
110-1.682058.9615 565.25
1201.682047.9415 655.02
1300-1.68243.4815 719.39
14001.68255.5516 205.83
1500049.7716 047.14
1600046.9516 139.45
1700047.4615 875.87
1800047.1416 291.01
1900044.2316 382.08
2000045.6116 229.87
), ArticleFig(id=1311999837176955289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999814389301483, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

试验方案与结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号因素含土率Y1/%工作阻力Y2/N
X1X2X3
1-1-1-158.4614 215.94
21-1-146.4915 433.08
3-11-151.7814 660.39
411-147.0215 230.38
5-1-1165.5915 218.14
61-1158.7516 248.45
7-11148.3115 724.87
811150.0116 012.71
9-1.6820058.0414 264.62
101.6820050.3615 553.09
110-1.682058.9615 565.25
1201.682047.9415 655.02
1300-1.68243.4815 719.39
14001.68255.5516 205.83
1500049.7716 047.14
1600046.9516 139.45
1700047.4615 875.87
1800047.1416 291.01
1900044.2316 382.08
2000045.6116 229.87
), ArticleFig(id=1311999837277618586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999814389301483, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Variance analysis of soil content

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源平方和自由度均方FP
模型667.43974.1628.35<0.000 1**
X188.61188.6133.870.000 2**
X2188.241188.2471.95<0.000 1**
X3112.571112.5743.03<0.000 1**
X1X231.01131.0111.850.006 3**
X1X316.79116.796.420.029 7**
X2X349.35149.3518.860.001 5**
106.381106.3840.66<0.000 1**
86.63186.6333.110.000 2**
16.21116.216.200.032 0*
残差26.16102.62
失拟项8.7751.750.500.764 9
纯误差17.3953.48
总和693.5919
), ArticleFig(id=1311999837344727451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999814389301483, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

含土率方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源平方和自由度均方FP
模型667.43974.1628.35<0.000 1**
X188.61188.6133.870.000 2**
X2188.241188.2471.95<0.000 1**
X3112.571112.5743.03<0.000 1**
X1X231.01131.0111.850.006 3**
X1X316.79116.796.420.029 7**
X2X349.35149.3518.860.001 5**
106.381106.3840.66<0.000 1**
86.63186.6333.110.000 2**
16.21116.216.200.032 0*
残差26.16102.62
失拟项8.7751.750.500.764 9
纯误差17.3953.48
总和693.5919
), ArticleFig(id=1311999837424419228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999814389301483, language=EN, label=Tab. 6, caption=

Variance analysis of working resistance

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源平方和自由度均方FP
模型7.38×10698.20×10515.31<0.000 1**
X12.04×10612.04×10638.000.000 1**
X23.23×10413.23×1040.600.455 7
X31.47×10611.47×10627.470.000 4**
X1X22.41×10512.41×1054.510.059 7
X1X32.75×10412.75×1040.510.490 1
X2X31.07×10211.07×1020.0020.965 2
3.13×10613.13×10658.42<0.000 1**
6.85×10516.85×10512.790.005 0
1.26×10511.26×1052.350.156 5
残差5.36×105105.36×104
失拟项3.70×10557.41×1042.240.198 3
纯误差1.65×10553.30×104
总和7.92×10619
), ArticleFig(id=1311999837499916701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999814389301483, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

工作阻力方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源平方和自由度均方FP
模型7.38×10698.20×10515.31<0.000 1**
X12.04×10612.04×10638.000.000 1**
X23.23×10413.23×1040.600.455 7
X31.47×10611.47×10627.470.000 4**
X1X22.41×10512.41×1054.510.059 7
X1X32.75×10412.75×1040.510.490 1
X2X31.07×10211.07×1020.0020.965 2
3.13×10613.13×10658.42<0.000 1**
6.85×10516.85×10512.790.005 0
1.26×10511.26×1052.350.156 5
残差5.36×105105.36×104
失拟项3.70×10557.41×1042.240.198 3
纯误差1.65×10553.30×104
总和7.92×10619
), ArticleFig(id=1311999837575414174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999814389301483, language=EN, label=Tab. 7, caption=

Comparative test results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号切挤组合式原挖掘装置
含土率/%工作阻力/N含土率/%工作阻力/N
149.8116 147.6875.6716 524.37
253.4416 219.8471.2416 998.24
357.0715 775.0877.8517 323.88
452.9816 047.7272.9416 678.96
554.7515 637.5178.2617 007.62
平均值53.6115 965.5775.1916 906.61
仿真值51.1015 633.6372.0316 427.21
误差5.06331.944.20479.40
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对比试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号切挤组合式原挖掘装置
含土率/%工作阻力/N含土率/%工作阻力/N
149.8116 147.6875.6716 524.37
253.4416 219.8471.2416 998.24
357.0715 775.0877.8517 323.88
452.9816 047.7272.9416 678.96
554.7515 637.5178.2617 007.62
平均值53.6115 965.5775.1916 906.61
仿真值51.1015 633.6372.0316 427.21
误差5.06331.944.20479.40
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盐碱地土壤切挤组合式花生挖掘收获装置设计与试验
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常增村 1 , 王东伟 2 , 赵泽龙 3 , 奚传智 4 , 刘泽琦 4 , 侯加林 1
农业机械学报 | 农业装备与机械化工程 2025,56(12): 331-342
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农业机械学报 |农业装备与机械化工程 2025 , 56 (12) : 331 -342
盐碱地土壤切挤组合式花生挖掘收获装置设计与试验
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常增村1 , 王东伟2, 赵泽龙3, 奚传智4, 刘泽琦4, 侯加林1
作者信息
  • 1.山东农业大学机械与电子工程学院,泰安 271018
  • 2.黄三角智能农机装备产业研究院,东营 257300
  • 3.青岛市农机生产与流通协会,青岛 266109
  • 4.青岛农业大学机电工程学院,青岛 266109
通讯作者:
侯加林(1963—),男,教授,博士生导师,主要从事智能农机装备研究,E-mail:
作者简介:

常增村(1994—),男,博士生,主要从事经济作物机械与智能装备研究,E-mail:

Design and Testing of Cutting and Squeezing Combination Peanut Digging and Harvesting Device for Saline Soils
Zengcun CHANG1 , Dongwei WANG2, Zelong ZHAO3, Chuanzhi XI4, Zeqi LIU4, Jialin HOU1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
  • 2.Yellow River Delta Intelligent Agricultural Machinery Equipment Industry Academy, Dongying 257300, China
  • 3.Qingdao Agricultural Machinery Production and Distribution Association, Qingdao 266109, China
  • 4.College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
出版时间: 2025-12-25 doi: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.030
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针对盐碱地花生收获过程中铲杆式挖掘收获装置存在土壤破碎效果差、根果部分含土率高、挖掘作业阻力大等问题,结合盐碱地土壤特性及花生种植农艺要求,设计了一种切挤组合式挖掘装置。构建了挖掘装置切削挤压力学模型和花生根果土团聚体破碎分离力学模型,明晰了影响挖掘装置作业性能的主要因素为挖掘铲铲面倾角、挖掘铲刃口角和挤压滚筒半径,并分析确定了各参数的取值范围。利用EDEM软件开展仿真试验,探究花生根果土团聚体在挖掘装置作业时的变化过程,利用单因素试验确定了各因素对作业阻力和根果部分含土率的影响程度;以作业阻力与含土率为评价指标,采用中心复合设计法开展二次回归正交旋转组合试验,得出最优作业参数组合为:挖掘铲铲面倾角22°、挖掘铲刃口角50°、挤压滚筒半径110 mm,根果部分含土率为48.86%、机具工作阻力为15 696.3 N。田间试验结果表明,切挤组合式花生挖掘装置的作业后根果部分含土率为53.61%、工作阻力为15 965.57 N,相较原挖掘装置挖掘收获根果部分含土率降低了21.58个百分比,工作阻力降低了5.57%,性能优于原挖掘装置。

花生收获机  /  切挤组合式  /  挖掘收获装置  /  盐碱地土壤  /  EDEM  /  田间试验

Aiming at the saline peanut harvesting process in the traditional shovel pole type excavation and harvesting device exists in the soil crushing effect is poor, the root and pod part of the soil content rate is high, the excavation operation resistance is large and has other problems. Combining saline soil characteristics and peanut planting agronomic requirements, a cutting and squeezing combined excavation device was designed. A mechanical model for the cutting and squeezing forces of the digging device and a mechanical model for the fragmentation and separation of the peanut root-pod-soil aggregates were established. The main factors affecting the operational performance of the digging device were identified as the blade surface inclination angle of the digging shovel, the blade edge angle of the digging shovel, and the radius of the squeezing roller. The value ranges for these parameters were analyzed and determined. Simulation experiments were conducted by using EDEM software to investigate the dynamic changes in peanut root-pod-soil aggregates during the operation of the digging device. Single-factor experiments were used to determine the influence level of each factor on operational resistance and the soil adhesion rate on the root-pod system. Using operational resistance and soil adhesion rate as evaluation indicators, a quadratic regression orthogonal rotational composite experiment was carried out by employing the central composite design (CCD) method. The optimal operational parameter combination was determined as digging shovel blade surface inclination angle of 22°, digging shovel blade edge angle of 50°, and squeezing roller radius of 110 mm. Under these parameters, the soil adhesion rate on the root-pod system was 48.86%, and the machine operational resistance was 15 696.3 N. Field trial results demonstrated that the cutting-squeezing combined peanut digging device achieved a post-operation soil adhesion rate on the root-pod system of 53.61% and an operational resistance of 15 965.57 N. Compared with the original digging device, this represented a reduction of 21.58 percentage points in the soil adhesion rate on the harvested root-pod system and a reduction of 5.57% in operational resistance, indicating superior performance.

peanut harvester  /  combination cutting and extrusion  /  digging and harvesting device  /  saline soil  /  EDEM  /  field trial
常增村, 王东伟, 赵泽龙, 奚传智, 刘泽琦, 侯加林. 盐碱地土壤切挤组合式花生挖掘收获装置设计与试验. 农业机械学报, 2025 , 56 (12) : 331 -342 . DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.030
Zengcun CHANG, Dongwei WANG, Zelong ZHAO, Chuanzhi XI, Zeqi LIU, Jialin HOU. Design and Testing of Cutting and Squeezing Combination Peanut Digging and Harvesting Device for Saline Soils[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2025 , 56 (12) : 331 -342 . DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.030
中国是世界上最大的花生生产国之一。2023年,花生种植面积约为4.80×106 hm2,花生产量达1.923×107 t,占世界花生总种植面积的17.19%[1]。花生作为一种耐盐碱作物,在盐碱度0.3%以下的土壤条件下,花生荚果每公顷产量仍可达6 000~7 500 kg,近年来在滨海盐碱地黏重土壤的种植面积逐年增加。盐碱地为我国重要的后备土地资源,据统计我国共有各类盐碱地9.910×107 hm2,未来扩大盐碱地花生种植范围,因地制宜形成配套的盐碱地改良与利用技术,是开辟我国盐碱地改良利用和产能提升及生态保护相结合的新路径。盐碱地的开发利用对于扩大耕地面积、解决全球粮食危机、维护国家粮食安全具有重大作用[2]。盐碱地花生收获时,根系、荚果和土壤相互黏附、裹挟,形成了以花生荚果为基础、根系为增强纤维的“根-果-土团聚体”结构,大幅度增加了花生收获果土分离的难度[3]。目前,制约盐碱地黏重土壤花生机械化挖掘的关键问题是挖掘阻力大、土壤破碎质量差等[4]。迫切需要研发适用于盐碱地土壤特性花生收获的高性能挖掘装置。
为了提高花生等根茎类作物挖掘与土壤破碎性能,国内外学者对挖掘技术与装备展开了深入研究[5-12]。现有的这些挖掘装置在作业过程中均达到了降低挖掘阻力的效果,同时对土壤颗粒具有一定的扰动作用。
以上针对作物收获创制的挖掘装置对于沙壤土具有较优的作用效果,显著降低了挖掘阻力,提高了作业效率,在降低阻力的同时能够实现良好的土壤扰动与碎土效果,部分装置还能解决壅土等特定问题。然而面对盐碱地等黏重型土壤时,由于土壤的黏性大、易板结的特性,使得这些现有的挖掘装置实现低阻、高效挖掘收获具有较大的难度。由于花生根、荚果、土壤相互裹挟,加之盐碱地土壤黏性大,从土壤中挖出整株花生难度较大。
因此,本文以典型滨海盐碱地种植的花生为研究对象,提出一种切挤组合式挖掘装置,在切削挖掘铲的上方增加一个可旋转的挤压滚筒,通过旋转挤压力增加土壤的破碎与松散能力,采用离散元法[13-15],以花生根-果-土团聚体作为试验材料,构建离散元复合模型,利用DEM仿真技术对挖掘过程进行仿真试验,分析关键部件结构与工作参数对挖掘性能的影响。通过田间试验对仿真模型进行验证,以确定设计结构的合理性和可行性。
花生根-果-土团聚体试验材料来源于山东省东营市农业高新技术产业示范区盐碱地农业试验示范基地。取样时间为2024年9月20日,取样地点处于温带季风气候区(37°18′N,118°39′E,海拔6 m左右)。花生品种为滨海盐碱地普遍种植的宇花18号耐盐碱高油酸花生,土壤盐碱度为0.3%左右,含水率为11.28%~14.73%。种植模式为一垄两行,如图1所示。
根据前期收获发现,花生根系、荚果和土壤相互黏附、裹挟,形成了“根-果-土团聚体”结构,呈倒置的锥体状。利用“S型”法按照“随机、等量和多点”的原则进行样本获取[17],选取20个上述取样规格的团聚体为试验样品,测量其生长深度与直径。选取的花生植株与团聚体如图2所示。经测量统计分析,盐碱地花生生长深度(指花生主根尖端深度)一般为86~125 mm,花生根盘(花生根盘包含花生根与荚果)的覆盖直径为118~207 mm。
结合滨海盐碱地花生种植农艺要求和前期挖掘收获试验,研制的挤压抖振式花生收获机为2垄4行收获,作业幅宽为1 600 mm。机具通过拖拉机牵引实现收获作业,总体结构包括悬挂装置、挖掘装置、分离输送装置、挤压碎土装置、抖振碎土清土装置等。挖掘装置采用“平铲+挤压滚筒+梳土栅杆”结构形式,对辊挤压碎土装置采用带有花纹的两根差速滚筒挤压的结构形式,变速箱输入轴最大输入转速为540 r/min[18]。整机结构如图3所示。
该机具通过三点悬挂装置挂接在拖拉机后部,动力输出轴将拖拉机的动力传输至收获机变速箱,通过传动轴、链条、皮带等传输装置将动力传递分配至挖掘装置、分离输送装置、抖振去土装置等。作业前,通过调节挖掘铲角度调节板与滚筒位置调节连杆到合适的间距与角度,利用拖拉机悬挂调节装置入土角度,随着机具向前行驶,在切削挤压作用力下挖掘装置挖掘抬升花生果土团聚体,在压秧松土滚筒与挖掘铲的共同作用下对土壤进行初步松散,部分松散土壤在经过挖掘装置梳土栅杆结构时分离落入田间,其余根-果-土团聚体进入分离输送筛进行后续果土分离。收获机主要技术参数如表1所示。
切挤组合式挖掘装置是实现花生挖掘、初步土壤分离的关键装置,其结构参数与工作参数对整机土壤破碎与果土分离能力具有显著影响,因此设计切挤组合式挖掘装置能够在一定程度上提升花生挖掘与果土分离性能。切挤组合式挖掘装置结构如图4所示,主要由压秧松土滚筒、挖掘平铲、U型梳土栅杆、导流防缠绕装置等组成。
根据前期调研可知,盐碱地花生的平均生长深度一般为92.52 mm,因此将挖掘铲的挖掘深度控制在100~150 mm较为合适[19]。平面铲作为一种常用的根茎类作物挖掘收获机关键部件,具有作业后地表平整度高,铲面入土行程长、铲土力小、能耗低的优势[20],适合黏附性强、板结程度高的盐碱地土壤花生挖掘收获作业,根据盐碱地花生种植农艺要求,参考《农业机械设计手册》和国内马铃薯、甘薯等根茎类作物挖掘收获装置设计原理[21],挖掘铲采用平面铲型。据生产实践可知,平面铲铲面光滑、铲体硬度高、强度大,铲面通常采用平整或略微弧形的光滑表面,减少了与土壤的接触面积,降低了土壤黏附量;同时铲型的平直结构使得挖掘铲入土角度灵活,能够稳定穿透硬化板结的黏性土壤,分散土壤对铲面的压力,大幅度减小工作阻力,避免产生跳铲或漏收的问题。此外,由于土中花生荚果、根系等数量多、分布分散,采用平面铲可降低对花生荚果的切割或拉拔等损伤,实现完整挖掘起作物与黏土团聚体的功能[22]。为减小向后输送掘起果土团聚体质量,实现部分土壤的松散去除,根据滨海盐碱地种植花生结构尺寸,梳土栅杆采用直径为10 mm的45Mn钢制成,U型栅杆长度为100 mm、开口宽度为85 mm,两U型栅杆间的间隙为84.5 mm。
花生挖掘收获过程中,挖掘铲主要受机具向前运动牵引力、土壤与铲面摩擦力、土壤对铲面的黏附力、土壤对铲面的压力和铲刃切削土壤阻力的共同作用。挖掘铲受力分析如图5所示。
挖掘过程中收获机匀速前进,由挖掘铲受力分析图可知机具前进方向的受力平衡方程为
式中
      FQ——挖掘铲前进牵引力,N
      Fk——铲刃切削土壤阻力,N
      Fa——铲面所受土壤黏附力,N
      Ff——铲面所受土壤摩擦力,N
      FN——铲面所受土壤法向压力,N
      α——挖掘铲铲面倾角,(°)
根据摩擦力、土壤黏附力、切削土壤阻力计算公式可知
其中
式中
      μ——土壤与挖掘铲间的摩擦因数
      k——单位幅宽内土壤的纯切削阻力,N/m
      b——挖掘铲铲面有效工作宽度,m
      Ca——土壤黏附力因数
      Aa——挖掘铲铲面有效工作面积,m2
      P1——挖掘铲铲面单位面积上所受压力,N
      l——挖掘铲铲面长度,m
可得
由式(4)可知,影响挖掘铲前进牵引力大小的主要因素是铲面有效工作宽度、铲面长度、铲面倾角和单位幅宽内土壤的纯切削阻力。一般情况下,切削阻力由于在机具正常工作状态下较小,影响可忽略不计[23]。此外,在盐碱地花生种植实际过程中花生种植农艺要求为1垄2行,一般挖掘收获机为2垄4行收获,因此挖掘铲铲面有效工作宽度为确定数值1 600 mm。为提升挖掘铲的工作效率、降低挖掘阻力,可通过设计选择合适的铲面长度和铲面倾角来实现低阻高效挖掘。
根据前文花生生长调研结果可知,挖掘铲挖掘深度应在100~150 mm。因此图5中挖掘铲挖掘深度h取值范围应为100~150 mm。根据前期试验结果综合分析,挖掘铲挖掘深度取120 mm时,挖掘铲工作效率与工作性能最优,因此挖掘深度h取120 mm。由图5受力分析可知,挖掘深度、铲面长度与铲面倾角呈三角函数关系,因此当铲面倾角α减小时,铲面长度相应增加;当铲面倾角α增大时,挖掘阻力又呈现增大趋势。参考《农业机械设计手册》中薯类机械挖掘铲的设计原则,结合前期试验综合衡量,初步设计该挖掘铲铲面倾角取值范围为17°~25°。最优铲面长度与铲面倾角,后文将通过仿真试验与田间验证试验最终确定。
为了开展仿真试验,铲面倾角在初步设计时取17°、19°、21°、23°和25°。利用铲面长度与铲面倾角的三角函数关系,得到对应铲面长度分别为410、369、335、307、284 mm。
为适应盐碱地土壤黏重特性,减小挖掘铲在工作过程中的切削阻力,增加挖掘收获效率,需对挖掘铲前端进行开刃处理[24]。挖掘铲刃口角是影响其工作性能的重要因素。当刃口角过大时,挖掘阻力会相应增加、土壤切削性能相应降低;当刃口角过小时,挖掘铲铲刃强度降低,铲刃磨损性将大幅度增加,甚至出现卷刃现象,影响其工作性能。
为找出挖掘铲刃口角的最佳参数,对挖掘铲工作过程中剪切受力情况进行分析,如图6所示。
由图6可知,挖掘铲的剪切性能主要受土壤对挖掘铲的摩擦力、土壤对挖掘铲的黏附力、土壤对挖掘铲的压力、铲刃切削土壤阻力共同作用。由此可知,当挖掘铲匀速前进作业时,挖掘铲的剪切力为
其中
式中
      Fs——挖掘铲的剪切力,N
      Ff1、Ff2——挖掘铲所受土壤摩擦力,N
      Fa1、Fa2——挖掘铲所受土壤黏附力,N
      FN1、FN2——挖掘铲所受土壤法向压力,N
      γ——挖掘铲刃口角,(°)
      A1、A2——挖掘铲与土壤接触面积,m2
      p——挖掘铲铲面单位面积所受压力,N/m2
可得
为找到作业阻力最小时刃口角γ的最优值,对式(6)进行二次求导,可得
根据团队前期试验可知,滨海盐碱地土壤与挖掘铲的滑动摩擦因数为0.01~0.25、土壤黏附力为2.6~3.838 N[25],代入数据计算可知挖掘铲的刃口角取值范围为42.6°~62.1°。结合现有挖掘铲结构参数可知,黏土或黏壤土的刃口角较优取值范围为45°~61°,因此后文将通过仿真试验与田间验证试验最终确定挖掘铲刃口角最优取值。
为提升挖掘工作效率和质量、减少花生根果部位土壤黏附量,优化挖掘装置的结构与参数设计,对挖掘铲掘起部分根果土团聚体在铲面上的受力状况进行分析,如图7所示。
当挖掘装置入土挖掘时,挤压滚筒压倒花生秧作用于土壤表面,挖掘铲保证在一定入土深度掘起根果土团聚体,团聚体此时主要受自身重力、挤压滚筒挤压力、与挖掘铲铲面的摩擦力、铲面的支持力、沿铲面的抬升力共同作用。由图7可知,当挤压滚筒与挖掘铲协同作业时,滚筒以一定角度作用于掘起的根果土团聚体上,即β。
当挖掘装置匀速前进工作时,由图7可知
其中
式中
      T——沿铲面的抬升力,N
      G——根果土团聚体重力,N
      P——挤压滚筒挤压力,N
      ——土壤所受铲面摩擦力,N
      ——土壤所受铲面的支持力,N
可得
基于土力学理论适用于刚性滚筒的Terzaghi地基承载力公式,参考文献[23]和农业机械镇压轮作业实例,可知挤压滚筒挤压力P的快速计算公式为
式中
      W——挤压滚筒重量,N
      R——挤压滚筒半径,m
      δ——土壤状态系数,一般土壤干燥取0.12,土壤湿润取0.18
为保证根果土团聚体能够在挤压滚筒与挖掘铲的共同作用下顺利向后输送,应满足水平方向合力大于0,即T>0。将式(10)代入式(9),可得
挤压滚筒半径可决定挤压力的大小。半径过大,滚筒与挖掘铲铲面之间的距离减小,挤压力增大;半径过小,滚筒与挖掘铲铲面之间的距离增大,挤压力减小。为保证达到最优的土壤松散和果土分离效果,应选取最佳的滚筒半径。结合前期试验结果,代入数据计算可知挤压滚筒半径取值范围为89.7~126.6 mm,后文将通过仿真试验与田间验证试验确定挤压滚筒半径最优取值。
挖掘装置作为根茎类作物收获装备的核心关键部件,其结构与工作参数对整机收获质量具有重要影响[26-28]。为了高效准确地验证切挤组合式挖掘装置结构参数与作业性能的可行性,解决田间试验次数多、不确定因素多、装置研发周期长等问题,采用EDEM进行仿真试验。
为准确模拟滨海盐碱地土壤黏重特性,在Hertz-Mindlin接触模型基础上引入Bonding V2模型作为附加模型[29]。通过Bond键连接土壤两颗粒,定量表征土壤颗粒间的粘结强度、断裂阈值等关键参数[30]。为了保证仿真模拟的真实性和准确性,参考文献[25]已有研究和试验测试数据,确定离散元仿真参数,如表2所示。
滨海盐碱地花生种植垄距一般为750 mm,垄高为100 mm,行距为250 mm,垄沟宽为250 mm,垄顶宽为400 mm。采用单球颗粒填充土壤模型,建立长度为2 000 mm、宽度为1 800 mm、高度为200 mm的虚拟土槽,用以模拟挖掘装置在实际收获作业时的真实环境。利用Solidworks软件和EDEM软件构建挖掘装置的仿真模型,为了便于缩短仿真时间,对挖掘装置不影响仿真结果的结构进行简化,同时建立仿真所需的花生根果模型,如图8所示。设定作业速度为4 km/h,挖掘装置挖掘深度为120 mm,时间步长设为1.5 s。通过前期理论分析确定影响挖掘质量的主要因素,设置挖掘铲铲面倾角为17°~25°、挖掘铲刃口角为45°~57°、挤压滚筒半径为90~126 mm。
因花生秧蔓对挖掘过程影响较小,在仿真时为减小计算时间与工作量,简化花生秧蔓,只保留花生根与荚果部分。挖掘收获仿真过程如图9所示(此时仿真参数设置为:挖掘铲铲面倾角21°、挖掘铲刃口角51°、挤压滚筒半径108 mm)。通过EDEM后处理模块获取不同作业参数下挖掘装置的工作阻力和土壤破碎率评价数据,将数据导入Origin软件中绘制成随仿真时间变化的图像。采用颗粒间粘结键断裂数土壤破碎率评价。
确定挖掘铲刃口角为51°、挤压滚筒半径为108 mm,挖掘铲铲面倾角分别选取17°、19°、21°、23°和25°,进行5组单因素仿真试验,试验结果如图10所示。
分析可知,随着铲面倾角的增加,含土率呈现先减小后略增大的趋势,工作阻力呈现先增大后减小的趋势。分析其原因,铲面倾角的不断增大改变了根果土团聚体与铲面接触面积及切削土壤角度,工作阻力不断增大;由式(4)可知,铲面倾角不断增大,铲面长度不断减小,松散土壤提前从挖掘装置后部U型栅杆间落入田间,含土率降低。但铲面倾角过大,根果土团聚体在铲面上的移动速度大幅度增加,缩短了其在铲面上的停留时间,工作阻力开始呈现逐渐减小的趋势,含土率逐步上升。
确定挖掘铲铲面倾角为21°、挤压滚筒半径为108 mm,挖掘铲刃口角分别选取45°、48°、51°、54°和57°,进行5组单因素仿真试验,试验结果如图11所示。
分析可知,随着刃口角的不断增大,含土率呈现不断下降的趋势,工作阻力整体呈现先增大后减小的趋势。分析其原因,当刃口角逐渐增大,土壤与挖掘铲接触面积逐渐增大,根果土团聚体与挖掘铲间挤压力增大,土壤破碎能力增强,根果与土壤分离率增加,同时增加了机具作业功耗,工作阻力逐渐增大;当刃口角过大时,挖掘铲刃口部分逐渐与铲面趋于一致,与土壤接触面积相对减小,工作阻力开始呈现减小的趋势。
确定挖掘铲铲面倾角为21°、挖掘铲刃口角为51°,挤压滚筒半径选取90、99、108、117、126 mm,进行5组单因素仿真试验,试验结果如图12所示。
分析可知,随着挤压滚筒半径的不断增大,含土率与工作阻力均呈现逐渐增大的趋势。分析其原因,当挤压滚筒半径逐渐增大时,减小了滚筒与挖掘铲铲面间的间距,滚筒对根果土团聚体的挤压力逐渐增大,土壤被进一步压缩团聚,造成含土率呈现逐渐上升趋势,同时增加了机具的作业功耗,工作阻力逐渐增大。结合前期试验可知,当挤压滚筒半径过大时,花生荚果易产生破损,当挤压滚筒半径在100~118 mm时,挖掘收获效果较优。
2024年9月25日在山东省东营市农业高新技术产业示范区盐碱地农业试验示范基地进行试验。试验田地为温带季风气候区(37°18′N,118°39′E,海拔6 m左右),年平均气温为12.8℃,年平均降水量为613.6 mm,土壤盐碱度为0.3%左右。试验花生于2024年5月21日播种,花生品种为宇花18号耐盐碱高油酸花生,播种时土壤相对含水率为67.8%。收获作业前测得含水率为13.48%,0~150 mm土壤坚实度为0.72 MPa,150~300 mm土壤坚实度为0.86 MPa。田间试验如图13所示。
为选取挤压组合式挖掘装置最优工作参数,通过对装置挖掘作业过程开展单因素仿真分析,得到了各试验因素对土壤破碎率和装置工作阻力的影响规律。为得到最优的挖掘铲铲面倾角、挖掘铲刃口角、挤压滚筒半径作业参数,以三者为试验因素,以作业后花生根果含土率、工作阻力为评价指标,采用中心复合设计法(Central composite design,CCD)开展试验。
试验开始前,将需要收获区域划分为3个区域,分别为准备区、取样区和结束区,试验测试数据由取样区采集得到。其中准备区长度为10 m,取样区长度为30 m,结束区长度为10 m。测定工作阻力时需要2台拖拉机串联,依靠牵引绳和拉力传感器完成。获得试验数据用以计算花生挖掘根果含土率时,在取样区中按照数据统计原则随机选取5个样本区间,每个样本区间长度为3 m,对取样区经过挖掘装置作业的花生根果部分含土率进行统计计算,每组试验重复进行3次,将3次试验平均值作为最终结果。含土率计算公式为
式中
      Pt——花生根果部分含土率,%
      M——取样花生根果部分总质量,kg
      Mq——去除土壤后花生根果部分质量,kg
结合前期单因素仿真试验结果与花生挖掘收获实际工作需求,确定挖掘装置挖掘铲铲面倾角为17°~25°、挖掘铲刃口角为45°~57°、挤压滚筒半径为90~126 mm。根据盐碱地花生种植农艺要求,挖掘作业过程机具前进速度设定为4 km/h,挖掘深度为120 mm,对指标的显著性进行分析,确定各因素及各因素间交互作用对试验评价指标的影响。试验因素编码如表3所示,试验结果如表4所示,X1、X2、X3为铲面倾角、刃口角、挤压滚筒半径编码值。
利用Design-Expert 13.0软件对试验结果进行方差分析,方差分析结果如表5、6所示。
由表5可知,含土率回归模型P<0.01,证明该模型极显著,模型可信度高;失拟项P值为0.764 9,说明模型未遗漏显著影响因子,不失拟;各因素对含土率影响由大到小为刃口角、挤压滚筒半径、铲面倾角。
由表6可知,含土率回归模型P<0.01,证明该模型极显著,模型可信度高;失拟项P值为0.198 3,说明模型未遗漏显著影响因子,不失拟;各因素对含土率影响由大到小为铲面倾角、挤压滚筒半径、刃口角。
利用Design-Expert 10.0软件对含土率的交互因素进行响应面分析,X1X2、X1X3和X2X3之间存在显著交互作用。各因素交互作用对含土率的响应曲面如图14所示。
由图14a可知,当挖掘铲刃口角一定时,挖掘后花生根果含土率随着挖掘铲铲面倾角的增大呈现先减小后增大的趋势;当挖掘铲铲面倾角一定时,含土率随着挖掘铲刃口角的增大呈现逐渐减小的趋势。由图14b可知,当挤压滚筒半径一定时,花生根果含土率随着挖掘铲铲面倾角的增大呈现先减小后增大的趋势;当挖掘铲铲面倾角一定时,含土率随着挤压滚筒半径的增大呈现逐渐增大的趋势。由图14c可知,当挖掘铲刃口角一定时,花生根果含土率随着挤压滚筒半径的增大呈现不断增大的趋势;当挤压滚筒半径一定时,含土率随着挖掘铲刃口角的增大呈现先减小后增大的趋势。
根据方差分析与响应曲面分析结果,以根果部分含土率、机具工作阻力均为最小值为目标,结合切挤组合式挖掘装置田间作业的实际情况,根据所选因素边界条件,建立参数优化数学模型,目标函数与约束条件为
工作参数最优组合为:挖掘铲铲面倾角为21.6°、挖掘铲刃口角为50.1°、挤压滚筒半径为109.5 mm,此时根果部分含土率为48.86%、机具工作阻力为15 696.3 N。
对得出的机具作业最优组合参数进行进一步优化取整,挖掘铲铲面倾角优化为22°、挖掘铲刃口角优化为50°、挤压滚筒半径取110 mm,机具前进速度为4 km/h,挖掘深度为120 mm。根据优化后的参数对切挤组合式挖掘装置与原挖掘装置(无挤压滚筒)进行田间对比试验,如图15所示。试验重复进行5次取平均值,作为该装置的最终试验结果。对比试验结果如表7所示。
由表7可知,切挤组合式花生挖掘装置的含土率田间试验平均值和仿真试验结果的误差为5.06%,工作阻力田间试验平均值和仿真试验结果的误差为331.94 N,说明仿真试验设计和参数选择合理。对比新装置与原挖掘装置试验结果可知,切挤组合式挖掘装置作业后根果部分含土率较原挖掘装置降低了21.58个百分比,工作阻力略低于原挖掘装置,在一定程度上提高了花生根果与土壤分离能力、提升了挖掘装置的作业质量。
此外,为了充分验证新设计装置的通用性及作业性能,该装置在青岛市平度市进行了田间试验,试验田土壤性质为沙壤土,土壤含水率为14.17%,经试验测得装置作业后花生根果部分含土率平均值为33.62%、工作阻力平均值为12 413.25 N,相较于原装置含土率降低了16.56个百分点、工作阻力降低了216.48 N,即降低5.57%。
经田间试验对比分析可知,设计的切挤组合装置通过“以切削破板结,以挤压破黏附”的协同机制,利用挖掘铲高效切开盐碱土,结合滚筒旋转挤压破碎土壤,实现土壤的高质量分离,为盐碱地花生机械化高效收获提供关键技术支撑。
(1)针对盐碱地花生挖掘收获果土分离效果差、作业阻力大的突出问题,设计了一种切挤组合式盐碱地土壤花生挖掘装置,通过构建挖掘装置切削挤压力学模型和花生根果土团聚体破碎分离力学模型,明晰了影响挖掘装置作业性能的主要因素为挖掘铲铲面倾角、挖掘铲刃口角和挤压滚筒半径,并分析确定了各参数的取值范围。
(2)通过理论分析与离散元仿真,阐明了作业时挖掘装置的受力与土壤破碎原理;利用单因素试验,确定了各因素对作业阻力和土壤破碎率的影响规律;通过中心复合设计法开展试验,求解出最优参数组合为:挖掘铲铲面倾角22°、挖掘铲刃口角50°、挤压滚筒半径110 mm,此时根果部分含土率为48.86%,机具工作阻力为15 696.3 N。
(3)田间试验结果表明,切挤组合式花生挖掘装置的作业后根果部分含土率为53.61%、工作阻力为15 965.57 N,相较原挖掘装置挖掘收获根果部分含土率降低了21.58个百分点,工作阻力降低了5.57%,切挤组合式挖掘装置性能优于原挖掘装置。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD2300100)
  • 山东省农业重大技术协同推广计划项目(SDNYXTTG-2024-15)
  • 山东省重点研发计划(重大科技创新工程)项目(2021CXGC010813)
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2025年第56卷第12期
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doi: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.030
  • 接收时间:2025-06-27
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-27
  • 修回日期:2025-07-13
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD2300100)
山东省农业重大技术协同推广计划项目(SDNYXTTG-2024-15)
山东省重点研发计划(重大科技创新工程)项目(2021CXGC010813)
作者信息
    1.山东农业大学机械与电子工程学院,泰安 271018
    2.黄三角智能农机装备产业研究院,东营 257300
    3.青岛市农机生产与流通协会,青岛 266109
    4.青岛农业大学机电工程学院,青岛 266109

通讯作者:

侯加林(1963—),男,教授,博士生导师,主要从事智能农机装备研究,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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