Article(id=1311999782374178817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.026, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1724169600000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-21, revisedDate=1728835200000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790734723895, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790734723895, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790734723895, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790734723895, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311999647825101743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, year='2025', volume='56', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='818', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1766592000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790734691815, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790738411040, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312015247465083866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312015247465083867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=289, endPage=300, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1311999782562922498, articleId=1311999782374178817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, language=EN, title=Integrated Intelligent Control System for Water and Fertilizer in Vineyards in Arid Hot Valley Area Based on Internet of Things, columnId=1311999707161919908, journalTitle=Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, columnName=Agricultural Equipment and Mechanization Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming to address the key issues of low irrigation water use efficiency and backward management levels in grape cultivation in arid valley regions. It focused on collecting big data on the habitat and physiology of grape crops, integrating agronomic theoretical data, and an integrated decision-making system for water and fertilizer management was designed based on comprehensive multi-data coupling analysis. The system utilized standard Modbus protocol sensors for data collection and employed a LORA low-power wireless networking transmission module with freely settable timing. By integrating devices such as cloud boxes, gateways, and DTUs, the system established a soil and environmental Internet of things (IoT) monitoring and collection system, achieving continuous online monitoring and data collection of soil and the environment. The LORA wireless network transmission adopted the Modbus-RTU protocol for data transfer. The system incorporated a crop cultivation model built with an optimized fuzzy PID control algorithm based on the revised PM model. Through this model, the system can drive decision-making for irrigation and fertilization management, optimizing the agricultural production process. It achieved online control of integrated water and fertilizer irrigation equipment, reducing the need for manual operation. Experimental results showed that compared with traditional PID and fuzzy PID, the system's overshoot was reduced by 13.6 percentage points and 3.6 percentage points respectively, the system response rate was increased by 58.2% and 26.6% respectively; water usage was reduced by 25.0% and 13.5% respectively, and fertilizer usage was reduced by 30.0% and 17.1% respectively. This system aimed to promote the upgrade of integrated water and fertilizer technology, transforming the decision-making mechanism from “theory-oriented, experience-guided, and fixed-value regulation” to a benchmark based on big data analysis and judgment, with the expectation of providing technical support for the realization of real-time and precise regulation of integrated water and fertilizer management in grape plantations in arid valley regions.

, authors=Liming YU1, Chenguang GU1, Na LI1, Jun FU2, Liwen XING3, authorsList=Liming YU, Chenguang GU, Na LI, Jun FU, Liwen XING, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Na LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1311999797050048600, articleId=1311999782374178817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, language=CN, title=基于物联网的干热河谷区葡萄水肥一体化智能调控系统研究, columnId=1311999707321303462, journalTitle=农业机械学报, columnName=农业装备与机械化工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对干热河谷区葡萄种植中灌溉用水利用率低、管理水平落后等问题,本研究采集葡萄作物生境与生理大数据,融合农艺理论数据,基于综合多元数据耦合分析进行水肥一体化智能调控系统设计。该系统采用标准Modbus协议传感器进行数据采集,并使用可自由设定时间的LORA低功耗无线组网传输模块。结合云盒子、网关和数据传输单元等设备,搭建了一个土壤及环境物联网监测采集系统,实现了土壤和环境的连续在线监测与数据收集。LORA采用Modbus-RTU协议进行数据传输。采用修订的PM模型优化模糊PID控制算法,构建了一个作物栽培模型。通过该模型,系统能够驱动灌溉和施肥管理决策形成,优化农业生产过程,实现在线式的水肥一体化灌溉设备控制,减少了人工操作需求。试验结果表明,相较于传统PID和模糊PID,系统超调量分别减少13.6、3.6个百分点,系统响应率分别提升58.2%和26.6%;用水量分别减少25.0%和13.5%,用肥量分别减少30.0%和17.1%。实现了干热河谷区葡萄种植中灌溉和施肥智能化管理,显著提高了资源利用效率。

, authors=喻黎明1, 顾晨光1, 李娜1, 付君2, 邢立文3, authorsList=喻黎明, 顾晨光, 李娜, 付君, 邢立文, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李娜, authorNote=

喻黎明(1976—)男,教授,博士,主要从事节水灌溉理论与设备研究,E-mail:

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李娜(1978—),女,实验师,主要从事节水灌溉理论与设备研究,E-mail:
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figureFileSmall=bbEe7dB/pY2HK4DDHu9Q2Q==, figureFileBig=i5r2LfiZcqn4BnsL9O5VpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999805442850984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999782374178817, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Contrast of various performance indicators of control system

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模型起调量/%峰值时间/s调节时间/s稳态误差/%
传统PID13.616.746.20.50
模糊PID3.620.226.30.30
PM优化模糊PID019.319.30.01
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控制系统各项性能指标对比

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模型起调量/%峰值时间/s调节时间/s稳态误差/%
传统PID13.616.746.20.50
模糊PID3.620.226.30.30
PM优化模糊PID019.319.30.01
), ArticleFig(id=1311999805593845930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999782374178817, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Fertilizer usage by different control models

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型用水量/(m3·hm-2)用肥量/(kg·hm-2)
传统PID9 0004 500
模糊PID7 8003 800
PM优化模糊PID6 7503 150
), ArticleFig(id=1311999805669343403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999782374178817, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同控制模型下水肥使用量

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模型用水量/(m3·hm-2)用肥量/(kg·hm-2)
传统PID9 0004 500
模糊PID7 8003 800
PM优化模糊PID6 7503 150
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基于物联网的干热河谷区葡萄水肥一体化智能调控系统研究
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喻黎明 1 , 顾晨光 1 , 李娜 1 , 付君 2 , 邢立文 3
农业机械学报 | 农业装备与机械化工程 2025,56(12): 289-300
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农业机械学报 |农业装备与机械化工程 2025 , 56 (12) : 289 -300
基于物联网的干热河谷区葡萄水肥一体化智能调控系统研究
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喻黎明1 , 顾晨光1, 李娜1 , 付君2, 邢立文3
作者信息
  • 1.昆明理工大学现代农业工程学院,昆明 650051
  • 2.元谋县果然好农业科技有限公司,元谋 651399
  • 3.四川大学水利水电学院,成都 610065
通讯作者:
李娜(1978—),女,实验师,主要从事节水灌溉理论与设备研究,E-mail:
作者简介:

喻黎明(1976—)男,教授,博士,主要从事节水灌溉理论与设备研究,E-mail:

Integrated Intelligent Control System for Water and Fertilizer in Vineyards in Arid Hot Valley Area Based on Internet of Things
Liming YU1 , Chenguang GU1, Na LI1 , Jun FU2, Liwen XING3
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Modern Agricultural Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650051, China
  • 2.Yuanmou County Guoranhao Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd., Yuanmou 651399, China
  • 3.College of Water Resources and Hydropower, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
出版时间: 2025-12-25 doi: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.026
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针对干热河谷区葡萄种植中灌溉用水利用率低、管理水平落后等问题,本研究采集葡萄作物生境与生理大数据,融合农艺理论数据,基于综合多元数据耦合分析进行水肥一体化智能调控系统设计。该系统采用标准Modbus协议传感器进行数据采集,并使用可自由设定时间的LORA低功耗无线组网传输模块。结合云盒子、网关和数据传输单元等设备,搭建了一个土壤及环境物联网监测采集系统,实现了土壤和环境的连续在线监测与数据收集。LORA采用Modbus-RTU协议进行数据传输。采用修订的PM模型优化模糊PID控制算法,构建了一个作物栽培模型。通过该模型,系统能够驱动灌溉和施肥管理决策形成,优化农业生产过程,实现在线式的水肥一体化灌溉设备控制,减少了人工操作需求。试验结果表明,相较于传统PID和模糊PID,系统超调量分别减少13.6、3.6个百分点,系统响应率分别提升58.2%和26.6%;用水量分别减少25.0%和13.5%,用肥量分别减少30.0%和17.1%。实现了干热河谷区葡萄种植中灌溉和施肥智能化管理,显著提高了资源利用效率。

水肥一体化  /  数据采集  /  LORA无线组网  /  大数据  /  物联网

Aiming to address the key issues of low irrigation water use efficiency and backward management levels in grape cultivation in arid valley regions. It focused on collecting big data on the habitat and physiology of grape crops, integrating agronomic theoretical data, and an integrated decision-making system for water and fertilizer management was designed based on comprehensive multi-data coupling analysis. The system utilized standard Modbus protocol sensors for data collection and employed a LORA low-power wireless networking transmission module with freely settable timing. By integrating devices such as cloud boxes, gateways, and DTUs, the system established a soil and environmental Internet of things (IoT) monitoring and collection system, achieving continuous online monitoring and data collection of soil and the environment. The LORA wireless network transmission adopted the Modbus-RTU protocol for data transfer. The system incorporated a crop cultivation model built with an optimized fuzzy PID control algorithm based on the revised PM model. Through this model, the system can drive decision-making for irrigation and fertilization management, optimizing the agricultural production process. It achieved online control of integrated water and fertilizer irrigation equipment, reducing the need for manual operation. Experimental results showed that compared with traditional PID and fuzzy PID, the system's overshoot was reduced by 13.6 percentage points and 3.6 percentage points respectively, the system response rate was increased by 58.2% and 26.6% respectively; water usage was reduced by 25.0% and 13.5% respectively, and fertilizer usage was reduced by 30.0% and 17.1% respectively. This system aimed to promote the upgrade of integrated water and fertilizer technology, transforming the decision-making mechanism from “theory-oriented, experience-guided, and fixed-value regulation” to a benchmark based on big data analysis and judgment, with the expectation of providing technical support for the realization of real-time and precise regulation of integrated water and fertilizer management in grape plantations in arid valley regions.

water and fertilizer integration  /  data collection  /  LORA wireless networking  /  big data  /  Internet of things
喻黎明, 顾晨光, 李娜, 付君, 邢立文. 基于物联网的干热河谷区葡萄水肥一体化智能调控系统研究. 农业机械学报, 2025 , 56 (12) : 289 -300 . DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.026
Liming YU, Chenguang GU, Na LI, Jun FU, Liwen XING. Integrated Intelligent Control System for Water and Fertilizer in Vineyards in Arid Hot Valley Area Based on Internet of Things[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2025 , 56 (12) : 289 -300 . DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.026
干热区光照条件好、热量充足、昼夜温差大和冻害少的有利区位,有利于高品质热带水果生长,是西南山区农业气候资源的关键所在和农业发展潜力最大的地区之一[1-2]。该区经济林果面积大,品质好,经济效益显著。然而干热区农田生态环境脆弱,土壤瘠薄,酸性强(pH值为4.8~5.4),有机质含量低,保水保肥能力弱,退化和水土流失严重。土壤多为紫色砂岩或砂页岩上发育而成的燥红土、变性土,砂石、粉砂含量高[3-4]。水热矛盾突出是干热区典型的气候特征。该区降雨量少且分配不均,年均降雨量600~800 mm,集中在6—10月(90%降雨集中在91 d内),季节性干旱呈频发与并发趋势。蒸发量约为降水量的6倍,焚风效应明显。特别是在春季和初夏(3—5月)植物生长季节,水热平衡严重失调,季节性干旱严重制约了干热河谷区经济林果的持续发展[5-7]。随着物联网(IoT)技术在农业生产过程中的应用和发展,数据采集的种类多种多样,在作物生长过程中信息数据采集方面包括温度、湿度、光照、营养元素、光合作用等[8-10]。基于物联网技术的水肥一体化应用系统在我国现代农业种植上的应用已初具规模,但大部分系统的设计思路是部署物联网设备,进行数据采集,通过开发赋值,与采集数据进行简单比对后,通过系统控制实现水肥一体化化灌溉的自动化[11]。然而,这些系统在数据处理和应用方面仍存在局限性,未能充分挖掘和利用作物大数据提升作物产量和质量。
大数据技术体系是一个复杂而全面的技术框架,涵盖从数据采集、存储、处理、分析到可视化的各个环节。该体系依赖于各种工具和技术的协同工作,以处理和利用海量数据,最终为企业和组织提供有价值的洞察和决策支持[12]。当物联网技术与大数据技术结合时,可以精确地计算出最优的作物水肥管理配置模式。该种结合能够实现作物生产需求与资源变化之间的紧密配合,从而进行全面的要素分析、全程监控和系统化管理。这种技术整合不仅提高了农业生产效率,而且推动了农业管理向更智能、更精准方向发展[13]。
提高水肥利用效率对农业可持续发展、环境保护和经济效益具有重要意义。水肥一体化技术是一种高效的农业灌溉方法,其通过整合水分和养分管理,提高资源利用效率,从而增强了农业生产整体能力[14]。该技术在国外较早开始应用,自20世纪30年代起就用于庭院花卉和草坪灌溉,并且随着时间发展,已形成了一套完整的设备制造、肥料配方和服务体系[15]。在中国,水肥一体化技术引入可以追溯到20世纪70年代,最初是从墨西哥引进滴灌设备[16]。之后,该项技术已从小规模的示范项目扩展到大规模的推广应用,覆盖了大田作物以及蔬菜、花卉和果树等多种作物种植[17]。进入21世纪,物联网技术的兴起为农业带来了新的发展机遇[18]。农业物联网利用各种传感器收集环境数据,通过通信协议实现数据传输,然后对数据进行处理,控制智能终端设备,实现整个农业产业链的优化管理[19]。目前,广泛应用的通信技术包括ZigBee、蓝牙、WiFi和4G网络等[20]。本文设计葡萄水肥一体化智能调控系统,将决策机制从“理论导向、经验指导、定值调控”升级为以大数据分析研判为基准,通过物联网技术推动水肥一体化技术提升,以期为干热河谷区葡萄种植园实现水肥一体化实时精准调控提供技术支持。
作物生长环境关键因素有环境温度、湿度、光照、土壤环境等。土壤环境因素包括土壤温度、湿度、pH值、电导率(EC)和N、P、K等元素。光合作用所产生的有机物,即作物积累的生物量,通过特定的同化转移路径,最终成为作物产量积累。蒸腾作用影响光合作用的进行,其中关键因素为叶片蒸腾速率、气孔导度等。
系统采用“四模块四层”结构[21]。“四模块”包括数据采集模块、数据分析与决策模块、水肥一体化控制模块和智能优化模块。数据采集模块:负责采集田间土壤和环境数据,这些数据对于理解作物的生长条件至关重要,采集数据会被发送到一个专门的数据库中进行存储。数据分析与决策模块:负责接收来自数据采集模块的信息,并通过特定算法进行处理,还会与一个包含农业知识的数据库相结合,以计算出作物生长所需的精确水量和肥料量。水肥一体化控制模块:负责实际灌溉和施肥操作,既可以通过人工操作,也可以实现自动化控制。此外,该模块还能监控每台水泵的工作状态,并在出现故障时自动响应,确保系统稳定运行。智能优化模块:负责系统整体优化,使用模糊PID控制器对现有的作物水肥一体化模型进行实时调整,以便更好地适应不同的生长条件。随着时间推移,系统将基于收集到的大量数据,逐步优化模型,以更准确地预测作物在不同生长阶段的年度水肥需求。综上,该系统通过收集和分析田间数据,智能地决定作物的水肥需求,并自动或手动执行灌溉和施肥操作,同时不断学习和优化,以提高农业生产效率和精确度。系统整体流程图如图1所示。
“四层”包括数据采集层、智能传输层、大数据中心层和决策管理层。数据采集层:负责收集田间的土壤、日期、环境等信息。分为手动和自动2种采集方式。自动采集:将环境、土壤、作物生长状态的各类传感器科学分组,主要依据以下原则:①监测目标的多样性。②空间分布的合理性。③数据采集的同步性。④通信和数据处理的兼容性。⑤能源管理的效率。⑥易维护性和可扩展性。构建作物生长过程的环境信息智能感知系统,实时采集和传输各类数据,并对后续数据进行分析,提供数据支持基于物联网的节水灌溉智慧大数据系统集成。人工采集:作为大数据采集的重要手段和自动化数据采集的有效补充,其采集指标包括项目指标和采样基本信息、灌溉施肥、喷药、作物生育周期信息等。智能传输层:将采集到的数据自动传输到数据库。利用物联网技术,通过数据线、GPRS、互联网等方式,实现数据的智能化传输。大数据中心层:集成历史与实时数据,分析作物生长与土壤、环境、降水等因素的关系。包括历史数据、实时数据、土壤数据、人工采集数据和视频监控数据等。依据国家标准与行业规范,建立环境数据库、土壤数据库、人工采集数据库、视频监测数据库等,存储多种形式的数据,形成一个综合数据库。决策管理层:根据分析结果,控制灌溉量、灌溉时间和管阀开闭。利用物联网技术,结合环境、土壤、网络流量和视频图像数据的实时监测,形成灌溉施肥决策模型。根据作物实际需水量和施肥情况,自动开启水泵、阀门和施肥器,实现精准灌溉和施肥。综上,该系统通过多层次的数据采集和智能传输,构建一个大数据中心,并通过智能分析和决策,实现对农业灌溉和施肥的自动化控制,提高农业生产效率和精准度。系统E-R关系图(Entity-relationship diagram)如图2所示。
为保证采集数据能精确转换,在转换期间须保证I/O线正常供电,由于采集单元正常工作电流为10 mA,仅靠5 V上拉电阻提供电源供电不可靠,所以采用外部供电方式对其单独供电,数据线接入单片机PA7口。信号采集电路原理图如图3所示。
RS-485转换芯片选用美信(Maxim)公司的MAX485芯片。利用MAX485芯片设计TTL转485电路,MAX485芯片的1、2、3、4管脚均被10 kΩ的上拉电阻将I/O口电平拉高,为提高RS-485的抗干扰能力,在靠近MAX485芯片的引脚A和B之间并联1个120 Ω电阻,RE和DE 2个管脚并联后为RS-485的方向引脚,与单片机的PA1相连。接口电路原理图如图4所示。
主控电路需考虑电源管理、微控制器核心电路、输入输出接口、编程调试接口以及保护电路等方面。确保各组件正确连接和稳定工作是实现可靠系统的关键。为减少系统设计成本,在保证功能的前提下,主控制器采用STC89C52RC为核心处理器,STC89C52RC是STC公司生产的一种低功耗、高性能的微控制器,正常工作时电流为4~7 mA,能满足设计要求。控制电路原理图如图5所示。
LORA低功耗无线组网系统包括数据采集端和数据汇聚节点两部分,数据采集端为3台,负责采集环境、土壤、作物生长状态并上传数据至数据汇聚节点,数据汇聚节点负责接收并处理各个采集端上传的数据,通过RS-485接口将数据转发至物联网网关[22-24]。
LORA无线组网模块采用安信可公司自主设计开发的RA-01芯片,MCU模块采用GD32F103RBT6芯片,两者之间通过SPI通信。该LORA模块的射频芯片SX1268具有高灵敏度(超过-148 dBm)和恒定的22 dBm功率输出,支持半双工SPI通信,可编程比特率高达300 kbps,具备超长距离传输和高可靠性。LORA低功耗无线组网网络使用410~525 MHz频宽范围进行无线组网,有效解决了传统设计方案在距离、抗干扰和功耗方面的局限性。
为防止电磁信号干扰,尽量将RA-01模块布置在PCB板边缘,天线朝外。天线底部及附近不放置元器件,采用433 MHz天线,RA-01模块应尽量远离功率元器件、电磁器件,接线端子除了供电和通信端口外,预留一部分端口便于后续继续完善和添加新功能,设计了电源、通信等指示灯。RA-01模块与MCU连接图如图6所示,实物如图7所示。
在Modbus协议中,主机和从机以相同波特率进行通信[25-26]后,从机对数据帧进行校验(包括从站号、功能码、寄存器地址、查询地址长度和CRC校验)。采集流程如图8所示,如果校验通过,从机接收数据后返回相应寄存器地址值。土壤温度检测单元的从站号分别设置为1、2、3,功能码为03,每个值放在相邻的2个寄存器中。单片机程序在Keil uVision4中用C语言编写,并通过串口调试软件进行通信测试。
利用LORA低功耗无线组网,采用星型网络拓扑结构,可实现对多个数据采集点的土壤温度数据采集、传输。从机端为数据汇聚节点,主机端为数据采集端。为完成数据采集接收,从机须一直保持正常工作状态。模块分为从机和主机2种模式,在从机模式下,模块不会向主机发送任何数据,而是时刻等待接收主机由睡眠状态进入工作状态后采集并上传的数据。主机模式下可设置数据采集持续时间以及睡眠时间,分配数据采集后上传至从机的寄存器地址。从机寄存器地址中只保留主机节点最后一次上传的数据,从机接收到数据后通过RS-485接口将数据送入上位机物联网网关。LORA低功耗组网无线网络传输程序结构框图如图9所示。
采用上海库软信息科技有限公司生产的CBL2双串口系列云盒子作为服务器搭建物联网平台,该服务器使用Linux系统存储数据和设计界面的运行。采用南京迈思德电气自动化有限公司生产的NOTE2006型物联网网关,可实现多种设备的数据接入和转发推送功能。物联网网关接收到LORA无线组网系统中数据汇聚节点转发的数据后,对数据格式进行转换,最后以Modbus-TCP协议、浮点型数据格式上传至云盒子服务器。使用JavaScript语言开发服务器中面向对象的显示界面。服务器平台显示部分包括实时数据显示、历史数据记录表,历史数据曲线图、实时数据显示。数据采集显示界面如图10所示。
系统组成包括电源开关、数据传输单元(Data transfer unit,DTU)、交换机、网关、云盒子、PLC、电磁阀、线若干、传感器若干、水肥机等。将这些设备组装成一个如图11所示的系统,可以通过传感器监测环境和设备状态。使用PLC进行水肥机控制。通过DTU和云盒子实现数据的远程传输和云服务接入。使用交换机和网关构建稳定可靠的通信网络进行数据采集,通过远程下载数据以保存历史数据。通过电磁阀控制水肥供应。电源开关用于控制整个系统电源。整个系统可以实现自动化控制、远程监控、数据采集和分析等功能,提高生产效率和管理水平。
系统编程包括设备地址、寄存器地址、显示界面、下载界面、关联关系、PLC控制等方面。编程界面如图12所示。
灌溉施肥模型是基于农田灌溉水量平衡方程[27]和基于Penman-Monteith(PM)模型[28-30]的双作物系数法进行确定。水量平衡方程为
式中
      W0——初始时间单位面积计划湿润层内土壤储水量,mm
      Wt——时间末单位面积计划湿润层内土壤储水量,mm
      WT——因单位面积上计划湿润层深度改变而增加的储水量,mm
      P——单位面积上入渗的有效降雨量,mm
      K——时间段内单位面积上地下水或下部水层对计划湿润层的补给量,mm
      M——时间段内单位面积上的灌水量,mm
      ET——时间段内作物实际耗水量,mm
考虑灌溉施肥模型需结合云南省当地的设施农业特点以及棚顶结构对日照短波辐射和长波辐射的影响,引入时间尺度。对式(1)进行进一步细化和修正,提出了一种计算方法,对于棚顶结构对日照辐射量R的折减作用,引入折减系数fp,其主要与单位面积内棚顶正投影面积Ap、棚顶材料导热系数αp相关,具体为
式中
      R(t)——日照辐射量,由气象站数据给定
      Rn(t)——实际辐射量
      Rscattering——当地日照散射辐射强度
      Rtotal——总辐射强度
      λair——空气导热系数
灌溉施肥模型在设施农业的基础上进一步考虑了云南省季风气候特点,对式(1)进行进一步细化和修正,提出一种改进计算方法,该方法是充分考虑棚壁遮挡对地表风速的影响,引入风力折减系数δp,并引入时间尺度。假定聚合物网在西南方向的进风口和出风口的单位有效过流面积一致,为Ae,计算式为
式中
      ——洞口平均通量速度,m/s
      Apore——垂直于风向平面上投影总面积,m2
      θ——风向与孔口法线夹角,(°)
结合地表风速,换算公式为
式中
      uz——z米高处实测风速
灌溉施肥模型中,综合式(1)~(4),修订的动态葡萄ET估算模型为
式中
      G——土壤热通量密度,MJ/(m2 d)
      es——饱和水汽压,kPa
      ea——实际水汽压,kPa
      Δ——饱和水汽温度曲线斜率,kPa/℃
      γ——湿度计常数,kPa/℃
      T′——2 m高处日平均气温,℃
世界粮农组织(FAO)推荐的PM模型可定量描述为
式中
      ET0——参考作物蒸散发量,mm/d
      Rn——作物表面净辐射量,MJ/(m2 d)
      u2——地面以上2 m处风速,m/s
世界粮农组织(FAO)推荐的双作物系数法可定量描述为
式中
      Kc——作物系数
      Ks——土壤水分胁迫系数
灌溉施肥模型考虑了设施农业结构对降雨利用的影响。依据云南省元谋地区某大规模葡萄庄园的土质和地形情况,假定单位面积上的90%降雨可以完全进入计划湿润层,则单位面积上入渗的有效降雨量P0与降雨强度R间关系式为
灌溉施肥模型充分利用国家气象预报数据,依据葡萄生长特性,利用短时气象预报数据作为主要灌溉决策依据,降低人工补灌次数,提高自然降雨有效利用率,利用长期气象预报作为灌溉决策修订依据,预防极端干旱气候。设第1天至第n天分别为T1,T2,…,Tn,每3 d作为1个决策小区,每日决策1次。
第Tn天湿润层储水量变化量可表示为
式中
      KTn——第Tn天地下水补给量,mm
      MTn——第Tn天有效灌水量,mm
      PTn——第Tn天有效降水量,mm
      ETTn——第Tn天作物实际耗水量,mm
忽略地下水层对湿润层的补给作用(可忽略原因包括:在模型中包含地下水补给可能会增加模型复杂性,如果这种补给对整体结果的影响不大,为简化模型,可能会选择忽略它。地下水补给的数据可能难以获取或者测量,特别是在没有详细水文地质调查的地区。在某些地区,地下水补给对湿润层的贡献可能相对较小,因此在初步分析中可能会被忽略。如果研究的目的是评估灌溉系统效率,而不是全面的水文循环,可能会专注于地表水管理和使用,而不考虑地下水影响)。第Tn天至第Tn+2天累计湿润层储水量变化量可表示为
灌溉施肥模型中,为满足葡萄生长发育的需求,灌水量应满足
式中
      θmax——最大田间持水量,cm3/cm3
      θmin——最小田间持水量,cm3/cm3
灌溉施肥模型中,当灌溉事件发生在第Tn天,则在第Tn+3天需满足
灌溉施肥模型中,第Tn天灌水量需满足
式中
      WT——获水量,mm
不同时期θmax不同:发芽前和开花前,θmax为75% θfc,θfc为田间持水量(cm3/cm3);新梢旺长和幼果膨大期,θmax为85% θfc;果实迅速膨大期,θmax为80% θfc;采果后,θmax为100% θfc。
灌溉施肥模型考虑了鲜食葡萄和酿酒葡萄在品质方面的差异性。若葡萄用于鲜食,可在采摘前依据实际情况进行一次充分灌溉,以维持葡萄果粒饱满水润,延长售卖期。此时灌水量依据
式中
      θi——第i个监测点实时土壤含水率,cm3/cm3
      wi——第i个监测点土壤含水率权重
灌水时间推荐为采摘前1~2 d,若葡萄用于酿酒,则需降低灌水量,在采摘前维持一定的水分亏缺,以满足酿酒对果糖和品质的要求。此时灌水量依据
式中
      γ1——土壤容重,g/cm3
      θwc——田间凋萎系数
仅为维持土壤凋萎含水率要求,当土壤含水率高于凋萎含水率时,则无需灌溉。
水肥控制系统中的调频增压泵是一种水压可调的稳压供水设备,其压力上升过程为典型一阶惯性环节,稳压过程为纯时滞环节。水泵系统模型为
式中
      I1——供水过程中水泵转速,r/min
      P1——出口压力,MPa
      T1——水泵供水的惯性时间常数,s
      k1——系统增益
      τ1——供水泵稳压过程的时滞常数,s
在水肥溶液制备过程中,文丘里吸肥管组及主水管路液体运移存在一定的时间滞后,因此该过程是一个延时为τ2的一阶惯性环节,其模型为
式中
      e1——系统设定的水肥溶液EC值,mS/cm
      q1——溶液制备过程中的母液流量,L/min
      T2——溶液制备过程的惯性时间常数,s
      k2——溶液制备过程的系统增益
      τ2——时滞常数,包含抽取母液及水肥管路液体流动时延,s
根据水泵模型参数和系统辨识,可以确定该水肥控制系统为上述环节的串级惯性滞后系统,模型为
根据各处理产量和耗水量计算水肥利用效率,公式为
式中
      WUE——产量水分利用效率,kg/m3
      Y——产量,kg/hm2
模糊PID控制器包含模糊控制与PID控制两部分。模糊控制器是根据专家在实际系统调控中总结出的经验规律制定成模糊规则表,实现由操作经验的语言表述转化至硬件系统的控制领域应用[31-33]。PID是工业控制领域常用的控制算法,其控制器输出值计算公式为
式中
      u(t)——控制器输出值
      e(t)——预设与输出偏差
      kp——比例系数
      ki——积分系数
      kd——微分系数
在控制过程中,比例系数kp能够成比例减小系统偏差,积分系数ki能够消除系统收敛过程中随时间变化产生的偏差累计量,微分系数kd能够减小偏差变化率,但上述参数设置不佳时,均会导致系统超调和振荡,无法达到收敛。对于存在非线性及时滞性的水肥控制系统来说,使用传统PID控制效果较差,需与模糊控制结合,提升系统控制性能。在水肥模糊PID控制中,设计的模糊PID控制器框图如图13所示,控制过程如下:①控制器将系统预设电导率与传感器实测值进行比对,得到误差E(k)及误差变化率EC(k)。②E(k)和EC(k)经过量化因子kE、kEC计算后,转化为模糊量。③模糊量根据制定的模糊规则表进行推理计算,得到3个模糊解。④模糊解通过比例因子k1、k2、k3,输出系数增量Δkp、Δki、Δkd,完成对PID控制器参数调控。
在农田水资源管理中,结合修订的PM模型和水量平衡方程,可以更精确地计算作物的蒸腾量和灌溉需求。通过优化PID控制器,可以实时调整灌溉系统的输出,以确保作物在不同生长阶段获得适量水分。结合农田灌溉水量平衡方程和PM模型,可以实现对农田水资源的精细化管理。具体步骤如下:①计算降水量和灌溉量:根据水量平衡方程,计算一定时段内的降水量和灌溉量。②估算蒸腾量:使用修订的PM模型估算作物蒸腾量。③优化灌溉策略:结合蒸腾量和实际土壤含水量,优化灌溉计划,确保作物充分供水。④调整PID控制器:通过优化PID控制器,实时调整灌溉系统输出,以提高水资源利用率和作物产量。
基于传统水肥控制系统,模糊控制器的模糊语言变量设定为7个,即{NB(负大),NM(负中),NS(负小),ZO(零),PS(正小),PM(正中),PB(正大)}。输入隶属度函数为三角形,模糊子集论域为[-3,3],输出隶属度函数为高斯-三角混合型,模糊子集论域为[-3,3]。模糊控制器输入、输出变量隶属度函数如图14、15所示。
根据农业专家对制备水肥溶液的调控经验及模糊PID控制器参数调整机制,可得如下控制规则:①当|E|较大时,表示水肥溶液EC偏差较大,此时应提高Δkp,并减小Δki、Δkd,加快系统收敛过程。②当|E|、|EC|适中时,表示水肥溶液EC正向预设值靠近,此时应减小Δkp,Δki、Δkd取值适中,使系统保持稳定状态,平缓调控至预设目标。③当|E|较小时,表示水肥溶液EC接近预设值,此时应提高Δkp、Δki,提升系统容错能力,Δkd取值适中,减小系统振荡。④当|EC|较大时,比例系数过高易使系统产生振荡,此时应减小Δkp,Δkd取较小值。⑤当|EC|较小时,系统响应缓慢,此时应增大Δkp,Δki取较小值。
根据图16和表1可得,将传统PID应用到水肥控制系统时,其响应曲线上升过程较快,最先到达预设值,但由于被控对象具有非线性,易产生超调,最终超调量为13.6%,调节时间为46.2 s,稳态误差为0.5%,系统性能及稳态性较差。模糊PID模型超调量为3.6%,调节时间为26.2 s,该模型虽可有效抑制超调,但其上升过程较慢,控制器中的参数仍需凭经验调节,自适应能力欠佳。基于修订的PM优化模糊PID模型控制过程中未出现超调,相较于模糊PID,超调量减小3.6个百分点,调节时间缩短26.6%,其控制性能最佳。不同控制模型下水肥使用情况如表2所示。由表1、2可知,PM优化模糊PID相较于传统PID和模糊PID系统响应率分别提升58.2%和26.6%,用水量分别减少25.0%和13.5%,用肥量分别减少30.0%和17.1%。
本文研究的核心问题在于节水节肥和产量。水肥一体化智能调控系统不仅提高了灌溉用水和肥料利用率,还提升了管理的科学性和精确性[34-36]。通过大数据技术,系统能够不断学习并优化其决策模型,确保农业生产的持续高效和可持续发展。不足之处在于只考虑了产量,未考虑品质问题,这是后续研究内容。
(1)使用基于Modbus协议的传感器进行土壤和环境参数采集,利用LORA低功耗无线技术实现数据的无线传输,保证了数据传输的连续性和稳定性。结合云盒子、网关和DTU等设备,搭建了一个基于土壤及环境的物联网监测采集系统。该系统采用客户端/服务器架构,支持实时的土壤和环境数据监测。
(2)采用修订的PM模型优化模糊PID控制算法,构建了一个作物栽培模型。通过该模型,系统能够驱动灌溉和施肥管理的决策形成,优化农业生产过程。结合采集的土壤和环境数据,系统能够自动计算并实施水肥的最优配比和管理。实现了在线式的水肥一体化灌溉设备控制,减少了人工操作需求。试验结果表明,相较于传统PID和模糊PID,系统超调量分别减少13.6、3.6个百分点,系统响应率分别提升58.2%和26.6%;用水量分别减少25.0%和13.5%,用肥量分别减少30.0%和17.1%。
(3)综合效益方面,通过减少人工干预,降低了操作风险和人工成本。该系统实现了干热河谷区葡萄种植中灌溉和施肥的智能化管理,显著提高了资源利用效率和农业生产经济效益。
  • 云南省重大科技专项(202402AE090005)
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2025年第56卷第12期
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doi: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.026
  • 接收时间:2024-08-21
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-21
  • 修回日期:2024-10-14
基金
云南省重大科技专项(202402AE090005)
作者信息
    1.昆明理工大学现代农业工程学院,昆明 650051
    2.元谋县果然好农业科技有限公司,元谋 651399
    3.四川大学水利水电学院,成都 610065

通讯作者:

李娜(1978—),女,实验师,主要从事节水灌溉理论与设备研究,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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