Article(id=1311999706989953443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.020, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1725897600000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-10, revisedDate=1730044800000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790734705921, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790734705921, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790734705921, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790734705921, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311999647825101743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, year='2025', volume='56', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='818', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1766592000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790734691815, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790738411040, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312015247465083866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312015247465083867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=223, endPage=234, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1311999707233223077, articleId=1311999706989953443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, language=EN, title=Design and Experiment of Rotary-cut Combined Type Deep Fertilization Device for Rapeseed Direct Seeding Strip, columnId=1311999707161919908, journalTitle=Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, columnName=Agricultural Equipment and Mechanization Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In response to the fact that a large amount of straw and sticky soil of oilseed rape direct seeding in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, from the perspective of combining oilseed rape seedbed preparation and deep fertilizer application operation, a preparation method of seedbed with the whole width of the compartment shallowly rotated and the seeding belt rotated and cut for deep loosening and deep application of fertilizer was proposed, and a rotary-cutting combined deep fertilizer application device was designed. Based on the characteristics of rice root distribution in the previous crop in the tillage layer, combined with the root growth characteristics of rapeseed plants, the fertilizer depth of 100~150 mm and the deep loosening depth of 200 mm were determined; based on the kinetic analysis of the stubble cutting and breaking disc to cut off the stubble force, and the notch slip-cutting curves were qualitatively analyzed, the radius of the disc, the angle of the slip-cutting and the number of the notches were determined; based on the plowing depth, key parameters of the deep loosening and breaking shovels were determined; and the key parameters of the rotary-cutting and breaking shovel were determined through the single disturbed area, and the row spacing of rotary-cutting combined deep fertilizer application device was obtained. Using discrete element software to simulate the operational performance of a rotary-cutting combined deep fertilizer application device, the results showed that when the fertilizer depth was 150 mm, the seed bed belt was reasonably constructed, and the straw was evenly mixed and buried. The fertilizer depth was 156.60 mm, with a depth stability coefficient of 87.46%, and a uniformity coefficient of 13.18%. The field performance test showed that when the fertilizer depth was 150 mm, the stubble burying rate was 86.65%; the plowing depth of the seed bed belt and non-seed bed belt was 191.17 mm and 112.50 mm, respectively; the stability coefficient of plowing depth was 90.70% and 91.18%, respectively; the actual fertilizer depth was 149.44 mm, and the qualified rate of fertilizer depth was 85.80%. The field sowing test showed that when the fertilizer depth was 150 mm, the actual fertilizer depth was 151.56 mm, the qualified rate of fertilizer depth was 85.83%, the coefficient of variation of fertilizer uniformity was 14.33%, and the seedling emergence rate under the treatment of rotary-cutting combined deep fertilizer device was 88.97%, which was higher than that of rotary-tillage mixed fertilizer and rotary-tillage without fertilizer, and the length of the main root in the flowering stage was increased by 22.24% and 38.26%, the diameter of the main root neck was increased by 0.60% and 3.57%, and rapeseed yield was increased by 14.02% and 37.50%, respectively. The results showed that the rotary-cutting combined deep fertilization device provided a suitable seedbed strip and fertilization effect for the growth of oilseed rape, which could provide a reference for the preparation of seedbed and deep fertilization for mechanized direct seeding of oilseed rape.

, authors=Wenli XIAO1, 2, Qingxi LIAO1, 2, Yitao LIAO1, 2, Xufeng WANG3, Yiyin SHAN1, Wenbin DU1, authorsList=Wenli XIAO, Qingxi LIAO, Yitao LIAO, Xufeng WANG, Yiyin SHAN, Wenbin DU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qingxi LIAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1311999716502634989, articleId=1311999706989953443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, language=CN, title=油菜直播播种带旋切组合深施肥装置设计与试验, columnId=1311999707321303462, journalTitle=农业机械学报, columnName=农业装备与机械化工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对长江中下游地区油菜直播前茬秸秆量大、土壤黏重等问题,从油菜种床整备与深施肥作业相结合的角度出发,本文提出了一种厢面整幅浅旋、播种带旋切深松深施肥种床制备方法,设计了一种旋切组合深施肥装置。依据耕作层前茬水稻根系分布特点,结合油菜根系生长特性,确定了施肥深度为100~150 mm、深松深度为200 mm;基于动力学分析了切茬破土圆盘切断残茬的作用力,分析了缺口滑切曲线,确定了圆盘半径、滑切角和缺口数量;根据耕作深度确定了深松破土铲关键参数;通过单体扰动区域得到了旋切组合深施肥装置排布间距。利用离散元软件对旋切组合深施肥装置作业性能进行了仿真试验,结果表明,当施肥深度为150 mm时,播种带构建合理,秸秆混埋均匀,施肥深度为156.60 mm,深度稳定性系数为87.46%,均匀性系数为13.18%。田间性能试验结果表明,当施肥深度为150 mm时,埋茬率为86.65%;播种带耕深、非播种带耕深分别为191.17、112.50 mm;耕深稳定性系数分别为90.70%、91.18%;实际施肥深度为149.44 mm,施肥深度合格率为85.80%。田间播种试验结果表明,当施肥深度为150 mm时,实际施肥深度为151.56 mm,施肥深度合格率为85.83%,施肥均匀性变异系数为14.33%,旋切组合深施肥装置处理下出苗率为88.97%,高于旋耕混施肥和旋耕不施肥;花期主根长度分别增加22.24%和38.26%,主根颈直径分别增加0.60%和3.57%,产量分别提高14.02%和37.50%。结果表明旋切组合深施肥装置为油菜生长提供了适宜的播种带和施肥效果,可为油菜机械化直播种床整备和深施肥提供参考。

, authors=肖文立1, 2, 廖庆喜1, 2, 廖宜涛1, 2, 王旭峰3, 单伊尹1, 杜文斌1, authorsList=肖文立, 廖庆喜, 廖宜涛, 王旭峰, 单伊尹, 杜文斌, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=廖庆喜, authorNote=

肖文立(1987—),男,工程师,博士,主要从事现代农业装备设计与测控研究,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
廖庆喜(1968—),男,教授,博士生导师,主要从事油菜机械化生产技术与装备研究,E-mail:
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肖文立(1987—),男,工程师,博士,主要从事现代农业装备设计与测控研究,E-mail:

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Effects of fertilization depth on yield, root distribution and nutrient uptake of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311999729773412945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999706989953443, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=54, issue=2, pageStart=41, pageEnd=52, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=2, authorNames=廖庆喜, 陈勇, 张青松, journalName=农业机械学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=廖庆喜, 陈勇, 张青松, 等. 油菜侧深穴施肥装置设计与试验[J]. 农业机械学报, 2023, 54(2): 41-52., articleTitle=油菜侧深穴施肥装置设计与试验, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311999729844716114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999706989953443, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=54, issue=2, pageStart=41, pageEnd=52, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=3, authorNames=LIAO Qingxi, CHEN Yong, ZHANG Qingsong, journalName=Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIAO Qingxi, CHEN Yong, ZHANG Qingsong, et al. 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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Design and experiment of side deep hole fertilization device for rapeseed, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311999729924407891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999706989953443, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=53, issue=10, pageStart=26, pageEnd=35, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=4, authorNames=廖庆喜, 林建新, 张青松, journalName=农业机械学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=廖庆喜, 林建新, 张青松, 等. 稻油轮作区铲锹式油菜直播种床整备机设计与试验[J]. 农业机械学报, 2022, 53(10): 26-35., articleTitle=稻油轮作区铲锹式油菜直播种床整备机设计与试验, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311999729983128148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999706989953443, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=53, issue=10, pageStart=26, pageEnd=35, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=5, authorNames=LIAO Qingxi, LIN Jianxin, ZHANG Qingsong, journalName=Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIAO Qingxi, LIN Jianxin, ZHANG Qingsong, et al. 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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Design and test of subsoiling rotary rilling and rilling combined operating machine, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311999742121443972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999706989953443, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=37, issue=20, pageStart=63, pageEnd=70, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=52, authorNames=宋少龙, 汤智辉, 郑炫, journalName=农业工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=宋少龙, 汤智辉, 郑炫, 等. 新疆棉田耕后土壤模型离散元参数标定[J]. 农业工程学报, 2021, 37(20): 63-70., articleTitle=新疆棉田耕后土壤模型离散元参数标定, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311999742201135749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999706989953443, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=37, issue=20, pageStart=63, pageEnd=70, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=53, authorNames=SONG Shaolong, TANG Zhihui, ZHENG Xuan, journalName=Transactions of the CSAE, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SONG Shaolong, TANG Zhihui, ZHENG Xuan, et al. 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1. 肥料 2. 油菜种子 3. 油菜幼苗 4. 浅旋耕作层 5. 深松耕作层

, figureFileSmall=lsVEc2d9ADfwfac5yQyK3w==, figureFileBig=l5PFur3L+44QIhnMTYD81g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999724991906342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999706989953443, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Structures of planter for rapeseed and rotary cutting combined deep fertilization device, figureFileSmall=69H1QmV9ycYcr5+leImqjg==, figureFileBig=Sowc4T1JWN7orxzba+fZXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999725071598119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999706989953443, language=CN, label=图3, caption=油菜播种机整机与旋切组合深施肥装置结构

1. 播种机机架 2. 排肥系统 3. 排种系统 4. 旋切组合深施肥装置 5. 开沟系统 6. 旋切装置 7. 深松破土铲 8. 落肥管

, figureFileSmall=69H1QmV9ycYcr5+leImqjg==, figureFileBig=Sowc4T1JWN7orxzba+fZXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999725142901288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999706989953443, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Operation schematic of rotary cutting combined deep fertilization device, figureFileSmall=4Ww7rM6SeFKjqmouXqPQ7Q==, figureFileBig=/LHo7qlrnY9lnv22tBjVPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999725235175977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999706989953443, language=CN, label=图4, caption=旋切组合深施肥装置作业原理图

1. 作业前地表 2. 旋切整地装置 3. 旋耕刀组 4. 深施肥装置 5. 导肥管 6. 肥料 7. 作业后地表

, figureFileSmall=4Ww7rM6SeFKjqmouXqPQ7Q==, figureFileBig=/LHo7qlrnY9lnv22tBjVPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999725302284842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999706989953443, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Schematic of straw force and edge curve at notched, figureFileSmall=rZYMikzOmQPtH0ePBlbIEg==, figureFileBig=iBqAMaOSUunTUogcnyyukA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999725361005099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999706989953443, language=CN, label=图5, caption=缺口处秸秆受力和刃口曲线示意图, figureFileSmall=rZYMikzOmQPtH0ePBlbIEg==, figureFileBig=iBqAMaOSUunTUogcnyyukA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999725419725356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999706989953443, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Rotary tillage operation diagram of rotary cutting combined deep fertilizer device, figureFileSmall=uoqen4Ypu/NlP5ymWoK0FQ==, figureFileBig=raUR5PLOx91cAplpzZXmIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999725486834221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999706989953443, language=CN, label=图6, caption=旋切组合深施肥装置旋耕作业示意图, figureFileSmall=uoqen4Ypu/NlP5ymWoK0FQ==, figureFileBig=raUR5PLOx91cAplpzZXmIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999725553943086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999706989953443, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Schematic of combined deep fertilization device, figureFileSmall=sbILYeRORz6V1fLpDcf/ZQ==, figureFileBig=1Yv7eJ2f5nTNGZcZcfAWiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999725625246255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999706989953443, language=CN, label=图7, caption=组合深施肥装置结构示意图, figureFileSmall=sbILYeRORz6V1fLpDcf/ZQ==, figureFileBig=1Yv7eJ2f5nTNGZcZcfAWiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999725696549424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999706989953443, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Disturbed region of deep loosening soil-breaking shovel, figureFileSmall=xWJlrZyc0v2FZTizKuzLKQ==, figureFileBig=Z1vuGN44wKcP0KiLWOOlww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999725759463985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999706989953443, language=CN, label=图8, caption=深松破土铲扰动区域, figureFileSmall=xWJlrZyc0v2FZTizKuzLKQ==, figureFileBig=Z1vuGN44wKcP0KiLWOOlww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999725839155762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999706989953443, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Simulation model of rotary cutting combined deep fertilization device, figureFileSmall=55oVaTjm2ucO9xKq+wGUOA==, figureFileBig=cxvZ5HpFy4jgO1o5UvnTXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999725906264627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999706989953443, language=CN, label=图9, caption=旋切组合深施肥装置仿真模型, figureFileSmall=55oVaTjm2ucO9xKq+wGUOA==, figureFileBig=cxvZ5HpFy4jgO1o5UvnTXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999725998539316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999706989953443, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Cross section of sampling area, figureFileSmall=dD6Ss18hrpNRidWZP8YRhw==, figureFileBig=GvRTF+ExlXF3o1JY13Aw6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999726078231093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999706989953443, language=CN, label=图10, caption=采样区断面图, figureFileSmall=dD6Ss18hrpNRidWZP8YRhw==, figureFileBig=GvRTF+ExlXF3o1JY13Aw6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999726153728566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999706989953443, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Proportion of soil particles in different tillage layers after simulation, figureFileSmall=sZPEtd3+6qkrubnG6L45qw==, 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Simulation parameters between fertilizer and soil

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类型参数数值
土壤颗粒颗粒半径rt/mm4
泊松比0.47
密度/(kg·m-3)2 660
剪切模量/Pa1.02×108
秸秆长度/mm350
泊松比0.42
密度/(kg·m-3)245
剪切模量/Pa1×106
45号钢密度/(kg·m-3)7 865
剪切模量/Pa7.9×1010
泊松比0.3
接触参数土壤-土壤恢复系数0.53
土壤-土壤静摩擦因数0.48
土壤-土壤动摩擦因数0.29
土壤-秸秆恢复系数0.45
土壤-秸秆静摩擦因数0.45
土壤-秸秆动摩擦因数0.06
土壤-钢恢复系数0.27
土壤-钢静摩擦因数0.52
土壤-钢动摩擦因数0.27
秸秆-钢恢复系数0.34
秸秆-钢静摩擦因数0.35
秸秆-钢动摩擦因数0.02
表面能/(J·m-2)61.8
), ArticleFig(id=1311999728980689479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999706989953443, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

肥料与土壤间仿真参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型参数数值
土壤颗粒颗粒半径rt/mm4
泊松比0.47
密度/(kg·m-3)2 660
剪切模量/Pa1.02×108
秸秆长度/mm350
泊松比0.42
密度/(kg·m-3)245
剪切模量/Pa1×106
45号钢密度/(kg·m-3)7 865
剪切模量/Pa7.9×1010
泊松比0.3
接触参数土壤-土壤恢复系数0.53
土壤-土壤静摩擦因数0.48
土壤-土壤动摩擦因数0.29
土壤-秸秆恢复系数0.45
土壤-秸秆静摩擦因数0.45
土壤-秸秆动摩擦因数0.06
土壤-钢恢复系数0.27
土壤-钢静摩擦因数0.52
土壤-钢动摩擦因数0.27
秸秆-钢恢复系数0.34
秸秆-钢静摩擦因数0.35
秸秆-钢动摩擦因数0.02
表面能/(J·m-2)61.8
), ArticleFig(id=1311999729043604040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999706989953443, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Condition parameters of test field

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数土壤含水率/%土壤坚实度/kPa留茬高度/mm秸秆量/(g·m-2)秸秆含水率/%
数值28.751 084185113229.47
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前茬水稻试验田工况参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数土壤含水率/%土壤坚实度/kPa留茬高度/mm秸秆量/(g·m-2)秸秆含水率/%
数值28.751 084185113229.47
), ArticleFig(id=1311999729207181898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999706989953443, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Field performance test results of rotary-cut combined type deep fertilization device

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施肥深度/mm试验序号埋茬率/%非播种带耕深/mm非播种带耕深稳定性系数/%播种带耕深/mm播种带耕深稳定性系数/%施肥深度/mm施肥深度合格率/%
150187.32115.6791.34194.5090.72153.3386.54
285.89109.5090.68187.6790.32146.6784.63
386.73112.3391.52191.3391.06148.3386.24
均值86.65112.5091.18191.1790.70149.4485.80
), ArticleFig(id=1311999729295262283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999706989953443, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

旋切组合深施肥装置田间性能试验结果

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施肥深度/mm试验序号埋茬率/%非播种带耕深/mm非播种带耕深稳定性系数/%播种带耕深/mm播种带耕深稳定性系数/%施肥深度/mm施肥深度合格率/%
150187.32115.6791.34194.5090.72153.3386.54
285.89109.5090.68187.6790.32146.6784.63
386.73112.3391.52191.3391.06148.3386.24
均值86.65112.5091.18191.1790.70149.4485.80
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Straw distribution

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试验机具地表秸秆0~50 mm秸秆50~100 mm秸秆100 mm以下秸秆
播种带非播种带播种带非播种带播种带非播种带播种带非播种带
旋耕型油菜精量直播机7.177.1218.2120.1514.2616.867.368.87
搭载旋切组合深施肥装置的油菜精量播种机5.637.2816.7920.7116.0717.4212.523.58
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秸秆分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验机具地表秸秆0~50 mm秸秆50~100 mm秸秆100 mm以下秸秆
播种带非播种带播种带非播种带播种带非播种带播种带非播种带
旋耕型油菜精量直播机7.177.1218.2120.1514.2616.867.368.87
搭载旋切组合深施肥装置的油菜精量播种机5.637.2816.7920.7116.0717.4212.523.58
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油菜直播播种带旋切组合深施肥装置设计与试验
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肖文立 1, 2 , 廖庆喜 1, 2 , 廖宜涛 1, 2 , 王旭峰 3 , 单伊尹 1 , 杜文斌 1
农业机械学报 | 农业装备与机械化工程 2025,56(12): 223-234
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农业机械学报 |农业装备与机械化工程 2025 , 56 (12) : 223 -234
油菜直播播种带旋切组合深施肥装置设计与试验
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肖文立1, 2 , 廖庆喜1, 2 , 廖宜涛1, 2, 王旭峰3, 单伊尹1, 杜文斌1
作者信息
  • 1.华中农业大学工学院,武汉 430070
  • 2.农业农村部长江中下游农业装备重点实验室,武汉 430070
  • 3.塔里木大学机械电气化工程学院,阿拉尔 843300
通讯作者:
廖庆喜(1968—),男,教授,博士生导师,主要从事油菜机械化生产技术与装备研究,E-mail:
作者简介:

肖文立(1987—),男,工程师,博士,主要从事现代农业装备设计与测控研究,E-mail:

Design and Experiment of Rotary-cut Combined Type Deep Fertilization Device for Rapeseed Direct Seeding Strip
Wenli XIAO1, 2 , Qingxi LIAO1, 2 , Yitao LIAO1, 2, Xufeng WANG3, Yiyin SHAN1, Wenbin DU1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid-lower Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
  • 3.College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China
出版时间: 2025-12-25 doi: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.020
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针对长江中下游地区油菜直播前茬秸秆量大、土壤黏重等问题,从油菜种床整备与深施肥作业相结合的角度出发,本文提出了一种厢面整幅浅旋、播种带旋切深松深施肥种床制备方法,设计了一种旋切组合深施肥装置。依据耕作层前茬水稻根系分布特点,结合油菜根系生长特性,确定了施肥深度为100~150 mm、深松深度为200 mm;基于动力学分析了切茬破土圆盘切断残茬的作用力,分析了缺口滑切曲线,确定了圆盘半径、滑切角和缺口数量;根据耕作深度确定了深松破土铲关键参数;通过单体扰动区域得到了旋切组合深施肥装置排布间距。利用离散元软件对旋切组合深施肥装置作业性能进行了仿真试验,结果表明,当施肥深度为150 mm时,播种带构建合理,秸秆混埋均匀,施肥深度为156.60 mm,深度稳定性系数为87.46%,均匀性系数为13.18%。田间性能试验结果表明,当施肥深度为150 mm时,埋茬率为86.65%;播种带耕深、非播种带耕深分别为191.17、112.50 mm;耕深稳定性系数分别为90.70%、91.18%;实际施肥深度为149.44 mm,施肥深度合格率为85.80%。田间播种试验结果表明,当施肥深度为150 mm时,实际施肥深度为151.56 mm,施肥深度合格率为85.83%,施肥均匀性变异系数为14.33%,旋切组合深施肥装置处理下出苗率为88.97%,高于旋耕混施肥和旋耕不施肥;花期主根长度分别增加22.24%和38.26%,主根颈直径分别增加0.60%和3.57%,产量分别提高14.02%和37.50%。结果表明旋切组合深施肥装置为油菜生长提供了适宜的播种带和施肥效果,可为油菜机械化直播种床整备和深施肥提供参考。

油菜  /  旋切组合  /  深施肥  /  播种带构建  /  直播

In response to the fact that a large amount of straw and sticky soil of oilseed rape direct seeding in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, from the perspective of combining oilseed rape seedbed preparation and deep fertilizer application operation, a preparation method of seedbed with the whole width of the compartment shallowly rotated and the seeding belt rotated and cut for deep loosening and deep application of fertilizer was proposed, and a rotary-cutting combined deep fertilizer application device was designed. Based on the characteristics of rice root distribution in the previous crop in the tillage layer, combined with the root growth characteristics of rapeseed plants, the fertilizer depth of 100~150 mm and the deep loosening depth of 200 mm were determined; based on the kinetic analysis of the stubble cutting and breaking disc to cut off the stubble force, and the notch slip-cutting curves were qualitatively analyzed, the radius of the disc, the angle of the slip-cutting and the number of the notches were determined; based on the plowing depth, key parameters of the deep loosening and breaking shovels were determined; and the key parameters of the rotary-cutting and breaking shovel were determined through the single disturbed area, and the row spacing of rotary-cutting combined deep fertilizer application device was obtained. Using discrete element software to simulate the operational performance of a rotary-cutting combined deep fertilizer application device, the results showed that when the fertilizer depth was 150 mm, the seed bed belt was reasonably constructed, and the straw was evenly mixed and buried. The fertilizer depth was 156.60 mm, with a depth stability coefficient of 87.46%, and a uniformity coefficient of 13.18%. The field performance test showed that when the fertilizer depth was 150 mm, the stubble burying rate was 86.65%; the plowing depth of the seed bed belt and non-seed bed belt was 191.17 mm and 112.50 mm, respectively; the stability coefficient of plowing depth was 90.70% and 91.18%, respectively; the actual fertilizer depth was 149.44 mm, and the qualified rate of fertilizer depth was 85.80%. The field sowing test showed that when the fertilizer depth was 150 mm, the actual fertilizer depth was 151.56 mm, the qualified rate of fertilizer depth was 85.83%, the coefficient of variation of fertilizer uniformity was 14.33%, and the seedling emergence rate under the treatment of rotary-cutting combined deep fertilizer device was 88.97%, which was higher than that of rotary-tillage mixed fertilizer and rotary-tillage without fertilizer, and the length of the main root in the flowering stage was increased by 22.24% and 38.26%, the diameter of the main root neck was increased by 0.60% and 3.57%, and rapeseed yield was increased by 14.02% and 37.50%, respectively. The results showed that the rotary-cutting combined deep fertilization device provided a suitable seedbed strip and fertilization effect for the growth of oilseed rape, which could provide a reference for the preparation of seedbed and deep fertilization for mechanized direct seeding of oilseed rape.

rapeseed  /  rotary-cut combined  /  deep fertilization  /  construction of seeding belt  /  direct seeder
肖文立, 廖庆喜, 廖宜涛, 王旭峰, 单伊尹, 杜文斌. 油菜直播播种带旋切组合深施肥装置设计与试验. 农业机械学报, 2025 , 56 (12) : 223 -234 . DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.020
Wenli XIAO, Qingxi LIAO, Yitao LIAO, Xufeng WANG, Yiyin SHAN, Wenbin DU. Design and Experiment of Rotary-cut Combined Type Deep Fertilization Device for Rapeseed Direct Seeding Strip[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2025 , 56 (12) : 223 -234 . DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.020
机械化直播过程中耕整地同步深施肥不仅改变耕作层土壤构建,还对种子萌发及根系生长具有重要意义[1]。传统机械化直播常采用全旋整地配套混施或深施肥,配套施肥方式为适应整机结构,大部分未考虑种床构建和种肥关系[2-3]。旋耕作业可细碎表层土壤,有助于作物出苗率,但常年旋耕会造成犁底层变浅,抑制作物根系生长,导致作物减产[4];适度深耕有利于油菜根系下扎,减少油菜成熟期倒伏[5]。在前茬作物留茬较多工况下,少免耕埋茬效果不佳,不利于种子与土壤接触,影响种子发芽率,且增加施肥作业难度[6]。研究表明带状耕作可实现播种带与非播种带不同的地表形态,相对全旋整地,带状耕作在旋耕灭茬前提下确保了播种带耕层土壤疏松细碎,减少了非播种带土壤扰动[7-8]。
油菜是我国主要油料作物之一,冬油菜种植区域主要集中在长江流域各省,种植形式上以稻-油或稻-稻-油水旱轮作方式为主[9-11]。受立地条件影响,合理种床整备和施肥是实现油菜高产高效的主要措施[12-14]。张青松等[15]研究了带状耕作在稻油轮作区土壤黏重板结工况下可实现秸秆还田,促进油菜出苗。杨艳山等[16]在稻麦轮作区研究发现带状耕作在含水率高的土壤条件下可实现机械化直播,播种效果好。研究表明,合理种床构建与施肥有利于作物根系下扎,形成理想根系分布[17-18]。郑侃等[19-20]研究表明,旋耕与深松组合可实现表层土壤细碎,深松土壤疏松。赵淑红等[21]研究表明,正位深施肥可有效促进作物根系生长,增进养分吸收,提高肥料利用率的同时增加产量。
为实现合理耕层构建,促进肥料减施增效,学者们关于种床整备和深施肥研究较多[22-25]。但现有油菜种床构建和深施肥研究多单独展开,多为整地后搭配独立的深施肥装置,针对种床整备配套深施肥技术研究较少。本文从油菜种床整备与深施肥作业相结合角度出发,提出非播种带浅旋、播种带旋切深松种床制备方法,开发旋切组合深施肥装置。分析旋切组合深施肥装置种床构建与深施肥性能,探究其对油菜根系生长的影响,以期为冬油菜机械直播种床整备和深施肥提供参考。
长江中下游冬油菜产区前茬作物以水稻为主,水稻根茬结构形态与田间分布决定了油菜机械直播种床制备作业质量,也是种床制备装置结构设计不可缺少的理论依据。本文对前茬水稻残茬主根长度进行了测量(图1),对华中农业大学现代农业试验田不同土壤条件下的水稻耕作层进行了分析,测定了油菜种植试验田耕作层相关数据,得到前茬水稻田耕作层厚度为150~200 mm。研究表明,绝大部分水稻根系都分布在80~100 mm之间耕作层内。
为在稻油轮作区实现非播种带稻茬混埋,播种带清秸防缠,降低深施肥装置耕作阻力及壅堵现象,旋切装置需实现切埋水稻根茬、细碎浅层土壤、旋切深层土壤等作业效果。依据测定的水稻根系分布耕层深度和试验田耕作层厚度,需实现浅旋深度100~120 mm,旋切深度160~180 mm;考虑油菜根系生长特性,设计最大深松深度200 mm,施肥深度100~150 mm[26]。作业模式如图2所示。
依据长江中下游冬油菜产区油菜直播要求,旋切组合深施肥装置以2BFL-6型油菜精量直播机为搭载平台,油菜精量直播机结构如图3a所示。主要包括耕整地系统、排肥系统、排种系统、开沟系统,其中排肥系统主要包括四头螺旋双行排肥器、间断半圆导肥管、旋切组合深施肥装置。旋切组合深施肥装置由旋切装置和深施肥装置组成,结构如图3b所示。
为实现上述作业效果,设计了一种厢面整幅浅旋、播种带旋切、能实现深松施肥的旋切组合深施肥装置。工作原理如图4所示。
旋切组合深施肥装置由旋切整地装置和深施肥装置2部分组成,深施肥装置位于旋切整地装置后方,与切茬破土圆盘相对应,开种沟装置安装在深施肥装置正后方。直播机作业时,旋切装置破碎浅层土壤的同时切断播种带深层土壤中的根茬,并对挂在深施肥装置上的秸秆、杂草进行导流和滑切,防止秸秆缠绕的同时降低深施肥装置前进阻力。排肥器排出的肥料沿着导肥管流到深施肥装置,通过深施肥装置落到耕作层中设计的施肥深度。
旋切整地装置由切茬破土圆盘和旋耕刀组成,其在切碎混合残茬的同时重新构建土壤层结构,决定了种床质量和深施肥装置通过性。合理的结构设计与选型有利于旋切整地装置创建稳定的耕作层剖面,促进根系发育和水分充分吸收,对油菜生长起着决定性作用。
切茬破土圆盘在对水稻秸秆切碎的同时切开深层土壤,降低深施肥装置前进阻力。前期试验结果表明,缺口圆盘对秸秆具有一定的压实作用,切茬效果优于直圆盘。图5为切茬破土圆盘缺口刃口曲线和秸秆受力示意图。
旋切整地装置作业时,切茬破土圆盘完成切茬破土过程,土壤、秸秆、圆盘材料都对作业效果产生影响,由图5可知
式中
      Nd——土壤对秸秆支撑力,N
      Nx——切茬破土圆盘对秸秆压力,N
      fj——切茬破土圆盘与秸秆摩擦力,N
      γ——切茬破土圆盘对秸秆压力与垂直面夹角,(°)
在切茬的同时要防止秸秆被切茬破土圆盘往前推动,影响切茬效果,需满足
式中
      Fd——土壤与秸秆摩擦力,N
根据图5可知
式中
      ρ——切茬破土圆盘半径,mm
      hx——切茬破土圆盘入土深度,mm
      dj——水稻秸秆直径,mm
结合式(1)~(3)可得
式中
      φt——水稻秸秆与土壤静摩擦角,(°)
      φj——水稻秸秆与65Mn钢静摩擦角,(°)
根据测量,水稻秸秆平均直径为8.3 mm,水稻秸秆与土壤和65Mn钢摩擦角为21.24°~34.47°、15.23°~32.16°。切茬破土圆盘设计入土最大深度为180 mm,代入式(4)计算得ρ≥510.53 mm。根据整机结构和施肥深度需求,取切茬破土圆盘为520 mm。
缺口刃口需具备较好的滑切性能,切茬破土圆盘刃口曲线由滑切曲线、过渡圆弧、直线3部分组成,其中滑切曲线部分起到切茬破土作用。刃口滑切角须大于秸秆(土壤)与圆盘材质间的摩擦角。为减小旋切振动和便于加工,在确保旋切质量情况下滑切曲线部分采用偏心圆弧。由图5可得其极坐标方程为
式中
      e——偏心距,mm
      θ——偏心圆弧极坐标与y轴夹角,(°)
      Rx——偏心圆半径,mm
由式(5)可得
式中
      τ——刃口滑切角,(°)
由式(6)可知,当e/Rx一定时,滑切角随着θ的增加而增大,滑切曲线会逐渐变短;当θ一定时,滑切角随e/Rx增大而变小,在确保滑切性能的同时需选取合适的e/Rx,避免滑切曲线过长,导致缺口刚度不够。根据经验公式选取滑切角为45°。
切茬破土圆盘缺口要适宜配置,过少不能保证作业质量,过多会增加整机功耗。为提高切茬质量,相邻缺口之间顶端弧长应不大于相邻水稻稻茬株距。根据这一设计要求,圆盘缺口数量表示为
式中
      yx——切茬破土圆盘缺口数量
      bj——水稻稻茬株距,mm
田间测定水稻稻茬株距bj大于等于80 mm,代入式(7)可得yx大于等于20.41,为便于加工,取缺口数量为24。
旋切装置在围绕旋耕轴轴心旋转的同时,随着播种机前进方向作水平运动,图6为旋切组合深施肥装置旋耕作业示意图。
研究表明旋耕轴转速与播种机前进速度、旋耕刀旋转半径及旋耕深度相互关系满足[27]
式中
      ng——旋耕轴转速,r/min
      V——播种机前进速度,km/h
      Rg——旋耕刀旋转半径,mm
      hg——旋耕深度,mm
根据测定的水稻根系分布,在确保耕作质量的前提下,浅旋最大深度为120 mm。课题组油菜直播机旋耕刀额定转速为380 r/min,额定作业速度为3.6 km/h,代入式(8)可知,旋耕刀旋转半径不小于145 mm。参照文献[19,27],选取ⅡS195型旋耕刀。
组合深施肥装置由深松破土铲和落肥管组成,两者作业深度独立可调。根据测定前茬水稻地耕作层厚度在150~200 mm之间,深松破土铲作业深度应不小于200 mm。为实现深松碎土,减少秸秆缠绕,深松破土铲选用凿形松土铲为原型,图7为组合深施肥装置示意图。
深松破土铲柄可用铲柄横截面、伸出长度、弯曲半径、铲柄高等4个尺寸表示。铲柄采用厚度20 mm锰钢加工而成,其横截面为20 mm×80 mm。其他主要结构尺寸如图7所示,伸出长度与其他尺寸存在关系
其中
式中
      L——深松破土铲伸出长度,mm
      ls——深松破土铲铲尖直线长度,取0 mm
      Rs——深松破土铲弯曲半径,mm
      αs——深松破土铲入土隙角,取40°
      Hs——深松破土铲柄高度,mm
为确保旋切装置能够带走深松铲中可能存在的稻茬秸秆,弯曲半径圆心与旋耕轴同心,其大小略大于旋切破土圆盘。根据圆盘直径确定弯曲半径Rs为260 mm;铲柄高度取决于深松破土铲入土深度hs,通常Hs≥2hs,依据设计入土深度可确定Hs为400 mm;将上述数据代入式(9)可得伸出长度L为92.87 mm。为确保深松破土铲强度,深松破土铲高度H选用600 mm。
落肥管通过安装支架与深松破土铲连接,施肥深度100~150 mm范围可调,如图7所示。结合购置的导肥管直径,落肥管选取外径为40 mm的圆管制成。据深松破土铲作业深度和施肥深度,落肥管与深松破土铲下端距离hl为50 mm,安装倾斜角由旋耕后土壤滑动摩擦角确定[28],取70°。
深松破土铲采用单行排布,保持一定间距可防止深松破土铲之间形成壅堵,保证深松深度和施肥质量稳定性。图8为田间预试验时相邻深松破土铲作业后效果图。
作业前进方向,深松破土铲两侧扰动土壤与铲柄宽度垂直面呈θs/2,则土壤扰动区宽度可表示为
式中
      b——土壤扰动区域宽度,mm
      bs——铲柄宽度,mm
      θs——土壤剪切角,(°)
      φs——铲柄材料与土壤摩擦角,(°)
由式(11)可知,土壤扰动区域宽度与土壤参数、深松深度和入土隙角有关。查阅《农业机械手册》,铲柄材料与土壤摩擦角可取25°,旋耕后土壤剪切角可取30°,相关参数代入式(11)可得土壤扰动区域宽度b为253.98 mm。
旋切式组合深施肥装置中旋切装置与组合深施肥装置均采用单列排布,并在前进方向上位于一条直线,两者相邻间距相等。对于单列排列方式相邻深松破土铲排布间距a须大于作业时土壤扰动区域宽度b,避免造成拥堵。单列排布的工作部件间距存在关系
式中
      Z——旋切组合深施肥装置数量
      B——整机左右两侧装置距离,mm
油菜精量直播机种肥均为6行,其作业后稳定厢面宽度为1 800 mm。设定左右两侧装置与厢沟距离为150 mm,则整机左右两侧部件距离为1 500 mm。计算得a为300 mm,大于相邻深松破土铲土壤扰动宽度,满足相邻工作部件间距要求。
为了探究旋切组合深施肥装置作业性能,开展了旋切组合深施肥装置作业性能EDEM仿真,分析了作业后土壤中秸秆和肥料分布状态。
合理仿真建模与参数选取是仿真结果贴合实际作业效果的前提。运用EDEM2020建立土壤-秸秆模型,采用Creo建立旋切组合深施肥装置仿真模型,为减少仿真时间,提高仿真效率,简化了整机仿真模型。模型由1组旋切组合深施肥装置、四头双行螺旋排肥器和肥管组成,根据排肥器实际位置设定了排肥器相对高度和排肥管形态。其结构如图9所示。
为贴合长江中下游地区油菜种植土壤特性,选取Hertz-Mindlin with JKR模型作为土壤颗粒接触模型。土壤与工作部件之间的接触模型为Hertz-Mindlin No Slip模型[29-30]。土壤模型采用球形颗粒,半径设定为4 mm。利用离散元仿真秸秆粉碎较难与实际吻合,仿真中秸秆颗粒采用bonding键连接并简化为刚体,长度设定为360 mm。其与土壤表面颗粒间采用bonding键连接。
仿真土槽尺寸为2 000 mm×1 000 mm×300 mm(长×宽×高),在满足试验需求的条件下确保土槽边界不阻碍土壤颗粒运动,最大程度减少边界条件影响。土槽长度为2 000 mm,前端800 mm区域确保土壤回流达到稳定状态,中间700 mm为数据采集区,便于获取稳定的试验数据。末端500 mm用以消除旋切组合深施肥装置离开数据采集区时导致的试验误差。仿真试验参数如表1所示[31]。
在性能仿真试验中设定旋切组合深施肥装置深松深度为200 mm,旋耕入土深度为120 mm,施肥深度为150 mm。设整机前进速度为3.6 km/h,旋切转速为380 r/min。设置仿真步长为1.25×10-5 s,网格单元尺寸为最小颗粒半径的3倍,仿真试验总时长为6 s,储存间隔时间为0.05 s。仿真结束后通过离散元软件后处理模块对仿真结果进行处理,分析旋切组合深施肥装置种床整备、秸秆埋覆和深施肥性能。
整机采用播种带旋切深施肥、非播种带浅旋,分析旋切装置对播种带断面影响,研究土壤层混合可为种床制备提供参考。从数据采集区域随机提供作业后种床垂直断面,将0~150 mm视作耕作层,以深度50 mm增量分为三等份,150 mm以下耕作层视为深松区,导出相关试验数据计算出不同土壤层不同颗粒比例,试验重复5次取平均值。作业后各土壤层中不同土壤层颗粒占比计算式为
式中
      Pij——第i层土壤中颗粒j占比,%
      nij——第i层土壤中颗粒j数量
      Nti——第i层土壤中颗粒数量
机具作业后同一区域内秸秆位置会产生移动,无法精确统计作业前、后秸秆埋覆情况。统计作业后采集区所有秸秆质量,并计算出不同耕层秸秆质量,分析地表和不同耕作层秸秆占比。试验结束后,在数据采集区随机选取长度100 mm区域作为采样点,计算地表和不同土壤层秸秆重量,试验重复5次取平均值。参考GB/T 5668—2008《旋耕机械试验方法》计算不同耕作层秸秆所占比例,计算式为
式中
      Pj——不同耕作层秸秆占比,%
      mj——第j层土壤秸秆质量,g
      M——采样区域秸秆总质量,g
在数据采集区随机采样点,按照NY/T 1003—2006《施肥机械质量评价技术规范》计算区域内施肥量和施肥深度。试验重复5次取平均值,求得施肥均匀性变异系数和施肥深度稳定性系数。
运用EDEM后处理模块,通过剪切获取数据采集区断面,图10为作业前后断面对比。采用Geometry Bin获取作业后不同土壤层不同颗粒数量并对获得的数据进行处理,得到颗粒在不同土壤层占比。
作业后0~50 mm土壤层颗粒占比分别为51.13%、29.66%、16.38%、2.82%;50~100 mm土壤层颗粒占比分别为38.07%、41.49%、17.41%、3.03%;100~150 mm土壤层颗粒占比分别为18.47%、28.58%、40.39%、12.55%;150~300 mm土壤层颗粒占比分别为1.06%、2.41%、8.16%、88.36%。数据显示各土壤层均存在土壤颗粒混合的情况,其中相邻土壤层颗粒混合更充分。在0~150 mm耕层,土壤层提升和混合效果明显,播种带区域150~300 mm土壤耕层颗粒混合优于非播种带区域,说明旋切组合深施肥装置对土壤耕层调整起到一定作用。图11为不同耕作层土壤颗粒混合占比饼图。
旋切组合深施肥装置构建了播种带旋切深松、厢面整幅浅旋的种床模型。为直观地分析种床剖面,将数据采集区分成多个正方形网格单元(宽度和高度we),其长度与采集区长度相同[29-30,32]。如图12所示,当土壤颗粒质心位于网格单元内时,将土壤颗粒视为该网格内颗粒,定义颗粒数量不同造成的颜色差别为播种带与非播种带边界。为准确区分播种带和非播种带边界,需要选取适当的网格单元尺寸,避免因颗粒质心位置偏移形成误差而导致分辨率不佳。通常情况下较小的网格单元可提高分辨率,但会增加颗粒质心偏移造成的误差。为获得较优分辨率,选取we=2rt、we=2.5rt和we=3rt3种网格单元尺寸进行比较分析,结果表明网格尺寸为we=2.5rt时,播种带和非播种带之间显示出更清晰的区分,如图12b所示。因此将we=2.5rt作为最佳尺寸。绿色区域表示土壤颗粒松散,孔隙率高。红色部分表示土壤颗粒较多,孔隙率较低。图中可明显观测到旋切组合深施肥装置作业区域范围内土壤松散,形成Y形播种带。
秸秆埋覆率影响种床厢面质量,进而影响油菜的出苗和生长。仿真作业后秸秆状态如图13所示,统计并计算各耕层秸秆质量占比,结果显示旋切组合深施肥装置作业后地表秸秆大部分被埋覆,埋覆率达到89.80%,符合油菜种植要求。由图13可知,旋切组合深施肥装置播种带区域秸秆埋覆分布深度优于非播种带,表明旋切装置作业效果优于旋耕装置,有促于秸秆翻埋。
秸秆耕层中垂直分布情况可用于评估耕层构建质量。秸秆在各耕层分布越均匀,表示被旋切后的秸秆与土壤混合充分,秸秆和土壤混合越充分,越有利于出苗和根系发育。旋切组合深施肥装置作业后各耕层秸秆占比饼图展示了不同耕作层秸秆占比,不同耕作层秸秆占比分别为地表10.20%、0~50 mm耕层为30.61%、50~100 mm耕层为28.57%、100 mm以下耕层为30.61%。分析显示0~50 mm、50~100 mm、100 mm以下耕层中秸秆分布较为均匀,被埋覆在100 mm以下土壤层秸秆有30.61%,秸秆在土壤层中整体分布良好。
仿真试验中设定施肥深度为150 mm,仿真结果如图14所示。施肥深度为156.60 mm,施肥均匀性变异系数为13.18%,深度稳定性系数为87.46%,基本满足设计需求。仿真试验中施肥深度存在分布范围较大的问题,主要因素是由于为节省仿真时间,建模时土壤颗粒半径为4 mm,肥料颗粒半径为1.75 mm。当整地作业时,旋切装置对土壤进行旋切破碎,土壤团块与团块、颗粒与颗粒之间形成较大空隙,肥料颗粒从施肥管落下后,会顺着土壤见缝隙往下滚动,从而增加了施肥深度分布范围。
从图14a可以看出,肥料颗粒在前进方向上分布均匀,导出数据后计算得到施肥均匀性变异系数为13.18%,低于NY/T 1003—2006《施肥机械质量评价技术规范》施肥均匀性变异系数标准,符合油菜机械化直播施肥均匀性要求。
2022年10月3日在华中农业大学现代农业科研基地开展了旋切组合深施肥装置田间性能试验和田间播种试验。田间性能试验和播种试验田块种植模式均为稻油轮作,土壤为黏土。田间播种试验所用排种器采用课题组研制并市场化的离心式排种器,通过控制器实现排肥器和排种器转速联动,确保种肥同时下落。试验用油菜种子品种为“华油杂62”,试验肥料为母女红复合肥,播种量为6 kg/km2,施肥量控制在600 kg/hm2。旋耕型油菜精量直播机采用地表撒施后旋耕,作业时保持最大旋耕深度。两者均不再施用其他肥料,油菜生长期间田间管理保持一致。
试验前测定试验田土壤和秸秆的主要参数,土壤包括坚实度、含水率,秸秆包括秸秆高度、秸秆含水率、耕作前地表秸秆量等,土壤坚实度分0~50 mm、50~100 mm、100~150 mm、150~200 mm、200~250 mm土壤层进行测定,取最大值作为该土壤层坚实度,将各土壤层测量结果取平均值得到该土壤层土壤坚实度。均采用5点取样法进行取样取平均值。测试设备包括:直尺(300 mm,1 000 mm)、卷尺(5 000 mm)、土壤紧实度测定仪、电子秤、取样环刀、干燥箱等。相关参数如表2所示。
田间性能试验动力选用雷沃阿波斯1204型拖拉机,选取油菜精量直播机正常播种作业状态,通过控制拖拉机后悬挂液压,将旋切组合深施肥装置初始入土深度设定为200 mm,施肥深度为150 mm。通过多挡位与油门结合,保持拖拉机平均作业速度为3.6 km/h,旋切装置维持额定转速。试验以耕作层秸秆分布,以埋茬率、非播种带旋耕深度稳定性系数、播种带深度稳定性系数和施肥深度合格率为评价指标。田间播种试验设计和田间数据采样方法与田间性能试验保持一致,试验对比分析搭载旋切组合深施肥装置的油菜精量直播机与旋耕型油菜精量直播机(配245旋耕刀)不同施肥下油菜生长状况,并设置不施肥组作为对照。图15为旋切组合深施肥装置田间试验。
田间性能试验和播种试验时,整机沿前进方向作业距离为30 m,重复3次。为确保试验数据可靠性,选取作业区中间10 m作为采样区,随机选取6个采样点进行采样。
非播种带耕深稳定性试验参考NY/T 499—2013《旋耕机作业质量》;播种带深度稳定性试验参考NY/T 2845—2015《深松机作业质量》。施肥性能测定参考NY/T 1003—2006《施肥机械质量评价技术规范》;采用Microsoft Excel 2016对试验数据进行初步对比分析。耕深稳定性系数测量时以未耕地表为基准,测量作业后沟底到未耕地表垂直距离。耕深稳定性系数计算式为
其中
式中
      h——耕深均值,mm
      nx——试验次数,取3
      hi——第i次试验耕深标准差,mm
      Pxi——第i次试验耕深稳定性系数,%
      Px——耕深稳定性系数,%
田间性能试验表明旋切组合深施肥装置作业效果良好(图15),结果如表3所示。
由表3可知,当设定施肥深度为150 mm时,旋切组合深施肥装置埋茬率为86.65%,播种带耕深和非播种带耕深分别为191.17、112.50 mm,耕深稳定性系数分别为90.70%、91.18%。当施肥深度为149.44 mm,施肥深度合格率为85.80%。在前茬水稻工况下,旋切组合深施肥装置埋茬率、非播种带耕深稳定性系数、播种带耕深稳定性系数和施肥深度合格率均满足油菜种植耕整地和施肥要求。
搭载旋切组合深施肥装置的油菜精量直播机与旋耕型油菜精量直播机田间作业秸秆分布如表4所示。2种播种机埋茬率均大于85%,且在各土壤层秸秆占比差异不大。在非播种带,旋耕型油菜精量直播机埋茬效果优于搭载旋切组合深施肥装置的油菜精量直播机。主要是由于前者非播种带采用ⅡS195型旋耕刀,旋耕型油菜精量直播机用ⅡS245型旋耕刀;在播种带,搭载旋切组合深施肥装置的油菜精量直播机秸秆土壤层中秸秆分布更均匀,埋茬效果也优于后者。搭载旋切组合深施肥装置的油菜精量直播机种播种带在地表、0~50 mm、50~100 mm、100 mm以下秸秆占比分别为5.63%、16.79%、16.07%、12.52%。在50 mm以下土壤层中,搭载旋切组合深施肥装置的油菜精量直播机秸秆占比为28.59%,优于旋耕型油菜精量直播机的21.62%。说明其较好地实现了秸秆与土壤的混埋,能够为油菜生长提供更好的播种带。
田间播种试验施肥深度设定为150 mm,但实际作业过程中由于机具振动,施肥管入土深度不能保持稳定,同时落入土壤中的肥料也会沿土壤之间的间隙继续下落到更深处,通过测量最小施肥深度和最大施肥深度来确定肥料深度范围,进而确定施肥深度合格率。图16为施肥性能测量。
结果显示,田间试验施肥深度为151.56 mm,施肥深度合格率为85.83%,施肥均匀性变异系数为14.33%。符合NY/T 1003—2006标准,满足油菜机械化直播深施肥要求。
不同耕作施肥方式下出苗效果如图17所示。3种施肥方式下播种油菜出苗率分别为88.97%、83.32%和80.62%,深施肥情况下出苗率高于不施肥和混施肥。
油菜主根是评价油菜根系生长状况的重要指标,选取不同耕作施肥方式下10株盛花期植株,测定主根系长度。图18为油菜不同耕作施肥方式下花期根系。
由图18可知,旋切组合深施肥装置处理下油菜主根长度和根颈直径均优于旋耕混施肥和旋耕不施肥。相对旋耕混施肥和旋耕不施肥,旋切组合深施肥装置处理下主根长度分别增加22.24%和38.26%,主根颈直径分别增加0.60%和3.57%。旋切组合深施肥装置处理下机收测产产量为3 222 kg/hm2,较混施肥和不施肥分别提高14.02%和37.50%。
(1)设计了一种油菜直播机旋切组合深施肥装置。基于油菜种植施肥农艺要求,结合受力和运动学分析确定了装置基本结构参数。切茬破土圆盘直径为520 mm,缺口滑切角为45°,圆盘缺口数量为24;旋耕刀型号为ⅡS195;深施肥装置松土部件为凿形松土铲,高度为600 mm;施肥深度为100~150 mm范围可调。
(2)离散元仿真试验结果表明,旋切组合深施肥装置作业后形成土壤松散的Y形播种带;仿真施肥深度为150 mm时,不同耕作层秸秆分布均匀,平均施肥深度为156.60 mm,施肥深度稳定性系数为87.46%,施肥均匀性变异系数为13.18%。
(3)田间性能试验结果表明,当设定施肥深度为150 mm时,埋茬率为86.65%;播种带耕深、非播种带耕深分别为191.17、112.50 mm,耕深稳定性系数分别为90.70%、91.18%;当施肥深度为149.44 mm时,合格率为85.80%。田间播种试验结果表明,当设定施肥深度为150 mm时,旋切组合深施肥处理下施肥深度为151.56 mm,施肥深度合格率为85.83%,施肥均匀性变异系数为14.33%;旋切组合深施肥装置处理下出苗率为88.97%,高于旋耕不施肥和旋耕混施肥;花期主根长度分别增加22.24%和38.26%,主根颈直径分别增加0.60%和3.57%;产量分别提高14.02%和37.50%。旋切组合深施肥装置可为油菜生长提供更加适宜的播种带和施肥效果。
  • 财政部和农业农村部:国家油菜产业体系专项项目(CARS-12)
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2025年第56卷第12期
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doi: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.020
  • 接收时间:2024-09-10
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-10
  • 修回日期:2024-10-28
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财政部和农业农村部:国家油菜产业体系专项项目(CARS-12)
作者信息
    1.华中农业大学工学院,武汉 430070
    2.农业农村部长江中下游农业装备重点实验室,武汉 430070
    3.塔里木大学机械电气化工程学院,阿拉尔 843300

通讯作者:

廖庆喜(1968—),男,教授,博士生导师,主要从事油菜机械化生产技术与装备研究,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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