Article(id=1311999690321781252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.018, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1758038400000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-17, revisedDate=1758902400000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790734701947, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790734701947, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790734701947, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790734701947, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311999647825101743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, year='2025', volume='56', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='818', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1766592000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790734691815, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790738411040, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312015247465083866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312015247465083867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=201, endPage=210, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1311999691198390789, articleId=1311999690321781252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, language=EN, title=Optimal Control Method for Tractor Power-shifting Process Using Time-varying Disturbance Observer, columnId=1311999648647185329, journalTitle=Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, columnName=Special Column of Key Technologies for Intelligent Agricultural Power Equipment, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Due to the complex working conditions of tractors, which are influenced by the working environment, soil conditions, and traction loads, random time-varying disturbances during power shifting process could easily cause shifting jerk and even damage the transmission. Therefore, an optimal control method for tractor power shifting process considering time-varying disturbance observer was proposed. Firstly, the dynamic characteristics of the tractor shift process were analyzed to establish the shifting process dynamics model. The shift time, sliding friction work, and shock degree were taken as the shifting quality indicators, and a quadratic index function of the shifting control system was constructed. Then a high-order disturbance observer (HDO) was introduced to estimate the time-varying disturbances and their derivatives during the shifting process, and the linear quadratic regulator (LQR) was derived and solved for the optimal control law of the shifting process based on the Hamiltonian function. Finally, a hardware-in-the-loop simulation platform for tractors was built based on dSPACE and Matlab/Simulink to verify the shifting process performance under different operating conditions. The results showed that taking the shift from 1LL gear to 1L gear as an example, the shifting times under the transportation and plowing working conditions were 0.72 s and 0.85 s respectively, which were reduced by 22.58% and 38.4% compared with that of LQR. After compensation by HDO, the maximum shifting jerks were 16.11 m/s3 and 8.51 m/s3, respectively, which were 5.29% and 2.04% higher than that of LQR, the shifting jerk difference was not obvious, but the sliding friction work control effect was significant, being only 4.61 kJ and 8.82 kJ, which were reduced by 38.04% and 59.17% compared with that of LQR. The method could effectively observe and suppress the time-varying disturbances during the shifting process, and improve the shifting comfort.

, authors=Shenghui FU1, 2, Ruqi TANG1, Wei LI3, Shuangxi LIU1, 2, Naixu REN1, Wen ZHANG1, 2, authorsList=Shenghui FU, Ruqi TANG, Wei LI, Shuangxi LIU, Naixu REN, Wen ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wen ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1311999726845780608, articleId=1311999690321781252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, language=CN, title=考虑时变扰动观测的拖拉机动力换挡过程最优控制方法, columnId=1311999648798180275, journalTitle=农业机械学报, columnName=智能农业动力装备关键技术专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

由于拖拉机作业工况复杂,受作业环境、土壤条件及牵引载荷等影响,动力换挡过程中的随机时变扰动易引发换挡冲击,甚至造成变速箱损坏。因此,本文提出一种考虑时变扰动观测的拖拉机动力换挡过程最优控制方法。首先,分析拖拉机动力换挡过程动态特性,建立拖拉机换挡过程动力学模型。以换挡时间、滑摩功和冲击度为换挡品质评价指标,构建换挡控制系统二次型指标函数。然后,引入高阶扰动观测器估计换挡过程中的时变扰动及其各阶导数,并结合哈密尔顿函数对线性二次型调节器(Linear quadratic regulator,LQR)求得换挡过程最优控制律。最后,基于dSPACE和Matlab/Simulink搭建了拖拉机硬件在环仿真平台,开展了不同工况下的换挡过程仿真验证。结果表明,以1LL挡升1L挡为例,运输工况和犁耕工况下,本文算法换挡时间分别为0.72、0.85 s,较LQR分别减少22.58%、38.4%,经HDO算法补偿后,最大冲击度分别为16.11、8.51 m/s3,虽比LQR分别增加了5.29%、2.04%,换挡顿挫差异不明显,但滑摩功控制效果显著,仅为4.61、8.82 kJ,比LQR分别减少38.04%、59.17%,本文方法可有效观测抑制换挡过程中的时变扰动,提高了换挡舒适性。

, authors=傅生辉1, 2, 唐汝旗1, 李伟3, 刘双喜1, 2, 任乃旭1, 张稳1, 2, authorsList=傅生辉, 唐汝旗, 李伟, 刘双喜, 任乃旭, 张稳, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张稳, authorNote=

傅生辉(1989—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事拖拉机动力换挡技术及车辆电子控制技术研究,E-mail:

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张稳(1988—),女,副教授,博士,主要从事智能农机装备设计及理论研究,E-mail:
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Shift strategy for powershift tractors based on digital twins[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2024, 55(5): 440-448. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Shift strategy for powershift tractors based on digital twins, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311999753244730077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999690321781252, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=53, issue=9, pageStart=408, pageEnd=416, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=2, authorNames=傅生辉, 张延安, 张稳, journalName=农业机械学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=傅生辉, 张延安, 张稳, 等. 考虑随机载荷自适应补偿的PST换挡策略与硬件在环试验[J]. 农业机械学报, 2022, 53(9): 408-416., articleTitle=考虑随机载荷自适应补偿的PST换挡策略与硬件在环试验, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311999753341199070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999690321781252, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=53, issue=9, pageStart=408, pageEnd=416, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=3, authorNames=FU Shenghui, ZHANG Yan'an, ZHANG Wen, journalName=Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FU Shenghui, ZHANG Yan'an, ZHANG Wen, et al. PST shift strategy and hardware in loop test considering adaptive compensation of random load[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2022, 53(9): 408-416. (in Chinese), articleTitle=PST shift strategy and hardware in loop test considering adaptive compensation of random load, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311999753693520607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999690321781252, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=4, authorNames=吕世龙, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=吕世龙. 拖拉机PST换挡规律与控制策略研究[D]. 洛阳: 河南科技大学, 2024., articleTitle=拖拉机PST换挡规律与控制策略研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311999754930840288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999690321781252, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=5, authorNames=LÜ Shilong, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LÜ Shilong. Research on tractor PST shifting rules and control strategies[D]. Luoyang: Henan University of Science and Technology, 2024. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Research on tractor PST shifting rules and control strategies, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311999755060863713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999690321781252, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=6, authorNames=潘文龙, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=潘文龙. 采棉机动力换挡液压系统设计及试验研究[D]. 石河子: 石河子大学, 2024., articleTitle=采棉机动力换挡液压系统设计及试验研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311999755354464994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999690321781252, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=7, authorNames=PAN Wenlong, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PAN Wenlong. Design and experimental study of power shift hydraulic system of cotton picker[D]. Shihezi: Shihezi University, 2024. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Design and experimental study of power shift hydraulic system of cotton picker, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311999755471905507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999690321781252, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=42, issue=3, pageStart=275, pageEnd=280, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=8, authorNames=王剑, 潘文龙, 陈华军, journalName=石河子大学学报(自然科学版), refType=null, unstructuredReference=王剑, 潘文龙, 陈华军, 等. 动力换挡变速器液压换挡过程仿真与试验研究[J]. 石河子大学学报(自然科学版), 2024, 42(3): 275-280., articleTitle=动力换挡变速器液压换挡过程仿真与试验研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311999755849392868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999690321781252, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=42, issue=3, pageStart=275, pageEnd=280, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=9, authorNames=WANG Jian, PAN Wenlong, CHEN Huajun, journalName=Journal of Shihezi University (Natural Science), refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Jian, PAN Wenlong, CHEN Huajun, et al. Powershift transmission hydraulic shifting process simulation and experimental study[J]. Journal of Shihezi University (Natural Science), 2024, 42(3): 275-280. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Powershift transmission hydraulic shifting process simulation and experimental study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311999755920696037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999690321781252, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=42, issue=8, pageStart=1, pageEnd=14, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=10, authorNames=孙冬野, 陈旭东, 李宝刚, journalName=重庆大学学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=孙冬野, 陈旭东, 李宝刚, 等. 基于遗传算法的拖拉机动力换挡过程动态控制方法[J]. 重庆大学学报, 2019, 42(8): 1-14., articleTitle=基于遗传算法的拖拉机动力换挡过程动态控制方法, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311999756243657446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999690321781252, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=42, issue=8, pageStart=1, pageEnd=14, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=11, authorNames=SUN Dongye, CHEN Xudong, LI Baogang, journalName=Journal of Chongqing University, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SUN Dongye, CHEN Xudong, LI Baogang, et al. Dynamic control method of tractor powershift process based on genetic algorithm[J]. Journal of Chongqing University, 2019, 42(8): 1-14. 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Research on clutch control and optimization in wet DCT shifting process[D]. Chongqing: Chongqing University of Technology, 2022. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Research on clutch control and optimization in wet DCT shifting process, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311999757090906857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999690321781252, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=140, issue=null, pageStart=274, pageEnd=291, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=14, authorNames=LI Baogang, SUN Dongye, HU Minghui, journalName=Mechanism and Machine Theory, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Baogang, SUN Dongye, HU Minghui, et al. Coordinated control of gear shifting process with multiple clutches for power-shift transmission[J]. Mechanism and Machine Theory, 2019, 140: 274-291., articleTitle=Coordinated control of gear shifting process with multiple clutches for power-shift transmission, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311999757439034090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999690321781252, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=51, issue=增刊1, pageStart=550, pageEnd=556,602, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=15, authorNames=鲁力群, 周雅倩, 李辉, journalName=农业机械学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=鲁力群, 周雅倩, 李辉, 等. 重型拖拉机动力换挡变速器电液换挡品质研究[J]. 农业机械学报, 2020, 51(增刊1): 550-556,602., articleTitle=重型拖拉机动力换挡变速器电液换挡品质研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311999757539697387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999690321781252, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=51, issue=Supp.1, pageStart=550, pageEnd=556,602, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=16, authorNames=LU Liqun, ZHOU Yaqian, LI Hui, journalName=Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LU Liqun, ZHOU Yaqian, LI Hui, et al. Electro-hydraulic shift quality of power shift transmission of heavy duty tractor[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2020, 51(Supp.1): 550-556,602. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Electro-hydraulic shift quality of power shift transmission of heavy duty tractor, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311999757854270188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999690321781252, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=17, authorNames=郭东云, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=郭东云. 大马力拖拉机组合式变速器动力换挡控制策略的研究[D]. 合肥: 合肥工业大学, 2019., articleTitle=大马力拖拉机组合式变速器动力换挡控制策略的研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311999757959127789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999690321781252, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=18, authorNames=GUO Dongyun, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GUO Dongyun. Research on power shift control strategy of combined transmission of high-power tractor[D]. Hefei: Hefei University of Technology, 2019. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Research on power shift control strategy of combined transmission of high-power tractor, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311999758059791086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999690321781252, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=19, authorNames=叶伟雄, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=叶伟雄. 考虑湿式离合器热弹流耦合效应的换挡动力学特性研究[D]. 厦门: 集美大学, 2023., articleTitle=考虑湿式离合器热弹流耦合效应的换挡动力学特性研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311999758286283503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999690321781252, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=20, authorNames=YE Weixiong, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YE Weixiong. Study on vehicle shifting dynamics considering the thermal-elastic flow coupling effect of wet clutch[D]. Xiamen: Jimei University, 2023. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Study on vehicle shifting dynamics considering the thermal-elastic flow coupling effect of wet clutch, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311999758378558193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999690321781252, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=238, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=21, authorNames=LU Liquan, ZHANG Zepeng, ZHANG Guanglin, journalName=Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LU Liquan, ZHANG Zepeng, ZHANG Guanglin, et al. Application of a deep learning model with physical model constraints and attention mechanism for state prediction in high-power power-shift tractors[J]. 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IEEE, 2016: 135-140., articleTitle=Linear-quadratic output regulator for systems with disturbance: application to vehicle launch control, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311999758688936691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999690321781252, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=65, issue=null, pageStart=100, pageEnd=114, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=23, authorNames=MISHRA K D, SRINIVASAN K, journalName=Control Engineering Practice, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MISHRA K D, SRINIVASAN K. Robust control and estimation of clutch-to-clutch shifts[J]. Control Engineering Practice, 2017, 65: 100-114., articleTitle=Robust control and estimation of clutch-to-clutch shifts, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311999758781211380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999690321781252, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=121, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=24, authorNames=OUYANG T, LU Y, LI S, journalName=Control Engineering Practice, refType=null, unstructuredReference=OUYANG T, LU Y, LI S, et al. An improved smooth shift strategy for clutch mechanism of heavy tractor semi-trailer automatic transmission[J]. Control Engineering Practice, 2022, 121: 105040., articleTitle=An improved smooth shift strategy for clutch mechanism of heavy tractor semi-trailer automatic transmission, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311999758852514549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999690321781252, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=193, issue=null, pageStart=46, pageEnd=61, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=25, authorNames=LI Baogang, SUN Dongye, HU Minghui, journalName=Biosystems Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Baogang, SUN Dongye, HU Minghui, et al. Automatic gear-shifting strategy for fuel saving by tractors based on real-time identification of draught force characteristics[J]. Biosystems Engineering, 2020, 193: 46-61., articleTitle=Automatic gear-shifting strategy for fuel saving by tractors based on real-time identification of draught force characteristics, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311999759120950006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999690321781252, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=52, issue=2, pageStart=371, pageEnd=380, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=26, authorNames=傅生辉, 杨子涵, 杜岳峰, journalName=农业机械学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=傅生辉, 杨子涵, 杜岳峰, 等. 基于时变扰动抑制的动力换挡拖拉机起步控制方法[J]. 农业机械学报, 2021, 52(2): 371-380., articleTitle=基于时变扰动抑制的动力换挡拖拉机起步控制方法, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311999759192253175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999690321781252, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=52, issue=2, pageStart=371, pageEnd=380, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=27, authorNames=FU Shenghui, YANG Zihan, DU Yuefeng, journalName=Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FU Shenghui, YANG Zihan, DU Yuefeng, et al. 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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Starting control method for power shift tractor employing time-varying disturbance rejection, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311999759531991800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999690321781252, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=51, issue=12, pageStart=367, pageEnd=376, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=28, authorNames=傅生辉, 顾进恒, 李臻, journalName=农业机械学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=傅生辉, 顾进恒, 李臻, 等. 基于MFAPC的动力换挡变速箱湿式离合器压力控制方法[J]. 农业机械学报, 2020, 51(12): 367-376., articleTitle=基于MFAPC的动力换挡变速箱湿式离合器压力控制方法, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311999759624266489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999690321781252, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=51, issue=12, pageStart=367, pageEnd=376, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=29, authorNames=FU Shenghui, GU Jinheng, LI Zhen, journalName=Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FU Shenghui, GU Jinheng, LI Zhen, et al. Pressure control method of wet clutch for PST of high-power tractor based on MFAPC algorithm[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2020, 51(12): 367-376. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Pressure control method of wet clutch for PST of high-power tractor based on MFAPC algorithm, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311999759968199418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999690321781252, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=28, issue=4, pageStart=41, pageEnd=49, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=30, authorNames=赵希梅, 李德豪, 金鸿雁, journalName=电机与控制学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=赵希梅, 李德豪, 金鸿雁. 基于扰动观测器和改进自适应二阶快速终端滑模的PMLSM伺服系统控制[J]. 电机与控制学报, 2024, 28(4): 41-49., articleTitle=基于扰动观测器和改进自适应二阶快速终端滑模的PMLSM伺服系统控制, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311999760073057019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999690321781252, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=28, issue=4, pageStart=41, pageEnd=49, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=31, authorNames=ZHAO Ximei, LI Dehao, JIN Hongyan, journalName=Electric Machines and Control, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHAO Ximei, LI Dehao, JIN Hongyan. PMLSM servo system control based on disturbance observer and improved adaptive second order fast terminal sliding mode[J]. Electric Machines and Control, 2024, 28(4): 41-49. (in Chinese), articleTitle=PMLSM servo system control based on disturbance observer and improved adaptive second order fast terminal sliding mode, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311999760370852604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999690321781252, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=38, issue=2, pageStart=409, pageEnd=421, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=32, authorNames=方馨, 王丽梅, 张康, journalName=电工技术学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=方馨, 王丽梅, 张康. 基于扰动观测器的永磁直线电机高阶非奇异快速终端滑模控制[J]. 电工技术学报, 2023, 38(2): 409-421., articleTitle=基于扰动观测器的永磁直线电机高阶非奇异快速终端滑模控制, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311999760819643133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999690321781252, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=38, issue=2, pageStart=409, pageEnd=421, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=33, authorNames=FANG Xin, WANG Limei, ZHANG Kang, journalName=Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FANG Xin, WANG Limei, ZHANG Kang. High order nonsingular fast terminal sliding mode control of permanent magnet linear motor based on disturbance observer[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2023, 38(2): 409-421. (in Chinese), articleTitle=High order nonsingular fast terminal sliding mode control of permanent magnet linear motor based on disturbance observer, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311999761373291262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999690321781252, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=31, issue=8, pageStart=48, pageEnd=53, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=34, authorNames=徐立友, 刘海亮, 周志立, journalName=农业工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=徐立友, 刘海亮, 周志立, 等. 拖拉机双离合器自动变速器换挡品质评价指标[J]. 农业工程学报, 2015, 31(8): 48-53., articleTitle=拖拉机双离合器自动变速器换挡品质评价指标, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311999761616560895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999690321781252, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=31, issue=8, pageStart=48, pageEnd=53, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=35, authorNames=XU Liyou, LIU Hailiang, ZHOU Zhili, journalName=Transactions of the CSAE, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XU Liyou, LIU Hailiang, ZHOU Zhili, et al. Evaluation indexes of shifting quality for dual clutch transmission for tractor[J]. Transactions of the CSAE, 2015, 31(8): 48-53. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Evaluation indexes of shifting quality for dual clutch transmission for tractor, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311999761721418496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999690321781252, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=36, authorNames=宋林涛, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=宋林涛. 全动力换挡拖拉机换挡协同换段规律研究[D]. 洛阳: 河南科技大学, 2023., articleTitle=全动力换挡拖拉机换挡协同换段规律研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311999762044379905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999690321781252, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=37, authorNames=SONG Lintao, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SONG Lintao. Research on the law of coordinated shift of gear shifting of full-power shifting tractor[D]. Luoyang: Henan University of Science and Technology, 2023. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Research on the law of coordinated shift of gear shifting of full-power shifting tractor, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311999762178597635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999690321781252, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=38, authorNames=罗岩青, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=罗岩青. 基于机器学习的拖拉机滑转率在线检测与控制方法研究[D]. 杨凌: 西北农林科技大学, 2025., articleTitle=基于机器学习的拖拉机滑转率在线检测与控制方法研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311999762543502084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999690321781252, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=39, authorNames=LUO Yanqing, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LUO Yanqing. Research on online detection and control method of tractor slip rate based on machine learning[D]. Yangling: Northwest A&F University, 2025. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Research on online detection and control method of tractor slip rate based on machine learning, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311999762879046405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999690321781252, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=51, issue=增刊1, pageStart=525, pageEnd=534,549, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=40, authorNames=徐广飞, 逄焕晓, 陈美舟, journalName=农业机械学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=徐广飞, 逄焕晓, 陈美舟, 等. 拖拉机电液耦合转向试验平台设计与硬件在环试验[J]. 农业机械学报, 2020, 51(增刊1): 525-534,549., articleTitle=拖拉机电液耦合转向试验平台设计与硬件在环试验, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311999762962932486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999690321781252, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=51, issue=Supp.1, pageStart=525, pageEnd=534,549, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=41, authorNames=XU Guangfei, PANG Huanxiao, CHEN Meizhou, journalName=Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XU Guangfei, PANG Huanxiao, CHEN Meizhou, et al. 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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Design of hardware in loop tractor electro-hydraulic coupling steering test platform, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1311999752439423706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999690321781252, awardId=ZR2022QE217, language=CN, fundingSource=山东省自然科学基金项目(ZR2022QE217), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1311999728439616132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999690321781252, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311999728448004741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999690321781252, companyId=1311999728439616132, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311999728460587654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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1. 电源 2. 上位机 3. 快速原型控制 4. 下位机监控 5. dSPACE仿真器 6. PC工作站

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Main parameters of THILS

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名称型号技术参数
主处理器板卡DS1007QorIQ5020,2.0 GHz
TCU控制器RapidECU-S2V3MPC5674F,32位,主频160 MHz
PC主机戴尔T3660,CPU:Intel Core i7-10700Windows 11,2.90 GHz,32 GB
CAN通信板DS43024路CAN,16位,1MB/s
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拖拉机硬件在环仿真平台技术参数

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名称型号技术参数
主处理器板卡DS1007QorIQ5020,2.0 GHz
TCU控制器RapidECU-S2V3MPC5674F,32位,主频160 MHz
PC主机戴尔T3660,CPU:Intel Core i7-10700Windows 11,2.90 GHz,32 GB
CAN通信板DS43024路CAN,16位,1MB/s
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Parameters of tractor

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参数数值
发动机及飞轮等效转动惯量Ie/(kg·m2)0.65
变速箱输出轴等效转动惯量Io/(kg·m2)5
发动机等效阻尼系数ce/(N·m·s·rad-1)0.016
变速箱输出轴等效阻尼系数co/(N·m·s·rad-1)0.016
驱动轮动力半径rq/m0.904 6
滚动阻力因数fg0.08
拖拉机使用质量Ms/kg12 000
中央传动和最终传动传动比iv49.949 4
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拖拉机整机主要参数

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参数数值
发动机及飞轮等效转动惯量Ie/(kg·m2)0.65
变速箱输出轴等效转动惯量Io/(kg·m2)5
发动机等效阻尼系数ce/(N·m·s·rad-1)0.016
变速箱输出轴等效阻尼系数co/(N·m·s·rad-1)0.016
驱动轮动力半径rq/m0.904 6
滚动阻力因数fg0.08
拖拉机使用质量Ms/kg12 000
中央传动和最终传动传动比iv49.949 4
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考虑时变扰动观测的拖拉机动力换挡过程最优控制方法
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傅生辉 1, 2 , 唐汝旗 1 , 李伟 3 , 刘双喜 1, 2 , 任乃旭 1 , 张稳 1, 2
农业机械学报 | 智能农业动力装备关键技术专栏 2025,56(12): 201-210
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农业机械学报 |智能农业动力装备关键技术专栏 2025 , 56 (12) : 201 -210
考虑时变扰动观测的拖拉机动力换挡过程最优控制方法
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傅生辉(1989—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事拖拉机动力换挡技术及车辆电子控制技术研究,E-mail:

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傅生辉(1989—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事拖拉机动力换挡技术及车辆电子控制技术研究,E-mail:

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傅生辉1, 2 , 唐汝旗1, 李伟3, 刘双喜1, 2, 任乃旭1, 张稳1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.山东农业大学机械与电子工程学院,泰安 271018
  • 2.农业生产机械装备国家工程研究中心,泰安 271018
  • 3.国家开放大学理工学院,北京 100039
通讯作者:
张稳(1988—),女,副教授,博士,主要从事智能农机装备设计及理论研究,E-mail:
作者简介:

傅生辉(1989—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事拖拉机动力换挡技术及车辆电子控制技术研究,E-mail:

Optimal Control Method for Tractor Power-shifting Process Using Time-varying Disturbance Observer
Shenghui FU1, 2 , Ruqi TANG1, Wei LI3, Shuangxi LIU1, 2, Naixu REN1, Wen ZHANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
  • 2.National Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Production Machinery and Equipment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
  • 3.College of Science and Technology, The Open University of China, Beijing 100039, China
出版时间: 2025-12-25 doi: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.018
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由于拖拉机作业工况复杂,受作业环境、土壤条件及牵引载荷等影响,动力换挡过程中的随机时变扰动易引发换挡冲击,甚至造成变速箱损坏。因此,本文提出一种考虑时变扰动观测的拖拉机动力换挡过程最优控制方法。首先,分析拖拉机动力换挡过程动态特性,建立拖拉机换挡过程动力学模型。以换挡时间、滑摩功和冲击度为换挡品质评价指标,构建换挡控制系统二次型指标函数。然后,引入高阶扰动观测器估计换挡过程中的时变扰动及其各阶导数,并结合哈密尔顿函数对线性二次型调节器(Linear quadratic regulator,LQR)求得换挡过程最优控制律。最后,基于dSPACE和Matlab/Simulink搭建了拖拉机硬件在环仿真平台,开展了不同工况下的换挡过程仿真验证。结果表明,以1LL挡升1L挡为例,运输工况和犁耕工况下,本文算法换挡时间分别为0.72、0.85 s,较LQR分别减少22.58%、38.4%,经HDO算法补偿后,最大冲击度分别为16.11、8.51 m/s3,虽比LQR分别增加了5.29%、2.04%,换挡顿挫差异不明显,但滑摩功控制效果显著,仅为4.61、8.82 kJ,比LQR分别减少38.04%、59.17%,本文方法可有效观测抑制换挡过程中的时变扰动,提高了换挡舒适性。

动力换挡变速箱  /  换挡过程控制  /  高阶扰动观测器  /  线性二次型调节器  /  换挡品质

Due to the complex working conditions of tractors, which are influenced by the working environment, soil conditions, and traction loads, random time-varying disturbances during power shifting process could easily cause shifting jerk and even damage the transmission. Therefore, an optimal control method for tractor power shifting process considering time-varying disturbance observer was proposed. Firstly, the dynamic characteristics of the tractor shift process were analyzed to establish the shifting process dynamics model. The shift time, sliding friction work, and shock degree were taken as the shifting quality indicators, and a quadratic index function of the shifting control system was constructed. Then a high-order disturbance observer (HDO) was introduced to estimate the time-varying disturbances and their derivatives during the shifting process, and the linear quadratic regulator (LQR) was derived and solved for the optimal control law of the shifting process based on the Hamiltonian function. Finally, a hardware-in-the-loop simulation platform for tractors was built based on dSPACE and Matlab/Simulink to verify the shifting process performance under different operating conditions. The results showed that taking the shift from 1LL gear to 1L gear as an example, the shifting times under the transportation and plowing working conditions were 0.72 s and 0.85 s respectively, which were reduced by 22.58% and 38.4% compared with that of LQR. After compensation by HDO, the maximum shifting jerks were 16.11 m/s3 and 8.51 m/s3, respectively, which were 5.29% and 2.04% higher than that of LQR, the shifting jerk difference was not obvious, but the sliding friction work control effect was significant, being only 4.61 kJ and 8.82 kJ, which were reduced by 38.04% and 59.17% compared with that of LQR. The method could effectively observe and suppress the time-varying disturbances during the shifting process, and improve the shifting comfort.

power shift transmission  /  shifting process control  /  high-order disturbance observer  /  linear quadratic regulator  /  shifting quality
傅生辉, 唐汝旗, 李伟, 刘双喜, 任乃旭, 张稳. 考虑时变扰动观测的拖拉机动力换挡过程最优控制方法. 农业机械学报, 2025 , 56 (12) : 201 -210 . DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.018
Shenghui FU, Ruqi TANG, Wei LI, Shuangxi LIU, Naixu REN, Wen ZHANG. Optimal Control Method for Tractor Power-shifting Process Using Time-varying Disturbance Observer[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2025 , 56 (12) : 201 -210 . DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.018
动力换挡变速箱(Power shift transmission,PST)是当前中大型拖拉机的主流配置。但受作业环境、土壤条件及工作阻力等因素影响,换挡过程中普遍存在外部扰动,若离合器接合时序不合理,会导致离合器过度滑摩和较大冲击,严重时甚至造成离合器烧结,损坏变速箱,PST换挡稳定性受到挑战[1-2]。因此,研究工况自适应的PST换挡过程控制对提高换挡品质,延长变速箱使用寿命意义重大。
近年来,国内外专家学者对拖拉机动力换挡过程控制方法进行了深入研究,通过模糊控制、遗传算法、线性二次型调节器(Linear quadratic regulator,LQR)、动态规划等智能算法实现换挡离合器的接合控制,提高了换挡质量[3-10]。然而,受限于传感器成本和布置方式,拖拉机动力换挡中的一些变量如摩擦力、离合器转矩等状态变量难以直接测量,建模不确定性、参数摄动或时变扰动等因素易导致系统误差累计,影响控制性能[11-13]。因此,引入非线性观测器,在线估计系统扰动,成为改善换挡性的关键。如MISHRA等[14]采用非线性估计方法补偿自动变速器传感器数据采集的局限,提出了基于观测器的离合器换挡过程协调控制,降低了冲击和传动系统振荡。OUYANG等[15]设计了由前馈、反馈和干扰控制器组成的重型拖拉机鲁棒换挡控制策略,实现了换挡离合器的精准控制和快速响应。LI等[16]提出一种利用递归最小二乘法实现牵引阻力的实时识别,在此基础上设计了换挡过程控制器,实现了换挡平顺性控制。傅生辉等[17]提出了基于时变扰动抑制的动力换挡拖拉机起步控制方法,有效保证了不同工况下的起步品质和控制鲁棒性。
基于此,本文提出一种考虑时变扰动观测的拖拉机动力换挡过程控制方法。该方法在分析动力换挡过程特性基础上,利用高阶扰动观测器(High-order disturbance observer,HDO)对模型不确定性和时变扰动等进行估计,并作为线性二次型最优调节器的补偿输入,得到换挡离合器最优转矩,然后基于前期成果[18]实现换挡离合器的实时最优控制。最终通过搭建的拖拉机硬件在环仿真平台,分析不同工况下的动力换挡性能,以验证所提方法的有效性。
以某PST拖拉机为例进行动力换挡过程分析,其动力学模型如图1所示。其中,Ie、Ica~Icd、I1、I2、Io及Iv分别代表发动机飞轮、离合器A~D的从动件、中间轴、输出轴、后轴及整机的等效转动惯量,kg·m2;Te、Tca~Tcd、Tv分别为发动机输出转矩、离合器A~D传递转矩及阻力矩,N·m;ωe、ωca~ωcd、ωim、ωo、ωv分别为发动机、离合器A~D、输出轴、后轴及驱动轮角速度,rad/s;ce、co和cv分别为发动机、输出轴和驱动轮等效旋转粘性阻尼系数;i1、i3、i4、iF、id1、io、iw分别为LL挡位、M挡位、H挡位、前进挡、副变速箱1挡、中央传动及最终传动的传动比。
以单对离合器参与的升挡过程(1LL挡升1L挡)为例进行换挡过程分析。换挡时,离合器A保持结合状态不变,离合器B逐渐分离,离合器C逐渐接合。整个过程共4个阶段:准备期、扭矩相、惯性相及新挡保持期,如图2所示。
(1)换挡准备期(t0~t1)
换挡开始,离合器B压力开始下降,从最大值psys降至pload,转矩容量Tcap也开始下降,但pload仍维持实际传递转矩Tload不变,离合器C开始充油,缸内油压升至pkiss,刚好克服各种摩擦阻力、回位弹簧阻力,消除摩擦片间隙,但未发生滑摩。因此,离合器C传递转矩为0,PST传动比不变。
(2)扭矩相(t1~t2)
离合器C进入滑摩状态,离合器B仍处于接合状态,发动机转速没有明显变化,但离合器转矩进行了重新分配。t2时刻,离合器B压力降至pkiss,仅能克服回位弹簧压力等阻力,处于完全分离状态,不再传递转矩,离合器C转矩达到发动机转矩的95%~100%,扭矩相结束。扭矩相是影响换挡品质的关键阶段。
(3)惯性相(t2~t3)
发动机转速与离合器C转速逐渐同步。离合器B传递转矩为0,但离合器C仍处于滑摩状态,发动机输出扭矩由离合器C传递。随着离合器C压力不断升高,其传递转矩不断增大,发动机转速开始下降,t3时刻发动机转速与离合器C基本一致,同步结束,换入L挡(高挡)。
(4)新挡(高挡)保持期
离合器C传递发动机全部转矩,处于完全接合状态。离合器C压力继续升至系统压力psys,以保证具有最大转矩传递能力,换挡完成。
综上,建立PST升挡过程状态空间方程。
(1)扭矩相
选取扭矩相的状态变量x、控制量u、可测扰动量Г1及不可测扰动项dn,则状态空间方程表示为
其中
(2)惯性相
在惯性相阶段,状态空间方程表示为
其中
由于拖拉机作业环境、土壤条件和挂载农机具类型复杂多样,受时变参数(如离合器摩擦因数、滚动阻力系数、田间坡度、犁耕阻力等)的影响,其换挡过程中不可避免地存在建模不确定性、参数摄动和时变扰动等问题,易造成换挡冲击过大、离合器滑摩时间过长,降低拖拉机换挡平顺性和作业质量。因此,本文提出一种考虑时变扰动观测的LQR控制器(图3),利用HDO估计系统时变扰动,通过对LQR的动态补偿实现换挡过程的优化控制。
假设n阶线性系统及时变扰动为
式中
      y——系统输出向量,y∈Rs×1
      Bu——控制矩阵,Bu∈Rn×m
      Bd——扰动矩阵,Bd∈Rn×l
      C——系统输出矩阵,C∈Rs×n
进行LQR控制器设计。
输出调节器二次型指标函数为
式中
      J——目标值
      Q、R——正定矩阵
      t0——控制系统起始时间
为求解最优控制问题,构造哈密尔顿函数
式中
      λ——协态矢量      η——惩罚权重
由此可得
传统乘子函数λ=Px+hd不能有效抑制系统时变扰动,因此,引入新的乘子函数,包含扰动d及其各阶导数和状态变量x,即
式中
      P、hi——待定时不变系数矩阵
由式(17)和式(18)可得
由Riccati方程可得
可得
则
最终控制律为
其中
由系统控制律可知,扰动及其各阶导数信息可作为LQR控制器的输入补偿以抑制时变干扰[19-20]。因此,引入一种高阶观测器对系统扰动及其各阶导数信息进行观测。假设系统式(14)外部时变扰动d(t)为高阶扰动,即
式中
      di——未知常数
      q——时变扰动阶数
则高阶观测器设计为
其中
式中
      ——时变扰动估计值
      ——扰动矩阵的Moore-Penrose伪逆
      z——观测器状态向量
      Γk——增益矩阵diag{γk1,…,γkd}(k=0,1,2),且符合Routh-Hurwitz稳定
γij计算式为
观测器估计误差为
多次求导后,可得
式中
      (·)(q)——q阶导数
由此可知,观测器误差的收敛特性可通过极点配置pj(s)=0来进行调节。
假设时变扰动d精确可测,并未考虑扰动观测器的估计误差,则其实际控制律为
由于t→∞时,,状态变量稳定后的控制律为
其中,为观测器估计误差,代入可得
求解可得
其中
式中
      x(t0)——系统状态初始值
      Φ(t)——状态转移函数
根据LQR理论可知,式(34)中前两项是渐进稳定的。因此,对于LQR和HDO组成的时变扰动观测控制系统,其输出的稳态值受后项影响,即
定义,由于A+BuKx负定,可得
由此可知,该控制系统具有较强鲁棒性。
拖拉机换挡品质指换挡过程的平顺性,是评价变速箱换挡性能的重要指标,最直观的评价指标为冲击度、滑摩功、换挡时间等[21]。
冲击度j表示拖拉机纵向加速度变化率,反映了拖拉机换挡冲击对驾驶员感受程度的影响;滑摩功Wfc是离合器结合过程中摩擦转矩做功,是耐久性或经济性指标;换挡时间是换挡过程的快速性指标,时间过短会造成冲击度过大,时间过长则产生磨损和热失效,通常换挡时间一般为0.4~1.0 s。
为验证本文算法有效性,搭建了拖拉机硬件在环仿真平台,主要由上位机、dSPACE仿真器、TCU控制器组成,如图4所示[22-24]。相关部件参数如表1所示。
其中,上位机进行仿真管理、拖拉机运行状态查看记录;dSPACE仿真器实时运行整机模型和田间载荷模型,模拟不同工况下拖拉机机组作业系统响应特性。TCU控制器主要运行基于Matlab/Simulink开发的换挡过程控制算法,通过CAN总线实现dSPACE与控制器间的实时通讯。
拖拉机传动系统主要参数如表2所示,发动机外特性如图5所示。基于AMESim搭建的拖拉机传动系统动力学模型如图6所示。本文选取运输工况(YS)和犁耕工况(LG)为研究对象进行仿真分析,并与LQR算法进行对比,以验证本文算法的有效性。具体控制参数为
犁耕工况下,拖拉机机组牵引力信号采用文献[17]获取的牵引力试验数据,如图7所示。图8为两种工况下不同换挡控制算法的仿真结果对比。由图8可知,LQR算法和本文算法均可实现换挡过程的最优控制,但本文算法控制效果更好。加入HDO算法后,换挡过程中的未建模动态、参数摄动及外部扰动等不确定性因素得到了较好观测和有效抑制。由压力对比曲线(图8a)可知,本文算法的换挡时间仅0.72 s,比LQR算法降低22.58%。由转矩对比曲线(图8c)和转速对比曲线(图8e)可知,经HDO扰动补偿后,离合器的传递转矩波动得到了较好控制,发动机峰值转矩显著降低,具体表现为,换挡过程中整体冲击度变化较优化前有了明显改善,波动范围更小,虽然本文算法的最大冲击度为16.11 m/s3,较LQR算法略高5.28%,但仍满足相关标准,如图8e所示。在图8i中,本文算法的滑摩功仅比LQR算法降低2.83 kJ,换挡滑摩状态得到了有效控制。
由图8b可知,随着拖拉机负载的增大,PST换挡时间相应延长,LQR算法换挡时间为1.38 s,比本文算法的换挡时间多0.53 s。重负载作业下发动机的输出转矩波动比运输工况下显著降低(图8d)。与运输工况相比,受滑摩时间延长的影响,LQR的滑摩功为21.6 kJ,远大于运输工况下的7.44 kJ,但冲击度比运输工况降低45.5%。犁耕工况下,本文算法仍然保持较好的扰动抑制效果,本文算法的滑摩功仅8.824 kJ,比运输工况下仅增加4.24 kJ,比LQR算法减少59.17%。本文算法的冲击度为8.51 m/s3,仅比LQR高2.04%,其造成的换挡顿挫差异可忽略不计。
图9为本文算法的时变扰动估计变化曲线。犁耕工况下的时变扰动较运输工况扰动更活跃,持续时间更长。
图10为不同工况下拖拉机动力换挡过程的换挡品质指标对比。由图10可知,与LQR算法相比,本文提出的基于时变扰动观测的LQR控制器可有效抑制不同工况下PST换挡过程中的系统未建模动态及外部时变扰动等不确定性因素,且具有较好的控制鲁棒性,拖拉机换挡过程中的换挡品质有了显著提升,有利于延长离合器摩擦元件工作寿命,提高PST换挡性能和可靠性。
(1)为解决拖拉机动力换挡过程中的时变扰动、建模不确定性及参数摄动等因素影响,提出一种考虑时变扰动观测的换挡过程控制方法,通过引入高阶扰动观测器估计系统时变扰动及其各阶导数,作为LQR的动态补偿输入,实现换挡过程的优化控制。
(2)基于dSPACE和Matlab/Simulink搭建了拖拉机硬件在环仿真平台,开展了不同工况下的换挡过程仿真验证。结果表明,以1LL挡升1L挡为例,运输工况和犁耕工况下,本文算法换挡时间分别为0.72、0.85 s,较LQR分别减少22.58%、38.4%,经HDO补偿后,最大冲击度分别为16.11、8.51 m/s3,虽比LQR分别增加了5.29%、2.04%,换挡顿挫差异不明显,但滑摩功控制效果显著,仅4.61、8.82 kJ,比LQR分别减少38.04%、59.17%,所提方法可有效观测换挡过程中的时变扰动,提高了换挡舒适性。
  • 山东省自然科学基金项目(ZR2022QE217)
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2025年第56卷第12期
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doi: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.018
  • 接收时间:2025-09-17
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-17
  • 修回日期:2025-09-27
基金
山东省自然科学基金项目(ZR2022QE217)
作者信息
    1.山东农业大学机械与电子工程学院,泰安 271018
    2.农业生产机械装备国家工程研究中心,泰安 271018
    3.国家开放大学理工学院,北京 100039

通讯作者:

张稳(1988—),女,副教授,博士,主要从事智能农机装备设计及理论研究,E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/nyjxxb/CN/10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.018
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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