Article(id=1311999676438639509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744214400000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-10, revisedDate=1746288000000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-04, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790734698638, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790734698638, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790734698638, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790734698638, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311999647825101743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, year='2025', volume='56', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='818', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1766592000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790734691815, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790738411040, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312015247465083866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312015247465083867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=121, endPage=130, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1311999676627383190, articleId=1311999676438639509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, language=EN, title=Frequency Matching Method and Experiment of Variable Stiffness Vibration Energy Feedback Device for Electric Tractor, columnId=1311999648647185329, journalTitle=Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, columnName=Special Column of Key Technologies for Intelligent Agricultural Power Equipment, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In allusion to the efficient vibration energy recovery problem of a wheeled electric tractor, a variable stiffness spring was innovatively integrates into the research team's existing vibration energy feedback device and a method was proposed to match the device's resonance frequency with the road surface excitation frequency, thereby improving energy capture performance. Firstly, the range of road excitation frequency was analyzed based on the road grade and vehicle speed of the electric tractor. Subsequently, a nonlinear 10-degree-of-freedom dynamic model of the variable stiffness vibration energy feedback device was formulated. With the QR decomposition, implicit restart Arnoldi method (IRAM) and adaptive cross approximation algorithm (ACA), the modal frequencies of the device were solved, and the modal evolution law was analyzed by combining these methods with the finite element method. On this basis, the stiffness coefficient of variable stiffness spring was determined, and the frequency matching method for the variable stiffness vibration energy feedback device was proposed. Finally, fixed-frequency and swept-frequency bench tests were conducted to compare the energy capture performance of the fixed and variable stiffness vibration energy feedback devices. The results demonstrated that the variable stiffness spring structure significantly broadened the resonance band of the device, increased the maximum instantaneous output voltage to 52.2 V, and boosted the average output power and electricity generation by 34.4% and 42.8%, respectively, at the same time, it met the vibration reduction requirement for the battery pack. The above research can provide theoretical and technical support for the power supply of electric tractors and it was of great significance to promote the development of its energy-saving technology.

, authors=Wei WANG, Ziqiang LI, Jialu HAN, Jie ZHAO, authorsList=Wei WANG, Ziqiang LI, Jialu HAN, Jie ZHAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1311999684655281100, articleId=1311999676438639509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, language=CN, title=电动拖拉机变刚度振动馈能装置频率匹配方法与试验, columnId=1311999648798180275, journalTitle=农业机械学报, columnName=智能农业动力装备关键技术专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对轮式电动拖拉机的高效振动能量回收问题,在课题组现有振动馈能装置的基础上,引入变刚度弹簧,提出一种装置共振频率与路面激励频率的匹配方法,提升了俘能性能。分析电动拖拉机行驶的路面激励频带,研究并建立变刚度振动馈能装置的动力学模型;融合隐式重启Arnoldi法、自适应交叉近似算法及有限元方法研究装置的模态演化规律,在此基础上确定变刚度弹簧的劲度系数,提出变刚度振动馈能装置的频率匹配方法;通过谐波定频与扫频试验对比,研究定、变刚度振动馈能装置的俘能性能。结果表明:引入变刚度弹簧能够使馈能装置的共振频带拓宽,最大瞬时输出电压提高至52.2 V,平均输出功率和发电量分别提升34.4%和42.8%,同时满足电池组的减振要求。

, authors=王威, 李梓强, 韩嘉璐, 赵洁, authorsList=王威, 李梓强, 韩嘉璐, 赵洁, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

王威(1979—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事车辆动力学与控制、新能源农业装备设计研究,E-mail:

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王威(1979—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事车辆动力学与控制、新能源农业装备设计研究,E-mail:

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王威(1979—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事车辆动力学与控制、新能源农业装备设计研究,E-mail:

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Dynamics modeling and analysis of vehicle-pavement nonlinear coupling system, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311999696952979504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999676438639509, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=21, issue=5, pageStart=13, pageEnd=16, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=39, authorNames=罗尧, 王慧, journalName=物理与工程, refType=null, unstructuredReference=罗尧, 王慧. 非线性弹簧阻尼减振装置的探究[J]. 物理与工程, 2011, 21(5): 13-16., articleTitle=非线性弹簧阻尼减振装置的探究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311999697053642801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999676438639509, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=21, issue=5, pageStart=13, pageEnd=16, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=40, authorNames=LUO Yao, WANG Hui, journalName=Physics and Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LUO Yao, WANG Hui. 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1. 变刚度弹簧 2. 锥齿轮 3. 齿条 4. 单向滚珠离合器 5. 齿轮 6. 增速器 7. 发电机 8. 弹簧 9. 压电材料 10. 杠杆机构

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1. 振动台 2. 示波器 3. 滑动变阻器 4. 振动测试仪 5. 加速度传感器 6. 电池组 7. 样机 8. 振动台

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Dynamics parameters used in simulation

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参数数值参数数值参数数值
mb/kg140J3/(kg·m2)2.05×10-3k5/(N·m-1)3.991 0×106
mp/kg3.516 8J4/(kg·m2)8.20×10-4k6/(N·m-1)1.111 5×104
m2/kg0.933 0km2/(N·m-1)1.032×104k7/(N·m·rad-1)3.5×104
m4/kg0.933 0kp/(N·m-1)7.189 5×104k8/(N·m·rad-1)3.5×104
m6/kg0.337 8k1/(N·m-1)3.991 0×106r1/m0.022 5
mr/kg0.802 0k2/(N·m-1)1.111 5×104r2/m0.045 7
J1/(kg·m2)5.66×10-5k3/(N·m-1)2.813 0×106r3/m0.018 7
J2/(kg·m2)8.20×10-4k4/(N·m-1)1.111 5×104r4/m0.045 7
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仿真中使用的动力学参数

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参数数值参数数值参数数值
mb/kg140J3/(kg·m2)2.05×10-3k5/(N·m-1)3.991 0×106
mp/kg3.516 8J4/(kg·m2)8.20×10-4k6/(N·m-1)1.111 5×104
m2/kg0.933 0km2/(N·m-1)1.032×104k7/(N·m·rad-1)3.5×104
m4/kg0.933 0kp/(N·m-1)7.189 5×104k8/(N·m·rad-1)3.5×104
m6/kg0.337 8k1/(N·m-1)3.991 0×106r1/m0.022 5
mr/kg0.802 0k2/(N·m-1)1.111 5×104r2/m0.045 7
J1/(kg·m2)5.66×10-5k3/(N·m-1)2.813 0×106r3/m0.018 7
J2/(kg·m2)8.20×10-4k4/(N·m-1)1.111 5×104r4/m0.045 7
), ArticleFig(id=1311999690003017731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999676438639509, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Parameters of variable stiffness spring

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参数数值参数数值
自由长度L/mm308支撑圈数n23
外径D/mm32有效圈数n130
内径D1/mm22刚度范围/(N·m-1)2 000~122 970
线径d/mm5
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变刚度弹簧参数

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参数数值参数数值
自由长度L/mm308支撑圈数n23
外径D/mm32有效圈数n130
内径D1/mm22刚度范围/(N·m-1)2 000~122 970
线径d/mm5
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电动拖拉机变刚度振动馈能装置频率匹配方法与试验
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王威 , 李梓强 , 韩嘉璐 , 赵洁
农业机械学报 | 智能农业动力装备关键技术专栏 2025,56(12): 121-130
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农业机械学报 |智能农业动力装备关键技术专栏 2025 , 56 (12) : 121 -130
电动拖拉机变刚度振动馈能装置频率匹配方法与试验
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王威 , 李梓强, 韩嘉璐, 赵洁
作者信息
  • 西北农林科技大学机械与电子工程学院,陕西杨凌 712100
作者简介:

王威(1979—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事车辆动力学与控制、新能源农业装备设计研究,E-mail:

Frequency Matching Method and Experiment of Variable Stiffness Vibration Energy Feedback Device for Electric Tractor
Wei WANG , Ziqiang LI, Jialu HAN, Jie ZHAO
Affiliations
  • College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
出版时间: 2025-12-25 doi: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.010
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针对轮式电动拖拉机的高效振动能量回收问题,在课题组现有振动馈能装置的基础上,引入变刚度弹簧,提出一种装置共振频率与路面激励频率的匹配方法,提升了俘能性能。分析电动拖拉机行驶的路面激励频带,研究并建立变刚度振动馈能装置的动力学模型;融合隐式重启Arnoldi法、自适应交叉近似算法及有限元方法研究装置的模态演化规律,在此基础上确定变刚度弹簧的劲度系数,提出变刚度振动馈能装置的频率匹配方法;通过谐波定频与扫频试验对比,研究定、变刚度振动馈能装置的俘能性能。结果表明:引入变刚度弹簧能够使馈能装置的共振频带拓宽,最大瞬时输出电压提高至52.2 V,平均输出功率和发电量分别提升34.4%和42.8%,同时满足电池组的减振要求。

电动拖拉机  /  变刚度  /  频率匹配  /  振动俘能

In allusion to the efficient vibration energy recovery problem of a wheeled electric tractor, a variable stiffness spring was innovatively integrates into the research team's existing vibration energy feedback device and a method was proposed to match the device's resonance frequency with the road surface excitation frequency, thereby improving energy capture performance. Firstly, the range of road excitation frequency was analyzed based on the road grade and vehicle speed of the electric tractor. Subsequently, a nonlinear 10-degree-of-freedom dynamic model of the variable stiffness vibration energy feedback device was formulated. With the QR decomposition, implicit restart Arnoldi method (IRAM) and adaptive cross approximation algorithm (ACA), the modal frequencies of the device were solved, and the modal evolution law was analyzed by combining these methods with the finite element method. On this basis, the stiffness coefficient of variable stiffness spring was determined, and the frequency matching method for the variable stiffness vibration energy feedback device was proposed. Finally, fixed-frequency and swept-frequency bench tests were conducted to compare the energy capture performance of the fixed and variable stiffness vibration energy feedback devices. The results demonstrated that the variable stiffness spring structure significantly broadened the resonance band of the device, increased the maximum instantaneous output voltage to 52.2 V, and boosted the average output power and electricity generation by 34.4% and 42.8%, respectively, at the same time, it met the vibration reduction requirement for the battery pack. The above research can provide theoretical and technical support for the power supply of electric tractors and it was of great significance to promote the development of its energy-saving technology.

electric tractor  /  variable stiffness  /  frequency matching  /  vibration energy capture
王威, 李梓强, 韩嘉璐, 赵洁. 电动拖拉机变刚度振动馈能装置频率匹配方法与试验. 农业机械学报, 2025 , 56 (12) : 121 -130 . DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.010
Wei WANG, Ziqiang LI, Jialu HAN, Jie ZHAO. Frequency Matching Method and Experiment of Variable Stiffness Vibration Energy Feedback Device for Electric Tractor[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2025 , 56 (12) : 121 -130 . DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.010
新质生产力助推现代农业“向新向绿”发展[1-2],电动拖拉机作为一种农用动力机械,具有清洁环保、节能高效、控制灵活的优点,然而受高比功率和高比能量电池技术发展的制约,其普遍存在动力不足、续航里程短的应用困难[3-4]。振动馈能装置可以将电动拖拉机行驶环境中的振动能量转换为电能并存储在电池或超级电容中,是补给电动拖拉机电能和延长续驶里程的重要途径[5-7]。
电动拖拉机行驶环境的激励频率具有一定的带宽,定刚度振动馈能装置只有激励频率在系统共振频率附近时,才具有较高俘能效率[8-9],在实际应用中有一定的局限性。目前,国内外学者对设计与实际应用环境相匹配的高性能振动馈能装置开展了大量研究[10-12]。从现有研究[13-17]来看,非线性变频、双稳态和多稳态振动馈能装置均在一定带宽激励下具有较好的俘能性能,然而主动式非线性变频馈能装置需要外界能量输入,往往导致较高的能量损耗;被动式斜弹簧组合结构一般较为繁琐且在刚度等效时容易产生误差,双涡旋平面弹簧结构具有良好的被动连续变刚度特性,可提升系统在低频宽带激励下的俘能性能,为本研究提供了重要参考,但其存在加工工艺与制造难度较高的不足;双稳态和多稳态馈能装置在势阱跃迁过程中容易产生振动波动和冲击,同时系统参数的设计和控制较为复杂。
鉴于变刚度弹簧(变节距弹簧)具有刚度被动连续变化、结构简单和易加工的特点[18],能够实现装置模态频率可变、俘能频带拓宽和性能增强的作用,本文将变刚度弹簧应用于课题组现有的压电-机械电磁复合式振动馈能装置[7],分析装置模态频率的演化规律,提出模态频率与路面激励频率的匹配方法,并结合台架试验验证其俘能性能的提升和电池组的减振要求,以期为电动拖拉机振动能量的高效俘获提供方法。
基于课题组现有的压电-机械电磁复合式振动馈能装置,引入变刚度弹簧结构,构建电动拖拉机变刚度振动馈能装置,如图1所示。装置上方放置动力电池组,下方固定于车架。该装置包含机械电磁和压电2部分,利用变刚度弹簧实现模态频率与路面激励频率的匹配,进一步提升装置的俘能性能。在装置振动过程中,变刚度弹簧1的刚度连续变化,引起装置整体模态频率连续变化;机械电磁部分通过2个单向离合器带动锥齿轮、增速机、发电机单向转动,从而进行发电;压电部分通过杠杆机构使压电材料发生变形,利用正压电效应进行发电。
拖拉机属于非道路车辆,运输和作业时的行驶路面等级通常为C、D级,且D级路面占比较多[19-20]。因此,本文在D级路面条件下以电动拖拉机作业行驶速度3~5 km/h[21]为例分析装置的激励特性。文献[22]谐波叠加法给出了D级路面的随机道路模型,该模型可以表示为
式中
      n0——参考空间频率,m-1
      u——电动拖拉机的速度,m/s
      ni——空间频率,m-1
      Gq(n0)——道路粗糙度的等级系数,m3
      fi——每个小间隔的平均频率,Hz
      θri——[0,2π]的随机数,rad
      Gq(fi)——功率谱密度函数,m3
      Δni——空间频率离散步长,m-1
      Δfi——时间频率离散步长,Hz
      t——时间,s
      w——频谱指数,通常取2
根据ISO 8608中的道路分类[23],D类道路的Gq(n0)为1.024×10-3 m3,参考空间频率n0的范围为0.011m-1<n0<2.83m-1,电动拖拉机的路面激励频率与车速和路面空间频率有关,三者之间的关系[24]为
式中
      f——路面时间频率,Hz
      n——路面空间频率,m-1
由电动拖拉机的行驶速度和参考空间频率的范围计算出电动拖拉机的路面激励频率范围为(0.009 17 Hz,3.930 56 Hz)。考虑拖拉机的轮胎刚度较大,忽略其弹性形变影响;同时由于后置挂车或农机具对装置垂直振动的影响较小,予以忽略。分析装置内部结构的运动关系和受力,建立变刚度振动馈能装置的10自由度高维非线性动力学模型如图2所示。图2中,km1为变刚度弹簧的刚度,N/m;mb、mp分别为上框架与电池组、压电上盖板的质量,kg;zb、zp、z2、z4分别为上框架、压电上盖板和第1、2锥齿轮沿Z轴的振动位移;y6、yg分别为第3锥齿轮、直齿圆柱齿轮和单向离合器之间沿Y轴的振动位移;x1、x3、x5分别为第1和第3锥齿轮、齿轮和齿条、第2和第3锥齿轮的啮合位移;km2、kp、cp分别为压电部分弹簧的刚度、等效刚度、阻尼;k7、k8分别为单向离合器的刚度,N/m;ki、ei、ci、bi分别为各锥齿轮啮合副的啮合刚度、综合传动误差、啮合阻尼、齿轮间隙(i=1,3,5);kj、cj分别为各锥齿轮轴承的支撑刚度、支撑阻尼(j=2,4,6);Rp为负载电阻,Ω。
变刚度弹簧的非线性渐硬弹簧模型可表示为[25]
式中
      kh1、kh3——弹簧的劲度系数
      x——弹簧压缩量,m
各锥齿轮啮合副的综合传动误差呈现周期性变化,可表示为[26]
式中
      ωi——角频率,rad/s
      emi——齿轮啮合副传动误差的谐波幅值,m
      φe——齿轮啮合副传动误差的初始相位,rad
相对位移x1、x3、x5和yg可分别表示为
式中
      α——每个锥齿轮法向压力角,取20°
      θ1——齿轮旋转角度,(°)
      θ2、θ3、θ4——第1、2、3锥齿轮旋转角度,(°)
      r1、r2、r3、r4——齿轮和3个锥齿轮啮合半径,m
      rg——齿轮轴半径,m
齿轮副啮合阻尼c1、c3和c5可表示为[27]
式中
      ξ——齿轮啮合副的啮合阻尼比
      mzd——齿轮啮合副主动齿轮的质量,kg
      mcd——齿轮啮合副从动齿轮的质量,kg
综上,电动拖拉机变刚度振动馈能装置的动力学微分方程为
式中
      gp——压电耦合系数
      J1、J2、J3、J4——齿轮和3个锥齿轮的惯性矩
      Vp——压电部分的输出电压,V
      f1——齿轮和齿条的齿轮间隙非线性函数
      f3——第1、3锥齿轮的齿轮间隙非线性函数
      f5——第2、3锥齿轮的齿轮间隙非线性函数
      β——锥齿轮基准锥角,(°)
      Cp——压电材料的等效电容
将式(5)代入式(7),得到消除刚体位移后变刚度振动馈能系统的动力学微分方程为
其矩阵形式可以表示为
其中
式中
      X——位移矩阵
      M——质量矩阵
      K——刚度矩阵
      C——阻尼矩阵
      ——载荷列阵
针对变刚度振动馈能装置的可变模态频率与路面激励频率的匹配问题,需分析模态频率随弹簧刚度变化的演化规律,从而确定弹簧刚度的变化范围。
为了分析装置模态频率随弹簧刚度的演化规律,需求解系统的广义特征值和特征向量,式(9)的特征方程表达为
式中
      λ——广义特征值
      v——模态振型
令矩阵A=KM-1,由于质量矩阵和刚度矩阵均为稀疏矩阵,且含有刚度参数,为了提高求解精度与运算效率,基于Matlab软件平台利用QR分解算法的隐式重启Arnoldi法进行求解,并结合ACA算法对矩阵构建低秩近似,进一步加速特征值的求解过程。在算法迭代过程中,矩阵A的收敛性是通过检查其下三角部分是否趋近于零来进行判断。
装置前10阶模态频率ω1~ω10与变刚度弹簧刚度km1的关系式(保留5位有效数字,仿真参数见表1)为
计算结果中出现了装置前4阶模态为0的现象,一方面由于刚度矩阵的秩为8,根据秩-零化度定理[28],刚度矩阵存在2个线性无关的向量,对应装置存在2个刚体模态;另一方面,另有2个数值较小的模态频率在构建低秩近似的算法迭代过程中被近似为0,因此计算出的前4阶模态为0。基于振动馈能装置对电池组的支撑作用与最大限位要求,计算出变刚度弹簧km1的取值应不小于2 000 N/m。将km1=2 000 N/m代入式(11)的10个关系式,可以得到只有第5阶模态频率ω5=1.468 35 Hz在路面激励频率范围(0.009 17 Hz,3.930 56 Hz)内。图3反映了第5阶模态频率随弹簧刚度的变化规律。
为了使装置的第5阶模态频率与路面激励频率的重合域最大,令弹簧刚度km1∈[2 000 N/m,122 970 N/m],此时对应的第5阶模态频率范围ω5∈[1.468 35 Hz,3.930 56 Hz],即变刚度振动馈能装置能发生共振的频率区间。
为了研究并验证弹簧刚度变化与装置模态频率范围的映射关系,采用多软件联合仿真方法建立装置的有限元模型,分析装置的前10阶模态频率。将变刚度振动馈能装置的Creo三维模型导入ANSYS Workbench中建立有限元模型,采用实体单元对模型进行网格划分,如图4a所示,共生成111024个单元,得到293 677个节点,网格质量满足计算精度要求。根据弹簧刚度km1取值范围,令km1=2 000 N/m得到第1次模态分析结果,如图4b所示。
由第1次仿真结果可知,仅第5阶模态频率ω5在路面激励的频率范围(0.009 17 Hz,3.930 56 Hz)内。对km1∈[2 000 N/m,122 970 N/m]进行间隔为10 000 N/m的递增取值,再进行12次模态分析。将得到的13个第5阶模态频率的仿真结果进行多项式拟合,绘制其随弹簧刚度km1的变化曲线,并与Matlab的计算结果进行对比,如图5所示。
当弹簧刚度km1取值范围为[2 000 N/m,122970 N/m]时,装置第5阶模态频率ω5的Matlab计算结果与ANSYS有限元分析结果分别是[1.46835 Hz,3.930 56 Hz]与[1.508 00 Hz,3.930 05 Hz]。结果的最大误差出现在km1=69 827 N/m处,此时ω5的Matlab计算结果与ANSYS有限元分析结果分别为3.190 35 Hz和3.090 18 Hz,误差为3.2%。
综上,本研究融合QR分解、隐式重启Arnoldi法和ACA算法的模态频率求解结果与有限元分析结果吻合度较好且具有足够的精度。实测变刚度弹簧的可压缩范围为[0,143 mm],获取的弹簧刚度km1∈[2 000 N/m,122 970 N/m],将二者上下限的对应关系代入式(3)可求取劲度系数,进而得到变刚度弹簧km1的表达式为
为测试提出的馈能装置的俘能性能,依据式(12)表达的弹簧刚度特性加工了变刚度弹簧,参数如表2所示,并将其安装于课题组现有的馈能样机内,形成变刚度振动馈能装置样机,如图6所示。搭建的试验台及其配置如图7所示。选用振动试验台作为激励源,进行谐波定频试验和扫频试验,测试分析定、变刚度振动馈能装置在定频与扫频试验过程中的俘能性能。利用变阻器模拟外部负载,示波器采集电压信号,同时在电池组上安装加速度传感器,通过振动测试仪采集其加速度信号,并传送到PC机上。设置外部负载为50 Ω,基于电动拖拉机行驶的路面等级,设置谐波激励振动幅度为4 mm。定频试验中,在电动拖拉机的激励频带内设置振动试验台的谐波激励频率分别为1.5、2、2.5 Hz;扫频试验中,在电动拖拉机的激励频带内设置振动试验台的扫频频率为1.5~3.9 Hz,步长为0.1 Hz/s。
在定频和扫频试验中,由示波器记录的定、变刚度振动馈能装置的瞬时输出电压如图8所示,基于外部负载50 Ω计算出对应的瞬时输出功率如图9所示。由图8a~8c可知,定频试验中定刚度振动馈能装置的输出电压波形未出现持续且规律性的高电压,即所设置的3个激励频率未与其固有频率相接近而发生共振;对图9a~9c取平均值并进行多项式曲线拟合,得到平均输出功率曲线如图10所示,定、变刚度振动馈能装置的平均输出功率分别为0.224、0.525、1.024 W和0.301、0.714、1.412 W,变刚度振动馈能装置相比于定刚度馈能装置平均输出功率分别提升34.4%、36%和37.9%。因此,在定频试验中,变刚度振动馈能装置通过模态演化提升了俘能性能。
由图9d的瞬时输出功率曲线积分得到的扫频试验定、变刚度振动馈能装置0~25 s的发电量分别为23.676 J与33.798 J,即变刚度振动馈能装置的发电量提升了42.8%;由振动测试仪采集变刚度振动馈能装置电池组的加速度信号如图11所示,电池组受到的最大加速度为3.26 m/s2,远低于ISO 12405-3中规定的电池组1.44 g最大加速度[29]。因此,在扫频试验中,变刚度振动馈能装置在满足电池组减振要求下具有较好的拓频俘能性能。
综合分析定频与扫频试验结果,定、变刚度振动馈能装置的最大瞬时电压和最大瞬时功率均出现在扫频试验中,如图8d、9d所示,分别为48、52.2 V和46.1、54.5 W;与定刚度振动馈能装置相比,变刚度振动馈能装置在定频试验中,由于模态的连续演化,平均输出功率提高34.4%~37.9%;而在扫频试验中,得益于其拓频俘能特性,发电量提高42.8%,同时满足电池组的减振要求。
(1)提出了一种变刚度振动馈能装置的模态频率与路面激励频率匹配方法。在分析电动拖拉机行驶路面激励频率动态变化范围的基础上,建立了变刚度振动馈能装置的动力学模型,通过构建融合隐式重启Arnoldi法、自适应交叉近似算法和有限元仿真相结合的模态分析框架,揭示了装置模态频率随弹簧刚度变化的演化规律,确定了模态频率与路面激励频率匹配下变刚度弹簧的劲度系数。
(2)开展了谐波定频与扫频台架试验,对比研究了定、变刚度振动馈能装置的俘能性能。定频试验表明,相比于定刚度振动馈能装置,变刚度振动馈能装置的平均输出功率提升34.4%~37.9%,揭示了变刚度振动馈能装置通过模态演化提升了俘能性能;扫频试验表明,变刚度振动馈能装置的发电量提升42.8%,揭示了变刚度振动馈能装置在满足电池组减振要求下具有较好的拓频俘能性能。研究可实现电动拖拉机振动能量的高效俘获,为其电能补给提供新理论与技术创新路径,对推动电动拖拉机节能技术的高质量发展具有重要意义。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFD0700800)
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2025年第56卷第12期
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doi: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.010
  • 接收时间:2025-04-10
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-10
  • 修回日期:2025-05-04
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国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFD0700800)
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    西北农林科技大学机械与电子工程学院,陕西杨凌 712100
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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