Article(id=1312006363270701799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.070, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1726416000000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-16, revisedDate=1729353600000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790736292903, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790736292903, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790736292903, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790736292903, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311999647825101743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, year='2025', volume='56', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='818', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1766592000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790734691815, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790738411040, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312015247465083866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312015247465083867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=761, endPage=768, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1312006363492999912, articleId=1312006363270701799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, language=EN, title=Quality Grading Model of Base Wines of Xiaoqu Clear-flavored Chinese Baijiu Based on PSO-RBF, columnId=1312006333306593742, journalTitle=Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, columnName=Agricultural Products Processing, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The traditional winemaking process of grading and storage is a crucial link that affects the quality of Chinese baijiu blending and finished wine, but the grading and storage process of Chinese baijiu are mainly relied on workers experience in traditional winemaking factories, causing difficulties in many characteristic quantification and form scientific basis for grading storage. Based on deep learning technology, a gas chromatograph was used to quantitatively detect and analyse the content of flavour components in the base wine of small-curve clear-flavoured Chinese baijiu, and a regression model for the quality grading of the base wine was established using PLSR based on the content of the components detected in the base wine, screening the first eight components that have the most significant impact on the quality grading of the base wine: ethyl acetate, ethyl lactate, ethyl valerate, isobutyl alcohol, ethyl caprylate, ethylene acetal, ethyl acetate, sec-butanol, n-propanol, and then the PSO-RBF neural network-based base wine quality classification model was explored. Finally, according to the predicted outputs of the test samples, our algorithm achieved 98.6% accuracy in base wine classification, which was significantly better than the 94.3% of the traditional RBF neural network. As a result, the base wine classification grading model was successfully constructed.

, authors=Shaokun LU1, Qian LIAO1, Honggang WU2, Yuanxia JI3, Runling YANG1, Tao ZHOU4, Yunwen LANG1, authorsList=Shaokun LU, Qian LIAO, Honggang WU, Yuanxia JI, Runling YANG, Tao ZHOU, Yunwen LANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yunwen LANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1312006370946278153, articleId=1312006363270701799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, language=CN, title=基于PSO-RBF的小曲清香型白酒基酒品质分级模型研究, columnId=1312006333474365904, journalTitle=农业机械学报, columnName=农产品加工工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

传统酿酒工艺的分级存储影响白酒成品质量,但白酒分级存储主要依赖人工经验,许多特征难以进行量化,难以形成科学的分级存储依据。基于深度学习技术,采用气相色谱仪对小曲清香型白酒基酒中风味物质成分含量进行定量检测分析,根据检测出的基酒中物质成分含量利用PLSR建立基酒的品质分级回归模型,筛选前8种对基酒品质等级划分影响最显著的成分:乙酸乙酯、乳酸乙酯、戊酸乙酯、异丁醇、己酸乙酯、乙缩醛、仲丁醇和正丙醇。然后对基于PSO-RBF神经网络的基酒品质分级模型进行探究,最终根据测试样本的预测输出结果,表明算法基酒分类的精确率达到了98.6%,显著优于传统RBF神经网络的94.3%,成功构建了基酒的分级模型。

, authors=鲁绍坤1, 廖倩1, 吴红刚2, 纪元霞3, 杨润玲1, 周涛4, 郎云雯1, authorsList=鲁绍坤, 廖倩, 吴红刚, 纪元霞, 杨润玲, 周涛, 郎云雯, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=郎云雯, authorNote=

鲁绍坤(1974—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事农业大数据、农业生物环境与生物工程研究,E-mail:

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郎云雯(1978—),女,副教授,主要从事智慧农业研究,E-mail:
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鲁绍坤(1974—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事农业大数据、农业生物环境与生物工程研究,E-mail:

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鲁绍坤(1974—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事农业大数据、农业生物环境与生物工程研究,E-mail:

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Ranges of flavouring substances in different grades of baijiu base wines

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风味化合物特级优级一级二级风味描述[25]
甲醇0.280 6~0.559 00.837 6~1.116 00.559 1~0.837 50.002 0~0.280 5温和酒精味、有烧灼感
正丙醇0.713 2~0.951 00.475 6~0.713 20.237 9~0.475 50.000 1~0.237 8水果香、花香、青草香
乙酸乙酯3.324 9~4.431 02.218 6~3.324 81.112 3~2.218 50.006 0~1.112 2菠萝香、苹果香、水果香
仲丁醇0.010 0~0.012 00.007 0~0.009 00.004 0~0.006 00.000 1~0.003 0较强芳香、爽口、味短
异丁醇0.212 0~0.361 00.154 0~0.195 50.096 0~0.161 00.000 1~0.003 0脂肪香、似葡萄香味
乙缩醛0.355 5~0.532 90.532 8~0.710 00.178 3~0.355 60.001 0~0.178 4果香味、甜中带涩、有酒头味
正丁醇0.167 6~0.335 60.503 2~0.671 00.335 5~0.503 30.000 1~0.167 7水果香
异戊醇0.000 1~0.235 20.235 3~0.470 50.470 6~0.705 80.705 9~0.941 0有杂醇油味、酒头香、刺舌、带苦
丁酸乙酯0.510 3~0.680 00.340 6~0.510 20.170 9~0.340 50.001 0~0.170 8苹果香、菠萝香、水果香、花香
乳酸乙酯0.013 0~0.858 61.704 6~2.550 20.858 7~1.704 52.550 3~3.896 0甜香、水果香、青草香
戊酸乙酯0.130 6~0.174 00.087 1~0.130 50.043 6~0.087 00.000 1~0.043 5水蜜桃香、水果香、花香、甜香
己酸乙酯0.040 6~0.054 00.027 8~0.040 50.013 6~0.027 00.000 1~0.013 5甜香、水果香、蜂蜜香
), ArticleFig(id=1312006380723200857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006363270701799, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同等级白酒基酒中风味物质含量范围

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风味化合物特级优级一级二级风味描述[25]
甲醇0.280 6~0.559 00.837 6~1.116 00.559 1~0.837 50.002 0~0.280 5温和酒精味、有烧灼感
正丙醇0.713 2~0.951 00.475 6~0.713 20.237 9~0.475 50.000 1~0.237 8水果香、花香、青草香
乙酸乙酯3.324 9~4.431 02.218 6~3.324 81.112 3~2.218 50.006 0~1.112 2菠萝香、苹果香、水果香
仲丁醇0.010 0~0.012 00.007 0~0.009 00.004 0~0.006 00.000 1~0.003 0较强芳香、爽口、味短
异丁醇0.212 0~0.361 00.154 0~0.195 50.096 0~0.161 00.000 1~0.003 0脂肪香、似葡萄香味
乙缩醛0.355 5~0.532 90.532 8~0.710 00.178 3~0.355 60.001 0~0.178 4果香味、甜中带涩、有酒头味
正丁醇0.167 6~0.335 60.503 2~0.671 00.335 5~0.503 30.000 1~0.167 7水果香
异戊醇0.000 1~0.235 20.235 3~0.470 50.470 6~0.705 80.705 9~0.941 0有杂醇油味、酒头香、刺舌、带苦
丁酸乙酯0.510 3~0.680 00.340 6~0.510 20.170 9~0.340 50.001 0~0.170 8苹果香、菠萝香、水果香、花香
乳酸乙酯0.013 0~0.858 61.704 6~2.550 20.858 7~1.704 52.550 3~3.896 0甜香、水果香、青草香
戊酸乙酯0.130 6~0.174 00.087 1~0.130 50.043 6~0.087 00.000 1~0.043 5水蜜桃香、水果香、花香、甜香
己酸乙酯0.040 6~0.054 00.027 8~0.040 50.013 6~0.027 00.000 1~0.013 5甜香、水果香、蜂蜜香
), ArticleFig(id=1312006380828058458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006363270701799, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Characterization of key material components of base wines

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基酒成分含量/(g·L-1)样品数量
平均值±标准差最大值最小值
正丙醇0.096 9±0.146 50.951 0<0.000 1320
乙酸乙酯0.820 3±0.678 84.431 00.006 0320
仲丁醇0.000 3±0.001 30.012 0<0.000 1320
异丁醇0.103 1±0.113 00.670 0<0.000 1320
乙缩醛0.089 9±0.130 30.710 00.001 0320
丁酸乙酯0.054 3±0.093 60.680 00.001 0320
戊酸乙酯0.001 8±0.010 10.174 0<0.000 1320
己酸乙酯0.001 1±0.003 30.054 0<0.000 1320
), ArticleFig(id=1312006380895167323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006363270701799, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

基酒关键物质成分的特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基酒成分含量/(g·L-1)样品数量
平均值±标准差最大值最小值
正丙醇0.096 9±0.146 50.951 0<0.000 1320
乙酸乙酯0.820 3±0.678 84.431 00.006 0320
仲丁醇0.000 3±0.001 30.012 0<0.000 1320
异丁醇0.103 1±0.113 00.670 0<0.000 1320
乙缩醛0.089 9±0.130 30.710 00.001 0320
丁酸乙酯0.054 3±0.093 60.680 00.001 0320
戊酸乙酯0.001 8±0.010 10.174 0<0.000 1320
己酸乙酯0.001 1±0.003 30.054 0<0.000 1320
), ArticleFig(id=1312006380962276188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006363270701799, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Normalisation of data characteristics for key material components in base wines

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基酒主要成分含量/(g·L-1)样品数量
标准差最大值最小值
正丙醇1.00-0.14-0.49320
乙酸乙酯1.002.411.04320
仲丁醇1.00-0.83-0.49320
异丁醇1.00-0.35-0.49320
乙缩醛1.00-0.32-0.23320
乳酸乙酯1.001.652.84320
戊酸乙酯1.00-0.72-0.49320
己酸乙酯1.00-0.80-0.49320
), ArticleFig(id=1312006381029385053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006363270701799, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

基酒中关键物质成分的数据特征标准化处理

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基酒主要成分含量/(g·L-1)样品数量
标准差最大值最小值
正丙醇1.00-0.14-0.49320
乙酸乙酯1.002.411.04320
仲丁醇1.00-0.83-0.49320
异丁醇1.00-0.35-0.49320
乙缩醛1.00-0.32-0.23320
乳酸乙酯1.001.652.84320
戊酸乙酯1.00-0.72-0.49320
己酸乙酯1.00-0.80-0.49320
), ArticleFig(id=1312006381100688222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006363270701799, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Number of training samples and number of test samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基酒级别训练样品数测试样品数总样品数
特级602080
优级602080
一级602080
二级602080
), ArticleFig(id=1312006381176185695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006363270701799, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

训练样品数量与测试样品数量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基酒级别训练样品数测试样品数总样品数
特级602080
优级602080
一级602080
二级602080
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基于PSO-RBF的小曲清香型白酒基酒品质分级模型研究
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鲁绍坤 1 , 廖倩 1 , 吴红刚 2 , 纪元霞 3 , 杨润玲 1 , 周涛 4 , 郎云雯 1
农业机械学报 | 农产品加工工程 2025,56(12): 761-768
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农业机械学报 |农产品加工工程 2025 , 56 (12) : 761 -768
基于PSO-RBF的小曲清香型白酒基酒品质分级模型研究
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鲁绍坤1 , 廖倩1, 吴红刚2, 纪元霞3, 杨润玲1, 周涛4, 郎云雯1
作者信息
  • 1.云南农业大学大数据学院,昆明 650000
  • 2.云南财经大学档案馆,昆明 650000
  • 3.云南农业大学理学院,昆明 650000
  • 4.云南赤水酒业有限责任公司,昭通 657000
通讯作者:
郎云雯(1978—),女,副教授,主要从事智慧农业研究,E-mail:
作者简介:

鲁绍坤(1974—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事农业大数据、农业生物环境与生物工程研究,E-mail:

Quality Grading Model of Base Wines of Xiaoqu Clear-flavored Chinese Baijiu Based on PSO-RBF
Shaokun LU1 , Qian LIAO1, Honggang WU2, Yuanxia JI3, Runling YANG1, Tao ZHOU4, Yunwen LANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Big Data, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650000, China
  • 2.Archives, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming 650000, China
  • 3.College of Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650000, China
  • 4.Yunnan Chishui Liquor Co., Ltd., Zhaotong 657000, China
出版时间: 2025-12-25 doi: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.070
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传统酿酒工艺的分级存储影响白酒成品质量,但白酒分级存储主要依赖人工经验,许多特征难以进行量化,难以形成科学的分级存储依据。基于深度学习技术,采用气相色谱仪对小曲清香型白酒基酒中风味物质成分含量进行定量检测分析,根据检测出的基酒中物质成分含量利用PLSR建立基酒的品质分级回归模型,筛选前8种对基酒品质等级划分影响最显著的成分:乙酸乙酯、乳酸乙酯、戊酸乙酯、异丁醇、己酸乙酯、乙缩醛、仲丁醇和正丙醇。然后对基于PSO-RBF神经网络的基酒品质分级模型进行探究,最终根据测试样本的预测输出结果,表明算法基酒分类的精确率达到了98.6%,显著优于传统RBF神经网络的94.3%,成功构建了基酒的分级模型。

小曲清香型白酒  /  PLSR  /  PSO-RBF  /  基酒品质分级

The traditional winemaking process of grading and storage is a crucial link that affects the quality of Chinese baijiu blending and finished wine, but the grading and storage process of Chinese baijiu are mainly relied on workers experience in traditional winemaking factories, causing difficulties in many characteristic quantification and form scientific basis for grading storage. Based on deep learning technology, a gas chromatograph was used to quantitatively detect and analyse the content of flavour components in the base wine of small-curve clear-flavoured Chinese baijiu, and a regression model for the quality grading of the base wine was established using PLSR based on the content of the components detected in the base wine, screening the first eight components that have the most significant impact on the quality grading of the base wine: ethyl acetate, ethyl lactate, ethyl valerate, isobutyl alcohol, ethyl caprylate, ethylene acetal, ethyl acetate, sec-butanol, n-propanol, and then the PSO-RBF neural network-based base wine quality classification model was explored. Finally, according to the predicted outputs of the test samples, our algorithm achieved 98.6% accuracy in base wine classification, which was significantly better than the 94.3% of the traditional RBF neural network. As a result, the base wine classification grading model was successfully constructed.

Xiaoqu clear-flavoured Chinese baijiu  /  PLSR  /  PSO-RBF  /  base wine classification quality grading
鲁绍坤, 廖倩, 吴红刚, 纪元霞, 杨润玲, 周涛, 郎云雯. 基于PSO-RBF的小曲清香型白酒基酒品质分级模型研究. 农业机械学报, 2025 , 56 (12) : 761 -768 . DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.070
Shaokun LU, Qian LIAO, Honggang WU, Yuanxia JI, Runling YANG, Tao ZHOU, Yunwen LANG. Quality Grading Model of Base Wines of Xiaoqu Clear-flavored Chinese Baijiu Based on PSO-RBF[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2025 , 56 (12) : 761 -768 . DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.070
酿造白酒新酿出的基酒品质及其分级存储决定存储酒的调酒品质。传统白酒品质分析存在品酒师对白酒的品评分析与白酒的化学值不一致和感官品评主观性过强且受外界环境影响较大的问题。另外,对白酒总酸、总酯、醇类等关键物质进行含量检测[1]更多依赖的气相色谱法和红外光谱法也不够准确。
气相色谱技术是一种先进的色谱技术,主要是对易挥发、但分子结构不发生分解的化合物进行分析和分离[2]。容易被气相色谱技术检测的化合物特点与白酒化合物特性极其相似,气相色谱技术成为白酒精准分析的主要方法。国内外有许多学者用气相色谱仪对白酒、葡萄酒等进行定量检测以及定性分析[3-7]。
DAN等[8]采用顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)结合气相色谱-嗅闻-质谱联用技术(GC-O-MS)对3种不同等级芝麻香型白酒的香气活性物质进行分析,并比较其差异,共检测出54种香气活性化合物,全面了解了3种不同等级芝麻香型白酒的差异。SHUANG等[9]将气相色谱技术与化学计量法相结合实现对白酒的年龄进行检测。胡瑾等[10]利用气相色谱仪结合其他方法对白酒中57种风味物质进行同时检测分析。王玉荣等[11]利用气相色谱-离子迁移谱结合智能感官技术分析贮藏年限对酱香型白酒的影响。左惠君等[12]采用气相色谱内标法测定白酒中乙酸乙酯含量,通过观察测定过程,分析其不确定度相关问题。于立娟等[13]采用二维气相色谱-飞行时间质谱联合顶空固相微萃取技术分析了红星二锅头基酒的挥发性香气组分。
径向基(Radial basis function,RBF)神经网络技术,是一种单隐含层的前馈神经网络[14],结构虽简单,但具有较强的学习速度和泛化能力,算法可以用来处理非线性问题,广泛用于非线性函数逼近、数据预测及分类等。近期国内李天豪等[15]提出了一种基于PSO-RBF(Particle swarm optimization-radial basis function)的预测方法用于预测高功率激光坡口切割粗糙度。邱麒添[16]提出了基于RBF神经网络的预测方法,实现了肠道细菌宿主年龄预测。以上前期研究分别从不同的角度阐述了气相色谱技术在白酒成分分析中的应用,以及径向基神经网络的研究现状。基于以上两类研究的基础,本文以小曲清香型白酒基酒为研究对象,从白酒企业实际需求出发,通过气相色谱技术分析基酒中的挥发性风味物质成分,在此基础上研究基酒品质分级预测模型。基于实验数据,最终将气相色谱技术与PSO-RBF相结合,建立基酒品质分级预测PSO-RBF神经网络模型。
小曲清香型基酒样品包括特级、优级、一级、二级各80个,共计320个,分别来自云南省赤水源酒业有限责任公司生产的基酒以及云南玉林泉酒业有限公司生产的9年陈酿51%vol白酒;内标物试剂采用上海星铱色谱仪器科技有限公司生产的乙酸正丁酯试剂,纯度为99.0%。
GC9310-Ⅵ型气相色谱仪,LZP-930型毛细管色谱柱(30 mm×0.32 mm×0.5 μm),上海色谱仪器有限公司;小型蒸馏设备(120 L),河南博众机械厂;白酒标准品酒杯,潮州市茗华玻璃制品有限公司;500 mL矿泉水水瓶(新),山东丛辉塑料制品有限公司。
采用气相色谱法(GC)定量检测分析基酒样品中15种芳香化合物(包括酯、醇、酸和醛)含量,最后将气相色谱中的操作参数全部调整至最佳。采用调整出的最佳参数条件对320个小曲清香型白酒基酒特级、高级、一级和二级4个等级的样品进行定量分析,并分析不同等级之间芳香物质成分含量的异同和规律。
酒厂工人将经过发酵的酒醅上甑进行蒸馏操作,在馏酒流出过程中间隔相同时间,即1.5 min,按照酒精度由高到低采取基酒样品;一个轮次可采取到40个样本,重复多个轮次,最终选取320个基酒样品,这些基酒样品均为相同时间生产。采集的部分基酒样品如图1所示。
完成基酒取样后,由1名三级专业品酒师、6名从事酿酒行业20余年的酿酒师及其他专业品酒人员根据GB/T 10345—2022《白酒分析法》中的感官品评要求[17],按照外观、香气、口味口感、风格4个方面进行打分,分值分别为5、35、50、10分;除定量评分外,还鼓励品酒小组成员从粮香、糟香、口感醇厚度、饱满度、协调度、尾净否、回味长短和异味共8个方面尽可能多地写出每个样品的感官评语。
结合GB/T 10781.2—2022《白酒质量要求》,感官品评评语主要有:
色泽和外观:无色或微黄、清亮透明、无悬浮物、无沉淀、无杂质。
香气:清香纯正、陈香、粮香、曲香、果香、花香、坚果香、芳草香、蜜香、醇香、焙烤香、糟香、幽雅、舒适、和谐的自然复合香、空杯留香持久。
口感口味:醇厚绵甜、丰满细腻、协调爽净、回味绵延悠长、空杯留香长、空杯有余香。
风格:独特风格、典型风格、明显风格[18]。
最后通过对每一位参与品评成员记录的评语进行整理,将一些过于主观的评语以及近义词进行删除。
人工品评完成后,将最终得到的感官品评描述词进行定量评分[19],计算得分后,将样品分为特级、优级、一级、二级。将人工品评评分的基酒进行气相色谱化学检测分析,根据影响小曲清香型白酒的物质成分含量,参考T/CBJ 004—2016《小曲固态法白酒原酒》制定样品基酒的品质级别评分范围:大于等于95分为特级,大于等于93分小于95分为优级,大于等于88分小于93分为一级,小于88分为二级。
进样温度250℃;检测器温度250℃;LZP-930型毛细管色谱柱(30 mm×0.32 mm×0.5 μm);气相色谱实验条件如图2所示,40℃保持8 min,以10℃/min上升到150℃保持10 min;载气为高纯氮气,流速0.6 mL/min,分流比1∶1,氢气40 mL/min,空气400 mL/min,进样量1 μL。
基酒样品色谱图如图3所示。选择的AT色谱柱和加热程序可以同时很好地分离15种白酒基酒的典型风味物质。
实验应用深度学习技术和气相色谱仪,采用气相色谱法和偏最小二乘回归法对白酒中含有的微量成分进行定量分析,研究基于神经网络算法的白酒品质识别,构建了小曲清香型白酒的品质分级模型。其中实验分析过程使用Matlab作为分析工具。
(1)白酒微量成分分析。采用气相色谱内标法定量检测基酒样品中15种微量成分,用偏最小二乘回归法(Partial least squares regression,PLSR)对基酒中主成分进行提取。偏最小二乘回归模型采用Jack-knife法进行方差评估、采用留一法进行交叉验证。最后对模型的回归系数进行显著性检验,筛选出对基酒品质预测影响较为显著的风味物质类别。
(2)建立基酒品质分级模型。对筛选出8种主要影响基酒品质的风味物质成分含量数据利用Z-score标准化处理后,建立基于粒子群算法(PSO)优化径向基(RBF)神经网络的PSO-RBF基酒品质分级模型,分析模型训练中的适应度和预测均方差的变化情况,将PSO-RBF神经网络算法和单纯的RBF神经网络训练的结果进行对比,验证该算法的优越性及基酒品质分级模型的精确度[20]。
酯类化合物对白酒主体风格具有重要的影响[21]。醇类化合物是白酒中醇甜和助香的重要成分,也是酯类化合物的前驱物质[22]。酸类化合物对酒体的香气贡献主要为助香、减少刺激、维持酯类香气以及缓冲平衡的辅助作用[23]。
清香型白酒的重要风味成分有:乙酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯、3-甲基乙酸丁酯、2-甲基丙酸乙酯、乳酸乙酯、己酸、2-甲基丙酸、苯乙醛、2-苯乙酸乙酯等。依据GB/T 10781.2—2022《白酒质量要求第2部分清香型白酒》,实验样品小曲清香型白酒的特征在于以乙酸乙酯和乳酸乙酯为关键香气成分。白酒中醇类物质较为丰富,除大量含有的乙醇外,还包括高级醇等,主要起醇甜和助香作用。酸类物质作为白酒风味与口感相互作用的核心,不仅对白酒的香气、口感和功能有重要贡献,而且对白酒中其他微量成分的代谢起着重要的调节作用,从而影响着白酒的品质[24]。而醛类,特别是乙醛和乙缩醛,对白酒的风味和香气有显著的修饰效果,其恰当比例能使酒的香气更协调,余味呈现出清雅纯正的特点。表1为不同级别基酒中各风味成分的含量(质量浓度)范围。
实验将采用气相色谱仪检测后的320组基酒样品数据按照比例3∶1分为2部分,第1部分数据为240组,平均从4个级别中各取出6组,用作建立回归模型的训练集数据;第2部分数据为80组,用于对回归模型的预测性能进行测试。用于建立回归模型的数据需提前进行归一化与中心化预处理,其中n表示样本组数,其计算公式为
式中
      xij——第i个基酒样本中第j个基酒成分含量的原始数据
      ——所有样本中第j个基酒成分含量的均值
      sj——所有样本中第j个基酒成分含量的标准差
      ——第i个基酒样本中第j个基酒成分含量经过处理后的数据
建好的回归模型采用留一法(Leave-One-Out)进行交叉验证,需要用评价指标对所建立的模型进行性能评价,常用的回归模型评价指标有以下4个:平均绝对误差(MAE)、决定系数R2、均方误差(MSE)、均方根误差(RMSE)。
构建偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)模型的核心步骤是对主成分进行筛选,如果主成分的数量过多会导致过拟合的问题,如果主成分数量过少则不能够充分地表现自变量和因变量两者之间的映射关系[26],因此回归模型的建立主成分过多或者过少都会对模型最后的预测精度造成影响。在本实验主要参考建模的各主成分的RMSE确定最后参与模型建立的主成分个数,图4展示了RMSE随不同主成分个数的变化趋势。
由图4可得知,随着主成分个数的增加RMSE的变化越来越慢,当主成分的个数为5时,RMSE为0.136 1;当主成分个数为6时RMSE下降为0.013 09,当主成分个数为7时RMSE下降为0.013 01,随着主成分个数增加,RMSE变化越来越缓,可见越靠后的主成分个数对回归模型的建立贡献率越低,所以仅需要特别关注前5个主成分即可达到最后的目标。
从15种小曲清香型白酒基酒风味物质中选取前5个主成分参与建立PLSR模型,得到云赤酒业小曲清香型白酒基酒等级与基酒所含有的风味物质成分含量数据的方程,实现云赤酒业小曲清香型白酒基酒等级的预测。基酒风味物质与其回归系数的关系如图5所示。
从图6可知,在PLSR模型中物质成分占比从高到底分别是乙酸乙酯、乳酸乙酯、戊酸乙酯、异丁醇、己酸乙酯、乙缩醛、仲丁醇和正丙醇。因此,在后续可预选择该8种物质参与小曲清香型白酒基酒品质分级模型的建立,降低复杂度的同时提高模型的预测速度。
对原酒中的各组分进行了分析,得出了8个主要的呈香物质。利用人工智能的方法,构建了基酒品质与原料组成的关联数学模型。本研究在RBF神经网络的基础上采用粒子群算法优化径向基神经网络,构建基酒质量等级划分模型,并对其进行精度检验。该模型能够较好地完成白酒基酒质量评价。
在对白酒基酒品质的分级研究中,样品基酒具有多维特征,在采用训练集数据对模型进行训练前需要考虑样本数据的度量单位对模型预测效果及输出结果准确性的影响,提前对数据进行标准化处理,将数据中所包含的不一样的特征统一在相同的比例上。基酒中数据特征汇总表如表2所示。
本文利用Z-score对样本数据的标准差、均值进行处理,使最终数据特征与标准正态分布相符,得到了整体数据均值为0,标准差值为1。Z-score处理后的数据如表3所示。
在本实验研究中,样品均来自于云赤酒业酒厂基酒,采用500 mL透明瓶子采取样品数量近3 000余组,采取的基酒样品先由品酒专家品评打分,再对其基酒中物质成分含量进行测定,挑选出本次实验的320个小曲清香型白酒基酒样品,其中将80个特级、80个优级、80个一级、80个二级基酒样品按照比例3∶1将基酒样品划分为训练集和测试集,在对数据集进行划分的过程中,严格执行随机抽取样品酒且不再放回的规则,实现将4个不同级别的基酒样品完成分组与抽样。具体样品划分详情如表4所示。
采用PSO优化算法对RBF神经网络模型中隐含层与输出层之间的权重w,隐含层的宽度节点值a,隐含层的中心节点值d进行迭代优化,PSO-RBF神经网络模型建立步骤如图7所示。
在构建白酒质量评估模型的研究中,将人工精细甄别的特级、优级、一级和二级酒的品质等级转化为数值标度,对应为0、1、2和3。随后,这些数据及对应的品质评级被导入到深度学习网络中进行训练。利用PSO-RBF混合优化技术,对基酒的分级模型进行了仿真训练过程性能分析。图8是在训练过程中种群适应度与迭代次数之间的动态关系图。
从图8可以看出,在前50次左右粒子的迭代速度变化趋势较大,粒子的迭代速度是一个先快后慢的过程,最终稳定在0.409 7左右。分别对PSO-RBF神经网络基酒品质分级预测模型、RBF神经网络基酒品质分级预测模型进行迭代学习与训练,模型训练的结果对比如图9所示。
图9呈现了RBF神经网络算法和PSO-RBF神经网络算法经过训练之后的均方误差(MSE)变化程度。随着训练次数的增加,两种算法建立的基酒品质分级模型误差都稳定在一个较低的范围内,但是PSO-RBF算法收敛较快,当训练次数达到10次时,神经网络模型MSE稳定在0.14左右;普通的RBF神经网络算法收敛则较缓慢,当训练次数为20次左右时其值稳定在0.2左右,实验结果验证了本文优化后的算法收敛速度更快,模型精确度更高,误差更小。RBF神经网络和本文优化的PSO-RBF神经网络对测试样本的预测情况如图10、11所示。
图10、11分别展示了RBF神经网络模型和PSO-RBF神经网络模型预测结果,可以看出粒子群优化PSO-RBF神经网络分级模型的预测效果精准率达98.6%,而RBF神经网络分级模型的精准率为94.3%,验证了PSO-RBF神经网络具有更好的效果。因此,利用本文PSO-RBF神经网络算法构建出的小曲清香型基酒品质分级模型拥有非常广阔的市场应用潜力。
品酒人员对样品酒进行品质打分,采用气相色谱仪(GC)对品评打分后基酒中各个物质成分含量进行定量测定,分别得出特级、优级、一级和二级的各个风味物质成分含量范围,为了验证其使用方法的精确性和可行度,对该实验的回收率和精密度进行检测,最终得出了基酒中物质成分含量数据。对各个级别基酒中物质成分含量范围变化规律进行探讨发现,基酒等级越高,酯类物质成分含量越高,且呈现出线性关系,但并不是所有物质成分含量都与等级呈现线性关系,因为某些物质成分含量在一定范围内更能改变酒的口感;少部分基酒物质成分含量范围变化不大,推测出这些物质成分对于基酒风味口感等级影响很小,例如仲丁醇、戊酸乙酯等,可忽略作为影响基酒品质等级的关键物质成分。
本研究以小曲清香型白酒为研究对象,运用粒子群优化策略来调整RBF神经网络的参数。通过对神经网络基酒品质分级预测模型在迭代训练过程中的粒子群适应度优化曲线进行分析,将两种模型的MSE与迭代次数进行比对,验证了在本研究中提出的PSO-RBF神经网络基酒品质分级预测模型的预测精度。最终,根据测试样本的预测输出结果,算法基酒分类的精准率达到了98.6%,显著优于传统RBF神经网络的94.3%。成功构建了基酒的分级模型。
  • 云南省科技人才与平台计划(院士专家工作站)项目(202305AF150210)
  • 昭通市院士专家工作站项目(2022ZTYX27)
  • 云南省镇雄县云南赤水源酒业有限责任公司顾招兵专家基层科研工作站项目
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2025年第56卷第12期
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doi: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.070
  • 接收时间:2024-09-16
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-16
  • 修回日期:2024-10-20
基金
云南省科技人才与平台计划(院士专家工作站)项目(202305AF150210)
昭通市院士专家工作站项目(2022ZTYX27)
云南省镇雄县云南赤水源酒业有限责任公司顾招兵专家基层科研工作站项目
作者信息
    1.云南农业大学大数据学院,昆明 650000
    2.云南财经大学档案馆,昆明 650000
    3.云南农业大学理学院,昆明 650000
    4.云南赤水酒业有限责任公司,昭通 657000

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郎云雯(1978—),女,副教授,主要从事智慧农业研究,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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