Article(id=1312006461862019477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.066, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1727625600000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-30, revisedDate=1729180800000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790736316409, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790736316409, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790736316409, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790736316409, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311999647825101743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, year='2025', volume='56', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='818', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1766592000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790734691815, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790738411040, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312015247465083866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312015247465083867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=717, endPage=726, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1312006462092706198, articleId=1312006461862019477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, language=EN, title=Impact of Fishpond-Rice-Crab Integrated Co-culture Model on Structure of Soil Bacterial Community in Rice Fields, columnId=1312006322535620938, journalTitle=Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, columnName=Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to address the problems of tailwater treatment in fishpond aquaculture in the Ningxia region and the scarcity of water resources in rice-crab co-culture systems, the bacterial community structure and soil environmental factors of a fishpond-rice-crab integrated co-culture model (RS) were compared and contrasted with the traditional Yellow River-irrigated rice-crab co-culture model (CK) as control. The primary environmental factors influencing alterations in the organization of the bacterial population were also identified. The composition and structural variations of soil bacterial communities under both CK and RS models from April to August were examined, together with their associations with soil physicochemical markers, using 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing techniques. The findings demonstrated that the RS model changed the species richness of soil bacteria while decreasing soil pH value and raising ammonium nitrogen and accessible phosphorus levels. The greatest Chao1 and Shannon diversity indices appeared in April, while the lowest appeared in May. Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota, and Firmicutes were the most prevalent bacterial phyla from April to August, with Pseudomonas being the most prevalent genus. The cumulative relative abundance of Pseudomonas was decreased by 7.61 percentage points, Thiobacillus was increased by 4.94 percentage points, and Unspecified_Bacteria was increased by 1.83 percentage points as compared with the CK model; changes in other taxa were within ±1 percentage point. Redundancy analysis showed that the most important variables influencing the top ten bacterial phyla were pH value, total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, total potassium, and organic matter concentration. Total potassium exhibited the highest explanatory power (23.67%) among them, exhibiting negative relationships with other phyla and positive correlations with Proteobacteria. In general, the top ten phyla showed a positive correlation with nitrate nitrogen concentration. As a result, the fishpond-rice-crab integrated co-culture paradigm optimized the makeup of the bacterial community, boosted bacterial species diversity, and greatly improved soil environmental conditions and structure.

, authors=Cheng XU1, Kai WANG1, Xiaocong QIU2, Wei ZHOU3, Cheng NI1, Jinlong YUAN4, authorsList=Cheng XU, Kai WANG, Xiaocong QIU, Wei ZHOU, Cheng NI, Jinlong YUAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiaocong QIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1312006465246822823, articleId=1312006461862019477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, language=CN, title=不同鱼塘-稻蟹复合种养模式下稻田土壤细菌群落结构研究, columnId=1312006322695004492, journalTitle=农业机械学报, columnName=农业水土工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对宁夏地区稻蟹种养水资源短缺和鱼塘养殖尾水处理难等问题,以传统黄河水灌溉稻田的稻蟹种养模式(CK)为对照,探究鱼塘-稻蟹复合种养模式(RS)与CK种养模式对稻田土壤环境因子以及细菌群落结构影响的异同,并揭示细菌群落结构的主要影响因子。基于16S rRNA高通量技术对CK模式与RS模式4—8月稻田土壤的细菌群落组成、结构差异性及其与土壤指标之间的关系进行分析。结果表明:鱼塘-稻蟹复合种养模式降低了稻田土壤pH值,提高了铵态氮和有效磷含量;改变了稻田土壤细菌物种丰富度。Chaol和Shannon指数4月最高,5月较低。4—8月优势菌门为变形菌门、拟杆菌门、厚壁菌门,优势菌属均为假单胞菌属。鱼塘-稻蟹复合种养模式4—8月假单胞菌属累积相对丰度降低了7.61个百分点,硫杆菌属提高了4.94个百分点,Unspecified_Bacteria菌属增加了1.83个百分点,其他菌属变化在±1个百分点内。冗余分析表明全钾、铵态氮、总氮、有机质含量以及pH值对相对丰度排序前十的细菌菌门影响最大;全钾含量对前十菌门相对丰度的解释度最高(23.67%),且与变形菌门相对丰度呈正相关,与其他菌门均呈现负相关,硝态氮含量与相对丰度前十菌门主要呈正相关。鱼塘-稻蟹复合种养模式对改善土壤环境与结构、丰富细菌物种多样性和优化细菌群落结构效果明显。

, authors=徐程1, 王凯1, 邱小琮2, 周伟3, 倪成1, 袁金龙4, authorsList=徐程, 王凯, 邱小琮, 周伟, 倪成, 袁金龙, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=邱小琮, authorNote=

徐程(1993—),男,博士生,主要从事流域水生态研究,E-mail:

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邱小琮(1971—),男,教授,博士生导师,主要从事水域生态学及水环境调控研究,E-mail:
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不同鱼塘-稻蟹复合种养模式下稻田土壤细菌群落结构研究
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徐程 1 , 王凯 1 , 邱小琮 2 , 周伟 3 , 倪成 1 , 袁金龙 4
农业机械学报 | 农业水土工程 2025,56(12): 717-726
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农业机械学报 |农业水土工程 2025 , 56 (12) : 717 -726
不同鱼塘-稻蟹复合种养模式下稻田土壤细菌群落结构研究
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徐程1 , 王凯1, 邱小琮2 , 周伟3, 倪成1, 袁金龙4
作者信息
  • 1.宁夏大学土木与水利工程学院,银川 750021
  • 2.宁夏大学生命科学学院,银川 750021
  • 3.宁夏回族自治区水生态与大气环境质量监测评估重点实验室,银川 750000
  • 4.湖北汽车工业学院,十堰 442002
通讯作者:
邱小琮(1971—),男,教授,博士生导师,主要从事水域生态学及水环境调控研究,E-mail:
作者简介:

徐程(1993—),男,博士生,主要从事流域水生态研究,E-mail:

Impact of Fishpond-Rice-Crab Integrated Co-culture Model on Structure of Soil Bacterial Community in Rice Fields
Cheng XU1 , Kai WANG1, Xiaocong QIU2 , Wei ZHOU3, Cheng NI1, Jinlong YUAN4
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
  • 2.School of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
  • 3.Key Laboratory of Water Ecology and Atmospheric Environment Quality Monitoring and Evaluation in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan 750000, China
  • 4.Hubei University of Automotive Technology, Shiyan 442002, China
出版时间: 2025-12-25 doi: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.066
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针对宁夏地区稻蟹种养水资源短缺和鱼塘养殖尾水处理难等问题,以传统黄河水灌溉稻田的稻蟹种养模式(CK)为对照,探究鱼塘-稻蟹复合种养模式(RS)与CK种养模式对稻田土壤环境因子以及细菌群落结构影响的异同,并揭示细菌群落结构的主要影响因子。基于16S rRNA高通量技术对CK模式与RS模式4—8月稻田土壤的细菌群落组成、结构差异性及其与土壤指标之间的关系进行分析。结果表明:鱼塘-稻蟹复合种养模式降低了稻田土壤pH值,提高了铵态氮和有效磷含量;改变了稻田土壤细菌物种丰富度。Chaol和Shannon指数4月最高,5月较低。4—8月优势菌门为变形菌门、拟杆菌门、厚壁菌门,优势菌属均为假单胞菌属。鱼塘-稻蟹复合种养模式4—8月假单胞菌属累积相对丰度降低了7.61个百分点,硫杆菌属提高了4.94个百分点,Unspecified_Bacteria菌属增加了1.83个百分点,其他菌属变化在±1个百分点内。冗余分析表明全钾、铵态氮、总氮、有机质含量以及pH值对相对丰度排序前十的细菌菌门影响最大;全钾含量对前十菌门相对丰度的解释度最高(23.67%),且与变形菌门相对丰度呈正相关,与其他菌门均呈现负相关,硝态氮含量与相对丰度前十菌门主要呈正相关。鱼塘-稻蟹复合种养模式对改善土壤环境与结构、丰富细菌物种多样性和优化细菌群落结构效果明显。

鱼塘-稻蟹复合种养  /  细菌群落结构  /  丰度  /  冗余分析

In order to address the problems of tailwater treatment in fishpond aquaculture in the Ningxia region and the scarcity of water resources in rice-crab co-culture systems, the bacterial community structure and soil environmental factors of a fishpond-rice-crab integrated co-culture model (RS) were compared and contrasted with the traditional Yellow River-irrigated rice-crab co-culture model (CK) as control. The primary environmental factors influencing alterations in the organization of the bacterial population were also identified. The composition and structural variations of soil bacterial communities under both CK and RS models from April to August were examined, together with their associations with soil physicochemical markers, using 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing techniques. The findings demonstrated that the RS model changed the species richness of soil bacteria while decreasing soil pH value and raising ammonium nitrogen and accessible phosphorus levels. The greatest Chao1 and Shannon diversity indices appeared in April, while the lowest appeared in May. Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota, and Firmicutes were the most prevalent bacterial phyla from April to August, with Pseudomonas being the most prevalent genus. The cumulative relative abundance of Pseudomonas was decreased by 7.61 percentage points, Thiobacillus was increased by 4.94 percentage points, and Unspecified_Bacteria was increased by 1.83 percentage points as compared with the CK model; changes in other taxa were within ±1 percentage point. Redundancy analysis showed that the most important variables influencing the top ten bacterial phyla were pH value, total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, total potassium, and organic matter concentration. Total potassium exhibited the highest explanatory power (23.67%) among them, exhibiting negative relationships with other phyla and positive correlations with Proteobacteria. In general, the top ten phyla showed a positive correlation with nitrate nitrogen concentration. As a result, the fishpond-rice-crab integrated co-culture paradigm optimized the makeup of the bacterial community, boosted bacterial species diversity, and greatly improved soil environmental conditions and structure.

fishpond-rice-crab integrated co-culture  /  bacterial community structure  /  abundance  /  redundancy analysis
徐程, 王凯, 邱小琮, 周伟, 倪成, 袁金龙. 不同鱼塘-稻蟹复合种养模式下稻田土壤细菌群落结构研究. 农业机械学报, 2025 , 56 (12) : 717 -726 . DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.066
Cheng XU, Kai WANG, Xiaocong QIU, Wei ZHOU, Cheng NI, Jinlong YUAN. Impact of Fishpond-Rice-Crab Integrated Co-culture Model on Structure of Soil Bacterial Community in Rice Fields[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2025 , 56 (12) : 717 -726 . DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.066
传统的鱼塘养殖模式水资源和物质能量不能充分利用,且存在水质恶化的风险[1],常采用定期换水来改善水质,造成受水区水体的环境负荷及水资源浪费。稻渔复合种养模式,通过内循环输-排水沟把池塘和稻田结合在一起,将池塘换排废水变为水田灌溉肥水,从而实现水资源的循环利用。研究表明稻渔共作模式能增加土壤中的氮、磷元素含量[2],促进土壤营养盐的释放与通透性[3]。同时稻渔共作复合模式能很好地净化养殖尾水中NH3-N和NO2-N[4],对池塘富营养化控制效果显著[5-6]。
宁夏引黄灌区是传统水稻种植与水产养殖基地。近年来稻田养蟹发展迅速,对稻蟹共作模式的研究也较多[7-11]。土壤微生物是农田生态系统中最重要和最活跃的成分之一,是参与土壤养分循环、维持土壤肥力和促进作物生长的重要因子[12]。但目前对于宁夏地区稻蟹共作对土壤微生物群落结构影响的研究较少,特别是稻渔复合种养模式下土壤微生物的研究。
本文以传统黄河水灌溉稻田的稻蟹种养模式(CK)为对照,探究鱼塘-稻蟹复合种养模式(RS)与CK种养模式对土壤环境因子以及微生物群落结构影响的异同,采用冗余分析揭示影响细菌群落结构的主要土壤环境因子,旨在为RS种养模式的推广提供依据。
试验基地位于宁夏回族自治区银川市贺兰县光明渔村,水稻为秋优88,蟹为江苏金源江蟹。稻蟹共作-精养鱼塘系统中有3块稻蟹田为CK模式,其他稻蟹田为RS模式。水稻于2022年5月完成播种,播种量为262.5 kg/hm2,6月1日投放江蟹,投放量为225 kg/hm2。水稻直播后施加水稻专用复合肥施可丰17-18-19,施加量为525 kg/hm2,后期保证CK与RS组灌水量、施肥量相同。
稻田土壤样品采集工作在2022年4月至8月底进行(4月为本底值),用五点取样法,取0~20 cm的表层土壤并混合。检测指标为pH值、全盐(TDS)、有机质(SOM)、总氮(TN)、硝态氮(NO3-)、铵态氮(NH4+)、总磷(TP)、全钾(TK)、有效磷(AP)含量(质量比)。
土壤样品进行16S rRNA扩增子测序[13],对变异区域进行PCR聚合酶链式反应扩增,对高变区进行测序分析和菌种鉴定[14]。构建小片段文库,基于Illumina NovaSeq测序平台对该文库进行双末端测序,经过Reads拼接过滤,OUT操作分类单元聚类,进行物种注释。
应用Mothur软件计算细菌群落Chao1指数和Shannon指数分析群落α多样性。应用Origin 2022对门水平下土壤细菌群落结构绘制柱形堆积图、比例弦图以及属水平下的聚类热图和比例弦图。采用Bray-Curtis距离分析群落多样性,使用R语言vegan包和ANOSIM包进行细菌群落结构组成的ANOSIM分析,运用非度量多维尺度分析(NMDS)基于OTUs水平研究细菌群落组成的相似性或差异性,R语言绘制NMDS分析图[15]。使用CANOCO 5.0进行冗余分析(RDA)[16]以及基于冗余距离的冗余分析(RDA)rdacca. hp包[17]进行单个解释变量的相对重要性分析。利用Origin 2022添加heat map APP包绘制物种与土壤理化因子关联热图。
CK与RS试验田土壤4—8月9个指标的测定结果见图1。两种不同灌溉模式下9个指标存在明显差异,CK与RS组4—8月土壤pH值以及全盐、总磷、全钾、有机质、硝态氮含量在时间变化上呈现一定的规律性。总体上RS组土壤pH值以及有机质含量都低于CK组(除8月),且RS组在4—8月pH值和有机质含量的标准差都低于CK,表明RS组数据更稳定;土壤总氮含量CK组与RS组在4—8月平均值相同,铵态氮和硝态氮含量RS组都高于CK组,分别提升0.003、0.001 g/kg。总磷和全钾含量CK组与RS组在4—8月变化差异不明显,但有效磷含量在4—8月RS组较CK组提高0.003 g/kg。
出现CK与RS组土壤相关指标变化的原因可能是鱼塘养殖尾水中通常含有较高浓度的氮及其他有机物质,会直接提升稻田土壤中氮和磷的含量,从而使得土壤肥力增加。尾水中的氨氮在稻田土壤中会进一步转化成硝态氮,从而进一步提升土壤中硝态氮的含量。鱼塘养殖尾水中含有较多的有机质和溶解性有机酸,导致土壤pH值降低。鱼塘尾水中富含有机质,这些有机物进入稻田后,经过微生物分解和矿化作用,氮和磷会以铵态氮、硝态氮和有效磷的形式释放出来,从而提升土壤中这些养分的含量。此外,鱼塘尾水通常含有较高浓度的溶解性磷,当这些尾水进入稻田土壤后,溶解态磷被吸附或与土壤矿物结合,使得有效磷含量增加。稻田中较高的有机质含量及其分解过程中产生的有机酸可以通过络合作用降低土壤对磷的固定能力,从而提升有效磷的含量。9个指标的变化表明:鱼塘-稻蟹种养模式降低了土壤pH值,提高铵态氮、硝态氮和有效磷含量,改善土壤环境与结构效果明显。
Chao1和Shannon指数是反映微生物群落丰富度和多样性的重要指标,CK与RS组不同月份土壤细菌的Chao1指数和Shannon指数见图2(图中不同字母表示差异显著)。CK与RS组的Chao1指数和Shannon指数差异不明显(除5月外),4月Chao1指数和Shannon指数最高、5月最低,说明4月物种多样性与丰度最高,5月物种多样性与丰度最低。造成5月CK与RS组的Chao1指数和Shannon指数差值较大的原因可能是RS相比于CK组提供了土壤细菌适宜的pH值以及铵态氮和有效磷含量,更有利于细菌的生存。
在门水平下,将CK与RS组4—8月相对丰度排名前十的土壤细菌绘制柱形图(图3a),对排名前十细菌菌门进行相关性分析(图3b),图3b中A~J分别为:Proteobacteria、Bacteroidota、Actinobacteriota、Firmicutes、Desulfobacterota、Chloroflex、Verrucomicrobiota、Acidobacteriota、Unspecified_Bacteria和Gemmatimonadota。由图3a可知,采样点细菌相对丰度随月份变化较大,主要的优势菌门有变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteriota)、脱硫杆菌门(Desulfobacterota)等,前十菌门相对丰度占比超过85%,其中5月超过95%。CK组与RS组细菌群落中相对丰度最大菌门均为变形菌门,4—8月CK组与RS组的累积相对丰度分别为53.83%和49.04%。其次为拟杆菌门和绿弯菌门,但CK组丰度排第四细菌为放线菌门,RS组为厚壁菌门,在CK组中厚壁菌门相对丰度排在第九。在累积相对丰度前十菌群中CK与RS有9种相同菌群,CK组不同菌群为粘菌门,RS组为疣微菌门。在4—8月CK组与RS组细菌累积相对丰度变化最大的菌门为变形菌门(-4.79个百分点),其次是厚壁菌门(2.39个百分点)、拟杆菌门(1.39个百分点),其他菌门累积相对丰度变化幅度都在±1个百分点以内。由图3b可知,前十菌门间相关性及显著性表明变形菌门和拟杆菌门与其他菌门间显著性较强,且变形菌门与其他菌门呈负相关,拟杆菌门与其他菌门呈正相关,除变形菌门外,其他菌门间主要呈正相关。
在属水平下,将CK与RS组不同月份相对丰度排名前十细菌群落绘制比例弦图,如图4所示。CK组与RS组细菌群落中相对丰度第一的菌属均为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas),4—8月CK与RS组的累积相对丰度分别为68.47%和60.86%。丰度第二菌属CK组为Unspecified_Bacteria,RS组为硫杆菌属(Thiobacillus),第三CK组为硫杆菌属(Thiobacillus),RS组为Unspecified_Bacteria。在CK与RS组丰度排名前十菌属种有9种相同菌属,仅排名第十菌属CK组为Rhodoferax而RS组为WCHB1_32。与CK组相比RS组最优菌属假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)相对丰度明显降低,4—8月累积相对丰度降低了7.61个百分点,同时CK组与RS组相对丰度变化较大的菌属为Unspecified_Bacteria和Thiobacillus菌,在优势菌属排序上两组发生变化,且Thiobacillus菌属在RS组累积相对丰度较CK组提高了4.94个百分点,Unspecified_Bacteria菌属累积相对丰度RS组较CK组也有一定增加,最大增加了1.83个百分点,其他8种菌属累积相对丰度变化不大,最大变化不超过±1个百分点。
利用基于Bray-Curtis距离的NMDS方法评估不同月份土壤细菌群落的相似性,结果见图5。Stress值小于0.2表明图形具有较好的表现意义,R>0表示分组有效,椭圆是质心周围的95%置信区间。由图5可知,ANOSIM统计检验显示,对于CK组与RS组细菌群落差异性不显著,但所选实验田在不同月份有显著差异。不同月份对土壤细菌群落结构组成的影响大于不同的灌溉模式,其主要原因可能是气候变化、土壤湿度、温度和养分可用性等因素的季节性波动,季节的变化导致温度和降水量的变化,这直接影响细菌的生长和代谢活动。土壤湿度的变化,受降水和蒸发率的影响,能够显著影响细菌的生存环境与多样性。
计算方差膨胀因子系数(VIF),结果表明9个指标VIF均小于5(pH值:1.813;TDS含量:2.646;TN含量:1.453;NH4+含量:1.338;NO3-含量:3.224;TP含量:1.690;AP含量:1.411;TK含量:1.534;SOM含量:1.287),满足要求。经过DCA分析,获取物种分布的最大梯度长度为0.52,因此进行RDA分析。对所选的9个指标与门水平下相对丰度前十的优势细菌群落结构进行RDA分析,结果如图6所示。影响细菌相对丰度的指标依次为TK含量、NH4+含量、TN含量、pH值、SOM含量、TP含量、NO3-含量、AP含量和TDS含量。
通过RDA和Spearman相关性分析(图6),揭示了门水平下优势细菌群落与土壤理化因子的关系。变形菌门与TK含量显著正相关;拟杆菌门与TDS、TN、NO3-含量显著正相关,与SOM和TK含量显著负相关;放线菌门与pH值正相关、与TK含量负相关;厚壁菌门与NH4+和AP含量显著正相关;脱硫杆菌门与AP含量正相关;绿弯菌门和酸杆菌门均与pH值负相关、与NO3-含量正相关;芽单胞菌门与AP含量负相关、与TK含量极显著负相关。TK、NO3-、AP含量以及pH值对前十优势菌门影响大,TK含量与变形菌门正相关,且与其他菌门负相关,疣微菌门与9个指标关系不明显。
基于RDA分析结果选取解释度排名前五的指标TK、NH4-、TN含量以及pH值和SOM含量,采用rdacca. hp包进一步探究各指标及各指标间协同作用对相对丰度前十菌门细菌群落结构的解释度,如图7所示。图中变差分解与层次分割分析结果通过UpSet图展示。右侧每行为一个理化因子,列中黑点表示边际效应,连线表示共同效应。上方柱状图显示各组分的变差解释百分比,左侧柱状图表示各因子的单独效应(来自层次分割),等于边际效应加共同效应的平均分配值。5个指标的相对重要性排序依次为TK含量(22.34%)、NH4+含量(3.29%)、TN含量(2.11%)、pH值(2.02%)和SOM含量(0.48%)。对应指标间相互作用对细菌群落结构的影响表明:TN含量和pH值共同对细菌群落结构解释度最大(3.69%),TK和NH4+含量共同对细菌群落结构解释度最小(-2.8%)。RDA分析表明所选5个指标可以解释30.2%,且TK含量对细菌群落结构的影响最大。
不同种养模式对水稻生长影响巨大,经过对4—8月数据的分析研究,当采用不同灌溉方式时,硝态氮浓度明显减少,但铵态氮浓度却有所增加。其原因为硝态氮带负电荷,容易被植被吸收,而带正电荷的铵态氮主要附着在土壤颗粒上[18]。RS组土壤pH值降低有助于水稻秧苗期生长[19],促进CaCO3和CaSO4溶解,提升土壤Ca2+含量,缓解土壤盐碱化。RS组pH值低于CK组的原因可能是RS组采用鱼塘内循环供水系统,养殖池塘水中有机质含量过高,缺氧导致氧化过程受抑制,有机质分解不充分,各种有机酸类逐渐增多导致水体pH值降低。RS组全盐、铵态氮、硝态氮和有效磷含量高于CK组,这可能是残饵、鱼粪等经过分解产生大量氮磷元素随水循环系统进入稻田[20]。土壤中全盐、铵态氮、硝态氮和有效磷含量的升高对水稻生长具有积极影响,全盐含量升高能够提高土壤渗透压,增强水稻根系对水分的吸收能力,提高水分利用效率[21-22],促进植物的生长和提高抗逆性[23]。铵态氮、硝态氮能促进叶片的生长和分化,提高光合作用效率,促进根系的发育和土壤养分的吸收,增加产量[24],提升作物营养价值[25]。有效磷能促进根系的细根和根毛的形成,提高水稻的养分吸收能力和利用效率[26]。基于此,本研究认为采用鱼塘-稻蟹复合种养模式对土壤的氮素供应能力和转化效率较高,短期内更有利于植物的吸收和利用,促进水稻生长。
4月土壤细菌物种多样性与丰度高于其他4个月份,5月物种多样性与丰度最低。4月和5月RS组的Chao1指数和Shannon指数都高于CK组。其主要原因可能是5月水稻播种前需进行土地翻耕,土壤微生物暴露于阳光下被杀灭,从而整体上CK与RS组物种多样性与丰度最低;而RS组物种多样性与丰度高于CK组的主要原因为RS组为鱼塘内循环供水,水体营养丰富[27],且水体含有的微生物丰富度也高于CK组。
4—8月CK和RS组土壤细菌群落中的优势菌门主要有变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)和放线菌门(Actinobacteriota)。变形菌门是一种嗜营养菌,可分解有机物和促进植物的生长发育[28]。文献[29-30]在河套灌区和宁夏盐碱地也检测出变形菌门、拟杆菌门和放线菌门为土壤优势菌门。文献[31]表明不同地区养殖系统微生物的优势菌门种类没有变化,但是会改变优势菌门和优势菌属的相对丰度。土壤中的微生物群落,如变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)和放线菌门(Actinobacteriota),对水稻的生长至关重要。这些微生物通过氮固定、分解有机物、改善土壤结构以及提高植物抗病能力,促进水稻的健康生长[32]。变形菌通过固定氮和产生植物生长调节物质,增强水稻的根系发展;拟杆菌则通过分解复杂有机物,提升土壤肥力[33];绿弯菌促进土壤的碳循环[34],有助于微环境调节;放线菌则通过分解难降解有机质和产生抗生素,增强水稻的抗病性[35]。这些微生物的相互作用不仅提升了水稻的生长潜力,还维持了土壤生态系统的健康。因此,合理管理这些微生物群落,对于实现可持续的水稻生产至关重要。与CK组相比,RS组使4—8月变形菌门累积相对丰度降低4.79个百分点,可能导致氮固定能力下降,从而影响水稻的氮供应和生长调节。此外,厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门的丰度分别增加2.39个百分点和1.39个百分点,有助于提高土壤的有机质含量和营养循环,促进水稻的生长。土壤厚壁菌门在土壤生态系统中起着重要作用,通过固氮、有机物降解、抗逆性、生物防治和环境修复等多种途径,促进了土壤的肥力提升、植物生长。导致RS组厚壁菌门累积相对丰度明显升高的原因,可能是氨态氮含量是影响厚壁菌菌群结构和空间分布的重要因子[36-37],RS组铵态氮含量明显高于CK从而导致RS组与CK组厚壁菌门累积相对丰度存在明显差异。在属水平上,CK组与RS组细菌群落中最优势菌属均为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas),假单胞菌属对于不同生态环境有较强的适应能力,可附着在各种介质表面定植生长[38],是水体、土壤中常见的菌属。4—8月CK组与RS组假单胞菌属的相对丰度最高,分别为68.47%和60.86%。排名第二优势菌属CK组为Unspecified_Bacteria,RS组为硫杆菌属(Thiobacillus);硫杆菌属在RS组累积相对丰度较CK组提高了4.94个百分点。造成CK组与RS组细菌菌属差异的原因可能是,精养鱼塘内循环供水系统将池塘内的大量有机物质引入稻田为细菌生长补充丰富的碳源和氮源,激发了细菌的生长繁育[39],同时硫杆菌属将硫化物氧化成单质硫或硫酸盐,或将硫代硫酸盐氧化为硫酸盐[40],这也是RS组pH值较CK组低的原因之一。
本研究表明TK、NH4+、TN、SOM含量以及pH值是影响土壤菌群结构的主要因子,马义淑等[33]、HUANG等[41]、ALORI等[42]和ZENG等[43]的研究也有相同结果。在土壤生态系统中,TK、NH4+、TN、SOM含量以及pH值之间的相互作用显著影响微生物群落结构。钾作为细菌的必需营养元素,促进代谢活动,而铵态氮则是微生物生长的重要氮源,过量可能抑制某些细菌的活性。全氮的构成影响氮的可用性,增强微生物多样性。pH值调节养分的溶解度,影响细菌生长,极端值可能导致毒性反应。土壤有机质为微生物提供丰富的碳源,并改善土壤物理性质,促进生态稳定。综合管理这些因子,有助于优化土壤健康和农业生产力。TK含量对土壤细菌群落的结构和多样性产生影响,通过调节土壤pH值等环境因素,使得某些细菌群落优势度发生变化。同时也会抑制一些细菌繁殖,如拟杆菌门和放线菌等。铵根离子是植物吸收N的主要形式,硝酸根离子可以在根组织中被还原,当植物吸收大量硝酸根时则大部分被运至叶片中被还原。不同的土壤供氮水平及氮素的循环和转化能力可能会影响真菌的吸收及土壤微环境的变化,进而影响土壤真菌群落结构[44],AP含量对微生物的生长和代谢具有重要影响,微生物通常需要磷来合成DNA、RNA、细胞膜和ATP等关键生物分子。微生物需要磷来合成生物大分子,如核酸和蛋白质,缺乏磷会限制微生物的生长速率和代谢活性。同时磷的有效性影响着微生物对这些过程的参与和效率,进而影响整个生态系统的稳定性和功能。pH值是影响所有微生物生长的主要因素[45],pH值通过对微生物生物膜的电催化活性、微生物中酶的形成速率、酶的电离率、酶活性的影响从而影响细菌群落结构。
(1)鱼塘-稻蟹复合种养模式提高了土壤全盐、铵态氮、硝态氮和有效磷含量,对改善土壤环境与结构效果明显。
(2)鱼塘-稻蟹复合种养模式在4—8月变形菌门累积相对丰度降低了4.79个百分点,厚壁菌门累积相对丰度增加了2.39个百分点、拟杆菌门累积相对丰度增加了1.39个百分点,其他菌门累积相对丰度变化幅度都在±1个百分点以内。两种模式的优势菌属均为假单胞菌属,前十的优势菌属种类变化不大,但优势菌属累积相对丰度和排序上存在明显差异。4—8月CK组与RS组的假单胞菌属相对丰度分别为68.47%和60.86%。RS组4—8月假单胞菌属的累积相对丰度较CK组降低了7.61个百分点,硫杆菌属累积相对丰度提高了4.94个百分点。采用RS模式对优化土壤细菌群落结构效果明显。
(3)土壤TK含量对相对丰度排序前十菌门的影响最大,其次分别为NH4+含量、TN含量、pH值和SOM含量。TK含量与变形菌门呈正相关,与其他菌门均呈现负相关,NO3-含量与菌门主要呈现正相关,疣微菌门与9个土壤指标均无显著相关关系。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFD1900603-03)
  • 宁夏高等学校一流学科建设(水利工程)项目(NXYLXK2021A03)
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2025年第56卷第12期
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doi: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.066
  • 接收时间:2024-09-30
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-30
  • 修回日期:2024-10-18
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFD1900603-03)
宁夏高等学校一流学科建设(水利工程)项目(NXYLXK2021A03)
作者信息
    1.宁夏大学土木与水利工程学院,银川 750021
    2.宁夏大学生命科学学院,银川 750021
    3.宁夏回族自治区水生态与大气环境质量监测评估重点实验室,银川 750000
    4.湖北汽车工业学院,十堰 442002

通讯作者:

邱小琮(1971—),男,教授,博士生导师,主要从事水域生态学及水环境调控研究,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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