Article(id=1312006386700084110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.065, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1723392000000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-12, revisedDate=1730131200000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790736298488, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790736298488, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790736298488, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790736298488, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311999647825101743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, year='2025', volume='56', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='818', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1766592000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790734691815, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790738411040, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312015247465083866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312015247465083867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=707, endPage=716, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1312006386909799311, articleId=1312006386700084110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, language=EN, title=Effects of Long-term Application of Organic Fertilizer on Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopic Distribution and Wheat Water Utilization, columnId=1312006322535620938, journalTitle=Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, columnName=Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

An indoor and a field experiment were conducted to study the water-stable large aggregates, soil organic carbon content, saturated hydraulic conductivity, hydrogen isotope distribution, physiological characteristics of wheat photosynthesis and water utilization under long-term application of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer, thus ascertaining soil moisture distribution and water use mechanism of long-term application of organic fertilizer. The results showed that the organic fertilizer significantly increased the proportion of soil macro-aggregate, soil organic carbon content, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and thus led to the high stability of soil structure. The abundance of hydrogen and oxygen decreased gradually with the deepening of the soil layer. In the jointing period, the long-term application of chemical fertilizer mainly used the water in 0~60 cm soil layer, and the yield of organic fertilizer mainly used the water of 0~20 cm soil layer, while the contribution rate of soil moisture of 0~20 cm soil layer was significantly higher than that of other soil layers, reaching more than 50%. In the heading period, the long-term application of chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer mainly used the water in 0~20 cm soil layer, and the contribution rate of soil moisture in this soil layer was still more than 50%. In the filling period, the long-term application of chemical fertilizer mainly used the water in 0~20 cm soil layer. The long-term application of organic fertilizer mainly used the water in 20~40 cm soil layer, and its contribution rate reached 50.2%. With the advancement of wheat growth period, the soil water storage decreased gradually. Long-term application of organic fertilizer was more conducive to reducing the ineffective loss of soil water in the early stage of wheat growth, which improved the soil water storage, and then promoted the supply of water in the late stage of wheat growth. Compared with application of chemical fertilizer, long-term application of organic fertilizer was more conducive to improving the photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductivity and leaf water use efficiency of wheat in different growth periods. With the advancement of wheat growth period, its above-ground biomass gradually increased and above-ground biomass of organic fertilizer was higher than that of chemical fertilizer. Ultimately, long-term application of organic carbon content significantly improved wheat yield and water use efficiency. Corcorrelation analysis showed that the water supply of 40~60 cm and 80~100 cm soil layers at jointing stage, and 20~80 cm soil layer at filling stage of wheat were more conducive to improving wheat yield, while soil supply of 40~60 cm, 80~100 cm at jointing stage, 60~100 cm at heading stage, and 80~100 cm at filling stage of wheat were more favorable to improve the water use efficiency. It concluded that the long-term application of organic fertilizer improved the soil structure, enhanced the storage, conservation and utilization capacity of precipitation in the soil, improved the photosynthetic physiological characteristics of wheat, and promoted the increase of yield and water saving and efficiency.

, authors=Yonghui YANG1, 2, Jiabin WU3, Cuimin GAO1, 4, Yunhong ZHANG1, 4, Xiaoying PAN1, 2, Fang HE1, 2, Weifeng HAN1, 4, authorsList=Yonghui YANG, Jiabin WU, Cuimin GAO, Yunhong ZHANG, Xiaoying PAN, Fang HE, Weifeng HAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1312006394388243382, articleId=1312006386700084110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, language=CN, title=长期增施有机肥对氢氧同位素分布与小麦水分利用的影响, columnId=1312006322695004492, journalTitle=农业机械学报, columnName=农业水土工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探明长期增施有机肥对土壤水分分布与水分利用的作用机理,采用室内分析与田间试验相结合,研究了长期增施有机肥和单施化肥对土壤水稳性大团聚体含量、土壤有机碳含量、饱和导水率、氢氧同位素分布、小麦光合生理特征及水分利用的影响。结果表明:增施有机肥显著提高土壤大团聚体含量、土壤有机碳含量和土壤饱和导水率,土壤结构稳定性明显提高。随土层加深,氢氧同位素丰度表现为逐渐降低趋势。在拔节期,长期单施化肥主要利用0~60 cm土层水分,长期增施有机肥主要利用0~20 cm土层水分,而二者0~20 cm土层水分贡献率明显高于其他土层,达50%以上。在抽穗期,长期单施化肥和增施有机肥均主要利用0~20 cm土层水分,且该土层水分贡献率仍超过50%。到灌浆期,长期单施化肥仍主要利用0~20 cm土层水分。而长期增施有机肥主要利用20~40 cm土层水分,其贡献率达50.2%。随小麦生育期推进,不同施肥措施土壤储水量均呈逐渐降低趋势。长期增施有机肥较单施化肥更利于降低小麦生长前期土壤水分无效损耗,提高土壤储水量,进而促进小麦生长后期水分供应。同时,与单施化肥相比,长期增施有机肥更利于提高小麦不同生育期的光合速率、气孔导度及叶片水分利用效率。随小麦生育期推进,其地上生物量逐渐增加且增施有机肥大于单施化肥。长期增施有机肥显著提高了小麦产量和水分利用效率。相关分析表明,在小麦生长过程中,拔节期40~60 cm、80~100 cm和灌浆期20~80 cm土层水分供应更利于提高小麦产量,而拔节期40~60 cm和80~100 cm、抽穗期60~100 cm、灌浆期20~40 cm和60~80 cm土层水分供应对水分利用效率的提高更为有利。综上,长期增施有机肥改善了土壤结构,增强了降水在土壤中的蓄、保、用能力,改善了小麦光合生理特性,促进了增产与节水增效。

, authors=杨永辉1, 2, 邬佳宾3, 高翠民1, 4, 张运红1, 4, 潘晓莹1, 2, 何方1, 2, 韩伟锋1, 4, authorsList=杨永辉, 邬佳宾, 高翠民, 张运红, 潘晓莹, 何方, 韩伟锋, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

杨永辉(1978—),男,研究员,博士,主要从事土壤物理、水肥资源利用与管理研究,E-mail:

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Beijing: Beijing Forestry University, 2017. 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312006402789433351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006386700084110, language=CN, label=图9, caption=不同施肥措施对小麦不同生育期耗水量的影响, figureFileSmall=hGAEWBpGlE+GJ6CBtz+WMQ==, figureFileBig=kuuFzM61Fmwv9LP7ZajuVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312006403024314376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006386700084110, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Relationship between δD and δ18O of atmospheric precipitation, figureFileSmall=V8vdo+2079hIz0Z7PxF3+A==, figureFileBig=MZPGQUaKkw0tX2uJjD6Nkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312006403104006153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006386700084110, language=CN, label=图10, caption=大气降水δD与δ18O关系, figureFileSmall=V8vdo+2079hIz0Z7PxF3+A==, figureFileBig=MZPGQUaKkw0tX2uJjD6Nkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312006403179503626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006386700084110, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Relationship between δD and δ18O of soil during growth stage of wheat, figureFileSmall=Ti2pxS2KxeOyNMaEST6BFQ==, figureFileBig=HzP7EFxOes4Bg3tR99ldoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312006403343081483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006386700084110, language=CN, label=图11, caption=小麦生长期土壤δD与δ18O关系, figureFileSmall=Ti2pxS2KxeOyNMaEST6BFQ==, figureFileBig=HzP7EFxOes4Bg3tR99ldoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312006403431161868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006386700084110, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Effect of different fertilization measures on soil organic carbon and soil physical properties

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数单施化肥增施有机肥
有机碳含量/(g·kg-1)9.57b9.84a
活性有机碳含量/(g·kg-1)0.72b3.19a
>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量/%49.1b62.6a
团聚体平均质量直径(MWD)/mm0.70b1.22a
饱和导水率/(mm·h-1)0.40b1.79a
), ArticleFig(id=1312006403523436557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006386700084110, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同施肥措施对土壤有机碳和土壤物理性质的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数单施化肥增施有机肥
有机碳含量/(g·kg-1)9.57b9.84a
活性有机碳含量/(g·kg-1)0.72b3.19a
>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量/%49.1b62.6a
团聚体平均质量直径(MWD)/mm0.70b1.22a
饱和导水率/(mm·h-1)0.40b1.79a
), ArticleFig(id=1312006403607322638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006386700084110, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Analysis of productive factors,yield and water use of wheat under different fertilization measures

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理株高/cm穗长/cm小穗数/个穗粒数/个不孕穗数/个生物量/(kg·hm-2)千粒质量/g总耗水量/mm产量/(kg·hm-2)水分利用效率/(kg·mm-1·hm-2)
单施化肥71.2a7.7b43.0b22.9a3.5a21 120.3b41.2a407.1a7 597.6b18.7b
增施有机肥70.7a9.0a51.3a23.5a2.7b24 314.6a42.1a391.4b8 424.0a21.5a
), ArticleFig(id=1312006403699597327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006386700084110, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同施肥措施小麦成产要素、产量及水分利用效率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理株高/cm穗长/cm小穗数/个穗粒数/个不孕穗数/个生物量/(kg·hm-2)千粒质量/g总耗水量/mm产量/(kg·hm-2)水分利用效率/(kg·mm-1·hm-2)
单施化肥71.2a7.7b43.0b22.9a3.5a21 120.3b41.2a407.1a7 597.6b18.7b
增施有机肥70.7a9.0a51.3a23.5a2.7b24 314.6a42.1a391.4b8 424.0a21.5a
), ArticleFig(id=1312006403766706192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006386700084110, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Contribution ratio of water consumption of different soil layers at different growth stages

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生育期土层深度/cm贡献率/%
单施化肥增施有机肥
拔节期0~2059.7aA56.4aA
20~4026.8bA22.2bB
40~603.6dB8.3cA
60~807.4cA7.4cA
80~1002.5dB5.7dA
抽穗期0~2056.9aA51.8aB
20~4012.9bA12.9bA
40~6013.5bA11.9bA
60~808.3cB11.4bA
80~1008.4cB12.0bA
灌浆期0~2051.2aA12.4cB
20~4017.3bB50.2aA
40~6016.0bA15.2bA
60~808.1cB14.6bcA
80~1007.4cA7.6cA
), ArticleFig(id=1312006403833815057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006386700084110, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

小麦不同育期不同土层水分贡献率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生育期土层深度/cm贡献率/%
单施化肥增施有机肥
拔节期0~2059.7aA56.4aA
20~4026.8bA22.2bB
40~603.6dB8.3cA
60~807.4cA7.4cA
80~1002.5dB5.7dA
抽穗期0~2056.9aA51.8aB
20~4012.9bA12.9bA
40~6013.5bA11.9bA
60~808.3cB11.4bA
80~1008.4cB12.0bA
灌浆期0~2051.2aA12.4cB
20~4017.3bB50.2aA
40~6016.0bA15.2bA
60~808.1cB14.6bcA
80~1007.4cA7.6cA
), ArticleFig(id=1312006403905118226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006386700084110, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Correlation analysis between water contribution rate and yield and water use efficiency in different soil layers at different growth stages of wheat

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标0~20 cm20~40 cm40~60 cm60~80 cm80~100 cm
产量拔节期直接通径系数-0.030-0.350-1.1040.0931.559
间接通径系数-1.3920.0382.2311.557-0.651
相关系数-0.849**-0.960**0.963**0.5400.994**
抽穗期直接通径系数0.0710.5580.0390.341-0.079
间接通径系数0.7841.0920.106-1.236-0.662
相关系数-0.5290.540-0.847**0.5040.593
灌浆期直接通径系数-0.636-1.9730.9960.335-1.068
间接通径系数-0.2681.6420.6181.0532.726
相关系数-0.995**0.782**0.647*0.870**0.494
水分利用效率拔节期直接通径系数-0.730-0.662-0.5280.1351.184
间接通径系数-1.737-1.1022.9422.0271.107
相关系数-0.707*-0.999**0.876**0.3350.944**
抽穗期直接通径系数0.0280.528-0.2050.237-0.249
间接通径系数-0.1881.634-1.015-0.150.598
相关系数-0.708*0.335-0.945**0.687*0.760*
灌浆期直接通径系数-0.221-0.7710.4340.079-0.411
间接通径系数-2.0661.7411.8652.3932.504
相关系数-0.945**0.903**0.4570.736*0.284
), ArticleFig(id=1312006404018364435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1312006386700084110, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

小麦不同生育期不同土层水分贡献率与产量和水分利用效率的相关性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标0~20 cm20~40 cm40~60 cm60~80 cm80~100 cm
产量拔节期直接通径系数-0.030-0.350-1.1040.0931.559
间接通径系数-1.3920.0382.2311.557-0.651
相关系数-0.849**-0.960**0.963**0.5400.994**
抽穗期直接通径系数0.0710.5580.0390.341-0.079
间接通径系数0.7841.0920.106-1.236-0.662
相关系数-0.5290.540-0.847**0.5040.593
灌浆期直接通径系数-0.636-1.9730.9960.335-1.068
间接通径系数-0.2681.6420.6181.0532.726
相关系数-0.995**0.782**0.647*0.870**0.494
水分利用效率拔节期直接通径系数-0.730-0.662-0.5280.1351.184
间接通径系数-1.737-1.1022.9422.0271.107
相关系数-0.707*-0.999**0.876**0.3350.944**
抽穗期直接通径系数0.0280.528-0.2050.237-0.249
间接通径系数-0.1881.634-1.015-0.150.598
相关系数-0.708*0.335-0.945**0.687*0.760*
灌浆期直接通径系数-0.221-0.7710.4340.079-0.411
间接通径系数-2.0661.7411.8652.3932.504
相关系数-0.945**0.903**0.4570.736*0.284
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长期增施有机肥对氢氧同位素分布与小麦水分利用的影响
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杨永辉 1, 2 , 邬佳宾 3 , 高翠民 1, 4 , 张运红 1, 4 , 潘晓莹 1, 2 , 何方 1, 2 , 韩伟锋 1, 4
农业机械学报 | 农业水土工程 2025,56(12): 707-716
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农业机械学报 |农业水土工程 2025 , 56 (12) : 707 -716
长期增施有机肥对氢氧同位素分布与小麦水分利用的影响
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杨永辉1, 2 , 邬佳宾3, 高翠民1, 4, 张运红1, 4, 潘晓莹1, 2, 何方1, 2, 韩伟锋1, 4
作者信息
  • 1.河南省农业科学院植物营养与资源环境研究所,郑州 450002
  • 2.农业农村部作物高效用水原阳科学观测实验站,原阳 453514
  • 3.水利部牧区水利科学研究所,呼和浩特 010020
  • 4.河南省黄河流域节水农业野外科学观测研究站,原阳 453514
作者简介:

杨永辉(1978—),男,研究员,博士,主要从事土壤物理、水肥资源利用与管理研究,E-mail:

Effects of Long-term Application of Organic Fertilizer on Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopic Distribution and Wheat Water Utilization
Yonghui YANG1, 2 , Jiabin WU3, Cuimin GAO1, 4, Yunhong ZHANG1, 4, Xiaoying PAN1, 2, Fang HE1, 2, Weifeng HAN1, 4
Affiliations
  • 1.Institute of Plant Nutrition, Agricultural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
  • 2.Yuanyang Experimental Station of Crop Water Use, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yuanyang 453514, China
  • 3.Institute of Water Resources for Pastoral Area, Ministry of Water Resources, Hohhot 010020, China
  • 4.Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Water-saving Agriculture in the Yellow River Basin of Henan Province, Yuanyang 453514, China
出版时间: 2025-12-25 doi: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.065
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为探明长期增施有机肥对土壤水分分布与水分利用的作用机理,采用室内分析与田间试验相结合,研究了长期增施有机肥和单施化肥对土壤水稳性大团聚体含量、土壤有机碳含量、饱和导水率、氢氧同位素分布、小麦光合生理特征及水分利用的影响。结果表明:增施有机肥显著提高土壤大团聚体含量、土壤有机碳含量和土壤饱和导水率,土壤结构稳定性明显提高。随土层加深,氢氧同位素丰度表现为逐渐降低趋势。在拔节期,长期单施化肥主要利用0~60 cm土层水分,长期增施有机肥主要利用0~20 cm土层水分,而二者0~20 cm土层水分贡献率明显高于其他土层,达50%以上。在抽穗期,长期单施化肥和增施有机肥均主要利用0~20 cm土层水分,且该土层水分贡献率仍超过50%。到灌浆期,长期单施化肥仍主要利用0~20 cm土层水分。而长期增施有机肥主要利用20~40 cm土层水分,其贡献率达50.2%。随小麦生育期推进,不同施肥措施土壤储水量均呈逐渐降低趋势。长期增施有机肥较单施化肥更利于降低小麦生长前期土壤水分无效损耗,提高土壤储水量,进而促进小麦生长后期水分供应。同时,与单施化肥相比,长期增施有机肥更利于提高小麦不同生育期的光合速率、气孔导度及叶片水分利用效率。随小麦生育期推进,其地上生物量逐渐增加且增施有机肥大于单施化肥。长期增施有机肥显著提高了小麦产量和水分利用效率。相关分析表明,在小麦生长过程中,拔节期40~60 cm、80~100 cm和灌浆期20~80 cm土层水分供应更利于提高小麦产量,而拔节期40~60 cm和80~100 cm、抽穗期60~100 cm、灌浆期20~40 cm和60~80 cm土层水分供应对水分利用效率的提高更为有利。综上,长期增施有机肥改善了土壤结构,增强了降水在土壤中的蓄、保、用能力,改善了小麦光合生理特性,促进了增产与节水增效。

有机肥  /  土壤结构  /  氢氧同位素  /  光合生理特征  /  水分利用

An indoor and a field experiment were conducted to study the water-stable large aggregates, soil organic carbon content, saturated hydraulic conductivity, hydrogen isotope distribution, physiological characteristics of wheat photosynthesis and water utilization under long-term application of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer, thus ascertaining soil moisture distribution and water use mechanism of long-term application of organic fertilizer. The results showed that the organic fertilizer significantly increased the proportion of soil macro-aggregate, soil organic carbon content, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and thus led to the high stability of soil structure. The abundance of hydrogen and oxygen decreased gradually with the deepening of the soil layer. In the jointing period, the long-term application of chemical fertilizer mainly used the water in 0~60 cm soil layer, and the yield of organic fertilizer mainly used the water of 0~20 cm soil layer, while the contribution rate of soil moisture of 0~20 cm soil layer was significantly higher than that of other soil layers, reaching more than 50%. In the heading period, the long-term application of chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer mainly used the water in 0~20 cm soil layer, and the contribution rate of soil moisture in this soil layer was still more than 50%. In the filling period, the long-term application of chemical fertilizer mainly used the water in 0~20 cm soil layer. The long-term application of organic fertilizer mainly used the water in 20~40 cm soil layer, and its contribution rate reached 50.2%. With the advancement of wheat growth period, the soil water storage decreased gradually. Long-term application of organic fertilizer was more conducive to reducing the ineffective loss of soil water in the early stage of wheat growth, which improved the soil water storage, and then promoted the supply of water in the late stage of wheat growth. Compared with application of chemical fertilizer, long-term application of organic fertilizer was more conducive to improving the photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductivity and leaf water use efficiency of wheat in different growth periods. With the advancement of wheat growth period, its above-ground biomass gradually increased and above-ground biomass of organic fertilizer was higher than that of chemical fertilizer. Ultimately, long-term application of organic carbon content significantly improved wheat yield and water use efficiency. Corcorrelation analysis showed that the water supply of 40~60 cm and 80~100 cm soil layers at jointing stage, and 20~80 cm soil layer at filling stage of wheat were more conducive to improving wheat yield, while soil supply of 40~60 cm, 80~100 cm at jointing stage, 60~100 cm at heading stage, and 80~100 cm at filling stage of wheat were more favorable to improve the water use efficiency. It concluded that the long-term application of organic fertilizer improved the soil structure, enhanced the storage, conservation and utilization capacity of precipitation in the soil, improved the photosynthetic physiological characteristics of wheat, and promoted the increase of yield and water saving and efficiency.

organic fertilizer  /  soil structure  /  hydrogen and oxygen isotopes  /  photosynthetic characteristics  /  water utilization
杨永辉, 邬佳宾, 高翠民, 张运红, 潘晓莹, 何方, 韩伟锋. 长期增施有机肥对氢氧同位素分布与小麦水分利用的影响. 农业机械学报, 2025 , 56 (12) : 707 -716 . DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.065
Yonghui YANG, Jiabin WU, Cuimin GAO, Yunhong ZHANG, Xiaoying PAN, Fang HE, Weifeng HAN. Effects of Long-term Application of Organic Fertilizer on Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopic Distribution and Wheat Water Utilization[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2025 , 56 (12) : 707 -716 . DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.065
化肥使用可获得较高的土地生产力,增加作物产量,提高水分利用效率[1-2]。然而,过多的化肥使用造成土壤板结,破坏土壤结构稳定性,降低土壤孔隙度,减少土壤水分入渗,增加土壤水分无效蒸发等。增施有机肥是维持农田生态系统物质与能量平衡的重要措施,能提高土壤肥力及生态系统对于外界扰动的抵抗力和恢复力。施用有机肥可降低土壤团聚体破坏率,提高土壤团聚体稳定性和土壤持水能力,有利于土壤蓄水保墒。连续施用有机肥可显著改善土壤结构,增强土壤水分调控能力,提高土壤养分有效性和土壤肥力[3-4]。
作物水分利用一直是农业研究的热点,在旱地农业中,增施有机肥及土壤改良措施可有效改善土壤结构,提高土壤蓄水保墒能力,进而促进作物正常生长,提高农田生产力和水分利用效率。但降水进入土壤后,水分在土壤中的运移、分配及其对作物生长过程中的贡献仍不十分清楚。可通过分析雨后稳定氢氧同位素来追踪降水在土壤中的运移信息[5],以确定作物生长过程中吸收利用土壤水分的深度[2]。近年来,学者利用氢氧同位素示踪技术研究了灌水条件下不同作物不同生育期根系吸收利用的水分深度[6-11],发现不同作物不同灌溉技术条件下作物根系对水分的吸收存在明显差异。但在旱作农业条件下,因长期单施化肥和长期增施有机肥导致的土壤结构差异,致使降水在不同土壤及其作物体内的分布特征以及作物关键生育期不同土层土壤水分对其产量与水分利用的影响存在一定差异,明晰这些差异,对于阐明增施有机肥的改土节水增产机制具有重要科学意义。
为此,本研究假设:与长期单施化肥相比,长期增施有机肥增加土壤有机质含量,改善土壤结构、提高水分入渗能力,进而对降水氢氧同位素在土壤中的分布及水分利用产生重要影响,最终提高作物产量和水分利用效率。本文利用氢氧同位素示踪技术,研究长期增施有机肥条件下雨后农田作物根层水分稳定氢、氧同位素分布特征,提取降水在土壤中的运移信息,作物根层剖面水分利用比例及利用特征,阐明增施有机肥引起土壤结构改善后对降水的调控与利用机理,为评判旱作农业条件下长期单施有机肥的改土、节水、增产效果提供科学依据。
试验在河南省节水农业禹州试验基地(33°59′~34°24′N,113°03′~113°39′E,海拔116.1 m)进行,该基地多年平均降水量674.9 mm,其中60%以上降雨集中在夏季。土壤类型为褐土,耕层有机质含量12.3 g/kg、全氮含量0.80 g/kg、水解氮含量47.82 mg/kg、速效磷含量6.66 mg/kg、速效钾含量114.8 mg/kg。研究区为小麦、玉米轮作区。土壤机械组成为:砂粒(0.02~2 mm)占59.1%,粉粒(0.002~0.02 mm)占22.5%,黏粒(0~0.002 mm)占18.4%。小麦生育期内降雨量见图1。
长期定位试验于2006年10月中旬小麦播种时开始,耕作措施在每年小麦播种时实施,玉米均为免耕播种,小区面积为30 m2。2022年10月于长期定位试验中选取长期单施化肥和增施有机肥2个处理进行研究。小麦全生育期氮肥(N)施用量为210 kg/hm2,磷肥(P2O)为135 kg/hm2,钾肥(K2O)为150 kg/hm2。有机肥施用量为750 kg/hm2,氮肥50%与全部磷钾肥底施,且有机肥全部一次性底施(根据有机肥N含量,确保有机肥处理的底施纯氮用量为50%,且P、K总用量与化肥处理保持一致)。分别在小麦拔节期和灌浆期进行氮肥追施,追施比例分别为30%和20%。有机肥采用商品有机肥(N、P、K含量分别为3.0%、1.5%、1.2%),依据有机肥中N、P、K含量折合总单施N、P、K与化肥处理总N、P、K保持一致。小麦生育期内不进行任何灌溉,统一采用常规除草、防虫等田间管理。
在降雨时收集降雨于10 mL玻璃采集瓶中,待降雨3~4 d后分层(0~20 cm、20~40 cm、40~60 cm、60~80 cm、80~100 cm)采集0~100 cm土壤和地下植物根系放入10 mL玻璃采集瓶中带回室内。水样通过滤膜过滤,土壤样、植物样通过水分抽提系统得到待测水样并存放于2 mL待测瓶中。采用光腔衰荡光谱学分析方法分析降雨、土壤、植株根系的氢、氧稳定同位素丰度。同时,分层采集土壤放于铝盒中,采用干燥法测定土壤含水率(105℃,24 h)。
采用IsoSourcer软件[12]进行不同土层土壤和植物根系中的同位素分析,获得小麦对不同土层土壤水分的利用特征。利用IsoSource软件进行计算,计算原理基于稳定同位素的质量守恒,按照指定的增量叠加运算出所有可能的百分比组合,处于给定容差范围内的可能组合被认为是可行解,在所有可行解中,对不同土层水分贡献率出现频率进行分析,从而得到各个土层水分贡献率与频率曲线,最终确定各个土层水分对小麦根系吸水的贡献率。
光合参数采用美国Li-Cor公司生产的Li-6400型光合仪测定。在小麦灌浆期(2023年5月15日)选择晴朗无风的天气于09:30—11:00进行光合参数测定,测定叶片部位为小麦旗叶。
主要测定的光合参数包括:净光合速率、蒸腾速率和叶片水分利用效率,叶片水分利用效率计算公式[13-14]为
式中
      WUE——叶片水分利用效率,μmol/mmol
      Pn——净光合速率,μmol/(m2·s)
      Tr——蒸腾速率,mmol/(m2·s)
在小麦拔节期、抽穗期、灌浆期和收获期,采用土钻获取0~100 cm土层(0~20 cm、20~40 cm、40~60 cm、60~80 cm、80~100 cm)土壤,放入干燥箱中105℃干燥24 h,测定含水率,进而得知0~100 cm土层土壤储水量,并计算小麦全生育期耗水量与水分利用效率。计算式为
式中
      TW——全生育期耗水量,mm
      A——播种前土壤储水量,mm
      R——生育期内降雨量,mm
      H——收获时土壤储水量,mm
      PUE——水分利用效率,kg/(mm·hm2)
      Y——籽粒产量,kg/hm2
水稳性大团聚含量测定采用湿筛法[15],土壤有机碳含量测定采用改进的外加热重铬酸钾氧化法[16]。
团聚体平均质量直径(MMD)[17]计算公式为
式中
      ——各级团聚体平均直径
      wi——各级团聚体质量占团聚体总质量比例
饱和导水率采用恒定水头法[18]测定。渗透速率计算式为
式中
      V——渗透速率,mm/min
      Qm——m次马氏瓶中进入土柱的水量,mL
      tm——每次渗透所间隔时间,min
      S——土柱横截面积,cm2
光合参数为9次重复(在每个处理3个重复内分别测定3次样品)平均值,其他结果为3次重复平均值,且所得数据应用SPSS 19.0进行处理。采用ANOVA法对不同处理的相关指标进行方差分析(P<0.05)。采用路径分析法,分析小麦不同生育期不同土层水分贡献率与产量和水分利用效率的相关性。
从表1可知,与单施化肥相比,增施有机肥明显提高了土壤总有机碳含量、活性有机碳含量。同时,增施有机肥显著提高了>0.25 mm水稳性大团聚体含量和平均质量直径,表明增施有机肥改善了土壤结构,提高了土壤结构稳定性。此外,与单施化肥相比,增施有机肥土壤饱和导水率也显著提高。
从图2可知,随着土层加深,拔节期土壤含水率呈逐渐降低趋势。而抽穗期、灌浆期和收获期土壤含水率随土层加深均表现为先降低而后略有增加趋势。在拔节期,增施有机肥明显提高了0~80 cm土层土壤含水率;在抽穗期和灌浆期,在0~100 cm土层,增施有机肥处理土壤含水率均明显高于单施化肥。到收获期,增施有机肥仍明显提高0~50 cm和80~100 cm土层土壤含水率。
RUPPENTHAL等[19]研究表明,当作物根系中水分稳定氢氧同位素组成与土壤某一层中水分稳定氢氧同位素组成相同时,可认为作物根系吸收的水分主要来于此层土壤。
从图3可知,在拔节期,随土层加深,增施有机肥处理δ18O、δD同位素丰度表现为逐渐降低趋势。而单施化肥处理的δ18O同位素丰度随土层加深略有增加。不同施肥措施土壤δ18O同位素丰度均在-30‰左右,而δD丰度则为-40‰~-60‰。单施化肥土壤δ18O同位素丰度与根系中δ18O同位素丰度曲线交点于15、35、60 cm处,δD同位素丰度与根系中δD同位素丰度曲线交点于25 cm处。而增施有机肥处理δ18O、δD丰度曲线与根系中δ18O、δD同位素丰度曲线交点于20 cm处。这说明,单施化肥处理的小麦根系主要利用0~60 cm土层的土壤水分,而增施有机肥处理的小麦根系主要利用0~20 cm土层的土壤水分。
从图4可知,到抽穗期,随土层加深氢氧同位素丰度仍表现为逐渐降低趋势。单施化肥处理氢氧同位素丰度随土层加深变幅较小,而增施有机肥处理的氢氧同位素丰度变幅较大。不同施肥措施δ18O、δD曲线与根系中δ18O、δD同位素丰度曲线均交点于20 cm处。这说明,在抽穗期,小麦主要利用0~20 cm土层水分。不同施肥措施不同土层土壤δ18O、δD同位素丰度表现为:单施化肥大于增施有机肥。
从图5可知,到灌浆期,不同施肥措施不同土层土壤δ18O同位素丰度表现为:单施化肥大于增施有机肥,而不同措施δD同位素丰度保持在-100‰~-80‰之间。单施化肥土壤δ18O同位素丰度与根系中δ18O同位素丰度曲线交点于30 cm和50 cm处,土壤δD同位素丰度与根系中δD同位素丰度曲线交点于30 cm处。而增施有机肥处理的δ18O曲线与根系中δ18O同位素丰度曲线交点于10 cm和40 cm处,δD曲线与根系中δD同位素丰度曲线交点于15 cm和40 cm处。说明,随小麦生育期推进,其根系利用了更深土层的水分。不同施肥措施不同土层土壤δ18O同位素丰度表现为:单施化肥大于增施有机肥。
从图6(图中不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05),下同)可知,良好的土壤结构具有改善土壤水分供应与调节土壤水分环境的能力。与单施化肥相比,增施有机肥明显提高了不同生育期小麦叶片的气孔导度,光合速率也相应提高。在拔节期和抽穗期,单施化肥与增施有机肥处理小麦叶片蒸腾速率基本相当,而到灌浆期,有机肥处理小麦叶片蒸腾速率显著高于单施化肥处理。与单施化肥处理相比,增施有机肥显著提高了小麦抽穗期的叶片水分利用效率,其他生育期差异不显著。
从图7可知,随小麦生育期推进,其地上生物量逐渐增加,且在不同生育期,小麦地上生物量均表现为:增施有机肥大于单施化肥(P<0.05)。
从图8可知,在拔节期,增施有机肥提高了土壤储水量,但二者差异不显著。在抽穗期后,不同施肥措施土壤储水量均表现为:增施有机肥大于单施化肥(P<0.05)。整体来看,增施有机肥利于提高小麦不同生育期土壤储水量,主要是因为有机肥更利于改善土壤结构,促使土壤保存了更多的降水,提高了土体土壤水分含量,进而更利于作物对水分的需求。
播种-抽穗期小麦生长时间较长,其水分消耗较大(图9),由于植株及覆盖度较小,棵间裸露较多,小麦播种后降雨量较大,因此主要以棵间蒸发损失为主。不同施肥措施中,单施化肥耗水量大于增施有机肥。拔节期后主要以小麦自身耗水为主,其中单施化肥在拔节-抽穗期耗水量仍最大,增施有机肥处理耗水量最低。到抽穗-灌浆期,由于增施有机肥处理植株生物量明显大于单施化肥处理,导致其蒸腾作用更强而耗水量进一步加大,因此增施有机肥处理作物耗水量明显高于单施化肥处理。到灌浆-收获期,增施有机肥耗水量仍显著高于单施化肥处理。
从小麦耗水强度(图9)来看,抽穗-灌浆期耗水强度最大,其次为拔节-抽穗期和灌浆-收获期,播种-拔节期耗水强度最低。除播种-拔节期外,不同施肥措施小麦耗水强度差异较大。除拔节-抽穗期单施化肥处理耗水强度显著大于有机肥处理外,其他生育期耗水强度均低于增施有机肥处理。这说明,在小麦抽穗期前,主要以营养生长为主,地面棵间裸露较多,单施有机肥处理小麦耗水量相对于增施有机肥处理更容易造成水分的无效损耗,而到小麦抽穗期进入生殖生长阶段后,棵间蒸发相对较小,其以小麦自身蒸腾为主,由于增施有机肥促进了小麦生长,其植株相较于单施化肥处理的蒸腾量明显增大,进而导致其整体耗水量较大。这说明了增施有机肥对水分的调控策略:其有效地降低了小麦营养生长对水分的无效损耗,保持了更多的降水于土壤中,以供给小麦后期生殖生长对水分的需求。
从表2可知,增施有机肥增加了小麦穗长、小穗数、穗粒数、生物量、千粒质量,其中小穗数和生物量提高幅度最大,较单施化肥处理分别提高19.3%和15.1%。而单施化肥处理总耗水量较增施有机肥处理增加3.9%。最终,与单施化肥处理相比,增施有机肥处理小麦产量和水分利用效率分别提高10.9%和15.0%。
从表3可知,随小麦生育期推进,不同土层水分贡献率存在明显差异。在拔节期,表层水分供应占明显优势,达56.4%~59.7%,20~40 cm土层水分贡献率介于22.2%~26.8%,40 cm以下土层水分贡献率低于10%。单施化肥处理表层和20~40 cm土层土壤水分贡献率大于有机肥处理,而40~60 cm和80~100 cm土层土壤水分贡献率表现为:增施有机肥大于单施化肥。到抽穗期,表层土壤水分贡献率仍然高于其他土层,且大于50%,随土层加深,土壤水分贡献率逐渐降低,但增施有机肥处理在20 cm以下土层均保持在10%左右。到灌浆期,随土层加深,单施化肥处理土壤水分贡献率表现为逐渐降低趋势,其水分贡献率仍以表层最高;而增施有机肥处理则表现为先增加再逐渐降低趋势,其水分供应主要集中在20~40 cm,达50.2%,40~80 cm土层水分贡献率保持在15%左右,90~100 cm土层水分贡献率最低,为7.6%。
降水同位素直接影响土壤水的同位素。2022—2023年研究区小麦生长季大气降水线方程为y=7.171 6x+24.562,决定系数R2=0.883 6(图10)。与全球大气降水线方程(y=7.825x+8.90)相比,图10方程斜率较小,而截距较大,表明研究区蒸发强度大于全球水平,而蒸发速率低于全球水平。大气降水同位素在降水过程中经过了蒸发分馏而富集不明显,受局地水汽蒸发影响小于全球。
不同施肥处理小麦生长期土壤δD与δ18O关系如图11所示。从图11a可以看出,长期单施化肥条件下小麦生长期土壤水分曲线方程为y=7.777 7x+17.776,R2=0.950 7。可以看出该曲线斜率略大于大气降水曲线方程,而截距明显小于大气降水曲线方程,说明长期单施化肥,农田土壤水分蒸发强度较小与而蒸发速率较大,同位素发生分馏,造成同位素向表层富集。从图11b可知,长期增施有机肥条件下小麦生长期土壤水分曲线方程为y=6.513 6x+1.721 7,R2=0.980 6。可以看出该曲线斜率略小于大气降水曲线方程,而截距明显小于大气降水曲线方程,与单施化肥处理相比,增施有机肥处理土壤蒸发较强烈,更易于带动剖面水分分馏,促进不同土壤水分的利用。反映了增施有机肥后因土壤结构改善而保持了更多的降水于土壤中,这为其植株生长提供了良好条件,在植株生长过程中因其自身生长较为旺盛(生物量)而蒸腾速率增强,因此其整体土壤蒸发能力较强,说明了增施有机肥对作物水分的供应更为充足,从而满足作物生理生长对水分的需求。
从表4可知,小麦不同生育期不同土层水分贡献率与小麦产量及水分利用效率存在一定的相关关系,但不同土层水分贡献率对小麦产量和水分利用效率存在直接和间接的影响。在小麦生长过程中,在拔节期,尽管40~60 cm土层水分贡献率对小麦产量直接作用为负,但该土层可通过对其他土层的间接综合作用为正,因此该土层水分贡献率与小麦产量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01);80~100 cm土层水分贡献率对小麦产量具有较强的正作用,尽管该土层通过对其他土层的间接综合作用为负,最终该土层水分贡献率与小麦产量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。同理,在灌浆期20~80 cm土层水分贡献率与小麦产量的综合表现为显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)正相关。对于小麦水分利用效率而言,在不同生育期不同土层水分贡献率通过直接或间接作用的综合效果表现:小麦拔节期40~60 cm和80~100 cm、抽穗期60~100 cm、灌浆期20~40 cm和60~80 cm土层水分贡献率与小麦水分利用效率呈显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)正相关。
由于长期施肥措施不同,导致农田土壤结构发生变化,进而引起降水在土壤中的分布和水分利用的差异。通过研究长期单施化肥和增施有机肥对降水氢氧同位素在土体和根系中的丰度分布,可确定在长期单施化肥和增施有机碳条件下降水进入土体不同土层与作物根系吸收利用的关系及其二者差异。同时分析作物生长过程的干物质积累量,土壤水分消耗及作物光合生理特征等,从而探明增施有机肥条件下,基于氢氧同位素示踪的作物增产与水分高效利用机理。
大量研究表明,连续增施有机肥可显著改善土壤结构,提高土壤养分有效性[20]和水分调控能力[3-4]。但增施有机肥对作物不同生育期不同土层土壤水分供应与作物利用之间的定量关系并不清楚。通过氢氧同位素示踪方法研究发现:随土层加深,氢氧同位素丰度表现为逐渐降低趋势,说明土壤水蒸发使土壤氢氧同位素从深层到表层逐渐富集。在小麦拔节期,长期单施化肥主要利用0~60 cm土层水分,增施有机肥处理主要利用0~20 cm土层水分,二者0~20 cm土层土壤水分贡献率均占50%以上,单施化肥处理0~40 cm土层土壤水分贡献率大于增施有机肥处理,而增施有机肥处理40~60 cm和80~100 cm土层土壤水分贡献率大于单施化肥处理。这说明,在小麦拔节期,表层土壤水分对小麦生长作用较大,但由于该时期植株相对较小,棵间蒸发水分消耗相对较大。与单施化肥处理相比,增施有机肥有效减少了表层水分消耗。到抽穗期,不同施肥措施表层土壤水分贡献率仍高于其他土层,均大于50%,且单施化肥处理仍高于增施有机肥处理,增施有机肥处理20 cm以下土层土壤水分贡献率较为均匀,均保持在10%左右,说明增施有机肥更利于合理调控剖面水分供应,使其维持在一定含水率,进而有利于小麦根系生长。到灌浆期,长期单施化肥0~20 cm土层土壤水分贡献率仍最高。与单施化肥处理相比,增施有机肥显著减少0~20 cm土层土壤水分利用,提高了20~40 cm土层水分利用,其贡献率达50.2%,且40~80 cm土层土壤水分贡献率达到30%左右。这说明,增施有机肥促进了剖面土壤水分的合理分配与利用,更利于减少小麦后期生长过程中对最不稳定表层水分的消耗,促进了小麦生长过程中其根系对不同土层水分吸收利用,提高了水分潜在利用效率。
此外,长期单施化肥会破坏土壤结构,影响土壤持水性能和保水保肥能力[21]。而长期单施有机肥能保持耕层土壤水分,单施有机肥与氮磷有机肥配施,可以提高小麦水分利用效率,减少水分消耗[22]。但随着单施有机肥年限的增加,土壤状况对作物水分利用效率的影响逐渐减弱[23]。然而,本研究发现,长期(16年)增施有机肥明显提高了小麦不同生育期土壤储水量,促进作物生长,主要是因为增施有机肥更利于改善土壤结构,提高土壤总有机碳和活性有机碳含量,进而促进了土壤含水率的提高和活化了土壤养分。进一步研究发现,增施有机肥显著提高了小麦不同生育期气孔导度,光合速率也相应提高。在小麦不同生育期,其地上生物量也显著高于单施化肥处理,且其产量和水分利用效率均显著提高。通过对小麦产量和水分利用效率与其不同生育期不同土层水分贡献率进行相关性分析发现:在小麦生长过程中,不同土层之间水分贡献率对小麦产量和水分利用效率提高存在直接和间接作用。综合效应表现为:拔节期40~60 cm、80~100 cm和灌浆期20~80 cm土层水分供应对小麦产量提高更为有利;拔节期40~60 cm和80~100 cm、抽穗期60~100 cm、灌浆期20~40 cm和60~80 cm土层水分贡献率对小麦水分利用效率提高更为有利。说明表层水分虽然在小麦生长过程中贡献率最大,但其更易于从土壤中逸散而形成较大的无效损耗,对于作物干物质积累和水分利用效率提高贡献比例较小,而调控好深层土壤水分则更利于作物吸收利用与干物质积累,这从侧面印证了增施有机肥可调控剖面土壤水分,促进根系分布与利用深层土壤水分。
降水氢氧同位素直接影响土壤水的氢氧同位素丰度,本研究发现,大气降水氢氧同位素在降水过程中经过了蒸发分馏而富集不明显,受局地水汽蒸发影响小于全球。从小麦生长季土壤水氢氧同位素关系中发现,与单施化肥处理相比,虽然长期增施有机肥处理土壤蒸发较强烈,但其在小麦生长过程中保存了更多的降水于土壤中,使得降水更易于在土壤中分馏与运移到不同土层,促进了不同土层土壤水分的利用[24]。
与长期单施化肥相比,长期增施有机肥土壤总有机碳含量提高2.8%,而活性有机碳含量提高幅度更大,土壤结构明显改善,稳定性显著提高,土壤入渗能力明显增强,小麦不同生育期土壤剖面含水率和土体储水量明显提高。长期增施有机肥调节了降水在土壤中的重新分配和改善了土壤水分的供应策略,降低了作物对表层土壤水分的消耗,提高了更深土层对小麦生长的水分供应能力。同时,长期增施有机肥减少了小麦生长前期对水分的无效损耗,增强了小麦生殖生长对水分的需求,提高了作物水分利用潜力,促进了水分的合理利用。因此,增施有机肥改善了小麦不同生育阶段的光合生理特征,提高了小麦的气孔导度和光合速率,促进了干物质积累,促进了小麦产量和水分利用效率提高。与单施化肥处理相比,增施有机肥处理小麦产量和水分利用效率分别提高10.9%和15.0%。研究结果为长期增施有机肥对土壤结构改良、水分调控及增产增效提供了科学依据,但该研究结果还需进行多年不同降水年型条件下的小麦、玉米轮作体系下的周年研究,以确定长期增施有机肥多年小麦、玉米轮作体系的周年综合作用效果。
  • 河南省农业科学院科技创新团队项目(2024TD27)
  • 河南省中央引导地方项目(Z20231811180)
  • 河南省农业科学院自主创新基金项目(2021ZC038; 2024ZC054)
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2025年第56卷第12期
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doi: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.065
  • 接收时间:2024-08-12
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-12
  • 修回日期:2024-10-29
基金
河南省农业科学院科技创新团队项目(2024TD27)
河南省中央引导地方项目(Z20231811180)
河南省农业科学院自主创新基金项目(2021ZC038; 2024ZC054)
作者信息
    1.河南省农业科学院植物营养与资源环境研究所,郑州 450002
    2.农业农村部作物高效用水原阳科学观测实验站,原阳 453514
    3.水利部牧区水利科学研究所,呼和浩特 010020
    4.河南省黄河流域节水农业野外科学观测研究站,原阳 453514
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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