Article(id=1312006358153659032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.063, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1747670400000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-20, revisedDate=1751299200000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790736291683, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790736291683, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790736291683, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790736291683, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311999647825101743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, year='2025', volume='56', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='818', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1766592000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790734691815, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790738411040, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312015247465083866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312015247465083867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=687, endPage=696, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1312006358409511577, articleId=1312006358153659032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, language=EN, title=Effects of Reduced Nitrogen Fertilizer with Topdressing on Peanut Growth and Osmotic Adjustment Substances under Mulched Drip Irrigation in Sandy Areas, columnId=1312006322535620938, journalTitle=Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, columnName=Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming to investigate the effects of reduced nitrogen fertilizer with topdressing on growth and osmoregulatory substances in peanut under mulched drip irrigation, a split-plot experiment was conducted at the Aerxiang Irrigation Experimental Station in Liaoning Province from May to October in 2023 and 2024. The effects of different nitrogen application modes (N0, no nitrogen; N1, 25% nitrogen reduction with single application; SN1, 25% nitrogen reduction with three times application; and N2, conventional nitrogen rate with single application) on main stem height, root morphology, osmoregulatory substances, yield, and water use efficiency of peanuts under mulched drip irrigation (IMDI) and drip irrigation (ICK) were analyzed. Results indicated that in 2023 and 2024, the IMDI treatment consistently exhibited greater main stem height than ICK treatment across all nitrogen modes. SN1 obtained the highest main stem height, and followed by N2 and N1, N0 had the lowest main stem height. During the flowering and pod setting stage, the IMDISN1 treatment achieved the optimal root morphology. In 2023, at the flowering stage, compared with IMDIN1 and IMDIN2 treatments, the IMDISN1 treatment increased root length by 43.9% and 36.6%, respectively. In 2024, at the flowering stage, compared with the IMDIN1 and IMDIN2 treatments, the IMDISN1 treatment enhanced root surface area by 52.2% and 17.3%, and root volume by 49.5% and 25.0%, respectively. Compared with the ICKN2 treatment, the IMDISN1 treatment increased root length and root volume by 41.8% and 45.5%, respectively. Under drought stress, SN1 treatment had the highest proline content, and followed by N1 and N2 treatment, the N0 treatment had the lowest proline content. During the pod setting stage in 2024, compared with the IMDIN1 and IMDIN2 treatments, the IMDISN1 treatment increased proline content by 18.1% and 34.8%, respectively. During the pod setting stage in 2024, the N2 treatment had the highest soluble protein content and followed by the SN1 and N1 treatment, the N0 treatment had the lowest soluble protein content, the IMDIN2 treatment had 27.4% and 40.6% higher soluble protein content than the IMDISN1 and IMDIN1 treatments, respectively. During the flowering stage in 2024, the SN1 treatment obtained the highest soluble sugar content, and followed by the N1 and N2 treatment, the N0 treatment had the lowest soluble sugar content, compared with the IMDIN1 and IMDIN2 treatments, the IMDISN1 treatment increased soluble sugar content by 30.3% and 40.0%, respectively. The IMDI treatment had higher peanut yield than the ICK treatment, but the IMDISN1 treatment had similar peanut yield with ICKN2 treatment. Compared with the ICKN2 treatment, the IMDISN1 treatment increased water use efficiency by 32.3% (2023) and 41.1% (2024), respectively. Thus, reducing nitrogen rate by 25% with three split applications under mulched drip irrigation (IMDISN1) could improve water and nitrogen utilization, enhance osmoregulation during the critical water requirement stages, and ultimately promote peanut yield. These findings could provide theoretical basis for water-saving and nitrogen reduction in peanut production in sandy regions.

, authors=Guimin XIA1, Shenghui HE1, Zhengfei XU2, Yi WU1, Junlin ZHENG1, Daocai CHI1, authorsList=Guimin XIA, Shenghui HE, Zhengfei XU, Yi WU, Junlin ZHENG, Daocai CHI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Junlin ZHENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1312006360154342060, articleId=1312006358153659032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, language=CN, title=氮肥减量追施对风沙区膜下滴灌花生生长与渗透调节物质的影响, columnId=1312006322695004492, journalTitle=农业机械学报, columnName=农业水土工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究膜下滴灌条件下氮肥减量追施对花生生长及渗透调节物质的影响,于2023年和2024年5—10月在辽宁省阜新市阿尔乡灌溉试验站开展测坑裂区试验,研究膜下滴灌(IMDI)和滴灌(ICK)条件下,不同施氮模式(N0,不施氮处理;N1,减施1/4氮肥一次施肥处理;SN1,减施1/4氮肥分3次追肥处理;N2,常规施氮量一次施肥处理)对花生主茎高、根系形态、渗透调节物质含量、产量及水分利用效率的影响。试验结果表明,2023年和2024年,IMDI处理花生主茎高始终大于ICK处理,且不同施氮模式下花生主茎高由大到小依次为SN1、N2、N1、N0。花针期与结荚期,IMDISN1处理花生根系形态指标均为最优。2023年花针期,IMDISN1处理根长较IMDIN1与IMDIN2处理分别提高43.9%和36.6%。2024年花针期,与IMDIN1与IMDIN2处理相比,IMDISN1处理根表面积分别提高52.2%和17.3%,根体积分别提高49.5%和25.0%;与ICKN2处理相比,IMDISN1处理根长和根体积分别提高41.8%和45.5%。干旱胁迫下花生体内脯氨酸含量由大到小依次为SN1、N1、N2、N0,IMDISN1处理脯氨酸含量较IMDIN1与IMDIN2处理分别提高18.1%和34.8%(2024年结荚期);可溶性蛋白含量由大到小依次为N2、SN1、N1、N0,IMDIN2处理可溶性蛋白含量较IMDISN1与IMDIN1处理分别提高27.4%和40.6%(2024年结荚期);可溶性糖含量由大到小依次为SN1、N1、N2、N0,IMDISN1处理可溶性糖含量较IMDIN1和IMDIN2处理分别提高30.3%和40.0%(2024年花针期)。IMDI处理产量显著高于ICK处理,IMDISN1处理较ICKN2处理无显著差异。IMDISN1处理水分利用效率较ICKN2处理提高32.3%(2023年)和41.1%(2024年)。因此,膜下滴灌条件下减施1/4氮肥分3次追肥处理(IMDISN1)能提高花生对水氮的吸收利用,增强花生需水关键期的渗透调节作用,最终提高花生产量。研究结果可为风沙区花生节水减氮生产提供理论依据。

, authors=夏桂敏1, 何生辉1, 徐正飞2, 吴毅1, 郑俊林1, 迟道才1, authorsList=夏桂敏, 何生辉, 徐正飞, 吴毅, 郑俊林, 迟道才, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=郑俊林, authorNote=

夏桂敏(1973—),女,教授,博士,主要从事节水灌溉与资源高效利用研究,E-mail:

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郑俊林(1990—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事水肥调控与高效利用研究,E-mail:
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夏桂敏(1973—),女,教授,博士,主要从事节水灌溉与资源高效利用研究,E-mail:

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ANOVA for effects of different irrigation methods and nitrogen application modes on root growth traits of peanut at flowering and pod setting stages

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生育期处理根长/cm根表面积/cm2根体积/cm3
2023年2024年2023年2024年2023年2024年
花针期ICK758.69b488.18b125.44b115.27b2.02b2.05b
IMDI907.36a589.01a158.03a133.26a2.37a2.40a
N0536.77c436.09b94.80d98.99c1.65b1.60c
SN11 117.22a647.25a178.02a155.70a2.57a2.81a
N1823.96b514.14b137.38c109.21c2.19a2.10b
N2854.16b556.90ab156.76b133.16b2.35a2.38b
ICKN0492.71d385.11c93.82d93.90d1.62c1.52d
ICKSN1942.08b580.90abc147.74bc140.49b2.40ab2.42b
ICKN1749.94bc490.91bc121.87cd120.56c2.02abc2.05bcd
ICKN2761.92bc495.81bc138.35c106.13cd2.04abc2.20bc
IMDIN0580.84cd487.06bc95.77d104.07cd1.68bc1.69cd
IMDISN11 292.37a713.60a208.30a170.91a2.74a3.20a
IMDIN1897.98b537.37abc152.88bc145.77b2.37ab2.14bc
IMDIN2946.39b618.00ab175.17ab112.28cd2.67a2.56b
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结荚期ICK978.57a546.01b145.67b130.76b2.16b2.21b
IMDI1 025.90a637.99a181.91a153.97a3.11a3.03a
N0624.73c427.80b113.97c104.82c1.85c1.97c
SN11 346.56a700.29a209.22a191.03a3.58a3.23a
N1943.05b588.62a159.41b114.82c2.27bc2.49b
N21 094.61b651.28a172.56ab158.78b2.85b2.78b
ICKN0563.06d358.44c103.99c96.30d1.83c1.89d
ICKSN11 336.91ab667.62ab170.39bc182.76a2.71bc2.34cd
ICKN1852.95cd553.17ab146.95bc109.65cd1.97c2.26cd
ICKN21 038.03abc604.79ab161.35bc134.33b2.12c2.35cd
IMDIN0686.39d497.15bc123.95bc113.34bcd1.87c2.05cd
IMDISN11 356.21a732.96a248.04a199.31a4.44a4.12a
IMDIN11 033.15bc624.08ab171.87abc119.98bc2.58bc2.73bc
IMDIN21 151.19abc697.76a183.78ab183.23a3.57ab3.22b
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不同灌溉方式和施氮模式对花生花针期和结荚期根系生长影响方差分析

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生育期处理根长/cm根表面积/cm2根体积/cm3
2023年2024年2023年2024年2023年2024年
花针期ICK758.69b488.18b125.44b115.27b2.02b2.05b
IMDI907.36a589.01a158.03a133.26a2.37a2.40a
N0536.77c436.09b94.80d98.99c1.65b1.60c
SN11 117.22a647.25a178.02a155.70a2.57a2.81a
N1823.96b514.14b137.38c109.21c2.19a2.10b
N2854.16b556.90ab156.76b133.16b2.35a2.38b
ICKN0492.71d385.11c93.82d93.90d1.62c1.52d
ICKSN1942.08b580.90abc147.74bc140.49b2.40ab2.42b
ICKN1749.94bc490.91bc121.87cd120.56c2.02abc2.05bcd
ICKN2761.92bc495.81bc138.35c106.13cd2.04abc2.20bc
IMDIN0580.84cd487.06bc95.77d104.07cd1.68bc1.69cd
IMDISN11 292.37a713.60a208.30a170.91a2.74a3.20a
IMDIN1897.98b537.37abc152.88bc145.77b2.37ab2.14bc
IMDIN2946.39b618.00ab175.17ab112.28cd2.67a2.56b
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结荚期ICK978.57a546.01b145.67b130.76b2.16b2.21b
IMDI1 025.90a637.99a181.91a153.97a3.11a3.03a
N0624.73c427.80b113.97c104.82c1.85c1.97c
SN11 346.56a700.29a209.22a191.03a3.58a3.23a
N1943.05b588.62a159.41b114.82c2.27bc2.49b
N21 094.61b651.28a172.56ab158.78b2.85b2.78b
ICKN0563.06d358.44c103.99c96.30d1.83c1.89d
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ICKN1852.95cd553.17ab146.95bc109.65cd1.97c2.26cd
ICKN21 038.03abc604.79ab161.35bc134.33b2.12c2.35cd
IMDIN0686.39d497.15bc123.95bc113.34bcd1.87c2.05cd
IMDISN11 356.21a732.96a248.04a199.31a4.44a4.12a
IMDIN11 033.15bc624.08ab171.87abc119.98bc2.58bc2.73bc
IMDIN21 151.19abc697.76a183.78ab183.23a3.57ab3.22b
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Effects of different irrigation methods and nitrogen application modes on water consumption,yield,and water use efficiency of peanut

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处理灌水量/mm耗水量/mm产量/(kg·hm-2)水分利用效率/(kg·m-3)
2023年2024年2023年2024年2023年2024年2023年2024年
ICK353.16a301.69a489.28a388.13a4 789.49b4 845.68b0.98b1.25b
IMDI293.03b252.34b439.96b316.56b5 137.53a5 221.10a1.17a1.65a
N0299.76d252.91d440.83c326.71c4 424.65c4 371.72c1.01b1.36c
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N2348.91a301.48a487.95a384.43a5 077.67ab5 379.51a1.05b1.42b
ICKN0327.32d280.11c473.21cd360.74cd4 139.94c4 086.67d0.87e1.13e
ICKSN1361.55b301.36b489.70b390.07b5 272.34ab5 300.75ab1.08bcd1.36c
ICKN1343.99c295.56b478.87bc371.76bc4 777.01bc4 664.43c1.00cde1.25d
ICKN2379.78a329.71a515.35a429.96a4 968.65ab5 330.85ab0.96de1.24d
IMDIN0272.20f225.72e408.46g292.68g4 709.36bc4 656.77c1.15ab1.59b
IMDISN1295.90e265.92c449.20ef319.95ef5 707.91a5 586.90a1.27a1.75a
IMDIN1285.98ef244.47d441.63f314.72fg4 946.15ab5 212.55b1.12bc1.66b
IMDIN2318.05d273.25c460.55de338.90de5 186.69ab5 428.17ab1.13abc1.60b
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不同灌溉方式与施氮模式对花生耗水量、产量及水分利用效率的影响

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处理灌水量/mm耗水量/mm产量/(kg·hm-2)水分利用效率/(kg·m-3)
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氮肥减量追施对风沙区膜下滴灌花生生长与渗透调节物质的影响
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夏桂敏 1 , 何生辉 1 , 徐正飞 2 , 吴毅 1 , 郑俊林 1 , 迟道才 1
农业机械学报 | 农业水土工程 2025,56(12): 687-696
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农业机械学报 |农业水土工程 2025 , 56 (12) : 687 -696
氮肥减量追施对风沙区膜下滴灌花生生长与渗透调节物质的影响
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夏桂敏1 , 何生辉1, 徐正飞2, 吴毅1, 郑俊林1 , 迟道才1
作者信息
  • 1.沈阳农业大学水利学院,沈阳 110866
  • 2.江苏省连云港市水利局,连云港 222000
通讯作者:
郑俊林(1990—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事水肥调控与高效利用研究,E-mail:
作者简介:

夏桂敏(1973—),女,教授,博士,主要从事节水灌溉与资源高效利用研究,E-mail:

Effects of Reduced Nitrogen Fertilizer with Topdressing on Peanut Growth and Osmotic Adjustment Substances under Mulched Drip Irrigation in Sandy Areas
Guimin XIA1 , Shenghui HE1, Zhengfei XU2, Yi WU1, Junlin ZHENG1 , Daocai CHI1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Water Conservancy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
  • 2.Water Conservancy Bureau of Lianyungang City, Jiangsu Province, Lianyungang 222000, China
出版时间: 2025-12-25 doi: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.063
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为探究膜下滴灌条件下氮肥减量追施对花生生长及渗透调节物质的影响,于2023年和2024年5—10月在辽宁省阜新市阿尔乡灌溉试验站开展测坑裂区试验,研究膜下滴灌(IMDI)和滴灌(ICK)条件下,不同施氮模式(N0,不施氮处理;N1,减施1/4氮肥一次施肥处理;SN1,减施1/4氮肥分3次追肥处理;N2,常规施氮量一次施肥处理)对花生主茎高、根系形态、渗透调节物质含量、产量及水分利用效率的影响。试验结果表明,2023年和2024年,IMDI处理花生主茎高始终大于ICK处理,且不同施氮模式下花生主茎高由大到小依次为SN1、N2、N1、N0。花针期与结荚期,IMDISN1处理花生根系形态指标均为最优。2023年花针期,IMDISN1处理根长较IMDIN1与IMDIN2处理分别提高43.9%和36.6%。2024年花针期,与IMDIN1与IMDIN2处理相比,IMDISN1处理根表面积分别提高52.2%和17.3%,根体积分别提高49.5%和25.0%;与ICKN2处理相比,IMDISN1处理根长和根体积分别提高41.8%和45.5%。干旱胁迫下花生体内脯氨酸含量由大到小依次为SN1、N1、N2、N0,IMDISN1处理脯氨酸含量较IMDIN1与IMDIN2处理分别提高18.1%和34.8%(2024年结荚期);可溶性蛋白含量由大到小依次为N2、SN1、N1、N0,IMDIN2处理可溶性蛋白含量较IMDISN1与IMDIN1处理分别提高27.4%和40.6%(2024年结荚期);可溶性糖含量由大到小依次为SN1、N1、N2、N0,IMDISN1处理可溶性糖含量较IMDIN1和IMDIN2处理分别提高30.3%和40.0%(2024年花针期)。IMDI处理产量显著高于ICK处理,IMDISN1处理较ICKN2处理无显著差异。IMDISN1处理水分利用效率较ICKN2处理提高32.3%(2023年)和41.1%(2024年)。因此,膜下滴灌条件下减施1/4氮肥分3次追肥处理(IMDISN1)能提高花生对水氮的吸收利用,增强花生需水关键期的渗透调节作用,最终提高花生产量。研究结果可为风沙区花生节水减氮生产提供理论依据。

花生  /  水氮耦合  /  氮肥优化  /  渗透调节物质  /  膜下滴灌

Aiming to investigate the effects of reduced nitrogen fertilizer with topdressing on growth and osmoregulatory substances in peanut under mulched drip irrigation, a split-plot experiment was conducted at the Aerxiang Irrigation Experimental Station in Liaoning Province from May to October in 2023 and 2024. The effects of different nitrogen application modes (N0, no nitrogen; N1, 25% nitrogen reduction with single application; SN1, 25% nitrogen reduction with three times application; and N2, conventional nitrogen rate with single application) on main stem height, root morphology, osmoregulatory substances, yield, and water use efficiency of peanuts under mulched drip irrigation (IMDI) and drip irrigation (ICK) were analyzed. Results indicated that in 2023 and 2024, the IMDI treatment consistently exhibited greater main stem height than ICK treatment across all nitrogen modes. SN1 obtained the highest main stem height, and followed by N2 and N1, N0 had the lowest main stem height. During the flowering and pod setting stage, the IMDISN1 treatment achieved the optimal root morphology. In 2023, at the flowering stage, compared with IMDIN1 and IMDIN2 treatments, the IMDISN1 treatment increased root length by 43.9% and 36.6%, respectively. In 2024, at the flowering stage, compared with the IMDIN1 and IMDIN2 treatments, the IMDISN1 treatment enhanced root surface area by 52.2% and 17.3%, and root volume by 49.5% and 25.0%, respectively. Compared with the ICKN2 treatment, the IMDISN1 treatment increased root length and root volume by 41.8% and 45.5%, respectively. Under drought stress, SN1 treatment had the highest proline content, and followed by N1 and N2 treatment, the N0 treatment had the lowest proline content. During the pod setting stage in 2024, compared with the IMDIN1 and IMDIN2 treatments, the IMDISN1 treatment increased proline content by 18.1% and 34.8%, respectively. During the pod setting stage in 2024, the N2 treatment had the highest soluble protein content and followed by the SN1 and N1 treatment, the N0 treatment had the lowest soluble protein content, the IMDIN2 treatment had 27.4% and 40.6% higher soluble protein content than the IMDISN1 and IMDIN1 treatments, respectively. During the flowering stage in 2024, the SN1 treatment obtained the highest soluble sugar content, and followed by the N1 and N2 treatment, the N0 treatment had the lowest soluble sugar content, compared with the IMDIN1 and IMDIN2 treatments, the IMDISN1 treatment increased soluble sugar content by 30.3% and 40.0%, respectively. The IMDI treatment had higher peanut yield than the ICK treatment, but the IMDISN1 treatment had similar peanut yield with ICKN2 treatment. Compared with the ICKN2 treatment, the IMDISN1 treatment increased water use efficiency by 32.3% (2023) and 41.1% (2024), respectively. Thus, reducing nitrogen rate by 25% with three split applications under mulched drip irrigation (IMDISN1) could improve water and nitrogen utilization, enhance osmoregulation during the critical water requirement stages, and ultimately promote peanut yield. These findings could provide theoretical basis for water-saving and nitrogen reduction in peanut production in sandy regions.

peanut  /  water-nitrogen coupling  /  nitrogen fertilizer optimization  /  osmoregulation substances  /  mulched drip irrigation
夏桂敏, 何生辉, 徐正飞, 吴毅, 郑俊林, 迟道才. 氮肥减量追施对风沙区膜下滴灌花生生长与渗透调节物质的影响. 农业机械学报, 2025 , 56 (12) : 687 -696 . DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.063
Guimin XIA, Shenghui HE, Zhengfei XU, Yi WU, Junlin ZHENG, Daocai CHI. Effects of Reduced Nitrogen Fertilizer with Topdressing on Peanut Growth and Osmotic Adjustment Substances under Mulched Drip Irrigation in Sandy Areas[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2025 , 56 (12) : 687 -696 . DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.063
花生作为我国主要油料作物之一,具有总产、单产高且种植业产值最大等优点[1]。辽西北地区是辽宁省花生主产区,该地区干旱频发,导致花生在生长关键期遭受干旱胁迫,从而严重限制了花生产量[2]。干旱胁迫是影响作物生长的主要非生物因素之一[3]。干旱胁迫会影响植物对营养元素的吸收利用,导致植物代谢紊乱,从而造成植物生长受阻或死亡[4]。膜下滴灌作为一种高效节水技术,结合了滴灌与地膜覆盖的双重优势,具有增温保墒,减少棵间蒸发的优点,能够有效缓解干旱胁迫对花生生长发育造成的不利影响。
氮是作物生长发育所必需的营养元素之一,参与作物体内蛋白质、核酸、氨基酸等物质合成过程。大量研究表明,合理施氮能够提高作物光合效率,促进作物光合产物转运与积累,提高作物产量与品质[5]。然而,由于辽西北地区风沙土土壤结构不佳,持水保肥能力弱,导致氮肥易随水流失,作物难以吸收利用,从而造成水氮利用效率低[6-7]。减少氮肥用量虽可降低氮肥流失风险,但过度减氮却会造成作物养分供应不足,进而导致作物减产[8]。因此,优化施氮模式,对于解决辽西北花生生产中施氮量高及氮肥流失等问题具有重要意义。合理施氮还可以有效增强植株渗透调节作用,提高对外界环境的抵抗能力,显著增加各径级根长、根表面积以及根体积[9]。渗透调节是植物适应干旱的重要生理机制,能够通过维持植物细胞水分吸收[10-11],同时积累大量渗透调节物质从而降低细胞水势,产生对干旱胁迫的适应性[12]。然而,作物渗透调节能力并不随施氮量增加而增强[13],反而减少氮素施入,保持低氮水平条件下作物渗透调节系统调节作用更好[14]。此外有研究表明,分次施入氮肥能促进作物在干旱环境下对渗透调节物质的积累,从而维持较高渗透调节功能[15]。与氮肥一次性基施相比,分次施入氮肥能提高作物体内渗透调节物质含量,保持较强生理优势[16]。综上,减少氮肥施入和分次施入氮肥能促进作物渗透调节物质积累,提高抵抗干旱胁迫能力。然而,膜下滴灌条件下氮肥减量和追施对风沙区花生渗透调节作用的影响尚不明晰。
因此,本试验以辽西北地区滴灌为对照,采用裂区试验设计,探究膜下滴灌条件下氮肥减量追施对风沙区花生生长发育及渗透调节物质的影响,以期为辽西北地区花生绿色高效生产提供理论基础。
试验于2023—2024年5—10月在辽宁省阜新市彰武县阿尔乡灌溉试验站进行(42°49′N,122°23′E,海拔257.63 m)。该地属于温带半干旱季风气候,年平均气温7.2℃,平均相对湿度61.0%,平均无霜期156 d。多年平均降雨量412 mm,蒸发量1 781 mm,降雨量年内分布不均,夏季降雨量占全年降雨量的66.0%以上,两年试验期间降雨量分别为338.4 mm(2023年)和553.6 mm(2024年)。土壤理化性质为:容重1.53 g/cm3、田间持水率24%(体积含水率)、有机质含量1.1 g/kg、速效磷含量3.6 mg/kg、速效钾含量54.5 mg/kg。两年花生生长季降雨量和平均气温如图1所示。
供试花生品种采用当地广泛种植的白沙1016。供试氮肥采用尿素(N含量为46%,339 kg/hm2),磷肥采用过磷酸钙(P2O5含量为12%,600 kg/hm2),钾肥采用硫酸钾(K2O含量为50%,144 kg/hm2)。其中磷、钾肥作为基肥一次性施入。
采用裂区试验设计,主区为灌溉方式,包括滴灌(ICK)和膜下滴灌(IMDI),子区为不同施氮模式,包括不施氮肥(N0)、减施1/4氮肥并一次性施入(N1),减施1/4氮肥并分3次施入(水肥一体化)(SN1)、常规施氮量一次性施入(N2),共8个处理,每个处理设置3次重复,共24个小区。试验在测坑内进行,测坑上方安装有自动遮雨棚,降雨时关闭遮雨棚,以消除降雨对控水的影响。各试验小区面积为5 m2(2.5 m×2.0 m)。N1处理氮肥用量为254 kg/hm2,于播种前一次性施入土壤;SN1处理氮肥用量为254 kg/hm2,分别于苗期、花针期、结荚期按照比例1∶1∶1施用,施肥前将肥料溶于水中,随灌溉水施入田间;N2处理氮肥用量为339 kg/hm2,于播种前一次性施入土壤。滴灌和膜下滴灌具体控水标准如下:苗期和饱果期,土壤水分控制下限均为田间持水率的70%±5%;花针期和结荚期,土壤水分控制下限为田间持水率的55%±5%时,灌水上限均为田间持水率的90%[6]。采用TDR便携式土壤水分测量仪测量生育期内土壤含水率,当土壤含水率降低至控水下限时即灌水至上限。
试验采用大垄双行种植模式,垄台宽0.8 m,垄沟宽0.4 m,深0.2 m。滴灌带距播种行15 cm,地膜选择0.010 mm白色地膜,相邻两沟和垄上均埋设Trime管。播种深度5 cm,每穴2~4粒花生,株距8~10 cm,播前灌溉保证出苗。采用内镶片式滴灌带(北京绿源塑料有限责任公司),滴头流量为2.0 L/h,滴头工作压力为0.1 MPa,相邻滴头间距为30 cm,滴灌带走向与垄平行,置于垄中。2023年和2024年均为5月24日播种,9月25日收获。
播种前,在每个小区靠近滴灌带处选择2个观测点并预埋土壤水分监测管(Trime管),使用TRIME-PICO 64/32型TDR便携式土壤水分测量仪分别测定0~20 cm、20~40 cm和40~60 cm土层土壤含水率。
自花生出苗后,用刻度尺每隔10 d测定1次主茎高,测定时在每个小区选取生长状况良好、具有代表性的3株花生。
分别在苗期、花针期、结荚期和饱果期末,选取长势均匀的3株花生,将花生根系完整取出后,用水冲洗干净,用扫描仪(Epson LA2400型,分辨率为400 dpi)对根系进行扫描,扫描时将根系放入特制透明托盘内,加入3~5 mL水以避免根系分支互相缠绕,扫描后保存图像,采用WinRhizo Pro Vision 5.0 a根系分析软件(Regent Instruments Inc.,加拿大)对图像进行分析,得到根长、根表面积、根体积等形态指标。
在花针期和结荚期,当土壤含水率降低至控水下限时取新鲜花生叶片组织,同时在复水3 d后进行取样。采用茚三酮法[17]测定花生叶片脯氨酸含量,采用蒽酮比色法[17]测定花生叶片可溶性糖含量,采用考马斯亮蓝G-250法[17]测定可溶性蛋白含量。
花生成熟后,选取1 m2长势均匀的花生植株,将果实全部摘下装入纱网袋自然阴干。当花生含水率降至14%时,用电子天平(精度为0.01 g)称取百果质量。根据花生产量和耗水量计算花生产量与水分利用效率(WUE),计算式为
其中
式中
      WUE——水分利用率,kg/m3
      Y——花生产量,kg/hm2
      ET——耗水量,mm
      W0——生育期始土壤计划湿润层水量,mm
      Wt——生育期末土壤计划湿润层水量,mm
      WT——土壤计划湿润层增加而增加水量,mm
      P0——时段内计划湿润层中保存的有效降雨量,mm;降雨时关闭遮雨棚,P0为0
      K——时段内地下水补给量,mm;由于该测坑为有底测坑,K为0
      M——时段内灌水量,mm
      H1——生育期始土壤计划湿润层深度,m
      H2——生育期末土壤计划湿润层深度,m
      θ——H2~H1内土层平均含水率(体积含水率),m3/m3
采用Microsoft Excel 2021进行数据整理,利用R studio软件进行数据方差分析,均值差异采用Tukey's HSD检验,利用Origin 2021软件绘图。
不同灌溉方式和施氮模式对花生主茎高的影响如图2所示。由图2可知,花生全生育期主茎高呈“S”形变化趋势。
从灌溉方式主效应来看,进入花针期后,花生主茎高始终表现为IMDI大于ICK,说明膜下滴灌对于花生茎的生长具有明显促进作用。从不同施氮模式主效应来看,不施氮(N0)处理主茎高明显低于其他处理,主茎高随着施氮量增加而增加,说明氮素能促进花生主茎生长。不同施氮模式中,花生主茎高由大到小始终为SN1、N2、N1、N0,即减氮分次追施处理(SN1)花生主茎高始终大于其他处理。由此可知,适量降低氮肥施用量的同时结合分次追施,不仅不会降低花生主茎高,还会促进花生主茎高增长。
不同灌溉方式与施氮模式对花生根系形态影响的方差分析如表1所示。由表1可知,不同灌溉方式(2023年结荚期根长除外)与施氮模式主效应均显著影响花针期和结荚期根长、根表面积和根体积,二者交互效应显著影响花针期根表面积与结荚期根体积。
由表1可知,不同灌溉方式下花生根长始终表现为膜下滴灌(IMDI)大于滴灌(ICK)处理。相同灌溉方式下,不同施氮模式下花生根长由大到小依次为SN1、N2、N1、N0。以2023年花针期为例,IMDISN1处理根长较ICKSN1处理提高37.2%,较IMDIN1与IMDI N2处理分别提高43.9%和36.6%,不同灌溉施肥组合处理中,IMDISN1处理花针期和结荚期根长均为最大,相较于传统滴灌常规施氮(ICKN2)处理提高69.6%(花针期)。
由表1可知,膜下滴灌处理(IMDI)下花生根表面积均大于滴灌(ICK)处理。相同灌溉方式下,不同施氮模式下花生花针期根表面积存在显著差异,花生根表面积由大到小依次为SN1、N2、N1、N0。以2024年为例,花针期,IMDISN1处理根表面积较IMDIN1与IMDIN2处理分别提高52.2%和17.3%;结荚期,IMDISN1处理根表面积较IMDIN1提高66.1%,但与IMDIN2处理间无显著差异。不同灌溉施肥组合处理中,IMDISN1处理花针期和结荚期根表面积均为最大,较ICKN2处理分别提高41.8%(花针期)和48.4%(结荚期)。
由表1可知,花生根体积变化基本与根长变化规律一致,不同灌溉方式下花生根体积始终表现为IMDI处理大于ICK处理。在相同灌溉方式下,根体积随着施氮量降低而逐渐减小,但整体上由大到小仍表现为SN1、N2、N1、N0。以2024年为例,IMDISN1处理根体积较IMDIN1和IMDIN2处理分别提高49.5%和25.0%(花针期),50.9%和28.0%(结荚期)。IMDISN1处理两年花生根体积均最大,较ICKN2处理分别提高45.5%(花针期)和75.3%(结荚期)。
不同灌溉方式和施氮模式对花生脯氨酸含量的影响如图3(图中*、**表示显著影响(0.01≤P<0.05)、极显著影响(P<0.01),ns表示不显著,不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(0.01≤P<0.05),下同)所示。由图3可知,灌溉方式和施氮模式主效应均显著影响脯氨酸含量,但二者交互效应对脯氨酸含量无显著影响。花针期和结荚期干旱胁迫下,花生体内脯氨酸开始大量积累,复水后恢复至正常水平。干旱胁迫下,不同灌溉方式脯氨酸含量积累表现为IMDI处理大于ICK处理,不同施氮模式间脯氨酸含量积累量由大到小依次为SN1、N1、N2、N0;复水后各处理脯氨酸含量大幅下降,但各处理脯氨酸含量规律与干旱时一致。不施氮处理(N0)由于缺乏氮素,脯氨酸合成受限,因此脯氨酸含量最低。由图3可知,干旱胁迫下,IMDISN1处理花针期和结荚期花生体内积累的脯氨酸含量最高。以2024年干旱胁迫为例,花针期,IMDISN1处理脯氨酸含量较IMDIN2处理提高22.6%,与IMDIN1处理并无显著差异;结荚期,IMDISN1处理脯氨酸含量较IMDIN1与IMDIN2处理分别提高18.1%和34.8%。IMDISN1处理脯氨酸含量较ICKN2处理分别提高64.4%(花针期)和86.4%(结荚期)。复水3 d后脯氨酸含量恢复正常,不同水氮处理中IMDISN1处理脯氨酸含量仍为最高。
不同灌溉方式和施氮模式对花生可溶性蛋白含量的影响如图4所示。由图4可知,灌溉方式和施氮模式主效应均显著影响可溶性蛋白含量,二者交互效应显著影响2024年结荚期可溶性蛋白含量。干旱胁迫下,花生体内可溶性蛋白含量表现为先增多后减少的变化趋势,整体表现为IMDI处理大于ICK处理。相同灌溉方式下,不同施氮模式下可溶性蛋白含量由大到小依次为N2、SN1、N1、N0,复水后各处理可溶性蛋白含量降低,由大到小依次为SN1、N2、N1、N0。
由图4可知,干旱胁迫下,IMDIN2处理可溶性蛋白含量最高,复水后,各处理可溶性蛋白含量下降,可溶性蛋白含量最高处理为IMDISN1处理。以2024年结荚期为例,干旱胁迫下,IMDIN2处理可溶性蛋白含量较IMDISN1与IMDIN1处理分别提高27.4%和40.6%;复水后,IMDISN1处理可溶性蛋白含量较IMDIN1处理与IMDIN2处理分别提高33.6%和25.4%,较ICKN2处理提高36.4%。
不同灌溉方式和施氮模式对花生可溶性糖含量的影响如图5所示。由图5可知,灌溉方式和施氮模式主效应均显著影响可溶性糖含量,二者交互效应显著影响2024年花针期可溶性糖含量。干旱胁迫下,花生体内可溶性糖含量积累增多,复水后含量下降。不同灌溉方式下,花针期和结荚期干旱时和复水后可溶性糖含量均表现为IMDI处理大于ICK处理,不同施氮模式处理下可溶性糖含量由大到小依次为SN1、N1、N2、N0。
由图5可知,干旱和复水前后IMDISN1处理下花生可溶性糖含量最高。以2024年花针期为例,IMDISN1处理可溶性糖含量较IMDIN1与IMDIN2处理分别提高30.3%和40.0%,较ICKN2处理提高78.2%。复水3 d后可溶性糖含量减少,大小关系与干旱胁迫下规律一致,IMDISN1处理可溶性糖含量较IMDIN1与IMDIN2处理分别提高43.1%和59.0%,较ICKN2处理提高68.1%。
不同灌溉方式与施氮模式对花生产量和水分利用效率影响的方差分析如表2所示。由表2可知,灌溉方式和施氮模式主效应均显著影响花生全生育期灌水量、耗水量、产量及水分利用效率,二者交互效应显著影响花生耗水量与2024年灌水量和产量。
由表2可知,2023年和2024年,不同水氮处理中IMDISN1处理产量和水分利用效率均为最高。不同灌溉方式下,花生产量整体表现为IMDI大于ICK处理,不同施氮模式下花生产量由大到小依次为SN1、N2、N1、N0。2024年,IMDISN1处理花生产量较IMDIN1处理提高7.18%,且两年内IMDISN1处理花生产量与滴灌条件下常规施氮(ICKN2)处理相比并无显著差异。此外,两年内花生灌水量和耗水量均表现为IMDI处理小于ICK处理,IMDISN1处理花生灌水量较ICKN2处理降低22.1%(2023年)和19.3%(2024年);耗水量较ICKN2处理降低12.8%(2023年)和25.6%(2024年)。不同灌溉方式水分利用效率整体表现为IMDI大于ICK处理。不同施氮模式下水分利用效率由大到小依次为SN1、N2、N1、N0,两年中IMDISN1处理水分利用效率较ICKN2处理提高32.3%(2023年)和41.1%(2024年),并且显著高于IMDIN1和IMDIN2(2024年)处理。综上,膜下滴灌耦合氮肥减量追施能够实现风沙区花生减氮增产目标。
水分和氮素是作物生长的必要物质基础,是影响作物产量形成的关键因素。现有研究表明,膜下滴灌下追施氮肥能够显著提升花生主茎高、侧枝长等生长指标[18]。WANG等[19]研究发现,膜下滴灌能够改变土壤水分从而优化细根分布,促进作物对土壤水分的吸收,提高作物产量和水分利用效率。本研究结果表明,整个生育期内,膜下滴灌处理下花生主茎高以及根长、根表面积和根体积均优于滴灌处理,说明膜下滴灌的增温保墒作用,能够减少水分蒸发,维持土壤湿度稳定,进而促进花生主茎生长及根系发育。TANG等[20]研究发现,追肥能够优化土壤中水氮分布,促进花生根系伸长。本研究结果表明,不同施氮模式下,氮肥减量追施(SN1)处理下花生主茎高大于常规施氮(N2)处理,且SN1处理下花生根长、根表面积和根体积均为最优。说明减氮条件下将氮肥分次追施能够实现花生不同生育期的氮素供应,促进花生营养生长与生殖生长之间的协调,有利于花生生长发育。然而,单纯的减氮处理(N1)下花生会由于缺乏氮源从而抑制主茎和根系发育。本试验结果表明,花生主茎高和根系指标均随着施氮量减少呈减小趋势;而减氮条件下将氮肥分次追施能够显著促进花生主茎和根系发育。综上,膜下滴灌下氮肥减量追施能够促进花生主茎和根系生长。
渗透调节是通过维持作物细胞水分吸收来帮助作物适应干旱和盐碱条件的生化机制。在作物受到水分胁迫时,渗透调节能够帮助作物维持有效生长膨压,从而适应干旱胁迫环境[9]。在渗透调节过程中,作物体内脯氨酸(Pro)、可溶性糖(SS)、可溶性蛋白(SP)等含量变化能有效反映作物对干旱胁迫的生理响应和适应能力。有研究发现,植物在干旱胁迫下,其体内脯氨酸物质会因干旱胁迫的影响而积累,从而降低干旱胁迫对植物的伤害[21]。可溶性蛋白能维持植物细胞的低渗透势,保护细胞结构稳定[22]。在胁迫解除后,可溶性蛋白还能参与细胞代谢进而被分解利用。可溶性糖在植物渗透调节过程中发挥重要作用,在干旱胁迫环境下植物体内会大量积累可溶性糖,从而维持细胞水分平衡。在胁迫解除后,可溶性糖会被分解合成其他有机物质,或通过代谢转化为能量。本试验中,在花针期和结荚期对花生植株进行调亏处理,使得花生处于干旱胁迫环境,花生叶片脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖含量升高,在复水后渗透调节物质含量降低。BAO等[23]研究发现,可溶性蛋白在干旱初期便会短暂增加,而脯氨酸和可溶性糖在干旱后会持续积累。此外,本研究发现,膜下滴灌处理下花生叶片渗透调节物质含量大于滴灌处理,这是由于膜下滴灌可以减少土壤水分蒸发,尤其在风沙区可更稳定地维持根系层水分,通过延长轻度胁迫时间,促进渗透调节物质的持续合成[24]。同时,施氮可以使作物在干旱逆境中维持较高的渗透调节功能,缓解逆境对作物的伤害,减少产量损失。本研究结果表明,在干旱胁迫下,未施氮处理花生植株体内脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖含量均低于施氮处理。这是由于不施氮处理花生体内缺乏可用氮源,导致渗透调节物质合成受限,因而造成花生渗透调节物质含量低。罗颖等[25]研究发现,低氮环境会导致作物自身合成的氮化物减少,从而影响作物可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白合成,降低作物自身水分吸收与渗透调节能力。然而,花生合成的渗透调节物质并不表现为随着施氮量增加而增加。本试验结果发现,相同灌溉方式下,不同施氮模式中SN1处理下花生脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量在干旱胁迫时和复水后均为最高,而N2处理花生可溶性蛋白含量为相同灌溉方式下最大处理,复水后SN1处理下可溶性蛋白含量变为最高。说明通过水氮耦合处理能够通过提高氮素有效性来优化作物氮素供应,从而促进渗透调节物质合成。TIAN等[26]研究发现,水氮耦合能促进氮素吸收,而较高的氮吸收量能通过维持作物新陈代谢活动来缓解水分胁迫所带来的危害。综上,氮肥减量追施处理能更好地促进花生植株在干旱胁迫下对渗透调节物质的积累。
氮素在作物新陈代谢过程中起着重要作用,充分影响作物体内蛋白质、核酸、氨基酸等物质的合成过程。水是作物体内养分吸收利用和转运的载体,决定了氮素对作物的有效性[27]。夏桂敏等[28]研究指出,施氮量和灌溉量对花生植株氮素吸收、分配及转运均产生调控与互补效应。张自茹等[29]研究发现,追肥处理相较常规一次性施肥更有利于提高花生光合能力,从而实现花生高产。张书红等[30]研究发现,与常规灌水施肥相比,膜下滴灌追肥能更好地按照作物各生育期需肥规律调整追肥比例,显著提高作物产量。本研究结果表明,相较于常规施氮处理,氮肥减量追施处理能提高花生产量和水分利用效率,而减氮一次性施肥处理则降低了花生产量,说明减氮条件下通过将氮肥分次施入土壤能促进作物对氮素的吸收利用,进而提高作物产量。於凝等[31]研究发现,与旱作高肥模式相比,水肥一体化结合减氮处理能增加作物对氮素的积累,促进作物不同器官光合产物分配,进而提高水氮利用效率,增加作物产量。此外,本试验结果表明,SN1与N2处理通过促进渗透调节物质的协同积累,优化根系形态,最终实现高产;而N1处理会导致代谢受阻,限制产量。综上所述,膜下滴灌耦合氮肥减量追施处理能满足花生不同生育期对水氮的需求,提高花生对水氮的吸收利用进而提高花生产量和水分利用效率。
(1)不同施氮模式下,IMDISN1处理花生主茎高、根长、根表面积以及根体积均最优,说明膜下滴灌耦合氮肥减量追施处理(IMDISN1)能促进花生主茎增长,以及提高根长、根表面积和根体积。
(2)花针期与结荚期干旱胁迫处理下,花生体内渗透调节物质积累增多,复水后回到正常水平。IMDISN1处理花生体内脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量最多,复水后该处理可溶性蛋白含量最多。说明氮肥减量追施处理能提高作物合成渗透调节物质的能力,从而适应干旱胁迫环境,并在复水后能快速恢复。
(3)不同灌溉方式和施氮模式处理中,膜下滴灌耦合氮肥减量追施处理(IMDISN1)产量和水分利用效率最高。说明降低氮肥施用量的同时分次追施氮肥能满足花生不同生长时期对水氮的需求,提高花生对水氮的吸收利用,进而提高花生产量和水分利用效率。
(4)IMDISN1处理能提高作物对水氮的吸收利用,增强花生需水关键期的渗透调节作用,改善花生主茎高、根长、根表面积及根体积等生长特性,最终提高花生产量,可为实现风沙区花生节水减氮绿色生产目标提供理论依据。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD1500705)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52209063)
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2025年第56卷第12期
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doi: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.063
  • 接收时间:2025-05-20
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-20
  • 修回日期:2025-07-01
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD1500705)
国家自然科学基金项目(52209063)
作者信息
    1.沈阳农业大学水利学院,沈阳 110866
    2.江苏省连云港市水利局,连云港 222000

通讯作者:

郑俊林(1990—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事水肥调控与高效利用研究,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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