Article(id=1311999905044988786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.037, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1725897600000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-10, revisedDate=1729526400000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790734753141, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790734753141, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790734753141, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790734753141, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311999647825101743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, year='2025', volume='56', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='818', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1766592000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790734691815, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790738411040, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312015247465083866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312015247465083867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=407, endPage=416, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1311999905451836275, articleId=1311999905044988786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, language=EN, title=Design and Test of Crawler Self-propelled Semi-automatic Tobacco Harvester Chassis for Hilly Region, columnId=1311999707161919908, journalTitle=Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, columnName=Agricultural Equipment and Mechanization Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming to address the challenges of high labor intensity, low operational efficiency, severe tobacco leaf damage, and lack of suitable harvesting equipment in tobacco-growing areas such as Yunnan, Guizhou, and Hunan provinces, an optimized chassis for a tracked self-propelled semi-automatic tobacco harvester was designed, specifically for hilly regions. The machine featured a gantry frame that enabled simultaneous harvesting three rows of tobacco. To reduce mechanical damage to the tobacco leaves and meet the needs of stable operation at low-speed, a dual-motor independent drive system and a mechanical automatic row-following device were designed. Additionally, based on CAN bus technology, an integrated vehicle control system combing manual and remote control was developed to meet control needs in various scenarios. Stability analysis and performance testing of the machine were carried out. The results showed that the maximum speed of the harvester chassis was 5 km/h with minimum turning radius of 903 mm. And it could handle slopes with up to 23°, and the lateral ultimate tipping angle was 24.7°. There was no side-slip or rollover when operating on contour lines with a lateral tilt angle of 15°~20° on sloping land. Moreover, it could stop for more than 5 minutes on both upward and downward directions along longitudinal slopes ranging from 10° to 15° without any issues. During field harvesting, the machine exhibited smooth running characteristics with ample power reserves allowing free speed adjustments between 0 km/h and 4.5 km/h. This highlighted its strong adaptability to manual tobacco leaf harvesting operations. The average mechanical damage rate to tobacco leaves was 0.73 leaves per operation per hectare, and the average mechanical damage rate to tobacco plants was only 0.083 plants per operation per hectare. It showed that the developed tracked self-propelled semi-automatic tobacco leaf harvester chassis could meet the requirements of manual and machine-operated harvesting in narrow fields and gentle slopes, which was of significant importance for promoting the full mechanization of tobacco production.

, authors=Shenghui FU1, 2, Ruqi TANG1, Mingxi SHAO3, Shuowen GU4, Naixu REN1, Wen ZHANG1, 2, authorsList=Shenghui FU, Ruqi TANG, Mingxi SHAO, Shuowen GU, Naixu REN, Wen ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wen ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1311999916403164080, articleId=1311999905044988786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, language=CN, title=丘陵山区履带自走式烟叶半自动采收机底盘设计与试验, columnId=1311999707321303462, journalTitle=农业机械学报, columnName=农业装备与机械化工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为解决云贵湘等烟草产区烟叶人工采收劳动强度大、作业效率低、烟叶损伤严重和适用采收装备缺乏等问题,本文优化设计了一种面向丘陵山区的履带自走式烟叶半自动采收机底盘。整机采用龙门式车架,可实现3垄烟叶同时采收。基于降低烟叶机械损伤、低速平稳作业要求,设计了双电机独立驱动系统和机械式自动对行行走装置。同时,基于CAN总线技术,开发了集手动和远程遥控于一体的整车控制系统,以适应不同场景下的控制需求。开展了整机的稳定性分析与性能试验。结果显示,烟叶采收机底盘的最高行驶速度为5 km/h,最小转弯半径为903 mm,最大爬坡度为23°,横向极限倾翻角为24.7°;在横向侧倾角度为15°~20°的坡地等高线行驶时无侧滑、倾翻现象;在坡度为10°~15°的纵向坡道上,沿上、下方向可停靠时间均大于5 min;田间采收时整机运行平稳,动力充足,能够实现速度0~4.5 km/h自由变换,对烟叶人工采收作业适应性强,烟叶平均机械通过损伤率0.73片/(次·hm2),烟株平均机械通过损伤率仅0.083株/(次·hm2)。研究结果表明,设计的履带自走式烟叶半自动采收机底盘能够满足狭小地块、缓坡地烟叶人采机运作业要求,对推动烟草生产全程机械化具有重要意义。

, authors=傅生辉1, 2, 唐汝旗1, 邵明玺3, 顾硕文4, 任乃旭1, 张稳1, 2, authorsList=傅生辉, 唐汝旗, 邵明玺, 顾硕文, 任乃旭, 张稳, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张稳, authorNote=

傅生辉(1989—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事智能农机装备与车辆电子控制技术研究,E-mail:

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张稳(1988—),女,副教授,博士,主要从事智能农机装备与车辆电子控制技术研究,E-mail:
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傅生辉(1989—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事智能农机装备与车辆电子控制技术研究,E-mail:

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1. 提升动力装置 2. 龙门式车架 3. 机械式自动对行装置 4. 动力驱动装置 5. 履带行走装置 6. 传送辊 7. 座椅 8. 烟叶集运升降装置 9. 电池总成及附属电器件

, figureFileSmall=zRwTKUx6KQ6KT5qel7QnOw==, figureFileBig=TE95U/aICshuAnflchehOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999920798794729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999905044988786, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Structure of crawler chassis drive system for semi-automatic tobacco leaf harvester, figureFileSmall=6GEZ5Gb/Osj8JJRqJzX4kw==, figureFileBig=NOWVzP2J943i2uj8FVeRnQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999920895263722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999905044988786, language=CN, label=图2, caption=烟叶半自动采收机底盘驱动系统结构图, figureFileSmall=6GEZ5Gb/Osj8JJRqJzX4kw==, figureFileBig=NOWVzP2J943i2uj8FVeRnQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999920987538411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999905044988786, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Structure diagram of mechanical automatic row-follow system, figureFileSmall=CylYF0ZCBO4/dU+dCQfQ/w==, figureFileBig=rWUpvwZGF0h1Y/Q8+PNdnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999921058841580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999905044988786, language=CN, label=图3, caption=机械式自动对行装置结构图

1. 角度传感器 2. 圆形支架 3. 联轴器 4. 支撑板 5. 轴承 6. 外壳 7. 扭簧 8. 底座 9. 碰触杆折叠机构 10. 碰触杆

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journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999905044988786, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Main parameters of tracked chassis of semi-automatic tobacco leaf harvester

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参数数值/型式
外形尺寸/(mm×mm×mm)2 200×1 700×2 050
整车质量/kg650
配套增程器/kW5
提升电机功率/kW1
驱动电机功率/kW3
驱动电池总成磷酸铁锂,72 V,100 A·h
履带宽度/mm200
龙门架高度/mm1 720
履带中心距/mm1 200
最小离地间隙/mm400
最大爬坡度/(°)23
横向侧翻极限角/(°)25
最高行驶速度/(km·h-1)5
单次作业垄数/垄3
作业人数/人2
载重量/kg≥300
), ArticleFig(id=1311999922740756481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999905044988786, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

烟叶半自动采收机底盘主要技术参数

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参数数值/型式
外形尺寸/(mm×mm×mm)2 200×1 700×2 050
整车质量/kg650
配套增程器/kW5
提升电机功率/kW1
驱动电机功率/kW3
驱动电池总成磷酸铁锂,72 V,100 A·h
履带宽度/mm200
龙门架高度/mm1 720
履带中心距/mm1 200
最小离地间隙/mm400
最大爬坡度/(°)23
横向侧翻极限角/(°)25
最高行驶速度/(km·h-1)5
单次作业垄数/垄3
作业人数/人2
载重量/kg≥300
), ArticleFig(id=1311999922824642562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999905044988786, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Fuzzy inference rules of φ

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Δθθ
LBLMLSZOPSPMPB
LBLBLBLBLMLMZOZO
LMLBLMLMLSLSZOZO
LSLMLMLSLSZOPSPS
ZOLMLSLSZOPSPMPM
PSZOLSZOPSPSPMPM
PMZOZOPSPMPMPBPB
PBZOZOPSPMPBPBPB
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模糊推理规则(期望转向角φ)

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Δθθ
LBLMLSZOPSPMPB
LBLBLBLBLMLMZOZO
LMLBLMLMLSLSZOZO
LSLMLMLSLSZOPSPS
ZOLMLSLSZOPSPMPM
PSZOLSZOPSPSPMPM
PMZOZOPSPMPMPBPB
PBZOZOPSPMPBPBPB
), ArticleFig(id=1311999922967248900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999905044988786, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Minimum turning radius test results

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转向序号直径直径均值最小转弯半径
左转11 8001 823903
21 810
31 860
右转11 8101 790
21 800
31 760
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最小转弯半径测试结果

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转向序号直径直径均值最小转弯半径
左转11 8001 823903
21 810
31 860
右转11 8101 790
21 800
31 760
), ArticleFig(id=1311999923122438150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999905044988786, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Maximum driving speed test results

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项目序号时间/s实际速度/(km·h-1)平均速度/(km·h-1)
最高行驶速度140.314.474.40
242.504.24
340.154.48
作业速度15480.280.23
27080.21
37490.20
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采收机作业速度测试结果

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项目序号时间/s实际速度/(km·h-1)平均速度/(km·h-1)
最高行驶速度140.314.474.40
242.504.24
340.154.48
作业速度15480.280.23
27080.21
37490.20
), ArticleFig(id=1311999923244072968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999905044988786, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Results of field tobacco harvest test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数湖南湘西贵州遵义云南曲靖
作业速度/(km·h-1)0.220.250.22
采收效率/(片·h-1)3 2784 1712 417
采收效率/(kg·h-1)235.2232.9259.6
转向时间/s187.078.7171.0
转向空间/m215.2013.269.40
机械通过损伤率烟株/(株·次-1·hm-2)0.2500
烟叶/(片·次-1·hm-2)1.600.110.45
掉叶率/%1.140.520.45
), ArticleFig(id=1311999923298598921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999905044988786, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

田间采收试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数湖南湘西贵州遵义云南曲靖
作业速度/(km·h-1)0.220.250.22
采收效率/(片·h-1)3 2784 1712 417
采收效率/(kg·h-1)235.2232.9259.6
转向时间/s187.078.7171.0
转向空间/m215.2013.269.40
机械通过损伤率烟株/(株·次-1·hm-2)0.2500
烟叶/(片·次-1·hm-2)1.600.110.45
掉叶率/%1.140.520.45
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丘陵山区履带自走式烟叶半自动采收机底盘设计与试验
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傅生辉 1, 2 , 唐汝旗 1 , 邵明玺 3 , 顾硕文 4 , 任乃旭 1 , 张稳 1, 2
农业机械学报 | 农业装备与机械化工程 2025,56(12): 407-416
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农业机械学报 |农业装备与机械化工程 2025 , 56 (12) : 407 -416
丘陵山区履带自走式烟叶半自动采收机底盘设计与试验
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傅生辉1, 2 , 唐汝旗1, 邵明玺3, 顾硕文4, 任乃旭1, 张稳1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.山东农业大学机械与电子工程学院,泰安 271018
  • 2.山东农业大学山东省设施园艺智慧生产技术装备重点实验室(筹),泰安 271018
  • 3.青海大学机械工程学院,西宁 810016
  • 4.山东五征集团有限公司,日照 262300
通讯作者:
张稳(1988—),女,副教授,博士,主要从事智能农机装备与车辆电子控制技术研究,E-mail:
作者简介:

傅生辉(1989—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事智能农机装备与车辆电子控制技术研究,E-mail:

Design and Test of Crawler Self-propelled Semi-automatic Tobacco Harvester Chassis for Hilly Region
Shenghui FU1, 2 , Ruqi TANG1, Mingxi SHAO3, Shuowen GU4, Naixu REN1, Wen ZHANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Engineering and Electronic, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
  • 2.Shandong Key Laboratory of Intelligent Production Technology and Equipment for Facility Horticulture, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
  • 3.School of Mechanical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
  • 4.Shandong Wuzheng Group Co., Ltd., Rizhao 262300, China
出版时间: 2025-12-25 doi: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.037
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为解决云贵湘等烟草产区烟叶人工采收劳动强度大、作业效率低、烟叶损伤严重和适用采收装备缺乏等问题,本文优化设计了一种面向丘陵山区的履带自走式烟叶半自动采收机底盘。整机采用龙门式车架,可实现3垄烟叶同时采收。基于降低烟叶机械损伤、低速平稳作业要求,设计了双电机独立驱动系统和机械式自动对行行走装置。同时,基于CAN总线技术,开发了集手动和远程遥控于一体的整车控制系统,以适应不同场景下的控制需求。开展了整机的稳定性分析与性能试验。结果显示,烟叶采收机底盘的最高行驶速度为5 km/h,最小转弯半径为903 mm,最大爬坡度为23°,横向极限倾翻角为24.7°;在横向侧倾角度为15°~20°的坡地等高线行驶时无侧滑、倾翻现象;在坡度为10°~15°的纵向坡道上,沿上、下方向可停靠时间均大于5 min;田间采收时整机运行平稳,动力充足,能够实现速度0~4.5 km/h自由变换,对烟叶人工采收作业适应性强,烟叶平均机械通过损伤率0.73片/(次·hm2),烟株平均机械通过损伤率仅0.083株/(次·hm2)。研究结果表明,设计的履带自走式烟叶半自动采收机底盘能够满足狭小地块、缓坡地烟叶人采机运作业要求,对推动烟草生产全程机械化具有重要意义。

丘陵山区  /  履带自走式烟叶半自动采收机  /  自动对行  /  远程遥控  /  龙门式车架

Aiming to address the challenges of high labor intensity, low operational efficiency, severe tobacco leaf damage, and lack of suitable harvesting equipment in tobacco-growing areas such as Yunnan, Guizhou, and Hunan provinces, an optimized chassis for a tracked self-propelled semi-automatic tobacco harvester was designed, specifically for hilly regions. The machine featured a gantry frame that enabled simultaneous harvesting three rows of tobacco. To reduce mechanical damage to the tobacco leaves and meet the needs of stable operation at low-speed, a dual-motor independent drive system and a mechanical automatic row-following device were designed. Additionally, based on CAN bus technology, an integrated vehicle control system combing manual and remote control was developed to meet control needs in various scenarios. Stability analysis and performance testing of the machine were carried out. The results showed that the maximum speed of the harvester chassis was 5 km/h with minimum turning radius of 903 mm. And it could handle slopes with up to 23°, and the lateral ultimate tipping angle was 24.7°. There was no side-slip or rollover when operating on contour lines with a lateral tilt angle of 15°~20° on sloping land. Moreover, it could stop for more than 5 minutes on both upward and downward directions along longitudinal slopes ranging from 10° to 15° without any issues. During field harvesting, the machine exhibited smooth running characteristics with ample power reserves allowing free speed adjustments between 0 km/h and 4.5 km/h. This highlighted its strong adaptability to manual tobacco leaf harvesting operations. The average mechanical damage rate to tobacco leaves was 0.73 leaves per operation per hectare, and the average mechanical damage rate to tobacco plants was only 0.083 plants per operation per hectare. It showed that the developed tracked self-propelled semi-automatic tobacco leaf harvester chassis could meet the requirements of manual and machine-operated harvesting in narrow fields and gentle slopes, which was of significant importance for promoting the full mechanization of tobacco production.

hilly region  /  tracked self-propelled semi-automatic tobacco harvester  /  mechanical automatic row-follow system  /  remote control  /  gantry-type frame
傅生辉, 唐汝旗, 邵明玺, 顾硕文, 任乃旭, 张稳. 丘陵山区履带自走式烟叶半自动采收机底盘设计与试验. 农业机械学报, 2025 , 56 (12) : 407 -416 . DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.037
Shenghui FU, Ruqi TANG, Mingxi SHAO, Shuowen GU, Naixu REN, Wen ZHANG. Design and Test of Crawler Self-propelled Semi-automatic Tobacco Harvester Chassis for Hilly Region[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2025 , 56 (12) : 407 -416 . DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.037
云南、贵州、湖南等地是我国烟草重要产区,种植区主要以山地、丘陵为主,地块细碎、坡度较大、土质粘重,大型机械无法下地作业[1]。尤其烟叶采收时,为避免烟叶损伤,保证烤烟质量,多采用自下而上的适时分层采收方法,机械采收难度大,主要依赖人工完成采摘、转运、打包等作业,普遍存在采收窗口期短、环境恶劣、劳动强度大、作业效率低、生产成本高等问题,严重阻碍了烟草全程机械化发展进程[2-5]。因此,亟需开展适宜丘陵山区烟草采收装备研究,提高烟叶采收效率,增加烟农收入,对推进烟草产业高质量发展具有重要意义。
目前,烟叶采收机主要包括全自动和半自动采收方式。国外烟叶采收机起步较早,已形成了较为完善的烟叶采收装备体系。如意大利DeCloet公司2TTH型采收机和美国MarCo公司6360型自走式烟草收获机,采用“机械拍打”采摘方式,将烟叶从茎秆上拍下来完成采摘。法国SMOAREF公司M20自动烟草收获机,采用整秆带茎收获方式。分析发现,国外机型较为庞大,田间转向和掉头困难,不适合狭小地块,且对烟叶损伤大,不满足烤烟工序烟叶完整性要求,难以在国内推广。国内烟叶采收机研究起步较晚,多为半自动化形式,如河南农业大学、大连理工大学和山东五征集团研制的烟叶采收机,保有量较少,采收效果不理想,且缺乏针对丘陵山区烟田的适应性设计,导致丘陵山区烟叶采收仍依赖于人工作业[6-11]。为此,王晓萌等[12]研发了一款基于农田运载平台的烟叶辅助采收机,实现了烟叶轻简、智能化辅助采收。张青松等[13]设计了一种适用丘陵地区的遥控自走式雪茄植株中下层烟叶植保喷雾机,实现了烟田垄间遥控行走和路况可视等功能。朱晨辉等[14]提出了一种履带式烟叶采收机液压行驶系统,仿真和田间试验表明该系统解决了烟田作业时因地面不平造成的行走不稳问题。刘双喜等[15]设计了一种烟叶采收机仿垄行走控制系统,实现了垄间行走的自动可控。王玲等[16]研究了烟草作业机无级变速驱动系统,实现了烟草作业平台的稳定控制。上述研究降低了烟叶采收劳动强度,一定程度上提高了采收效率,但受限于丘陵山区地势和烟叶采收农艺要求,仍存在机型偏大、山区适应性差、烟叶/烟株损伤率较高、价格昂贵等问题。
针对上述问题,本研究设计一种面向丘陵山区的履带自走式烟叶半自动采收机底盘,整机采用增程式动力结构,开发高效驱动系统、自动对行系统和基于CAN总线的整车控制系统,并开展样机试制和田间试验,为云贵湘等地区烟草采收作业效率和智能化水平提升提供技术支撑。
云烟87是湖南、云南、贵州等烟草主产区主要种植品种,烟草株高1 200~1 600 mm,株距400~700 mm,行距1 100~1 300 mm,垄宽700~950 mm,垄高230~400 mm。烟叶采收时间一般为7月中旬至8月底,根据烟叶成熟度通常采用分层收获方式,而当前烟草种植区地形复杂、地块细碎、地面起伏较大,机械化采收作业对底盘通过性和缓坡地稳定性具有较高要求。
综合上述作业需求,明确烟叶半自动采收机底盘设计目标:①复杂地形通过性好,采用龙门式车架型式,减少对烟叶机械损伤,田间障碍通过性不小于350 mm,机械通过损伤数不大于1.34片/(次·hm2)。②动力充足,采用电机驱动,作业速度无级可调,最高作业速度5 km/h。③适应狭小地块作业,转弯半径小于1 500 mm。④最大爬坡度不小于20°,最大横向极限倾翻角不小于20°,以适应丘陵山区的地形条件。⑤载重量大,可采收烟叶质量不小于300 kg。
履带自走式烟叶半自动采收机主要由龙门式车架、机械式自动对行装置、动力驱动装置、履带行走装置、传送辊、烟叶集运升降装置、提升动力装置、座椅和电池总成及附属电器件等组成。整机结构如图1所示。
烟叶半自动采收机采用双侧电机独立驱动,可搭载2名工人完成烟叶收集、打包、集运及提升等工序。作业时,2名采收工坐于采收机工作位,同时采收3垄烟叶,将采收烟叶打包后置于集运装置,通过提升电机实现3层烟叶收集。左侧采收工可遥控或手动操作设定前进速度,整车VCU通过CAN总线发送报文指令至电机驱动器,驱动两侧电机实现行走、差速转向、制动等功能。此外,在行进过程中,位于底盘前端的机械式自动对行装置可根据左右对行传感器与烟株偏移角度自动调节航向角,实现整车自动对行行走。底盘驱动结构如图2所示,主要技术参数如表1所示。
由于云南、贵州、湖南等地土质粘重,履带式底盘较轮式底盘具有更好的稳定性、牵引附着力和更小的接地比压,故采用履带式行走装置,并对其主要结构参数进行设计[17-20]。
(1)履带底盘轨距,决定了底盘宽度,影响整机稳定性和通过性。根据设计要求,采收机车架采用龙门架型式,进行跨行采收。为避免对烟株的碰撞损伤,兼顾狭窄地块作业的灵活性和采收效率,确定轨距为1 200 mm。
(2)履带式底盘接近角即驱动轮与相近支重轮之间的履带和水平地面的夹角,直接影响整机越障性能,以及驱动轮与橡胶履带的平稳啮合,取接近角为37°。
(3)底盘离地间隙:根据烟草种植农艺要求和履带作业时下陷情况,设置最小离地间隙为400 mm,避免底盘破坏烟垄,造成烟株损伤。
(4)履带接地长度与宽度:为降低履带行驶阻力,减少振动和噪声,采用橡胶履带。履带接地长度和履带宽度计算式为
式中
      L——履带接地长度,mm
      B——轨距,mm
      b——履带宽度,mm
综上,在满足烟草种植农艺基础上,适当增加履带宽度有利于降低接地比压,提高牵引附着性能。经计算,确定履带接地长度为1350 mm,履带宽度为200 mm。
动力驱动装置采用串联式混动结构,主要由左右电机、减速器、电机驱动器和电池组等组成。根据烟叶采收过程最大功率进行驱动电机选型。底盘功率消耗主要包括行驶功耗、提升电机功耗及其他工作部件功耗。忽略空气阻力的影响,整机在丘陵山区烟田作业时,主要受到运行阻力、坡道阻力和惯性阻力,即
式中
      Fα——满载爬坡阻力,N
      ml——整机质量,kg
      my——烟叶单包质量,kg/包
      v——行驶速度,m/s
      n——满载时烟包总数,包
      g——重力加速度,m/s2
      fg——滚动阻力系数,取0.1
      α——爬坡度,(°)
      δ——换算系数,取1.1~1.3
整机设计质量约650 kg。经前期调研,烟叶采收烟包质量约20 kg。根据设计要求,烟叶采收质量约300 kg。
以烟叶采收爬坡功率为驱动电机选型依据,忽略加速度影响,则驱动电机功率Pe应满足
式中
      vα——最大爬坡度时整车最高行驶速度,取5 km/h
      αmax——最大爬坡度,取20°
      η——电机传动效率,取0.95
经计算,驱动电机功率为5.9 kW,因此,履带自走式半自动烟叶采收机驱动电机选用济南科亚电子科技有限公司130ACS0730-30B型直流电机,额定转速3 000 r/min,额定功率3 kW。
为解决烟叶半自动采收机横向偏移造成烟叶及烟株损伤问题,设计一种机械式自动对行装置,如图3所示。通过角度传感器检测底盘与烟株的横向偏差角度变化,实现自动对行行走[21-24]。该装置具有结构简单、成本低、实用性强、可靠性高、易维护等特点,同时,碰触杆具有折叠功能,可避免倒车时造成烟叶及烟株损伤。
烟叶采收作业时,若烟株位于两碰触杆中间位置,则对行成功,角度传感器的输出角度无变化;若前进方向相对于烟株行发生偏移,则其中一侧的碰触杆与烟杆发生碰撞,碰触杆克服弹簧预紧力后通过联轴器带动角度传感器转动,角度传感器输出电压信号实时传输至整车控制器。整车控制器将电压信号转换为碰触杆偏转角度θ和碰触杆偏转角度变化率Δθ,采用模糊推理方法计算整车转向角度φ,根据整车实时车速计算两侧电机期望转速ne和转向时间t,最终实现整车对行转向,差速转向后继续前进作业。
通过模糊算法计算φ,模糊子集为
式中
      φ——转向角度论域,取-1~1
输入信号为碰触杆偏转角度θ及其变化率Δθ,将θ与Δθ映射至区间[-1,1],采用三角隶属度函数,解模糊方法为面积重心法。模糊规则如表2所示,模糊论域如图4所示。
期望转弯半径R计算公式为
式中
      E——转向后触碰侧履带到烟杆行距离,当E=D/2时烟杆行与整机中心线重合,mm
      D——履带中心距,mm
      L3——碰触杆旋转中心到安装侧履带中心距离,mm
通过降低碰触侧电机转速实现底盘转向控制,则碰触侧电机期望转速ne为
式中
      n2——非碰触侧电机转速,r/min
所需转向时间t为
式中
      r——履带驱动轮半径,mm
      k——减速比
整车采用手控和遥控2种操纵方式,手动操纵面板集成了自动对行开关、行走控制、烟叶提升及急停等功能按钮,可实现整车驱动及附属功能控制。遥控系统主要由遥控器和信号接收器组成,遥控器选用南京夏鼎电子科技有限公司XDQ5-M2S7-TR定制型号,频率为310~331 MHz,空旷环境下控制距离300 m,信号传输无延迟、稳定可靠,抗干扰性强,同时,采用CAN2.0实现接收器与整车控制器之间的通讯。操作人员通过控制面板开关可实现远程遥控与手动操作的一键切换,进而实现整机作业控制,如图5所示。
稳定性对烟叶半自动采收机的作业安全性和操纵性具有重要影响,主要包括横向稳定性和纵向稳定性。本文采用极限倾翻角和极限滑移角对整机稳定性进行评价。
履带自走式烟叶半自动采收机在横向坡道静止或等速直线行驶时受力情况如图6所示。
依据文献[17],对点C转矩平衡可得
式中
      N1——地面对上侧履带法向作用力,N
      N2——地面对下侧履带法向作用力,N
      G——整机重量,N
      h——重心到地面的垂直高度,mm
      e——重心与纵向中心面的偏移量,mm
可求得点D支反力为
为避免采收机发生倾翻,需满足N1≥0;由于B>0,可求得横向极限倾翻角αmax为
在横向坡道行驶时,为避免产生滑移现象,横向极限滑移角α′应满足
式中
      φz——地面附着系数
由式(10)可知,整机横向稳定性与重心位置、轨距、履带宽度及地面情况有关。为获得良好的横向稳定性,底盘重心高度和重心偏移距离应取较小值,轨距和履带宽度应取较大值。通过三维建模软件Creo测定整机重心位置,即重心到地面的垂直距离h为1 450 mm,重心与纵向重心平面偏移距离e为32 mm。根据文献[10],地面附着系数取0.67,求得横向极限倾翻角为24.7°,横向极限滑移角为33.8°。
纵向稳定性指履带底盘在坡道行驶不致发生翻倾和滑移的性能,表征底盘坡地作业适应性程度[17]。底盘匀速上坡时,速度较慢,忽略空气阻力影响,整机可视为在纵向坡地上静止,受力处于平衡状态,如图7a所示。
对支重轮A取矩,建立力学平衡方程为
式中
      N——地面对整机的垂直支反力,N
      βlim——上坡极限倾翻角,(°)
      l——支重轮A轴线与N距离,mm
      a——重心与支重轮A轴间距离,mm
为使得采收机上坡时不发生倾翻,地面对整机的垂直支反力N作用线应落在支重轮A之前,即l≥0,则可得上坡极限倾翻角为
同理,底盘下坡极限倾翻临界状态如图7b所示,下坡极限倾翻角为
式中
      L′——履带接地长度,mm
由式(13)、(14)可知,底盘上下坡时,整机纵向稳定性与重心高度、重心至支重轮轴线的距离有关,重心越低,重心与支重轮轴线距离越大,整机越不易发生倾翻,纵向稳定性越好。通过测定,整机上、下坡极限倾翻角分别为22.47°和27.35°,均满足设计要求。
在山东五征集团有限公司完成履带自走式烟叶半自动采收机试制。2024年8月,在湖南湘西、贵州遵义、云南曲靖等烟草产区进行了整机性能试验和烟叶采收试验。试验仪器设备包括卷尺、秒表、土壤坚实度测试仪、坡度测量仪等。参照GB/T 5262—2008《农业机械试验条件测定方法的一般规定》和YC/T 569—2018《烟草田间作业机械选型测试规程》(以下简称标准)测试田间环境参数和底盘作业性能参数。
在云南省曲靖市马龙区云南省烟草农业机械试验验证基地,根据履带自走式烟叶半自动采收机底盘设计目标,分别对最小转弯半径、最高作业速度,爬坡性能、横向倾翻测试、田间障碍通过性及驻车制动安全性等进行测试。
(1)最小转弯半径测量
参照GB/T 3871.5—2022《转向圆和通过圆直径》,进行最小转弯半径测量。整机以速度1 km/h在平稳行驶后,通过电机控制实现两侧履带差速转向,行驶360°后驶出测试区,用卷尺在车辙轨迹圆的3个等分点处测量车辙直径,计算平均值,试验如图8a所示,最小转弯半径试验结果如表3所示,平均最小转弯半径903 mm,测试结果满足设计要求。
(2)行驶与作业速度测试
烟叶采收机底盘采用双电机独立驱动,可实现无级变速,如图8b所示。最高行驶速度测试流程:取长度大于50 m的田间平整路面,驾驶员操作调速手柄或遥控器,使用秒表测量整机最高速度直线行驶50 m所需时间,重复3次测试并取平均值,计算出最高行驶速度。田间作业速度测试流程:①在烟田内随机选取连续3垄进行机械化采收,每垄长度≥40 m,从起点开始依次预留5 m稳定区、30 m测试区、5 m稳定区,用小红旗分别做好标记。②样机从起点开始,在第一个稳定区调整作业速度状态,作业稳定后从进入30 m采收测试区开始计时,驶出测试区停止计时,计算此区间作业用时。③按照相同测试流程,完成另外2垄的采收,分别测量,并记录相应数据。田间作业速度测试烟垄长度分别为42.7、42.5、42.4 m,烟株数量分别为81、82、83棵。
试验结果如表4所示。测得实际最高平均车速为4.4 km/h,较理论车速5 km/h降低12%,主要原因为测试路面及测试方法造成的差异。整机瞬时作业速度可达5 km/h,满足设计要求。田间作业平均速度约0.23 km/h,由表4可知,由于操作人员烟叶采收熟练程度不同,相同采收距离下,3次试验作业速度存在明显差异,速度过快易造成采收不及时,不满足烟叶分层采收数量要求。因此,作业速度测试仅作参考。多次测定后,采收作业速度为0.2~0.4 km/h,满足设计要求。
(3)爬坡试验
在基地试验场搭建8°~30°坡面开展爬坡试验。整机以1 km/h匀速驶向坡面,并用坡度测量仪测量爬坡度。试验结果表明,整机最大爬坡度为23°,无明显滑移,符合设计要求。同时,在烟田基地15°~20°的非铺装坡面行驶时,整车平稳无滑移,如图9所示。
(4)坡地稳定性试验
利用侧倾侧翻试验台进行底盘横向极限倾翻角测试,试验结果显示整机最大侧翻角度25°,如图10a所示。在曲靖选取试验烟田坡地(5°~20°)进行坡地稳定性测试,整机以速度1 km/h在横向坡地等高线行驶,观察有无侧滑、倾翻倾向,如图10b所示。结果表明,整机横向侧倾稳定性良好,无侧滑和倾翻风险,满足烟草机械标准要求。
(5)田间障碍通过性
根据烟田实际作业情况,在试验烟田开展底盘障碍通过性测试,以烟垄高度为障碍,考察其通过性能,如图11所示,底盘可平稳越过高35 cm、宽40 cm的烟垄,符合设计要求。
(6)驻车制动试验
为保证驻车制动安全性,根据标准,基于云贵湘等烟草主产区实际作业条件,在试验现场选取坡度为10°~15°,总长25 m的干硬坡面道路,开展上坡、下坡驻车制动试验,如图12所示,整车在规定坡道上停住,按要求将挡位置于空挡,当电子油门关闭后,底盘能够可靠停驻,5 min后未发生滑移,满足国家标准要求。
为进一步验证底盘农艺匹配性,于2024年8月在湖南湘西、贵州遵义、云南曲靖开展烟叶采收试验,如图13所示。三地试验烟田均为当地典型地貌,烟田坡度分别为2°~3°、0°和5°~7°(横向),土壤含水率分别为61%~65%、61%~65%和70%~80%。三地烟草品种均为云烟87,株高1 200~1 350 mm、行距1 200~1 300 mm,株距400~690 mm,平均垄高分别为370、240、370 mm,平均垄宽分别为940、720、800 mm。为保证采收速度和效率,采收机行进速度保持在0.2~0.3 km/h,地头保留2~3 m宽的空地,方便掉头作业,重复3次试验。观察采收过程中底盘运行情况,统计烟叶采收效率和机械通过损伤率,计算式为
式中
      H——采收效率,片/h
      nH——单次测试区内采收叶片数量,片
      tH——样机单次通过测试区时间,h
式中
      D——机械通过损伤烟叶数,片/(次·hm2)
      nD——单次测试区内受损烟叶数量,片
      AD——单次测试区面积,m2
按照上述规程分别测试3块测试区得到样机田间采收试验结果如表5所示。
由表5可知,烟叶采收机底盘作业速度0~4.4 km/h范围内平稳前进,动力充足;烟叶人采机运最佳作业速度0.2~0.3 km/h;在湖南、贵州、云南3处试验采收烟叶平均机械通过损伤率分别为1.6、0.11、0.45片/(次·hm2),湖南永顺县3次采收试验机械通过损伤率较高,主要原因在于烟架与龙门式车架间隙较大,造成烟叶夹伤,改进后,机械通过损伤率显著降低。得益于机械式自动对行装置,烟株损伤率较低,仅湖南试验烟株损伤率0.25株/(次·hm2)。3处试验烟叶平均机械通过损伤率仅0.73片/(次·hm2),烟株平均机械通过损伤率仅0.083株/(次·hm2),避免了采收作业对烟株的机械伤害。此外,由于烟农烟叶收集摆放和烟叶提升装置护栏较低导致烟叶掉落,3处试验烟叶平均掉落率分别为1.14%、0.65%和0.32%,后续可通过改进烟架防护网、优化采收流程提高作业质量。
(1)针对云、贵、湘等烟草主产区狭小地块、坡地种植的烟叶机械化采收困难等问题,基于减少烟叶损伤、低速高效半自动采收作业要求,提出了履带自走式烟叶半自动采收机底盘设计目标,开展了底盘设计与关键部件选型,并试制了样机。
(2)采用龙门式车架、履带式行走装置,底盘轨距1200 mm,最小离地间隙400 mm,履带宽带200 mm,履带接地长度1 350 mm;双侧电机驱动功率3 kW,采用基于CAN总线的整车智能控制技术,实现了多源动力高效驱动、自动对行行走、差速转向等功能。
(3)田间试验结果表明,烟叶半自采收机底盘平均最高行驶速度4.4 km/h,最小转弯半径903 mm,最大爬坡度23°,横向极限倾翻角24.7°;在横向侧倾角度15°~20°的坡地等高线行驶时无侧滑、倾翻现象;在坡度10°~15°的纵向坡道,沿上、下方向可停靠时间均大于5 min;田间采收运输时整机运行平稳,动力充足,对烟叶采收作业适应性强,烟叶平均机械通过损伤率0.73片/(次·hm2),烟株平均机械通过损伤率仅0.083株/(次·hm2),能够满足人采机运作业要求,为整机研发提供了借鉴。
  • 中国烟草总公司烟草农机研发与应用领域揭榜挂帅项目(110202301007)
  • 山东省自然科学基金项目(ZR2022QE217)
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2025年第56卷第12期
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doi: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.037
  • 接收时间:2024-09-10
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2025-12-25
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出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2024-09-10
  • 修回日期:2024-10-22
基金
中国烟草总公司烟草农机研发与应用领域揭榜挂帅项目(110202301007)
山东省自然科学基金项目(ZR2022QE217)
作者信息
    1.山东农业大学机械与电子工程学院,泰安 271018
    2.山东农业大学山东省设施园艺智慧生产技术装备重点实验室(筹),泰安 271018
    3.青海大学机械工程学院,西宁 810016
    4.山东五征集团有限公司,日照 262300

通讯作者:

张稳(1988—),女,副教授,博士,主要从事智能农机装备与车辆电子控制技术研究,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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