Article(id=1311999880797708697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.028, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1746979200000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-12, revisedDate=1753200000000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790734747361, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790734747361, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790734747361, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790734747361, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311999647825101743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, year='2025', volume='56', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='818', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1766592000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790734691815, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790738411040, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312015247465083866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312015247465083867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=311, endPage=321, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1311999881070338458, articleId=1311999880797708697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, language=EN, title=Design and Experiment of Pressure Type Online Yield Measurement System for Grain Combine Harvester, columnId=1311999707161919908, journalTitle=Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, columnName=Agricultural Equipment and Mechanization Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to improve the online yield measurement accuracy of grain combine harvester and suppress the interference of body tilting and mechanical vibration during the yield measurement process, a pressure-type grain yield measurement system based on tilting angle and vibration compensation strategy was developed. The system consisted of a pressure-type grain yield measurement device, a GNSS positioning module, a data processor and a host computer. Firstly, a mathematical model of grain yield monitoring was constructed based on the functional relationship between grain yield and sensor pressure, inclination, vibration and humidity, and a test rig for grain yield monitoring was built to optimize the structural parameters of the device through orthogonal test combined with response surface analysis. The effects of the number of pressure sensors, the mounting position of the vibration absorber and the inclination angle of the device on the measurement error were investigated, and the optimal parameter combinations were determined to be five pressure sensors, the 3rd reference position (175 mm from the left slot wall) for the vibration absorber and the 21° inclination angle of the device, respectively. The results of univariate (flow rate change) and multivariate (flow rate, inclination angle and vibration change) tests showed that the yield measurement error of 20 groups of tests under different working conditions was stably controlled within 3%; the results of field tests showed that the average yield measurement error in actual operation was 3.41%, with a maximum of no more than 4%, which verified that the system can effectively inhibit the interference of the tilting of the vehicle body and the vibration of the machinery on the accuracy of the measurement of the yield and provide an effective technical support to obtain the information of the distribution of the yield of the precision agriculture. The system can effectively suppress the interference of body tilt and mechanical vibration on yield measurement accuracy, and provide effective technical support for the acquisition of precise agricultural yield distribution information.

, authors=Peikui HUANG1, 2, Peitian WU1, Chaorui XU1, Shunda LIANG1, Jie HE1, 2, Pei WANG1, 2, Runmao ZHAO1, 2, Lian HU1, 2, Pei WANG3, Xuantian SUN4, authorsList=Peikui HUANG, Peitian WU, Chaorui XU, Shunda LIANG, Jie HE, Pei WANG, Runmao ZHAO, Lian HU, Pei WANG, Xuantian SUN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lian HU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1311999895075119588, articleId=1311999880797708697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, language=CN, title=谷物联合收获机压力式在线测产系统设计与试验, columnId=1311999707321303462, journalTitle=农业机械学报, columnName=农业装备与机械化工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了提高谷物联合收获机在线测产精度并抑制测产过程中车身倾斜与机械振动的干扰,设计了一种基于倾角与振动补偿策略的压力式谷物测产系统。该系统由压力式谷物测产装置、GNSS定位模块、数据处理器和上位机组成。首先基于谷物产量与传感器压力、倾角、振动、含水率的函数关系构建谷物产量监测数学模型,并搭建了谷物产量监测试验台架,通过正交试验结合响应面分析法优化装置结构参数。研究了压力传感器数量、消振器安装位置和测产装置倾角对测产误差的影响,并确定最优参数组合:压力传感器数量为5、振器安装位置为第3参考位置(距左槽壁175 mm处)、装置水平倾角为21°。台架单变量(流量变化)与多变量(流量、倾角及振动变化)试验结果表明,不同工况下20组试验的测产误差稳定控制在3%以内;田间试验结果表明,实际作业中平均测产误差为3.41%,最大不超过4%,验证了系统可有效抑制车身倾斜与机械振动对测产精度的干扰,可为精准农业产量分布信息获取提供有效技术支撑。

, authors=黄培奎1, 2, 吴培添1, 许超锐1, 梁顺达1, 何杰1, 2, 汪沛1, 2, 赵润茂1, 2, 胡炼1, 2, 王培3, 孙宣田4, authorsList=黄培奎, 吴培添, 许超锐, 梁顺达, 何杰, 汪沛, 赵润茂, 胡炼, 王培, 孙宣田, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=胡炼, authorNote=

黄培奎(1990—),男,高级工程师,博士,主要从事多源信息融合定位与感知技术研究,E-mail:

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胡炼(1984—),男,研究员,博士,主要从事智能农机装备和无人农场技术研究,E-mail:
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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Research status of grain harvester production measurement system, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311999917325902472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999880797708697, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=39, authorNames=毛欣, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=毛欣. 组合式轴流装置谷物流运动模型与仿真研究[D]. 大庆: 黑龙江八一农垦大学, 2008., articleTitle=组合式轴流装置谷物流运动模型与仿真研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311999917397205641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999880797708697, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=40, authorNames=MAO Xin, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MAO Xin. Modeling and simulation research on grain fluid motion of assembled axial-flow device[D]. Daqing: Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, 2008. 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999880797708697, companyId=1311999896064975342, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.Shandong Academy of Agricultural Machinery Sciences, Ji'nan 250100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311999896081752560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999880797708697, companyId=1311999896064975342, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.山东省农业机械科学研究院,济南 250100)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1311999907217629746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999880797708697, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Schematic of pressure grain on-line yield measurement system, figureFileSmall=16Nbtgq+fVxh+RRGVrXPHA==, figureFileBig=nVhUnd5HUR7H8SHhdAKoEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999907280544307, 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1. 输粮管 2. 出粮口 3. 压力式谷物测产装置 4. 粮仓 5. 驾驶室 6. GPS定位模块 7. 倾角传感器 8. 压力传感器 9. 割台 10. 数据处理器 11. 无线通信设备 12. 上位机

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1. 第1参考位置 2. 第2参考位置 3. 第3参考位置 4. 第4参考位置 5. 第5参考位置 6. 导流槽俯视方向横截面 7. 谷物流俯视方向横截面

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1. 缓冲板 2. 导流槽 3. 倾角圆弧导向 4. 可调长孔角码 5. 角码 6. 压力承重片 7. 悬梁式压力传感器 8. 消振传感器

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1. 进料斗 2. 铝型材框架 3. 固定背板 4. 垂直螺旋输粮管 5. 测产装置 6. 倾角传感器 7. 压力传感器组 8. 消振传感器 9、10. 模拟粮仓部分

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1. 螺旋输送器 2. 输粮口 3. 粮位传感器 4. 倾角传感器 5. 粮仓 6. 谷物含水率传感器

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Experimental factors codes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编码装置倾角A/(°)传感器数量B/个消振器位置C
-1831
01642
12453
), ArticleFig(id=1311999911210607183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999880797708697, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试验因素编码

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编码装置倾角A/(°)传感器数量B/个消振器位置C
-1831
01642
12453
), ArticleFig(id=1311999911277716048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999880797708697, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Orthogonal test program and results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验序号试验因素测产误差Y/%
A/(°)B/个C
18325.71
224322.99
38523.74
424522.03
58415.37
624413.64
78433.77
824432.11
916314.89
1016513.23
1116332.75
1216532.03
1316424.31
1416424.27
1516424.09
1616424.29
1716424.38
), ArticleFig(id=1311999911361602129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999880797708697, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

正交试验方案与结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验序号试验因素测产误差Y/%
A/(°)B/个C
18325.71
224322.99
38523.74
424522.03
58415.37
624413.64
78433.77
824432.11
916314.89
1016513.23
1116332.75
1216532.03
1316424.31
1416424.27
1516424.09
1616424.29
1716424.38
), ArticleFig(id=1311999911445488210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999880797708697, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Analysis of variance of regression model

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变异来源平方和自由度均方FP
模型19.3992.1567.04<0.000 1
A7.6417.64237.81<0.000 1
B3.5213.52109.65<0.000 1
C5.2315.23162.79<0.000 1
AB0.255 010.255 07.930.025 9
AC0.001 210.001 20.038 10.850 8
BC0.220 910.220 96.870.034 3
A20.024 610.024 60.766 60.410 3
B21.3911.3943.160.000 3
C20.926 210.926 228.810.001 0
残差0.046 540.011 6
失拟0.178 530.059 55.120.074 3
), ArticleFig(id=1311999911533568595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999880797708697, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

回归模型方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变异来源平方和自由度均方FP
模型19.3992.1567.04<0.000 1
A7.6417.64237.81<0.000 1
B3.5213.52109.65<0.000 1
C5.2315.23162.79<0.000 1
AB0.255 010.255 07.930.025 9
AC0.001 210.001 20.038 10.850 8
BC0.220 910.220 96.870.034 3
A20.024 610.024 60.766 60.410 3
B21.3911.3943.160.000 3
C20.926 210.926 228.810.001 0
残差0.046 540.011 6
失拟0.178 530.059 55.120.074 3
), ArticleFig(id=1311999911630037588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999880797708697, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Univariate(flow rate change)test results

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组别电机频率20~50 Hz阶跃变化次数测产装置测量值/g台架粮仓真实值/g相对误差/%
1221 160.420 872.31.36
2220 822.220 462.41.73
3220 715.020 269.92.15
4220 839.019 946.12.37
5220 402.420 159.11.19
6320 966.620 661.11.46
7320 805.120 418.71.86
8320 866.920 365.02.41
9320 820.620 347.92.27
10320 457.620 109.71.70
平均相对误差1.85
), ArticleFig(id=1311999911709729365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999880797708697, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

单变量(流量变化)试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别电机频率20~50 Hz阶跃变化次数测产装置测量值/g台架粮仓真实值/g相对误差/%
1221 160.420 872.31.36
2220 822.220 462.41.73
3220 715.020 269.92.15
4220 839.019 946.12.37
5220 402.420 159.11.19
6320 966.620 661.11.46
7320 805.120 418.71.86
8320 866.920 365.02.41
9320 820.620 347.92.27
10320 457.620 109.71.70
平均相对误差1.85
), ArticleFig(id=1311999911797809750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999880797708697, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Multi-variable(flow, inclination and vibration changes)test results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别电机频率20~50 Hz阶跃变化次数振动位移/mm测产装置测量值/g台架粮仓真实值/g相对误差/%
13520 286.219 998.41.42
23520 495.220 242.21.23
33520 173.319 793.91.88
43520 444.520 022.22.07
53520 992.020 614.01.80
631021 228.220 432.83.75
731021 028.620 386.23.00
831021 040.120 384.13.12
931020 625.019 876.33.60
1031020 668.720 036.43.00
平均相对误差2.50
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多变量(流量、倾角及振动变化)试验结果

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组别电机频率20~50 Hz阶跃变化次数振动位移/mm测产装置测量值/g台架粮仓真实值/g相对误差/%
13520 286.219 998.41.42
23520 495.220 242.21.23
33520 173.319 793.91.88
43520 444.520 022.22.07
53520 992.020 614.01.80
631021 228.220 432.83.75
731021 028.620 386.23.00
831021 040.120 384.13.12
931020 625.019 876.33.60
1031020 668.720 036.43.00
平均相对误差2.50
), ArticleFig(id=1311999911973970520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999880797708697, language=EN, label=Tab. 6, caption=

Field trial results

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组别幅宽/m称量值/kg测量值/kg相对误差/%
1235.10036.3953.69
2244.05045.5093.31
3246.35047.6532.81
4137.25038.7363.99
5125.40026.1052.77
6140.20041.7693.90
平均相对误差3.41
), ArticleFig(id=1311999912062050905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999880797708697, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

田间试验结果

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组别幅宽/m称量值/kg测量值/kg相对误差/%
1235.10036.3953.69
2244.05045.5093.31
3246.35047.6532.81
4137.25038.7363.99
5125.40026.1052.77
6140.20041.7693.90
平均相对误差3.41
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谷物联合收获机压力式在线测产系统设计与试验
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黄培奎 1, 2 , 吴培添 1 , 许超锐 1 , 梁顺达 1 , 何杰 1, 2 , 汪沛 1, 2 , 赵润茂 1, 2 , 胡炼 1, 2 , 王培 3 , 孙宣田 4
农业机械学报 | 农业装备与机械化工程 2025,56(12): 311-321
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农业机械学报 |农业装备与机械化工程 2025 , 56 (12) : 311 -321
谷物联合收获机压力式在线测产系统设计与试验
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黄培奎(1990—),男,高级工程师,博士,主要从事多源信息融合定位与感知技术研究,E-mail:

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黄培奎1, 2 , 吴培添1, 许超锐1, 梁顺达1, 何杰1, 2, 汪沛1, 2, 赵润茂1, 2, 胡炼1, 2 , 王培3, 孙宣田4
作者信息
  • 1.华南农业大学工程学院,广州 510642
  • 2.农业装备技术国家重点实验室,北京 100083
  • 3.北京市农林科学院智能装备技术研究中心,北京 100097
  • 4.山东省农业机械科学研究院,济南 250100
通讯作者:
胡炼(1984—),男,研究员,博士,主要从事智能农机装备和无人农场技术研究,E-mail:
作者简介:

黄培奎(1990—),男,高级工程师,博士,主要从事多源信息融合定位与感知技术研究,E-mail:

Design and Experiment of Pressure Type Online Yield Measurement System for Grain Combine Harvester
Peikui HUANG1, 2 , Peitian WU1, Chaorui XU1, Shunda LIANG1, Jie HE1, 2, Pei WANG1, 2, Runmao ZHAO1, 2, Lian HU1, 2 , Pei WANG3, Xuantian SUN4
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment Technology, Beijing 100083, China
  • 3.Intelligent Equipment Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
  • 4.Shandong Academy of Agricultural Machinery Sciences, Ji'nan 250100, China
出版时间: 2025-12-25 doi: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.028
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为了提高谷物联合收获机在线测产精度并抑制测产过程中车身倾斜与机械振动的干扰,设计了一种基于倾角与振动补偿策略的压力式谷物测产系统。该系统由压力式谷物测产装置、GNSS定位模块、数据处理器和上位机组成。首先基于谷物产量与传感器压力、倾角、振动、含水率的函数关系构建谷物产量监测数学模型,并搭建了谷物产量监测试验台架,通过正交试验结合响应面分析法优化装置结构参数。研究了压力传感器数量、消振器安装位置和测产装置倾角对测产误差的影响,并确定最优参数组合:压力传感器数量为5、振器安装位置为第3参考位置(距左槽壁175 mm处)、装置水平倾角为21°。台架单变量(流量变化)与多变量(流量、倾角及振动变化)试验结果表明,不同工况下20组试验的测产误差稳定控制在3%以内;田间试验结果表明,实际作业中平均测产误差为3.41%,最大不超过4%,验证了系统可有效抑制车身倾斜与机械振动对测产精度的干扰,可为精准农业产量分布信息获取提供有效技术支撑。

谷物联合收获机  /  产量在线监测  /  压力式传感器  /  倾角与振动补偿

In order to improve the online yield measurement accuracy of grain combine harvester and suppress the interference of body tilting and mechanical vibration during the yield measurement process, a pressure-type grain yield measurement system based on tilting angle and vibration compensation strategy was developed. The system consisted of a pressure-type grain yield measurement device, a GNSS positioning module, a data processor and a host computer. Firstly, a mathematical model of grain yield monitoring was constructed based on the functional relationship between grain yield and sensor pressure, inclination, vibration and humidity, and a test rig for grain yield monitoring was built to optimize the structural parameters of the device through orthogonal test combined with response surface analysis. The effects of the number of pressure sensors, the mounting position of the vibration absorber and the inclination angle of the device on the measurement error were investigated, and the optimal parameter combinations were determined to be five pressure sensors, the 3rd reference position (175 mm from the left slot wall) for the vibration absorber and the 21° inclination angle of the device, respectively. The results of univariate (flow rate change) and multivariate (flow rate, inclination angle and vibration change) tests showed that the yield measurement error of 20 groups of tests under different working conditions was stably controlled within 3%; the results of field tests showed that the average yield measurement error in actual operation was 3.41%, with a maximum of no more than 4%, which verified that the system can effectively inhibit the interference of the tilting of the vehicle body and the vibration of the machinery on the accuracy of the measurement of the yield and provide an effective technical support to obtain the information of the distribution of the yield of the precision agriculture. The system can effectively suppress the interference of body tilt and mechanical vibration on yield measurement accuracy, and provide effective technical support for the acquisition of precise agricultural yield distribution information.

grain combine harvester  /  online yield monitoring  /  pressure sensors  /  inclination and vibration compensation
黄培奎, 吴培添, 许超锐, 梁顺达, 何杰, 汪沛, 赵润茂, 胡炼, 王培, 孙宣田. 谷物联合收获机压力式在线测产系统设计与试验. 农业机械学报, 2025 , 56 (12) : 311 -321 . DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.028
Peikui HUANG, Peitian WU, Chaorui XU, Shunda LIANG, Jie HE, Pei WANG, Runmao ZHAO, Lian HU, Pei WANG, Xuantian SUN. Design and Experiment of Pressure Type Online Yield Measurement System for Grain Combine Harvester[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2025 , 56 (12) : 311 -321 . DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.028
在农业生产中,谷物收获过程中的产量分布信息是精准农业管理的重要依据,而谷物在线测产技术是实现该目标的关键手段。该技术可帮助农业从事者了解田间农作物的生长状况,并指导田间水肥、土壤贫瘠肥沃状态和病虫害分布等区域差异性管理,同时为规划和制定生产管理策略提供了参考依据,对农业生产向智能化发展具有推动作用[1-3]。
国内外对谷物在线测产技术的研究主要聚焦于测产方法和测产信号处理。测产方法以收获各个环节中谷物产量存在差异性为出发点,在谷物流动(输送)的路线上,测产传感器可安装在任一环节进行谷物产量监测[4]。因此,针对收获环节中谷物联合收获机的不同结构,例如粮箱、刮板式输粮管等,设计传感器直接获取谷物质量变化;或根据收获流程与产量相关性质,如体积、扭矩和功率等,构造函数关系,以建立产量预测模型[5-6]。因此,谷物测产方法可分为动态称量法[7-9]、冲击力测量法[10]、体积测量法[11]和射线测重法[12]等。当前测产方法较为丰富,但存在精度不稳定问题[13-17],严重制约了在精准农业中的大规模推广应用,这是当前研究面临的重要问题。
测产信号处理主要是对现有测产方法进行误差修正和数据处理。由于谷物测产是一个受多因素影响的过程,需针对该过程存在的机器振动、田间颠簸倾斜、谷物含水率变化等进行修正补偿,以减少不确定因素的影响;进而将测产数据转化为产量图,但需考虑存在的填充时间和时间延时、定位数据误差等[18]。胡均万等[19]提出了双板差分冲击式,采用了差分算法来补偿测产数据的零点偏移。韩帅军等[20]采用Mallat算法进行小波分解,有效地滤除谷物流量传感器输出信号中的高频噪声,并转化为可用信号,试验结果表明该重构分解算法是有效的。刘仁杰等[21]对冲击式谷物流量传感器的预测模型、空间变异性分析进行深入研究,以还原田间产量分布。以上研究说明了测产过程中采用软硬件结合的手段可一定程度上减小误差,所以针对田间车身颠簸和机器振动两大影响因素,本文采取软硬件结合手段,提出倾角与振动补偿策略。
此外,谷物在线测产技术在可行性方面需考虑产量传感器安装改造难度、可移植性、成本代价和粮仓容积损失等问题;在通用性方面需考虑各地区所使用的联合收获机的输粮结构差异性并针对国内通用输粮结构进行设计;在稳定性方面需考虑收获过程中谷物测产受到收获机车身倾斜、机械振动影响精度的问题,针对性地设计各因素对应补偿策略[22-24]。
综上所述,本文以洋马YH1180型谷物联合收获机为试验平台,针对目前国内应用较多的输粮结构缺乏适配的测产装置与谷物测产过程中收获机作业时车身倾斜、机械振动影响精度的问题,设计一种垂直螺旋式输粮结构测产装置,提出一种倾角与振动补偿策略,用于修正压力式产量传感器,开发谷物联合收获机压力式在线测产系统,实现谷物收获过程中产量信息的实时获取。
压力式谷物在线测产系统由测产装置、GPS定位模块、数据处理器和上位机组成,系统总体结构图如图1所示。工作原理如下:在开始收获作业之前,提前设置收获机的割幅宽度、通信参数、延迟时间和采集频率等初始参数。当系统根据无人驾驶系统共享的割台工作离合状态检测到割台开始工作时,测产系统即启动产量监测,同时通过定位模块记录收获机的实时作业位置和前进速度。谷物经脱粒、清选后,由垂直螺旋式输送器输送至出粮口,并通过缓冲导流结构传送至谷物流传感器检测区。系统利用压力传感器、倾角传感器和含水率传感器实时获取压力信号、倾角信号和谷物含水率信息,这些信息经谷物产量模型算法处理后,实时在人机交互界面上可视化显示产量信号曲线。作业结束后,上述提及的数据将被储存,以便后续处理。系统工作流程如图2所示。
倾角与振动补偿策略是针对车身颠簸和机器振动两大干扰因素提出的,策略重点在于数学关系的推导和数学模型的建立。为了构建加入倾角与振动动态补偿后的谷物产量与压力之间的数学模型,需对谷物测产装置进行结构和力学分析。推导过程如下:选取谷物测产装置导流槽俯视方向为参考平面,该平面包括谷物流动区和谷物流压力检测区;将检测区域平分为5个等宽区域,作为5个压力检测参考位置,标号1~5,设该平面左边缘坐标为0 mm,右边缘坐标为350 mm,参考位置1~5的坐标分别为35、105、175、245、315 mm;谷物可以视为一种特殊的颗粒流体,并将其看作是一个连续的介质[25]。因此,谷流经由输粮口到达缓冲板,随后稳定地流入流动区域,并以稳定的速度通过压力检测区;在某个时刻,压力传感器组采集到的谷流长度为d;为了检测到整段谷流,由流速和长度计算得出时间间隔Δt,压力传感器组按Δt进行分段检测,持续累加获得整段谷物的产量,如图3a所示。
在时间间隔Δt内,压力传感器所测得的5个参考位置的压力为、、、、,该压力方向垂直于导流槽斜面,因此,需加入装置实时倾角值(即导流槽斜面角度α)修正模型,将每一时间间隔内的谷物质量转换为该时间间隔内产量Mn,如图3b所示。
第1个参考位置在时间间隔Δt内经过的谷物质量为
式中
      g——重力加速度,m/s2
第5个参考位置在时间间隔Δt内经过的谷物质量为
压力传感器每次采集之间的时间间隔为
式中
      v——谷流流速
T时间段内采集次数n为
第n个时间间隔Δt经过压力检测区的谷物质量为
因此,T时间段内流过的谷物产量质量M为
《机械设计手册》[26]中螺旋输送器流量Q计算公式为
式中
      D——输送器叶片外直径,mm
      L——输送器叶片内直径,mm
      p——输送器叶片螺距,mm
      λ——输送器叶片与外壳间隙,mm
      s——输送器转速,r/min
      φ——输送谷物籽粒时的充满系数,一般取0.3~0.4
      γ——谷物籽粒单位容积质量,kg/m3
      C——输送器倾斜输送系数
当螺旋输送器结构确定后,其结构参数(D、d、p、λ)、φ、γ、C等均为定值,故流量Q与转速n成正比。谷物联合收获机正常作业时,发动机驱动功率恒定,使垂直螺旋输送器转速n稳定,确保输送阶段谷物流速稳定;此外,出粮口缓冲板将谷物流由高速输送转化为缓速滑落,使其以恒定速度流经压力检测区域。因此,动力驱动的稳定性与机械结构(缓冲板)的导流作用共同保证了检测区域谷流速度恒定。
针对装置振动干扰引发的噪声信号问题,安装受力反向的振动补偿传感器(简称消振器)于压力传感器组中间正下方(图4a),实现噪声实时抵消。基于振动干扰信号分析试验的采集信号表明:在不同程度振动激励下,各传感器振动干扰信号趋势一致;如图4b所示,通道4幅值特性接近全通道平均水平,故选取该通道信号作为补偿基准(消振传感器信号),通过信号叠加实现振动干扰的动态消除。根据以上分析对谷物产量数学模型进行修正,加入振动干扰抵消处理后第1个参考位置在时间间隔Δt内经过的谷物质量为
式中
      β——振动补偿传感器的噪声信号
国家谷物入库的标准含水率为13%,需将湿基谷物转化为干基谷物,因此,结合粮食含水率传感器所测得谷物籽粒平均含水率进行换算,即可获得标准入库产量Mb,即
式中
      M——湿基谷物质量,kg
      RH——谷物籽粒平均含水率,%
综上所述,加入倾角、振动和含水率参数,可得出倾角与振动动态补偿的压力式谷物产量数学模型的具体表达公式,即第n个采集时间间隔内流过的谷物产量质量Mc为
谷物联合收获机压力式在线测产系统由测产装置机械单元、信号采集单元和数据传输处理单元组成。首先,测产装置机械单元包括缓冲板、导流槽、传感器及装置与谷物联合收获机连接的固定组件;其次,信号采集单元包括谷物流信号采集过程中所采用的AT8501型悬梁式压力传感器、维特三轴倾角传感器、探针型在线粮食含水率传感器、GPS定位模块和用于压力数据处理的TDA-04A系列数字处理器,精度和工作温度均适用于大部分收获机田间收获场景;最后,数据传输处理单元包括无线数据传输设备和上位机界面,如图5a所示。其中,为适应国内通用输粮结构、粮仓容积损失最小化、低成本和易安装易维护的要求,对关键部件压力式测产装置进行设计,其结构主要由缓冲板、导流槽、倾角调节组件、悬梁式压力传感器组、承重片和固定组件等组成,并进行了基础硬件测试,功能正常,安装于谷物联合收获机的粮仓中。该压力式谷物测产装置实物图如图5b所示。
在完成系统硬件选型及设计后,针对软件功能开发设计了多源信号(压力、倾角、含水率)采集与处理等功能模块,各模块数据经由基于谷物产量模型的上位机处理融合生成产量时变曲线,并与定位信息相匹配。上位机软件主要由初始化设置、信号处理监测、数据存储等模块组成,实现监测数据的集中存储、实时处理与分析,通过可视化曲线动态呈现监测结果。软件流程图如图6所示。
谷物产量监测试验台如图7所示,以洋马YH1180型谷物联合收获机输粮结构和粮仓按1∶1原型设计,主要由铝型材框架、垂直螺旋输粮管、接料箱、称量器、进料斗、三相交流电机、电机变频器、测产装置、固定背板等组成。框架尺寸为1 000 mm×1 000 mm×1 600 mm,背板开口为150 mm×340 mm,垂直螺旋输粮管的外径为165 mm,整体高度为1.5 m,内部输送器约为160 mm,由功率3 kW、转速1 400 r/min的三相交流电机驱动,采用工作频率0~50 Hz电机变频器实现功率调节,装置水平倾角8°~24°可调。
为确定谷物在线测产装置最优结构参数,探究各参数对压力式谷物在线测产系统监测精度的影响规律,在试验台架上开展装置结构优化试验,采用Box-Behnken响应曲面试验设计方法。选取谷物在线测产装置倾角、压力传感器数量和消振器安装位置为试验因素,以压力式在线测产系统测产误差为试验指标,开展三因素三水平的Box-Behnken响应曲面试验,因素编码如表1所示。
在参数范围确定时,考虑到谷物在线测产装置凹型导流板底面宽度、压力传感器尺寸等成本,本试验中压力传感器数量最多取5个。消振器位置如图3a装置俯视图的参考位置1、2、3,根据前文理论分析可知,参考位置1、2、3分别位于压力检测区的不同位置,振动对其存在不同干扰影响,因此,需探究安装消振器的最佳位置,达到较好的振动补偿效果。为保证谷物在装置内流动顺畅,结合装置可调节倾角设计的倾角范围,确定倾角变化范围为8°~24°。
根据Design-Expert软件中的响应曲面法进行试验方案设计与数据分析,试验共计17次,试验方案与结果如表2所示。并进一步利用Design-Expert软件进行多元回归拟合和方差分析,如表3所示,谷物产量监测系统测产误差回归模型的显著性水平P<0.05,表明该回归模型显著性水平高,失拟项显著性水平P>0.05,表明回归模型拟合效果好。
由表3方差分析可以判断各参数对压力式谷物在线测产系统测产误差的影响程度,影响因子A、B、C、AB、BC、B2、C2对谷物在线测产系统测产误差影响显著,其他因子影响不显著,这说明装置倾角、传感器数量和消振器位置对测产误差影响显著,且装置倾角与传感器数量以及传感器数量和消振器位置因素之间存在交互影响。该系统测产误差回归模型R2=0.988 5,表明回归模型拟合效果好。剔除不显著因素,得到测产误差的多项式回归方程
式中
      X1、X2、X3——因素编码值
当消振器的位置为2(第2参考位置)时,装置倾角和传感器数量对测产误差的影响如图8a所示。传感器数量与压力检测精度相关,随着传感器数量增加,测产误差减小;装置倾角决定谷物流速,随着倾角减小,流速趋近于0,导致谷物在出粮口不断堆积,使测产误差呈上升趋势且占据主导地位,即传感器数量增加不足以抵消装置倾角过小带来的误差。因此,需设置合理装置倾角以保证谷物流动顺畅,并在合理倾角下尽可能增加传感器数量,降低测产装置误差。
当传感器数量为4个时,装置倾角和消振器位置对测产误差的影响如图8b所示。消振器位置设置需考虑实际作业振动对装置不同位置的干扰差异,以其检测的干扰信号修正各传感器时可能存在补偿不足,因此需确定最佳消振器位置以降低测产误差。随着消振器位置越接近压力检测区中心(第3参考位置),装置测产误差呈下降趋势。同时,装置倾角的影响仍占主导地位,消振器位置靠近中心不足以抵消装置倾角变化带来的误差。
当装置倾角为16°时,传感器数量和消振器位置对测产误差的影响如图8c所示。分析表明,随着传感器数量增大和消振器位置向第3参考位置靠近,测产误差呈下降趋势,两者影响效果均不显著且存在交互影响。
由以上响应面分析可知,装置倾角、消振器位置和传感器数量对测产误差会产生显著的交互作用影响。应用Design-Expert软件对回归模型进行该目标下的优化求解,得到最佳参数组合,优化约束条件为:minY(A、B、C),变量区间为:8°≤A≤24°,3≤B≤5,1≤C≤3。得到最佳结构参数组合为:5个传感器,第3消振器位置,装置倾角21°,此参数组合下该系统测产误差为1.603%。
在最优结构参数组合下对该系统测产效果进行台架试验验证,验证倾角与振动补偿策略对测产精度提高和测产过程中车身倾斜与机械振动干扰抑制的作用。由前述理论可知,谷物测产过程受到多个因素的影响,其中流量、倾角及振动变化会不同程度地影响到谷物测产结果,因此,采用控制变量法,开展单变量和多变量台架试验,进行对比分析,验证在不同条件下系统的测产效果和鲁棒性。台架试验现场如图9所示。
验证试验包含10组静态试验(单变量:流量变化)和10组动态试验(多变量:流量、倾角及振动变化),选取增科新选丝苗1号水稻作为试验谷物样本,样本平均含水率为12%。变量控制:流量变化由电机变频器(20~50 Hz)频率阶跃变化实现(频率下限20 Hz保障谷物正常输送);倾角与振动通过振动台架产生,并采用维特WTVB01-485型振动传感器测得的振动位移(振幅)定量表征振动强度,同步监测倾角变化。通过以下试验步骤模拟复杂工况:系统初始化,进料斗装载含水率均匀的谷物样本;逐组开展试验,同步记录测产装置与台架粮仓的产量曲线数据。单变量和多变量试验结果如表4、5所示,进一步将该测产系统获取的产量变化数据进行处理,得到台架粮仓与测产装置的产量曲线图和实时误差如图10、11所示。
台架试验结果表明,基于倾角与振动补偿策略的测产系统在复杂工况下表现出显著稳定性。单变量(流量不规则变化)静态试验中,测产平均相对误差为1.85%,实时误差曲线显示所有组别误差均稳定在2.50%以内,产量曲线与真实值同步性良好(如第5组),验证了系统对流量突变的鲁棒性。多变量(流量、倾角及振动变化)动态试验中,平均相对误差为2.50%,最大误差未超过3.00%(第7组),虽较单变量误差增加1%~2%,但误差波动始终受控,表明倾角振动补偿策略有效抵消了噪声干扰,满足复杂工况下的精度需求。此外,各组的实时误差均为从大到小的变化趋势,是由于测产前段谷物流总量小,即基数小,相等误差产量下,实时误差变大,因此随产量累积,实时误差呈现下降趋势。其中,系统整体测量值略高于真实值,源于采集时间间隔偏小导致的压力重复检测,但该偏差可通过优化谷物流速参数进一步修正。综上,单变量与多变量试验数据证实,补偿策略显著提升了测产系统对车身倾斜、机械振动及流量波动的抗干扰能力,动态条件下误差稳定低于3%,满足谷物产量监测系统对测产精度的设计要求。
田间试验平台选择洋马YH1180R-4LZ-6.0A(G4)型全喂入收获机,如图12a所示。在该机器的粮仓输粮口处安装部署该压力式谷物在线测产装置,装置最低位置至粮位传感器的垂直距离约为10 cm,可占用粮仓较少容积,如图12b所示。
田间试验于2024年11月,在广东省广州市增城区朱村农场的试验田块开展,试验水稻品种为增科新选丝苗1号。试验过程中,位于粮仓底部位置的谷物含水率传感器记录的全程谷物平均含水率为19.4%。洋马联合收获机的喂入量为6.0 kg/s,割幅为2.0 m;试验田块长77 m,宽55 m。电子计数台秤型号为乐祺LQ-T1,量程为50 kg,精度为±1 g。
试验现场如图13a所示,在缓冲板与导流槽的作用下,原本发散状的谷物呈现缓速成流态,流动畅通,与设计预期一致;在田间收获场景下,振动传感器测得平均振动位移为1.112 mm,装置整体保持稳定。图13b为收获机的喂入量最大时装置谷物流动情况,可见流量增大,但未出现堵塞情况,流动顺畅。
通过设置不同收割幅宽,验证谷物测产装置的田间试验结果对田间真实产量实时变化测量的准确性,采用多组小田块段的试验方式分组进行。即把试验田划分出3组全幅宽为2 m、长度为75 m,以及3组半幅宽为1 m、长度为75 m的试验组,共计6组;每组试验结束后把收获机开到田头卸粮,记录收获的谷物质量,并保存系统测产数据。
考虑到收获机内部脱粒等输送路线上可能存在堆积会导致产生测产异常点,本文采用反距离加权插值法(Inverse distance weighting,IDW)对实时产量数据异常值进行滤除。该方法是基于空间邻近性通过已知点的观测值估算未知点的值,计算公式为
式中
      ——未知点的估算值
      zi——第i个已知点的观测值
      di——未知点与第i个已知点的欧氏距离
      p——距离衰减系数(通常p≥1)
      n——参与插值的已知点数量
田间试验结果如表6所示。
由试验数据可知,田间试验测产面积为675 m2,平均相对误差为3.41%,最小相对误差为2.77%,试验结果表明,该系统在谷物联合收获机的真实作业环境下,仍能准确地监测谷物产量实时变化情况,验证了该补偿策略可有效抑制车身倾斜与机械振动对测产精度的干扰。
试验结束后,系统及时存储系统采集的产量时变信息和北斗定位模块所记录的位置时变信息,以便进一步处理。田内产量数据的采集可以理解为联合收获机获取产量空间信息的时间顺序过程。为直观定性地得出试验田块的产量分布情况,利用位置时变信息对产量时变曲线进行等距离分段:每行走1 m记录为一个产量格子,全幅宽的每一个格子为1 m×2 m,半幅宽的每一个格子为1 m×1 m,计算出每组试验的所有格子的产量数值,再结合格子面积换算成单产形式,如图14a所示。使用科学绘图软件Origin,将6组试验所有产量格子按照经纬度位置进行颜色分级填充,制作试验田块对应的谷物产量分布图,如图14b所示,为后续作业管理提供参考。
(1)针对联合收获机测产中车身倾斜与机械振动干扰问题,设计了基于倾角与振动补偿策略的压力式谷物测产系统,由压力式谷物测产装置、GPS定位模块、数据处理器和上位机组成;构建了融合压力、倾角、振动及含水率参数的谷物产量监测数学模型;实现了谷物收获过程产量等信息的实时监测、可视化与存储。
(2)搭建了谷物产量监测试验台,通过正交试验结合Box-Behnken响应曲面分析,确定了测产装置最优结构参数组合为:压力传感器数量为5,消振器安装位置为第3参考位置,装置水平倾角为21°。台架试验结果表明,该补偿策略在单变量(流量变化)与多变量(流量、倾角及振动变化)工况下,20组试验测产误差均稳定控制在3%以内,验证了该策略对车身倾角和机械振动干扰的有效抑制性能。
(3)田间试验结果表明,实际作业中平均测产误差为3.41%,最大不超过4%,验证了该补偿策略可有效抑制车身倾斜与机械振动对测产精度的干扰,可为精准农业产量分布信息获取提供有效技术支持;田间试验谷物产量监测数据经过分析处理,绘制了产量分布图,可为后续作业管理提供参考。
  • 山东省重点研发项目(2022SFGC0202)
  • 广州市基础与应用基础研究专题青年博士“启航”项目(SL2023A04J00077)
  • 湖南省科技厅重大项目(2023NK1020)
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2025年第56卷第12期
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doi: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.028
  • 接收时间:2025-05-12
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-12
  • 修回日期:2025-07-23
基金
山东省重点研发项目(2022SFGC0202)
广州市基础与应用基础研究专题青年博士“启航”项目(SL2023A04J00077)
湖南省科技厅重大项目(2023NK1020)
作者信息
    1.华南农业大学工程学院,广州 510642
    2.农业装备技术国家重点实验室,北京 100083
    3.北京市农林科学院智能装备技术研究中心,北京 100097
    4.山东省农业机械科学研究院,济南 250100

通讯作者:

胡炼(1984—),男,研究员,博士,主要从事智能农机装备和无人农场技术研究,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Number of
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Number of
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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