Article(id=1311999872648180108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.027, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1751212800000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-30, revisedDate=1753027200000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790734745417, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790734745417, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790734745417, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790734745417, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311999647825101743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, year='2025', volume='56', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='818', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1766592000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790734691815, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790738411040, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312015247465083866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312015247465083867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=301, endPage=310, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1311999872849506701, articleId=1311999872648180108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, language=EN, title=Design and Experiment of Handheld Crop NDVI Sensor Based on Active Light Source, columnId=1311999707161919908, journalTitle=Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, columnName=Agricultural Equipment and Mechanization Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming to address the needs of modern agriculture in monitoring the overall crop growth status and developmental trends across various growth stages, and enable rapid, non-destructive crop assessment, a handheld crop normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) sensor based on an active light source was developed. The sensor integrated narrow-band LEDs at 650 and 850 nm, along with Si PIN photodetectors, ensuring stable light output and precise signal acquisition. NDVI values were measured by using signal modulation and demodulation techniques across 60 wheat canopies subjected to four different fertilization levels. Experimental results demonstrated excellent light source stability, with standard deviations at both wavelengths maintained within 0.9 mV. In optical calibration experiments conducted at varying measurement heights, the results exhibited a strong linear relationship to the calibration parameters, with correlation coefficients (R2) exceeding 0.97. When the measurement height ranged from 20 cm to 40 cm, NDVI outputs remained largely stable, with root mean square errors (RMSE) of 0.025 and 0.015, respectively. Moreover, the sensor effectively mitigated the influence of ambient light fluctuations, ensuring consistent measurement results. A comparative analysis with a reference instrument demonstrated strong agreement in NDVI measurements, with R2 of 0.79 and RMSE of just 0.031. These results confirmed that the developed handheld crop growth sensor delivered high reliability and accuracy in practical applications, providing robust technical support for crop growth monitoring and a sound scientific foundation for modern agricultural production management.

, authors=Wenyi SHENG1, 2, Fan WU1, 2, Xuan HU1, 2, Wenfeng NI1, 2, Ruicheng QIU1, 2, Man ZHANG1, 2, authorsList=Wenyi SHENG, Fan WU, Xuan HU, Wenfeng NI, Ruicheng QIU, Man ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Man ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1311999881930174924, articleId=1311999872648180108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, language=CN, title=基于主动光源的手持式作物NDVI传感器设计与试验, columnId=1311999707321303462, journalTitle=农业机械学报, columnName=农业装备与机械化工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为满足现代农业对农作物在各生长阶段整体生长状态与发育趋势的检测需求,实现农作物快速、无损的检测目标,研究设计了一种基于主动光源的手持式作物NDVI(归一化植被指数)传感器。该传感器检测终端集成波长650、850 nm的窄带LED以及Si PIN光电探测器,确保光源的稳定输出和接收端的精确响应。以4个不同施肥梯度下的60个小麦作物冠层为研究对象,基于信号调制解调的原理,对植物冠层的NDVI值进行测量。研究结果表明,该传感器的光源稳定性良好,2个波段的标准差均控制在0.9 mV以内;在不同测量高度下进行的光学标定实验中,测量结果与标定参数之间呈现出显著的线性关系,决定系数(R2)均高于0.97;当测量高度在20~40 cm范围内变化时,NDVI的输出结果基本不受测量高度的影响,其均方根误差(RMSE)分别为0.025和0.015。此外,该传感器能够有效降低外界环境光变化的干扰,确保测量结果的稳定性。与参考仪器对比分析结果显示,二者在NDVI测量结果上具有高度一致性,R2达到0.79,RMSE仅为0.031。实验结果充分证明了自主研发的手持式作物长势检测仪在实际应用中具有较高的可靠性和准确性,能够为作物长势监测提供有力的技术支持。

, authors=盛文溢1, 2, 吴凡1, 2, 胡轩1, 2, 倪闻枫1, 2, 仇瑞承1, 2, 张漫1, 2, authorsList=盛文溢, 吴凡, 胡轩, 倪闻枫, 仇瑞承, 张漫, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张漫, authorNote=

盛文溢(1988—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事智慧农业传感技术研究,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
张漫(1975—),女,教授,博士,主要从事精细农业与智慧农业、农业机械导航定位等研究,E-mail:
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1. 光电探测器 2. 电路单元 3. 屏幕 4. 定位孔 5. 电源开关 6. 电池 7. 测量按钮 8. LED 9. 匀光片 10. 遮光板 11. 菲涅尔透镜

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Statistical parameters of wheat NDVI values under different fertilization levels at various times of day in field environment

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施肥程度最大值最小值平均值标准差
高0.510.500.500.003 3
中0.370.390.380.003 9
低0.250.270.260.004 1
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大田环境中全天不同时段测得的各施肥水平下小麦NDVI值统计参数

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施肥程度最大值最小值平均值标准差
高0.510.500.500.003 3
中0.370.390.380.003 9
低0.250.270.260.004 1
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基于主动光源的手持式作物NDVI传感器设计与试验
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盛文溢 1, 2 , 吴凡 1, 2 , 胡轩 1, 2 , 倪闻枫 1, 2 , 仇瑞承 1, 2 , 张漫 1, 2
农业机械学报 | 农业装备与机械化工程 2025,56(12): 301-310
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农业机械学报 |农业装备与机械化工程 2025 , 56 (12) : 301 -310
基于主动光源的手持式作物NDVI传感器设计与试验
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盛文溢(1988—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事智慧农业传感技术研究,E-mail:

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盛文溢(1988—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事智慧农业传感技术研究,E-mail:

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盛文溢1, 2 , 吴凡1, 2, 胡轩1, 2, 倪闻枫1, 2, 仇瑞承1, 2, 张漫1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.中国农业大学信息与电气工程学院,北京 100083
  • 2.中国农业大学智慧农业系统集成研究教育部重点实验室,北京 100083
通讯作者:
张漫(1975—),女,教授,博士,主要从事精细农业与智慧农业、农业机械导航定位等研究,E-mail:
作者简介:

盛文溢(1988—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事智慧农业传感技术研究,E-mail:

Design and Experiment of Handheld Crop NDVI Sensor Based on Active Light Source
Wenyi SHENG1, 2 , Fan WU1, 2, Xuan HU1, 2, Wenfeng NI1, 2, Ruicheng QIU1, 2, Man ZHANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Smart Agriculture Systems Integration, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
出版时间: 2025-12-25 doi: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.027
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为满足现代农业对农作物在各生长阶段整体生长状态与发育趋势的检测需求,实现农作物快速、无损的检测目标,研究设计了一种基于主动光源的手持式作物NDVI(归一化植被指数)传感器。该传感器检测终端集成波长650、850 nm的窄带LED以及Si PIN光电探测器,确保光源的稳定输出和接收端的精确响应。以4个不同施肥梯度下的60个小麦作物冠层为研究对象,基于信号调制解调的原理,对植物冠层的NDVI值进行测量。研究结果表明,该传感器的光源稳定性良好,2个波段的标准差均控制在0.9 mV以内;在不同测量高度下进行的光学标定实验中,测量结果与标定参数之间呈现出显著的线性关系,决定系数(R2)均高于0.97;当测量高度在20~40 cm范围内变化时,NDVI的输出结果基本不受测量高度的影响,其均方根误差(RMSE)分别为0.025和0.015。此外,该传感器能够有效降低外界环境光变化的干扰,确保测量结果的稳定性。与参考仪器对比分析结果显示,二者在NDVI测量结果上具有高度一致性,R2达到0.79,RMSE仅为0.031。实验结果充分证明了自主研发的手持式作物长势检测仪在实际应用中具有较高的可靠性和准确性,能够为作物长势监测提供有力的技术支持。

归一化植被指数  /  近红外光谱分析  /  无损检测  /  主动光源  /  手持式检测传感器

Aiming to address the needs of modern agriculture in monitoring the overall crop growth status and developmental trends across various growth stages, and enable rapid, non-destructive crop assessment, a handheld crop normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) sensor based on an active light source was developed. The sensor integrated narrow-band LEDs at 650 and 850 nm, along with Si PIN photodetectors, ensuring stable light output and precise signal acquisition. NDVI values were measured by using signal modulation and demodulation techniques across 60 wheat canopies subjected to four different fertilization levels. Experimental results demonstrated excellent light source stability, with standard deviations at both wavelengths maintained within 0.9 mV. In optical calibration experiments conducted at varying measurement heights, the results exhibited a strong linear relationship to the calibration parameters, with correlation coefficients (R2) exceeding 0.97. When the measurement height ranged from 20 cm to 40 cm, NDVI outputs remained largely stable, with root mean square errors (RMSE) of 0.025 and 0.015, respectively. Moreover, the sensor effectively mitigated the influence of ambient light fluctuations, ensuring consistent measurement results. A comparative analysis with a reference instrument demonstrated strong agreement in NDVI measurements, with R2 of 0.79 and RMSE of just 0.031. These results confirmed that the developed handheld crop growth sensor delivered high reliability and accuracy in practical applications, providing robust technical support for crop growth monitoring and a sound scientific foundation for modern agricultural production management.

normalized difference vegetation index  /  near-infrared spectroscopy  /  non-destructive testing  /  active light source  /  handheld sensor
盛文溢, 吴凡, 胡轩, 倪闻枫, 仇瑞承, 张漫. 基于主动光源的手持式作物NDVI传感器设计与试验. 农业机械学报, 2025 , 56 (12) : 301 -310 . DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.027
Wenyi SHENG, Fan WU, Xuan HU, Wenfeng NI, Ruicheng QIU, Man ZHANG. Design and Experiment of Handheld Crop NDVI Sensor Based on Active Light Source[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2025 , 56 (12) : 301 -310 . DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.027
在作物生长阶段对其生长状态进行实时、快速、无损检测显得尤为重要,不仅有助于提升作物产量和产品质量,也能一定程度优化资源配置[1-2]。然而,传统的作物长势评估方法多依赖于农民自身的经验判断以及实验室的破坏性检测,存在成本高、效率低、耗时长等问题,难以满足现代农业对信息快速、精准获取的需求。归一化植被指数(Normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)作为长势监测的重要量化指标,可用于评估作物生长发育状况和健康水平,获取作物长势信息对于预测作物产量、指导施肥管理等方面具有重要意义。
早期对植物光谱特性的研究主要依赖于实验室条件下的积分球测量[3],这种方法可以精确测定方向半球反射率,但操作复杂且不适合野外作业。随着传统粗放式农业向现代化精细农业转变不断推进,基于近红外分析技术的便携式检测装置已应用于作物长势信息的获取。目前,根据是否内置光源,无损检测植物光谱的设备主要分为被动式和主动式两大类[4]。美国ASD公司[5-6]生产的FieldSpec 4 Hi-Res型高分辨率光谱仪可在可见光至红波红外范围进行连续波长扫描,分辨率为8 nm,但价格昂贵,不适宜推广使用。赵春江等[7]使用归一化植被指数仪测定了NDVI值并与ASD FieldSpec FR2500型光谱仪计算的NDVI值进行对比分析,分析发现,该仪器可用于开展植被指数NDVI的测量工作。倪军等[8]使用基于多光谱传感器的便携式作物生长检测仪对水稻等作物进行试验,结果表明,仪器可以无损反演作物叶绿素含量等重要生长指标。吴雪妮[9]提出一种基于被动光源的作物植被指数测量方法,该方法具备不受环境光和高度变化影响的特点。王楠等[10]以玉米为例设计研发了基于多光谱成像的田间作物植株叶绿素智能检测系统,田间测试的平均精度为92.9%。基于被动光源的检测设备以太阳光作为光源,具有照射范围广、分布均匀的优势,但其应用受环境因素影响较大,这在一定程度上限制了其作业场地和时间。
为突破基于被动光源的检测设备在应用上的局限性,20世纪90年代末,基于主动光源的检测设备应运而生。该类设备的特点在于其内置特定波段的光源,该光源以高频间隔方式照射,确保设备在各种环境光照条件下均能稳定运行[11-12]。日本Konica Minolta公司[13]研发的手持式SPAD-502型叶绿素计是一种便携式、非破坏性测量设备,具有较好的测量稳定性,但测量面积较小,只适用于小且窄的叶子。美国Trimble公司[14-15]研发的手持作物NDVI传感器GreenSeeker自带特定波段LED,具有实时性好、受外界光影响小等优点,广泛应用于分析作物长势、优化施肥等农业管理措施[16-18]。美国Holland Scientific公司[19-21]生产的RapidSCAN CS-45型手持式植物光谱仪自带3种波段的LED,能够从距离植物冠层0.3~3 m处进行测量并计算NDVI值。除上述比较成熟的产品外,国内外许多研究人员同样致力于基于主动光源仪器的研究[22-30]。
目前,我国在作物长势监测领域,主要依赖进口的商用设备,这些设备价格高昂,难以在农业生产中广泛普及应用。与此同时,国内相关研究虽已取得一定进展,但大多基于被动光源进行测量,这种方式受环境光影响较大,难以保证测量结果的稳定性和准确性。此外,在基于光谱技术的作物植被指数检测研究中,对于光照条件和测量高度等关键参数的影响,缺乏系统性试验验证。而且,基于主动光源的设备在处理太阳光干扰方面的方式较为单一,普遍存在发光光路设计优化不足的问题,致使光源光斑均匀性较差,进而导致测量精度受测量高度影响显著。基于前人的研究基础,本文的核心目标是开发一种低成本、低功耗、小型化的基于主动光源的手持式作物NDVI传感器。设计高效、便捷且稳定的测量系统,旨在克服传统被动光源设备对环境的依赖性,提高主动光源的光斑均匀度,消除测量高度对结果的影响,并更有效地实现太阳光与主动光源的分离,从而提升测量的准确性。
作物光谱检测的原理主要基于物质与光的相互作用,以及植物叶片组分在特定波段的光谱特性。在作物光谱分析中,不同波长的光被作物叶片吸收的程度反映了叶片内部化学物质的含量和状态。当作物叶片受到光照时,其内部化学组分(如叶绿素、水分、氮磷钾等)的分子发生电子能级跃迁:入射光子能量被吸收使电子跃迁至高能态,随后电子回迁时释放能量,这种选择性吸收/发射过程在特定波长形成特征光谱。同时,化学键在辐射作用下会引发分子振动,这种振动会进一步增强不同波长下的光谱响应差异,最终形成具有波峰和波谷特征的光谱反射曲线。植被指数(Vegetation index,VI)是一种基于遥感光谱数据,用于反映植被生长状态与覆盖程度的常用评价参数。由于植物在不同波段光谱的反射、吸收和透射特性存在显著差异,尤其是在可见光(VIS)和近红外(NIR)波段,植被指数能够有效利用这些差异进行生长状态的评估。在常见的植被指数中,NDVI的应用范围最为广泛,且效果最为突出,其数学表达式为
式中
      RNIR——近红外波段反射率
      RRED——红光波段反射率
反射率是反映植物生长状态以及植被空间分布疏密程度的最佳指示因子,能够有效揭示植被的生物量、叶面积指数、叶绿素含量以及氮素营养状况等信息,并且与植被分布密度之间呈现出线性相关关系。
由于波长650 nm位于叶绿素a(663 nm)和叶绿素b(642 nm)的吸收峰附近,健康叶片在此波长的吸收率高达85%~95%,其反射信号能敏感反映叶绿素含量;而波长850 nm处于叶片近红外高反射区,主要反映叶片内部结构特征。这种“强吸收+高反射”的双波段组合通过归一化差异计算,既可消除光照强度影响,又能显著提升对叶绿素含量的检测灵敏度,同时降低测量距离依赖性,是检测NDVI的理想波段组合。因此,本研究采用波长650、850 nm的窄带LED作为主动光源,当波长为λ的光线以平行方式照射到作物冠层叶片表面时,会在其表面引发朗伯反射现象。根据朗伯余弦定律有
式中
      Lλ——作物冠层反射辐射亮度
      ϕλ——光源功率
      A——光所投射的面积
      ω——立体角      θ——反射角
定义Mλ为冠层单位面积向上半球空间反射的总光功率,则有
若波长为λ的主动光源平行入射到作物冠层单位面积上的光功率为Eλ,根据反射率定义,可得冠层对波长为λ的太阳光谱反射率Rλ为
反射回来的光信号首先被光电探测器转换为电流信号。随后,该电流信号经过第一级跨阻放大器,转换为电压信号。经过电压跟随器与高通滤波器处理后,电压信号进入锁定放大器进行调制。锁定放大器的基本原理是使用一个与被测信号同频、同相位的信号与被测信号进行乘法运算,然后通过低通滤波器滤除高频成分,仅保留直流分量,从而实现对被测信号幅度的精确测量[31],原理如图1所示。这种方法的理论依据是相关检测法,即利用2个函数(被测信号与参考信号)的相关性来检测信号。这种选择性响应机制让锁定放大器能够极为有效地抑制那些与参考信号频率不一致的其他噪声,进而大幅提高信号的信噪比,这使得锁定放大器在检测微弱信号领域成为一种极为有效的工具[32-33]。
假定被测信号和参考信号均为正弦信号,设参考信号为U1,有相位延迟的测量信号为U2,得
式中
      B、C——参考信号、测量信号的幅值
      ω1、ω2——参考信号、测量信号的频率
      t——信号发生时间
      ψ——被测信号与参考信号之间的相位差
被测信号与参考信号相乘可得
当参考信号的频率与待测信号的频率相同,即ω1=ω2=ω0时,由于cosψ=cos(-ψ),则电压u为
其中cosψ是被测信号和参考信相乘所产生的差频项,cos(2ω0+ψ)为被测信号和参考信号相乘所得的和频项;这表明被测信号在经过锁定放大器处理之后,其频谱出现迁移,分别移至ω=0和ω=2ω0处,且频谱迁移后不会改变信号的形状,幅值取决于被测信号和参考信号幅值的乘积。经过锁定放大器后的输出再经过低通滤波器,除了滤波器通带内信号被保留外,其他信号无论是和频信号还是噪声信号均会被滤除,最后得到信号
当被测信号与参考信号相位相同时,输出信号为一个只与参考信号和待测信号两者幅值有关的直流信号
综上,被测信号可从太阳光等噪声信号分离出来,由于参考信号是已知的,如此便可得到被测信号的电压有效值Uλ,根据电压计算公式有
根据公式(11)有
式中
      Iλ——光电探测器转换后的电流
      K——跨阻放大器的放大倍数
      s——光电探测器的灵敏度
则反射率Rλ可变换为
通过计算可见光与近红外波段的反射率,并依据公式(1),即可得到作物冠层的NDVI值。
根据太阳各波段的辐照度分布情况可知,波长650、850 nm附近,太阳辐照度约为1 W/m2。为了确保信号强度和稳定性,目标表面的最小辐照度应不低于同波段太阳光在植物冠层处的辐射值。同时,考虑到作物生长早期冠层高度一般在10~20 cm[34],为确保主动光源探测的准确性,检测区域需至少覆盖1到2株作物。因此,本文将作物的探测距离设定为约30 cm,该距离既能形成光照均匀、强度适中的照射区域,避免光源饱和或信号衰减,又能在田间进行稳定测量,提升了仪器的实用性和灵活性。
光源照射到目标表面形成的椭圆形光斑尺寸会随着光源与目标间距离的增加而逐渐扩大。由于总发光功率恒定,单位面积的辐照度相应降低。本研究选用的2种LED辐射功率分别为38、22 mW,确保在特定测量距离下达到最小辐照度要求。辐照度是指受照面(即被辐射能照射的表面)单位面积上的辐射通量,它表征了单位面积单位时间内接收的辐射能,即照射到物体单位面积上的辐射通量密度,通常用字符E表示,单位为W/m2。假定椭圆光斑面积S内的辐射通量为ϕ,则辐照度E为
由式(14)可得:为确保波长650、850 nm的辐照强度超过太阳光,采用每波长2颗LED作为主动光源,总计4颗,以保障充足的发光强度。将这些LED以两两交叉的阵列形式分布,使两波段LED的照射范围尽可能重合,从而降低测量误差。
国内多数研究通过添加棱镜来处理LED光束,但棱镜仅通过折射和全反射改变光线方向,实现光束的偏折或准直,无法进行光散射,对光的均匀性改善有限,且在多次反射过程中会有光能损失,导致透射率较低。为解决这一问题,选用BVT公司的E系列椭圆光微结构扩散片薄膜。该扩散片薄膜基于光的衍射与散射效应,而非折射,能够有效避免光线过度汇聚,适用于需要宽广均匀照明分布的应用场景。它支持广泛的光波长范围(200~1 500 nm),覆盖可见光及部分紫外、近红外波段,满足多种光学设备的需求。在透光率方面,E系列扩散膜表现卓越,透光率可达89%~96%,确保光信号的高效传输,减少能量损失。为实现理想的椭圆形光斑,本设计引入了扩散片。扩散片不仅能够调控光斑的形态,还能显著提升照明的均匀性。由于LED光源具有点光源特性,其光照分布往往不均匀,而扩散片可以优化光线,使其更加柔和。通过精确设计和调控扩散片表面的微结构,可以精准控制光斑的形状,使其呈现出不同尺寸的椭圆形。
图2为发光系统出射光线示意图,依据几何特性与设计要求,可计算出扩散片所需的出射角,由于不同扩散片微结构对光斑均匀度具有一定影响,可据此选取合适的扩散片。
设计目标要求发光系统在目标高度30 cm处形成椭圆形光斑,其长轴长度不低于20 cm,短轴长度不低于10 cm。如图2所示,椭圆的长半轴长度a为10 cm,短半轴长度b为5 cm。基于此,可利用三角函数关系式计算出扩散膜的出光角度:α=9.47°,β=18.43°。所以选择10°×20°规格的扩散片。
利用LightTools光学仿真软件进行光斑仿真分析可得光斑辐照度分布图,如图3所示。在高度为30 cm处时得到一个20 cm×10 cm左右的椭圆形光斑,满足设计要求。
光学均匀度U用于量化照明区域内光强分布的均匀性,具体反映目标平面上照度(或亮度)的波动程度。公式为
经过计算,上述仿真得到的光斑均匀度为85%,而传统柱面镜的均匀度仅约65%[35]。采用扩散片优化后的光学系统,能使光斑更加柔和,显著提升均匀度,降低中心与边缘的辐照度差异。因此,感光系统采集的光谱数据能够更全面地反映光斑覆盖区域的作物特征,从而更有效地用于后续分析,提高作物植被指数计算的准确性。
感光系统旨在精确获取作物的光谱反射数据,为分析作物生长状态提供可靠依据。该系统由菲涅尔透镜和Si PIN光电探测器组成,其中透镜结构设计是影响系统性能的关键因素。相较于普通透镜,菲涅尔透镜结构在一侧保持平整,而另一侧加工出一系列由内向外递增的环形凹槽,这些凹槽组成了所谓的“菲涅尔带”。其核心思想是通过将透镜的连续曲面分解为多个同心圆环,每个环带通过阶梯状倾角模拟原始曲面的折射效果。
基于光线折射和衍射原理,菲涅尔透镜能够有效调控光线传播方向。当光线照射到其表面时,各同心环形结构分别对光线进行折射处理,可将其转变为平行光束或集中至焦点。每个凹槽相当于独立透镜,协同实现所需光学功能。这种设计不仅保留了传统透镜的聚焦性能,还减轻了透镜的质量和体积,提高了光学系统的效率。鉴于其较小的厚度和质量,菲涅尔透镜更适合用作手持式作物长势仪的聚光器件。
菲涅尔透镜的设计关键在于通过确定焦距来计算同心槽与垂直方向之间的夹角,这一夹角对透镜的光学性能起着决定性作用,它直接决定了光线经过透镜后的折射方向和聚焦效果。为实现光学系统的高度集成,感光系统与发光系统需要协同配合。本设计将扩散片与菲涅尔透镜固定于仪器外壳上,同时将LED与Si PIN光电探测器安装在同一块PCB上。在发光系统中,LED的高度为8 mm,其顶端距离扩散片5 mm;在感光系统中,光电探测器距离PCB板3 mm。为了达到更好的聚光效果,菲涅尔透镜的焦距设计为10 mm,直径为20 mm,厚度为2 mm。根据这些参数,可代入公式计算出透镜的倾角,并在光学仿真软件LightTools中验证其聚光效果,菲涅尔透镜仿真模型及光线追迹结果如图4所示。
由结果分析可知,菲涅尔透镜可以很好地将发光系统所发出的光线聚集到光电二极管上,满足设计要求。
本研究开发的仪器在外观设计上与市场上常见的手持式仪器类似,重点突出小型化与便携化。手柄部分经过人体工程学优化,摒弃了传统的圆柱形设计,采用具有一定弯曲度的造型,使用者在长时间操作时也能保持舒适。其机械结构图如图5所示。
手持式作物NDVI传感器的电路系统主要包括恒流驱动模块、跨阻放大模块、锁定放大模块、电压转换模块和MCU及其相关的外围电路模块。单片机作为核心部件,承担着对各模块的控制与数据处理任务,各组成部分之间的协作关系及电路系统结构框图如图6所示。
本研究选用STM32F103RCT6作为核心控制器,其运算单元采用ARM Cortex-M3架构,主频运行频率可达72 MHz。STM32微控制器不仅负责系统的核心控制与数据处理,还通过PA5引脚的DAC模块发送1 kHz的方波信号控制2种LED灯的调制频率(图7a)。为了降低成本,本研究仅使用一个光电探测器,因此需要两路LED分时点亮。为了避免LED开关转换时的延迟,采用与门芯片与模拟开关相结合的方式控制两路LED的亮灭,以确保信号时序的严格一致,避免因延时差异导致LED开关不同步。此外,两路LED以分时方式依次点亮,其先后顺序对驱动电路无影响。在LED驱动方面,常见的2种工作驱动方式为恒压和恒流驱动。由于LED的电流-电压特性与普通二极管相近,电压的微小变化可能引发电流的大幅波动,因此采用恒流驱动方式更为合适。通过利用三极管的电流放大特性和发射极电阻的电压反馈机制,可以实现电流的稳定输出,从而确保LED的稳定运行。LED发出的信号即激励信号,如图7b所示。
光电探测器因其光谱响应特性无法对入射光信号进行光谱甄别,在转换过程中会将环境杂散光与目标光信号同步转换为电信号,信号过强很容易导致后续跨阻放大电路输出饱和,影响测量结果。不过太阳光在短时间内可以视为直流信号,而仪器自带的主动光源是经过调制的1 kHz频率的信号,两者频率相差较大。所以本研究采用高通滤波电路,在不影响LED调制光的前提下,对环境杂散光进行抑制与削弱。
鉴于电路中存在环境光及其他噪声,为防止其对结果产生干扰,必须将这些噪声滤除,以确保测量的准确性。因此,在跨阻放大后,增加了锁定放大电路来处理信号。锁定放大器本质上是乘法器,它将测量信号与由STM32微控制器生成的正弦参考信号相乘,生成包含和频及差频分量的信号,信号波形如图8所示。由于测量信号与参考信号的频率相同,二者相乘的结果包含1个直流分量和1个频率为原始信号2倍的交流分量。这使得调制频率的信号移回直流,而其他频率分量则移至非零频率,从而实现调制光与太阳光的分离。本设计采用的乘法芯片为AD633,这是一款由Analog Devices公司生产的高性能、四象限模拟乘法器,适用于多种信号处理和精确乘法运算场景。锁定放大后的信号经低通滤波后的波形如图8所示,最终得到一个直流信号,实现了预期功能。
最终,STM32F103RCT6内置的12位逐次逼近型模数转换器(ADC)能够将引脚输入的连续模拟电压(0~3.3 V)快速转换为数字信号。对于本研究中不超过3.3 V的电压采集需求,该ADC的12位分辨率(量化步长0.8 mV)和动态范围完全适配,无需外置ADC电路。
本研究所使用的软件开发环境由STM32CubeMX与Keil μVision5联合构成。STM32CubeMX是ST公司推出的一款图形化配置工具,专为STM32系列微控制器设计。主程序负责对整个系统各模块进行管理和运行。在主程序的控制下,系统可实现LED驱动信号发送、DAC模块中模拟信号生成、AD转换模块处理以及测量数据展示等功能。系统上电后,主程序首先完成初始化,配置硬件和软件资源,以确保数据采集和处理能够顺利进行。当检测到测量按键按下,即PC6由高电平变为低电平时,主程序会启动采集流程。具体流程如下:首先,2种LED的控制信号分时进行高低电平转换,同步发送LED频率控制信号和锁定放大所需的参考信号;随后,对采集到的信号进行AD转换及后续处理;最终,将处理后的数据通过屏幕展示出来。主程序流程如图9所示。
田间试验于2025年在山东省烟台市牟平区农业科学院高陵试验基地(东经121.510 02°,北纬37.323 52°)开展,其地理位置与试验环境如图10所示,以小麦(烟农30)为研究对象进行测试。此外,为深入探究作物在不同生长状况下的表现,在对烟农30进行施肥处理时,设置了4种梯度,分别为N1(345 kg/hm2)、N2(285 kg/hm2)、N3(225 kg/hm2)和N4(165 kg/hm2),施肥量从高到低依次递减。
试验采用标准反射率板进行光源稳定性试验及标定试验。将传感器固定于同一高度,持续开机测试30 min,每分钟记录一次波长650、850 nm采集的电压,同时开展为期多天的稳定性监测,以评估系统输出的时漂特性。通过分析数据,采用稳定度标准误差分别评估这2个波长主动光源的稳定性。基于光源稳定性测试结果,构建传感器测量值(电压)与实际光学特性(反射率)的对应关系。试验进一步将传感器对不同反射率的标准反射率白板依次进行测试,获取各反射率对应的传感器测量电压值,并与标准反射率板的反射率进行对比分析,进而明确传感器测量电压值与反射率之间的量化关系。
试验设计从07:00开始,持续至19:00,选用标准反射率板作为待测物体,同步记录2个波长的输出电压,并使用TSR-100型太阳总辐射传感器测量同一时间、地点的太阳辐射度。TSR-100型传感器主要用于测量太阳总辐射值,采用硅光探测器,并配备滤光器。当有光照辐射时,该传感器会产生一个与入射辐射强度成正比的电流信号,且其灵敏度与入射光的直射角度的余弦值成正比。该传感器的响应光谱范围为300~1 100 nm,可直接读取以W/m2为单位的测量数值。通过RS-485通信接口,可直接与数字电压表或数据采集器相连,并能在全天候条件下稳定工作。鉴于太阳光在短时间内发光强度可视为恒定值,为避免仪器持续工作时间过长,试验选择每隔15 min进行一次测试,统计结果并计算输出电压的稳定性标准差,以作为评估传感器抗干扰能力的指标。
本试验选取不同反射率(25%、50%、75%)的标准标定板(50 cm×50 cm),分别在多个固定高度(12、15、20、25、30、35、40、45、50 cm)下进行测量,并记录对应电压输出值。根据公式(4),可以计算出波长650、850 nm的反射率,进而计算NDVI值。通过化简,得到NDVI的数学表达式为
式中
      s850、s650——光电探测器在波长850、650 nm的灵敏度
      U850、U650——波长850、650 nm的电压
      E850、E650——波长850、650 nm处的辐射照度
根据式(16)可计算不同高度的NDVI值。
本试验在4个不同施肥梯度(N1~N4)下各选取15个采样点,共计60个采样点进行测试。每个采样点均在相同环境条件下,分别使用自制手持式传感器与参考光谱仪同步对同一作物区域进行测量,确保数据的一致性。采用的参考仪器为吉林求是光谱数据科技有限公司生产的CM020A型多光谱相机(波长范围为400~950 nm,分辨率为20 nm)。
CM020A型光谱相机基于被动光源进行各波段光谱值的测量。为确保数据的科学性与准确性,必须在采集作物光谱数据的同时,对标准反射率白板进行同步测量。通过对标准反射率板的测量结果进行比值换算,可将原始光谱辐射值转换为相对反射率。选取与自主研发传感器相近的2个波段(640~660 nm和840~860 nm)的反射率进行NDVI计算,并将参考仪器计算得到的NDVI值与自制传感器的NDVI值进行对应分析,以评估手持设备的性能。
光源的稳定性是确保光谱数据以及采集数据准确性和可靠性的重要前提。因此,对光源稳定性进行测试,是全面评估作物长势仪性能的关键环节。光源的稳定性测试结果如图11所示,在电源供电充足的情况下,波长650、850 nm 2种光源在30 min内检测到标准反射率标定白板反射回来的电压基本保持不变,标准误差为0.76、0.82 mV。进一步的多日连续观测结果表明,系统输出具有长期稳定性。这些数据充分验证了本研究设计的主动光源系统能够满足作物长势监测仪器对测量稳定性的严格要求,为田间连续监测提供了可靠的技术保障。
鉴于仪器的主要应用场景为大田环境,该环境下的光照条件复杂多变,外界光源(如太阳光等)可能会对仪器的测量结果产生干扰。仪器测量结果及太阳总辐照度变化情况如图12所示,在太阳总辐照度20~930 W/m2的全天变化范围内,仪器测量的波长650、850 nm LED输出电压保持稳定,标准差分别为0.74、0.75 mV。结果表明,该仪器具有较强的抗干扰能力,能够适应大田环境下的全天候测量需求。
结合表1对大田环境中全天不同时段测得的各施肥水平下小麦NDVI值进行分析可知,在同一施肥梯度下,NDVI的标准差较小,表明小麦的生长状况在不同时段表现出较好的一致性。不同施肥梯度下,NDVI的标准差存在一定差异,小麦的生长受到多种因素的综合影响。低施肥水平下,小麦对环境因素(如光照、水分、温度等)的变化更为敏感,由于缺乏足够的养分来缓冲这些环境变化对生长的影响,导致NDVI值在不同时段的稳定性相对较差;而在高施肥水平下,充足的养分供应使得小麦的生长由施肥量主导,其他环境因素对其生长的影响相对较小,从而使NDVI值在不同时间段保持相对稳定。
在实际田间应用中,测量距离常因手持操作不稳定或地形起伏等因素发生变化。随着测量高度的改变,主动光源照射到目标表面的光斑面积也会相应改变,进而影响单位面积上的辐照度。具体而言,当测量高度增加时,光斑面积随之扩大,单位面积所接收的光能相对降低,导致目标表面反射回来的有效光强减弱。由于仪器内部的光电探测器接收的是目标反射光的强度信号,其输出电压也会随之变化。以电压信号为例,在保持波段一致且反射率恒定的条件下,随着探测距离的增大,所测得的电压呈逐渐减小的趋势。
由图13可知,所设计的手持式作物长势传感器在不同测量高度下的NDVI输出值变化幅度较小,整体表现出较好的稳定性和一致性。以反射率参考值分别为0.33和0.50为例,当测量高度在20~40 cm范围内变化时,其均方根误差(RMSE)分别为0.025和0.015,表明在一定高度范围内,高度变化对NDVI结果的影响有限。
手持仪器与参考仪器的输出结果分析如图14所示,仪器所测得的NDVI值与参考仪器所测得反射率计算得到的NDVI进行拟合后关系良好,R2为0.79,RMSE为0.031。
结果表明自主研发的仪器具有较高的可信度,在实际应用中能够提供可靠的作物长势监测数据,为农业生产管理提供有力支持。
(1)为解决被动式测量设备测量窗口短、容易受到环境影响等问题,设计并研制出基于主动光源的手持式作物NDVI传感器。通过设计高效、便捷且稳定的测量系统,克服传统被动光源设备对环境的依赖性,提高光源的光斑均匀度,消除测量高度对结果的影响,并更有效地分离太阳光与主动光源,从而提升测量的准确性。
(2)基于主动光源的手持式NDVI传感器的输出展现出良好的一致性。具体而言,波长650、850 nm所检测到的电压信号标准差仅为0.74、0.75 mV。通过运用该传感器对不同反射率的标准反射率标定板进行测量,结果显示,波长650、850 nm的标定方程在不同测量高度下均呈现出线性关系,且R2均大于0.97。此外,在20~40 cm的测量范围内,NDVI的读数保持相对稳定,其RMSE均控制在0.03以内。
(3)以4个不同施肥梯度共计60个采样点为样本进行抗干扰试验,自主设计的传感器在不同时间段输出的NDVI值稳定。与标准仪器对照试验显示,二者测量结果一致性较高,R2为0.79,RMSE为0.031,表明该传感器具有一定预测能力。
  • 山东省重点研发计划项目(2024CXGC010905)
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD2001600)
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2025年第56卷第12期
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doi: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.027
  • 接收时间:2025-06-30
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-30
  • 修回日期:2025-07-21
基金
山东省重点研发计划项目(2024CXGC010905)
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD2001600)
作者信息
    1.中国农业大学信息与电气工程学院,北京 100083
    2.中国农业大学智慧农业系统集成研究教育部重点实验室,北京 100083

通讯作者:

张漫(1975—),女,教授,博士,主要从事精细农业与智慧农业、农业机械导航定位等研究,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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