Article(id=1311999749201424785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.021, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750867200000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-26, revisedDate=1752336000000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790734715985, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790734715985, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790734715985, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790734715985, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311999647825101743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, year='2025', volume='56', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='818', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1766592000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790734691815, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790738411040, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312015247465083866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312015247465083867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=235, endPage=246, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1311999750833009042, articleId=1311999749201424785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, language=EN, title=Design and Experiment of Reciprocating Roller Precision Seed Stem Metering for Giant Juncao, columnId=1311999707161919908, journalTitle=Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, columnName=Agricultural Equipment and Mechanization Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming to achieve orderly seeding of giant Juncao seed stems, enhance seeding efficiency and accuracy, and prevent damage to seed buds, a reciprocating roller precision seed dispenser for giant Juncao seed was designed. This device consisted of a reciprocating seed feeding mechanism, a roller seed dispensing mechanism, and seed guiding components. Based on the physical characteristics of giant Juncao seed stems in the Northwest region and the agronomic requirements for planting the stems, theoretical analyses were conducted on the processes of seed feeding, dispensing, and output of the device to determine the structures and parameters of key components. The working process of the seed dispenser was simulated by using the EDEM method to analyze the forces and motions acting on the stems, confirming that no damage occurred during the seed feeding phase. Using seed filling rate, clogging rate, and qualified planting distance as experimental indicators, a second-order regression orthogonal rotary combination simulation experiment was designed. The optimal structural parameter combination for the seed dispensing roller was determined to be: groove depth of 16 mm, groove width of 24 mm, and surface spacing of 7 mm. The optimal structural parameters for the seed output port were as follows: side plate inclination angle of 45°, opening width of 45 mm, and opening length of 30 mm. To determine the best operational parameters for the seed dispenser, the qualified planting distance rate and the variation coefficient of planting distance were used as experimental factors in a second-order regression orthogonal rotary combination test. The results showed that when the rotation speed of the seed dispensing roller was 11.57 r/min, the height from the seed discharge port to the ground was 191.56 mm, and the inclination angle was 35.77°, the qualified planting distance rate reached 96.4%, with a variation coefficient of 9.98%. The working performance of the seed dispenser met the agronomic requirements for giant reed planting.

, authors=Jianchao ZHANG1, Yuanze SUN1, Zhihong YU1, Gangtie LI2, authorsList=Jianchao ZHANG, Yuanze SUN, Zhihong YU, Gangtie LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhihong YU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1311999761704645112, articleId=1311999749201424785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, language=CN, title=往复辊式巨菌草精量排种器设计与试验, columnId=1311999707321303462, journalTitle=农业机械学报, columnName=农业装备与机械化工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为实现巨菌草种茎有序排种,提升播种效率和精度,防止种芽损伤,设计了一种往复辊式巨菌草精量排种器,由往复式送种机构、辊式排种器机构和导种部件组成。根据西北地区巨菌草种茎的物理特性和种茎埋栽种植农艺要求,对送种装置的送种、排种和出种过程进行理论分析,确定了关键部件结构及参数。采用EDEM法对排种器的工作过程进行仿真,分析种茎的受力及运动,确定种茎在送种阶段无损伤;以重充率、堵塞率和株距合格率为试验指标,设计二次回归正交旋转组合仿真试验,确定排种辊最佳结构参数组合为:凹槽深度16 mm、凹槽宽度24 mm、表面间距7 mm;出种口较优结构参数为:侧板倾角45°、开口宽度45 mm、开口长度30 mm;为确定排种器最佳作业参数,以株距合格率和株距变异系数为试验因素,进行二次回归正交旋转组合台架试验。试验结果表明,当排种辊转速为11.57 r/min、出种口与地面相距高度为191.56 mm、导种板倾斜角度为35.77°时,株距合格率达到96.4%,株距变异系数为9.98%,排种器工作性能满足巨菌草种植农艺要求。

, authors=张建超1, 孙远泽1, 郁志宏1, 李钢铁2, authorsList=张建超, 孙远泽, 郁志宏, 李钢铁, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=郁志宏, authorNote=

张建超(1982—),男,副教授,博士生,主要从事农业装备设计和牧草饲料化利用研究,E-mail:

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郁志宏(1966—),女,教授,博士,主要从事智能农机装备研究,E-mail:
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张建超(1982—),男,副教授,博士生,主要从事农业装备设计和牧草饲料化利用研究,E-mail:

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张建超(1982—),男,副教授,博士生,主要从事农业装备设计和牧草饲料化利用研究,E-mail:

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1. 内种箱 2. 电机 3. 往复运动机构 4. 排种辊 5. 传动系统 6. 排种箱 7. 导种板

, figureFileSmall=3pmInai/RVN/Y2E5UbzBVA==, figureFileBig=Q6Pz8Z4fuWpmxZEFQ0C56g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999764539994655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999749201424785, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Schematic of reciprocating seed-delivery mechanism, figureFileSmall=BSVNvVWkPHUcYrSxly7rSA==, figureFileBig=xeioSoiycRMbPuD27aMEmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999764619686432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999749201424785, language=CN, label=图3, caption=往复式送种机构结构示意图

1. 内种箱 2. 滑块滑轨机构 3. 电机 4. 外壳 5. 曲柄滑块机构

, figureFileSmall=BSVNvVWkPHUcYrSxly7rSA==, figureFileBig=xeioSoiycRMbPuD27aMEmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999764690989601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999749201424785, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Crank-slider mechanism motion curves, figureFileSmall=jL8HlHkdG04Z4zrOB01dZQ==, figureFileBig=g4o5kzv54DYoARVqa8AxXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999764753904162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999749201424785, language=CN, label=图4, caption=曲柄滑块机构运动曲线, figureFileSmall=jL8HlHkdG04Z4zrOB01dZQ==, figureFileBig=g4o5kzv54DYoARVqa8AxXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999764816818723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999749201424785, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Structure diagram of roller seed metering mechanism, figureFileSmall=QSNOdCGXewnHyzK13Z4UQA==, figureFileBig=ukL9ISAJ1TBrndMZgEuR0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999764888121892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999749201424785, language=CN, label=图5, caption=辊式排种机构结构图

1. 下种箱 2. 排种辊 3. 传动系统 4. 传动外壳 5. 动力输入链轮 6. 出种口 7. 导种板

, figureFileSmall=QSNOdCGXewnHyzK13Z4UQA==, figureFileBig=ukL9ISAJ1TBrndMZgEuR0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999764951036453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999749201424785, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Variation curve of pre-seed slot length, figureFileSmall=kzvgoRycZhvRxID4HBjyjw==, figureFileBig=KxqJgKEi3K7/N9evVid3wQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999765009756710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999749201424785, language=CN, label=图6, caption=预排种槽长度变化曲线, figureFileSmall=kzvgoRycZhvRxID4HBjyjw==, figureFileBig=KxqJgKEi3K7/N9evVid3wQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999765081059879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999749201424785, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Structure schematic of seed dispensing roller, figureFileSmall=p0GX7F+TimJSanpSBc2/zQ==, figureFileBig=Ci3BZKio+6kgmSpxJZvYMg==, tableContent=null), 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label=Fig. 9, caption=Velocity vector diagram of seed-stem collision, figureFileSmall=poxEaUxNCUJu0aYXAydiLw==, figureFileBig=zcVIRXFaL7YPUbUjFT3xAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999765458547244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999749201424785, language=CN, label=图9, caption=种茎碰撞速度矢量图, figureFileSmall=poxEaUxNCUJu0aYXAydiLw==, figureFileBig=zcVIRXFaL7YPUbUjFT3xAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999765529850413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999749201424785, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Velocity vectors for right-side stem impact, figureFileSmall=uvbgR5p0U03Ax7Ugb9qyNQ==, figureFileBig=xNv87ynJoLEzlNSsTYRC6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999765588570670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999749201424785, language=CN, label=图10, caption=右侧种茎碰撞速度矢量图, figureFileSmall=uvbgR5p0U03Ax7Ugb9qyNQ==, 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1. 上种箱 2. 曲柄连杆机构 3. 滑动机构 4. 下种箱 5. 齿轮传动组 6. 出种口 7. 导种板

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Simulation parameters

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参数数值
种茎泊松比0.4
钢板泊松比0.3
种茎茎秆剪切模量/MPa380
钢板剪切模量/Pa7.94×1010
种茎密度/(kg·m-3)1 064
钢板密度/(kg·m-3)7 850
种茎间静摩擦因数0.25
种茎间滚动摩擦因数0.42
种茎间碰撞恢复系数0.4
种茎与钢板静摩擦因数0.52
种茎与钢板滚动摩擦因数0.45
种茎与钢板碰撞恢复系数0.5
), ArticleFig(id=1311999767090131522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999749201424785, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

仿真参数

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参数数值
种茎泊松比0.4
钢板泊松比0.3
种茎茎秆剪切模量/MPa380
钢板剪切模量/Pa7.94×1010
种茎密度/(kg·m-3)1 064
钢板密度/(kg·m-3)7 850
种茎间静摩擦因数0.25
种茎间滚动摩擦因数0.42
种茎间碰撞恢复系数0.4
种茎与钢板静摩擦因数0.52
种茎与钢板滚动摩擦因数0.45
种茎与钢板碰撞恢复系数0.5
), ArticleFig(id=1311999767157240387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999749201424785, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Orthogonal test result for seed roller

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序号排种辊凹槽深度排种辊凹槽宽度表面间距空列重充率/%堵塞率/%
11624512.502.05
21626725.122.16
316289314.145.63
418247314.435.21
518269131.4614.43
618285232.584.52
720249221.5810.35
820265328.542.35
920287120.462.64
重充率k10.0730.1280.2120.181
k20.2620.2170.1330.198
k30.2350.2240.2240.190
R0.1890.0960.0910.016
堵塞率k10.0330.0590.0300.064
k20.0810.0630.0330.057
k30.0510.0430.1010.044
R0.0480.0210.0720.020
), ArticleFig(id=1311999767253709380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999749201424785, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

排种辊正交试验结果

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序号排种辊凹槽深度排种辊凹槽宽度表面间距空列重充率/%堵塞率/%
11624512.502.05
21626725.122.16
316289314.145.63
418247314.435.21
518269131.4614.43
618285232.584.52
720249221.5810.35
820265328.542.35
920287120.462.64
重充率k10.0730.1280.2120.181
k20.2620.2170.1330.198
k30.2350.2240.2240.190
R0.1890.0960.0910.016
堵塞率k10.0330.0590.0300.064
k20.0810.0630.0330.057
k30.0510.0430.1010.044
R0.0480.0210.0720.020
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Orthogonal experiment factors codes

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编码因素
排种辊转速/(r·min-1)相距高度/mm导种板倾角/(°)
-110.015032
012.520034
115.025036
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正交试验因素编码

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编码因素
排种辊转速/(r·min-1)相距高度/mm导种板倾角/(°)
-110.015032
012.520034
115.025036
), ArticleFig(id=1311999767459230279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999749201424785, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Experimental design and results

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序号X1X2X3Y1/%Y2/%
1-1-1094.412.22
21-1089.214.42
3-11091.311.58
411087.815.91
5-10-193.710.83
610-190.413.81
7-10196.49.82
810192.312.22
90-1-193.911.22
1001-188.614.82
110-1194.610.24
1201195.512.02
1300094.911.08
1400094.411.25
1500095.510.08
1600093.811.35
1700094.910.76
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试验方案与结果

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序号X1X2X3Y1/%Y2/%
1-1-1094.412.22
21-1089.214.42
3-11091.311.58
411087.815.91
5-10-193.710.83
610-190.413.81
7-10196.49.82
810192.312.22
90-1-193.911.22
1001-188.614.82
110-1194.610.24
1201195.512.02
1300094.911.08
1400094.411.25
1500095.510.08
1600093.811.35
1700094.910.76
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Variance analysis of qualified plant spacing rate

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方差来源平方和自由度均方和FP
模型107.70911.9728.320.000 1
X132.40132.4076.69<0.000 1
X29.9019.9023.430.001 9
X318.60118.6044.040.000 3
X1X20.722 510.722 51.710.232 3
X1X30.160 010.160 00.380.557 8
X2X39.6119.6122.750.002 0
16.63116.6339.370.000 4
17.48117.4841.370.000 4
1.0011.002.370.167 7
残差2.9670.422 51.100.446 0
失拟项1.3430.445 8
误差1.6240.405 0
总和110.6616
), ArticleFig(id=1311999767706694218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999749201424785, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

株距合格率方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源平方和自由度均方和FP
模型107.70911.9728.320.000 1
X132.40132.4076.69<0.000 1
X29.9019.9023.430.001 9
X318.60118.6044.040.000 3
X1X20.722 510.722 51.710.232 3
X1X30.160 010.160 00.380.557 8
X2X39.6119.6122.750.002 0
16.63116.6339.370.000 4
17.48117.4841.370.000 4
1.0011.002.370.167 7
残差2.9670.422 51.100.446 0
失拟项1.3430.445 8
误差1.6240.405 0
总和110.6616
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ANOVA on coefficient of variation of plant spacing

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源平方和自由度均方和FP
模型45.5795.068.960.004 3
X117.73117.7331.390.000 8
X24.8514.858.590.022 0
X35.0915.099.010.019 9
X1X21.1311.132.010.199 4
X1X30.084 110.084 10.150.711 1
X2X30.828 110.828 11.470.265 3
5.2015.209.210.019 0
9.6919.6917.150.004 3
0.503 310.503 30.890.376 6
残差3.9570.564 83.690.119 7
失拟项2.9030.968 2
误差1.0540.262 3
总和49.5216
), ArticleFig(id=1311999767849300556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999749201424785, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

株距变异系数方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源平方和自由度均方和FP
模型45.5795.068.960.004 3
X117.73117.7331.390.000 8
X24.8514.858.590.022 0
X35.0915.099.010.019 9
X1X21.1311.132.010.199 4
X1X30.084 110.084 10.150.711 1
X2X30.828 110.828 11.470.265 3
5.2015.209.210.019 0
9.6919.6917.150.004 3
0.503 310.503 30.890.376 6
残差3.9570.564 83.690.119 7
失拟项2.9030.968 2
误差1.0540.262 3
总和49.5216
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往复辊式巨菌草精量排种器设计与试验
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张建超 1 , 孙远泽 1 , 郁志宏 1 , 李钢铁 2
农业机械学报 | 农业装备与机械化工程 2025,56(12): 235-246
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农业机械学报 |农业装备与机械化工程 2025 , 56 (12) : 235 -246
往复辊式巨菌草精量排种器设计与试验
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张建超1 , 孙远泽1, 郁志宏1 , 李钢铁2
作者信息
  • 1.内蒙古农业大学机电工程学院,呼和浩特 010018
  • 2.内蒙古农业大学沙漠治理学院,呼和浩特 010011
通讯作者:
郁志宏(1966—),女,教授,博士,主要从事智能农机装备研究,E-mail:
作者简介:

张建超(1982—),男,副教授,博士生,主要从事农业装备设计和牧草饲料化利用研究,E-mail:

Design and Experiment of Reciprocating Roller Precision Seed Stem Metering for Giant Juncao
Jianchao ZHANG1 , Yuanze SUN1, Zhihong YU1 , Gangtie LI2
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
  • 2.College of Desert Control Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010011, China
出版时间: 2025-12-25 doi: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.021
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为实现巨菌草种茎有序排种,提升播种效率和精度,防止种芽损伤,设计了一种往复辊式巨菌草精量排种器,由往复式送种机构、辊式排种器机构和导种部件组成。根据西北地区巨菌草种茎的物理特性和种茎埋栽种植农艺要求,对送种装置的送种、排种和出种过程进行理论分析,确定了关键部件结构及参数。采用EDEM法对排种器的工作过程进行仿真,分析种茎的受力及运动,确定种茎在送种阶段无损伤;以重充率、堵塞率和株距合格率为试验指标,设计二次回归正交旋转组合仿真试验,确定排种辊最佳结构参数组合为:凹槽深度16 mm、凹槽宽度24 mm、表面间距7 mm;出种口较优结构参数为:侧板倾角45°、开口宽度45 mm、开口长度30 mm;为确定排种器最佳作业参数,以株距合格率和株距变异系数为试验因素,进行二次回归正交旋转组合台架试验。试验结果表明,当排种辊转速为11.57 r/min、出种口与地面相距高度为191.56 mm、导种板倾斜角度为35.77°时,株距合格率达到96.4%,株距变异系数为9.98%,排种器工作性能满足巨菌草种植农艺要求。

巨菌草种茎  /  排种器  /  往复辊式  /  参数优化

Aiming to achieve orderly seeding of giant Juncao seed stems, enhance seeding efficiency and accuracy, and prevent damage to seed buds, a reciprocating roller precision seed dispenser for giant Juncao seed was designed. This device consisted of a reciprocating seed feeding mechanism, a roller seed dispensing mechanism, and seed guiding components. Based on the physical characteristics of giant Juncao seed stems in the Northwest region and the agronomic requirements for planting the stems, theoretical analyses were conducted on the processes of seed feeding, dispensing, and output of the device to determine the structures and parameters of key components. The working process of the seed dispenser was simulated by using the EDEM method to analyze the forces and motions acting on the stems, confirming that no damage occurred during the seed feeding phase. Using seed filling rate, clogging rate, and qualified planting distance as experimental indicators, a second-order regression orthogonal rotary combination simulation experiment was designed. The optimal structural parameter combination for the seed dispensing roller was determined to be: groove depth of 16 mm, groove width of 24 mm, and surface spacing of 7 mm. The optimal structural parameters for the seed output port were as follows: side plate inclination angle of 45°, opening width of 45 mm, and opening length of 30 mm. To determine the best operational parameters for the seed dispenser, the qualified planting distance rate and the variation coefficient of planting distance were used as experimental factors in a second-order regression orthogonal rotary combination test. The results showed that when the rotation speed of the seed dispensing roller was 11.57 r/min, the height from the seed discharge port to the ground was 191.56 mm, and the inclination angle was 35.77°, the qualified planting distance rate reached 96.4%, with a variation coefficient of 9.98%. The working performance of the seed dispenser met the agronomic requirements for giant reed planting.

seed stem of giant Juncao  /  seed dispenser  /  reciprocating roller  /  parameter optimization
张建超, 孙远泽, 郁志宏, 李钢铁. 往复辊式巨菌草精量排种器设计与试验. 农业机械学报, 2025 , 56 (12) : 235 -246 . DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.021
Jianchao ZHANG, Yuanze SUN, Zhihong YU, Gangtie LI. Design and Experiment of Reciprocating Roller Precision Seed Stem Metering for Giant Juncao[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2025 , 56 (12) : 235 -246 . DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.021
巨菌草隶属禾本科狼尾草属,为多年生植物。其生长速度快、营养价值高、抗逆性强,在饲料应用、生物质能源开发、改善土壤理化性质等方面也展现出巨大的发展潜力[1]。巨菌草种植作为生产中劳动强度最大的环节之一,其机械化播种技术有待进一步开发。巨菌草茎节扦插种植主要有短茎埋栽、直立扦插和斜向扦插3种方式[2],预切种式巨菌草精准埋栽种植是现阶段的研究方向之一,该种植技术具有发芽率高、种植灵活性高的优点,可以通过精准管理土壤水分和肥料,提高作物产量。
目前,我国预切种式巨菌草埋栽种植机尚处于研究阶段,技术尚未成熟;针对巨菌草排种、种植,赵芳伟等[3]采用滑轨机构排种设计了2CJQ-1型预切种式巨菌草种植机排种器;郑书河等[4]设计了一种槽型辊式巨菌草排种器;刘浪等[5]进行了巨菌草排种器排种过程动力学仿真分析及试验研究;江苏南通富来威公司研制的2CZX-3型悬挂式巨菌草种植机采用整株喂苗实时切断种植;2ZLP-3型预切式菌草种植机能满足种苗在土中水平栽、斜栽。上述研究可一定程度上实现自动排种,但是针对巨菌草种茎的本征参数研究不全面,排种器结构设计缺少理论支撑,目前的生产工艺成本高,排种精度低,容易造成堵塞、损伤种节。国内外预切种式种茎种植机上的排种装置多采用辊式、输送带式、链传动式机构;苏微等[6]设计了预切种甘蔗勺链式排种器,通过最速降线提高充种性能;钟家勤等[7]设计了一种具有清种补种功能的上提式甘蔗排种器,增加弹性板减小蔗段回流的运动空间和运动行程,实现实时补种;李尚平等[8]设计了一种宿根蔗补种机均匀排种控制系统,研究了辊耙角速度、理蔗压板压力、种箱内蔗种数量、理蔗压板活动角对排种均匀度的影响规律;WANG等[9]设计了一种耙条链单芽甘蔗排种器,分析耙杆链倾角、穴盘数及其交互作用对充种率的影响。LIU等[10]分析甘蔗单芽种子物理特性结合田间种植农艺要求,设计了圆盘式甘蔗单芽排种器,研究机器推进速度、圆盘排种槽数和圆盘转速。KHWANTRI等[11]设计倾斜边缘夹板,缩短到输送带宽度的1/4,并以左右交替方式对齐,提升了甘蔗种段种植精度;何冯光等[12]建立了木薯种茎充种的动力学模型,设计了外槽轮式单段木薯种茎排种器。刘俊安等[13]设计了一种柔性输送带-胶辊组合式皇竹草种茎排序输送排种装置,重点研究输送带倾斜角和充种胶辊-清种胶辊间距。上述研究可在一定程度上为巨菌草排种器设计提供参考,但是基于巨菌草种茎结构特征和力学特性的排种器设计需要进一步展开研究。
播种效率和精度低、种茎易损是实现巨菌草机械化精确播种的关键问题[14-15]。本文设计一款预切种式巨菌草排种器,采用往复式送种机构和辊式排种机构两级排种,进行巨菌草种茎本征参数研究,运用离散元软件EDEM模拟排种器的排种过程,分析排种过程中种茎的运动特性,优化排种器关键部件,实现种茎依次有序、精准排种,为巨菌草机械化精确播种提供参考。
材料来自内蒙古农业大学试验田,11月采集的半年生巨菌草,用于巨菌草种茎的制备。种茎组织结构上主要涵盖了种节、节间以及芽(幼芽)3个关键部分,其中,种节部位呈现相对突起的形态特征,而幼芽则生于种节之上,种茎的截面形状近似椭圆形,如图1所示。
随机选取具有代表性的100根样本,使用游标卡尺测量可知种茎长度为130~150 mm,种节截面椭圆的长轴长度为16~22 mm,短轴长度为14~20 mm。
图2所示辊式排种器主要由送种区、预排种区、排种区3部分构成。在送种区,电机驱动中心式曲柄滑块机构,借助往复运动特性将内种箱中种茎有序排列,精准地逐个落入下种箱的预排种槽内;种茎受重力作用进入排种辊凹槽并随排种辊转动,地轮驱动双辊交错排种,交替将种茎送入导种板,最后经导种板引导进入种沟,实现精准播种作业。
影响有序、精量排种的往复式送种机构、下种箱结构、排种辊和出种机构的结构及参数是巨菌草精量排种器设计的关键。
往复式送种机构主要由曲柄滑块机构、种箱以及驱动电机构成,借助曲柄连杆机构的往复运动特性,将内种箱中已被有序排列的特定数量种茎,精准地逐个落入下种箱的预排种槽内,以此达成精量送种的目标。结构示意图如图3所示。
为了满足机械化种植要求,内种箱至少容纳150根种茎[16],每根种茎的最大直径设为22 mm,长度为150 mm,为保证种茎有充足的存放空间,但又不能因往复运动而乱序,种箱的内侧宽度比巨菌草种茎长度略大,且内种箱厚度为10 mm,下部分设有倾角以便于种茎滑落,故内种箱长度为320 mm,宽度为180 mm,高度为250 mm,且表面打孔以便于与滑块连接。采用双轴心内置滚珠直线导轨,分别安装于内种箱的两侧。
中心式曲柄滑块机构用于直线运动[17]。考虑到排种器的结构参数,以及种茎无需进行过快的运动,因此曲柄长度设为20 mm,连杆长度设为252 mm,通过固定滑块与内种箱连接,使其运动更加平稳。如图4所示,在1 s内往复机构有一个运动周期,位移为20 mm,最大加速度为413 mm/s2。
辊式排种机构可以将均匀排列于下种箱缓冲区的种茎,逐个且均匀地排入种沟中[18]。如图5所示辊式排种机构,主要由下种箱、排种辊、出种口、导种板、传动系统组成。
下种箱位于送种机构与排种辊之间,其作用是实现种茎从送种机构到排种辊的过渡。为防止缓冲区种茎因排空而导致漏种现象,同时优化排种器的空间利用效率,需对下种箱的结构尺寸进行设计。
忽略种茎下落至排种辊凹槽的时间以及送种机构的补种过程,排空缓冲区中种茎所需时间为
其中
式中
      N0——预排种槽种茎个数
      t0——种茎排出的时间间隔,s
      t1——排空预排种区中种茎所需要的时间,s
      l1——预排种槽深度,mm
      d0——种茎直径,mm
      W1——预排种槽宽度,mm
为了保证充分补种,需满足
式中
      t2——补种时间,s
联立式(1)、(3),求得缓冲区的深度应满足
设定预排种槽宽度为25 mm,种茎直径为20 mm,通过数学模型建立种茎排出时间间隔与补种时间的函数关系,如图6可知,缓冲区深度与种茎排出时间间隔呈负相关,与储种箱预排种槽补种时间呈正相关。当种茎排出间隔过短或补种时间过长时,缓冲区深度的变化显著性高。种茎排出时间间隔与种植机播种速度紧密相关,依据疏植和密植的不同要求,以最短时间间隔作为设计标准。即当种茎排出时间间隔t0在0.1~1.5 s、t2在0.1~1.5 s时,缓冲区长度最大值为68.05 mm。因此,下种箱预排种槽的长度应大于68.05 mm。
前期调查发现种节大都分布于种茎的(0.35~0.65)L0之间(L0为所测量的种茎长度)。种节较大时会与内壁产生摩擦,为避免种茎堵塞和种芽损伤,在左右侧隔板的中间部分设计了5 mm×48 mm缺口,具体细节如图5所示。
采用双辊式交错排种以防止因排种辊转速过快而导致种茎漏充,种辊的中心距设定为102 mm,其中一个排种辊的凹槽一列与下种箱槽口正对齐,另一个排种辊的凹槽与槽口垂直,双辊采用交替排列。每个排种辊设计4个U型凹槽,种茎落入U型槽后均匀排出,从而实现有序、精量排种。排种辊(图7)结构设计需满足
式中
      lmax——种茎长度最大值,mm
      dmax——种茎直径最大值,mm
      l2——排种辊长度,mm
      r1——U型槽圆心定位圆半径,mm
      r2——U型槽圆半径,mm
      D0——U型槽深度,mm
      R——排种辊半径,mm
      W2——U型槽宽度,mm
基于巨菌草种茎尺寸,排种辊l2为160 mm,W2为24~28 mm、D0为16~20 mm,R为48 mm。在凹槽内加设适当厚度的黏附弹性垫料,以自适应种茎直径,同时保护种芽[19]。
种茎跟随排种辊旋转至一定角度后,种茎与凹槽脱离,掉落到出种口的内壁上。在不考虑摩擦以及能量损失的情况下,种茎离开凹槽的初始速度v0可视为与排种辊线速度相同,即
式中
      n0——排种辊转速
如图8所示,种茎在下落过程中与内壁发生碰撞,由于出种口的质量远大于单根种茎的质量,根据动量守恒定律有
式中
      m1、m2——种茎和出种口内壁质量,m2>m1
      vi0——第i次碰撞前种茎速度
      vi——种茎碰撞后速度
      v2——碰撞后出种口内壁速度
由图9所示碰撞模型及式(7),可得到每次碰撞后的种茎速度为
式中
      via——碰撞后平行内壁方向的速度
      vib——碰撞后垂直内壁方向的速度
      φi——第i次碰撞前运动方向与内壁的夹角
      σi——第i次碰撞后运动方向与内壁的夹角
      e——碰撞恢复系数
如图9所示,将碰撞前的速度分解为水平速度v10x和竖直速度v10y,即
式中
      β——种茎与凹槽分离角
      t3——种茎离开凹槽到与内壁碰撞前的时间,s
将v10x、v10y分解到垂直于内壁和平行于内壁方向的速度,即
式中
      θ——出种口侧板倾角
结合式(9)、(10)计算出碰撞后的v1a和v1b,分解到水平和竖直的方向上,得到碰撞后的分速度v1x和v1y为
由式(11)可知种茎在碰撞后仍具有垂直于内壁向上的速度,如图10所示,将继续如此往复碰撞,直到沿内壁垂直方向的速度为零。由于碰撞前种茎的加速运动时间较短,故可认为碰撞前的初始速度v10=v0,即得到第一次碰撞后的速度为
式中
      n——排种辊转速,r/min
建立种茎沿内壁下滑的位移H1和速度vt方程,即
式中
      t4——种茎沿内壁下滑时间
当种茎运动到出种口底部开口处,会脱离内壁做斜抛运动,其斜抛运动的水平s和竖直位移H2方程为
式中
      t5——种茎在出种口底部运动时间
由式(15)可知,种茎的速度和位移与内壁倾角以及运动时间相关。如图11所示,种茎在底部出口的运动还受种茎斜抛水平位移s和宽度W3的影响,当s≥W3时种茎会发生碰撞运动,影响经由导种板的排出效果。综合考虑,初步设置出种口侧板倾角θ为30°~50°、出种口宽度W3为25~45 mm、出种口长度H2为30~70 mm。
种茎经出种口落入种沟时,因双辊排种旋转方向相反,致使种茎下落速度方向存在差异,进而导致种茎在种沟中呈现左右交替的分布,因此在出种口下方设计具有斜度的导种板,导种板倾斜角度需大于种茎的静摩擦角,初步设定导种板倾角为30°~38°。
本文采用EDEM仿真软件建立排种器的仿真模型(图12)。颗粒采用Hertz-Mindlin with Bonding接触力学模型,相关离散元仿真参数参考文献[20-21]及测量确定,如表1所示。将排种器Solidworks模型转为STL格式文件后导入EDEM。对排种辊施加绕轴线顺时针转动,转速设17.5 r/min,仿真时间步长为25%,选取小种茎(16 mm)、中种茎(19 mm)和大种茎(22 mm),从颗粒工厂随机下落,仿真时间为18 s。
在排种过程中,巨菌草种茎会受到下种箱内壁、其他种茎的压力、摩擦力等作用,作用力会导致种茎转动、无序排种等,因此,需要对排种过程进行动力学分析。
标记巨菌草种茎,随机在种箱内上层、中层和下层各选取3个种茎作为分析对象,编号依次为1~9。从送种开始的第1秒起,对单个种茎受力情况进行分析,如图13所示。
由于所选种茎在种层中分布各异,种茎排出时间也有所不同。图14为所选种茎的速度变化曲线。在下种层,种茎1、2、3在种箱开始运动后完成送种。种茎3因处于种箱出口位置,在送种起始便迅速落入种茎缓冲区,其速度变化时间短且变化迅速。种茎1和种茎2在种箱运动过程中被送至种茎缓冲区,在下落前,种茎的主要运动是随种箱运动。由图14a可知,在下落前种茎的总体速度受X轴方向的运动影响较大,而在下落时,总体速度受Z轴运动影响较大。种茎在Z轴方向仅受重力作用,因此在Z方向的速度沿Z轴负方向逐渐增大,当落入种茎缓冲区后速度变为零。对于位于中间种层的种茎4、5和6,种茎6完成了落种工作,其速度曲线与种茎1和2基本相似,只是送种时间较长。而种茎4、5以及上种层的种茎7、8、9均未被送出,因此它们整体的运动速度曲线基本相同,速度变化范围较小,且与曲柄滑块的速度运动特性较为贴合。
在整个送种过程中,种茎除受自身重力作用外,还受到种茎间以及种箱内板的挤压力。图15为所选种茎的受力变化曲线。整体种茎受力呈现相似的变化趋势,这是因为种箱运动具有周期性。在未被送出的种茎中,上种层种茎受力小于中种层种茎受力。而在被送出的种茎中,所受挤压力的最大值为38.7 N,远小于种茎表皮破损的临界力。由此可以说明,种茎在送种阶段无损伤。
排种过程需要有一定的巨菌草茎秆容量,其结构差异会影响排种空间,且种茎直径差异较大时,会出现重充和堵塞问题,进而影响排种效果。因此,依据巨菌草种茎尺寸参数,选择排种辊凹槽深度(16、18、20 mm)、宽度(24、26、28 mm)以及预排种槽与排种辊表面的间距(5、7、9 mm)作为单因素变量,种茎重充率和堵塞率作为试验指标进行仿真试验。选取小种茎(16 mm)、中种茎(19 mm)和大种茎(22 mm),从颗粒工厂随机下落,分析其对排种器的影响,结果如表2所示。
置信水平方差分析显示排种辊凹槽深度对排种重充率的影响极显著,表面间距对排种堵塞率具有显著影响,通过进一步极差分析以及综合考量,选取排种辊凹槽深度为16 mm、宽度为24 mm、表面间距为7 mm。
参考文献[22-23],设定土壤密度为1710 kg/m3,弹性模量为6.6 MPa,泊松比为0.3,构建种沟模型,并将其视为环境体。将巨菌草种茎颗粒与种沟之间的静摩擦因数和动摩擦因数设为1,碰撞恢复系数设置为0.001。排种器前进速度设定为1.4 m/s,与之对应的排种辊转速为17.5 r/min,种茎动态生成150根,由颗粒工厂缓慢下落,以此模拟放种过程。图16所示为巨菌草种茎群体运动仿真图。从图中可以清晰地观察到,种茎在放种和落种时速度达到最大值。而在排种器运行的其他阶段,种茎速度均趋于稳定。在持续16 s的排种工作过程中,共计落种茎28根,平均每秒排种1.75根。
选取图13a中的1号种茎作为研究对象,其位移曲线如图17所示。
从阶段1~3,种茎随着排种槽产生位移,从第4阶段开始从排种辊凹槽脱落,与出种口内壁发生碰撞,受到出种口内壁的约束以及重力和摩擦力的共同作用,种茎位移曲线的斜率发生变化,第5阶段由出种口滑落到导种板落入种沟中。因此,依据GB/T 6973—2005《单粒(精密)播种机试验方法》,并结合巨菌草种植特点,将株距合格率作为试验指标,出种机构的出种口侧板倾角A(30°、40°、50°)、出种口开口宽度B(25、35、45 mm)以及长度C(30、50、70 mm)作为因素,构建关于不同结构参数对排种性能影响的回归方程
结果显示:试验因素A、AC、A2、C2对回归方程的影响极显著(p≤0.01),试验因素B、AB、B2对回归方程的影响较显著(0.01<p<0.05)。
通过对上述排种过程分析和巨菌草种茎排种器最佳结构参数组合求解得出:出种口侧板倾角为45.1°、宽度为44.5 mm、长度为30.65 mm时株距合格率最优,为95.84%;基于生产和排种性能,最终确定出种口侧板倾角为45°,宽度为45 mm,长度为30 mm。
依据计算和仿真结果加工排种器台架,如图18所示。
试验材料选自内蒙古农业大学东园区栽植的成熟期巨菌草,选择生长茁壮通直的巨菌草制备种茎,去除其根部和表面叶片,按照规定的尺寸和要求进行裁剪,并将裁剪后的种茎按照直径大小分为大、中、小3类。
将排种辊电机转速设置为17.5 r/min,输送带转速设置为1.4 m/s[24-25]。以株距合格率Y1和株距变异系数Y2作为排种器排种性能的评价指标,排种辊转速、出种口与种沟高度以及导种板倾角作为试验变量开展响应面试验。具体的因素编码如表3所示。
株距合格区间设定为400~800 mm,在此区间内的种茎视为株距合格,株距合格率是指合格种茎数量与排种种茎总数的百分比,即
式中
      N1——总排出种茎数量
      N2——间距合格种茎数量
株距变异系数体现作物种植的均匀性,变异系数数值越大,意味着株距离散程度大均匀性差;反之,则说明株距均匀,种植作物整齐划一。
17组试验方案及结果如表4所示,包括5组零点估计误差试验,X1、X2、X3为因素编码值。
使用Design-Expert数据分析软件进行株距合格率和株距变异系数方差分析,结果如表5和表6所示。
株距合格率Y1为响应函数,各因素编码值为自变量的多项式回归方程为
结果显示,株距合格率回归模型的P值小于0.05,表明该模型具有显著的统计学意义。在试验因子中,X1、X2、X3、、、X2X3对株距合格率的影响极为显著;此外,失拟项的P值大于0.05,说明模型的拟合度良好。
株距变异系数Y2为响应函数,各因素编码值为自变量的多项式回归方程为
结果表明:株距合格率回归模型的P值小于0.05,模型具有显著意义。在试验因子中,X1、对株距合格率的影响极显著;同时,X2、X3、对株距合格率的影响也较显著。此外,失拟项的P值大于0.05,说明模型的拟合度良好,能够有效反映各因子对株距合格率的影响。
为了获得排种器的最佳工作参数,对工作参数进行优化,综合考虑试验因素,目标函数和约束条件[26-27]为
求解可得到最佳工作参数组合为:排种辊转速11.57 r/min、相距高度191.56 mm、倾斜角度35.77°,排种性能较为理想。
基于优化后的最优工作参数组合,本次试验将排种辊转速设定为11.6 r/min,排种部件与播种面的相距高度设为191 mm,排种装置的倾角设置为36°。在保持其他试验条件恒定不变的情况下,开展了5次重复试验,结果如图19所示。
可以清晰地观察到,多数株距集中分布在合格区间内,整体呈现出密植的分布特征。对每次试验数据进行计算,并取其平均值,结果显示,株距合格率达到96.4%,株距变异系数为9.98%。这两项指标均符合预期的种植要求,表明在该组参数设定下,排种系统能够实现较为精准且稳定播种作业。
(1)为解决现有巨菌草排种器排种过程漏播、精准度差的问题,设计了一种往复辊式精量排种器。通过对其排种工作过程进行理论、仿真分析,确定了往复辊式巨菌草精量排种器关键结构参数。
(2)标定了巨菌草茎秆离散元模型参数,采用EDEM仿真分析,分析巨菌草种茎的力学、运动学规律,试验得出排种辊结构参数最优组合为:凹槽深度16 mm、凹槽宽度24 mm、表面间距7 mm。并且模拟排种器工作过程,分析种茎位移变化曲线,探究出种口结构参数多因素之间相互影响变化规律,优化求解并调整后确定出种口最优参数组合为:侧板倾角45°、开口宽度45 mm、开口长度30 mm。
(3)验证试验结果表明,排种器工作参数组合为:排种辊转速11.6 r/min、出种口与地面相距高度191 mm、导种板倾角36°,排种性能较为理想;株距合格率达到96.4%,株距变异系数为9.98%,所设计的排种器可稳定、精量工作,有利于巨菌草的短茎埋栽种植。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52265035; 32560833)
  • 内蒙古自治区自然科学基金项目(2025LHMS03020)
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2025年第56卷第12期
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doi: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.021
  • 接收时间:2025-06-26
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-26
  • 修回日期:2025-07-13
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(52265035; 32560833)
内蒙古自治区自然科学基金项目(2025LHMS03020)
作者信息
    1.内蒙古农业大学机电工程学院,呼和浩特 010018
    2.内蒙古农业大学沙漠治理学院,呼和浩特 010011

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郁志宏(1966—),女,教授,博士,主要从事智能农机装备研究,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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