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Aiming to address issues with traditional mechanical adjustment methods for no-till precision planters in stubble fields, such as the ground wheel assembly's inability to adapt to terrain changes, leading to unstable residue clearing performance and increased wheel slip, a hydraulically controlled terrain-following depth-limiting ground wheel assembly was designed. Its hydraulic system enabled rapid adjustment of wheel height while maintaining a constant position, ensuring stable furrow opener depth. The cushioning spring reduced ground-induced impacts transmitted to the planter, enhancing the stability of the residue clearing device. Through theoretical analysis, the main structural parameters of the terrain-following depth-limiting ground wheel assembly were determined. Simulation tests identified the optimal stiffness of the cushioning spring as 1.2×105N/m. Comparative field trials demonstrated that the hydraulically controlled terrain-following depth-limiting ground wheel assembly operated stably with lower slip rates. When the furrow opener depth qualification criterion was set at (50±10) mm, the qualification rates for opener soil penetration depth were 62% and 82% for the mechanically-adjusted ground wheelassemblyandhydraulic-controlledterrain-followingdepth-controlwheelassembly, respectively. The hydraulic assembly exhibited a 20 percentage point higher qualification rate than the mechanical assembly. Furthermore, the hydraulic terrain-following wheel demonstrated significantly lower slip rates. While both adjustment methods showed increasing slip rates with the rise of operating speeds, the hydraulic terrain-following wheel exhibited a smaller rate of increase.

, authors=Xing WANG1, Hongguang TANG1, Xinhao LIU1, Haitao CHEN1, 2, authorsList=Xing WANG, Hongguang TANG, Xinhao LIU, Haitao CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Haitao CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1311999729504973074, articleId=1311999715600855234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, language=CN, title=原茬地免耕播种机液控式仿形限深地轮设计与试验, columnId=1311999707321303462, journalTitle=农业机械学报, columnName=农业装备与机械化工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对原茬地免耕精量播种机传统机械式调节方式地轮总成不能适应地形变化,导致清秸效果不稳定,地轮滑移率增大等问题,设计一种液控式仿形限深地轮总成,液压系统可快速调节地轮高度,并保持位置恒定,确保刀齿入土深度稳定,缓冲弹簧可减弱地面传递到播种机的冲击,提高清秸装置稳定性。通过理论分析确定仿形限深地轮总成主要结构参数,利用仿真试验获得缓冲弹簧最优刚度为1.2×105N/m。田间对比试验表明,液控式仿形限深地轮总成工作稳定且具有较小的滑移率,当刀齿入土深度判定标准为(50±10)mm时,机械调节地轮总成与液控式仿形限深地轮总成的刀齿入土深度合格率分别为62%和82%,液控式仿形限深地轮总成刀齿入土深度合格率比机械调节地轮总成高20个百分点,液控式仿形限深地轮滑移率明显小于机械式调节地轮,随着作业速度增加,两种调节方式地轮滑移率都在增加,但液控式仿形限深地轮的增长趋势小于机械式调节地轮。

, authors=王星1, 唐洪光1, 刘信昊1, 陈海涛1, 2, authorsList=王星, 唐洪光, 刘信昊, 陈海涛, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陈海涛, authorNote=

王星(1993—),男,博士生,主要从事保护性耕作技术与装备研究,E-mail:

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陈海涛(1962—),男,教授,博士生导师,主要从事农业装备及生物质材料研究,E-mail:
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王星(1993—),男,博士生,主要从事保护性耕作技术与装备研究,E-mail:

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Design and optimization experiment of anti-blocking mechanism of no-tillage planter for grand ridge with raw corn stubble, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311999748526141837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999715600855234, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=49, issue=6, pageStart=68, pageEnd=77, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=36, authorNames=付卫强, 董建军, 梅鹤波, journalName=农业机械学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=付卫强, 董建军, 梅鹤波, 等. 玉米播种单体下压力控制系统设计与试验[J]. 农业机械学报, 2018, 49(6): 68-77., articleTitle=玉米播种单体下压力控制系统设计与试验, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311999748584862094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999715600855234, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=49, issue=6, pageStart=68, pageEnd=77, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=37, authorNames=FU Weiqiang, DONG Jianjun, MEI Hebo, journalName=Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FU Weiqiang, DONG Jianjun, MEI Hebo, et al. Design and test of maize seeding unit downforce control system[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2018, 49(6): 68-77. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Design and test of maize seeding unit downforce control system, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311999748651970959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999715600855234, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=50, issue=6, pageStart=41, pageEnd=51,217, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=38, authorNames=侯守印, 陈海涛, 邹震, journalName=农业机械学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=侯守印, 陈海涛, 邹震, 等. 原茬地种床整备侧向滑切清秸刀齿设计与试验[J]. 农业机械学报, 2019, 50(6): 41-51,217., articleTitle=原茬地种床整备侧向滑切清秸刀齿设计与试验, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311999748731662736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999715600855234, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=50, issue=6, pageStart=41, pageEnd=51,217, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=39, authorNames=HOU Shouyin, CHEN Haitao, ZOU Zhen, journalName=Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HOU Shouyin, CHEN Haitao, ZOU Zhen, et al. Design and test of side-direction straw-cleaning blade for seedbed treatment of original stubble planter[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2019, 50(6): 41-51,217. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Design and test of side-direction straw-cleaning blade for seedbed treatment of original stubble planter, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1311999744042430824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999715600855234, awardId=2021YFD2000401, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFD2000401), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1311999729718882579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999715600855234, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311999729727271188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999715600855234, companyId=1311999729718882579, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311999729739854101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999715600855234, companyId=1311999729718882579, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.东北农业大学工程学院,哈尔滨 150030)]), AuthorCompany(id=1311999729815351574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999715600855234, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311999729827934487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999715600855234, companyId=1311999729815351574, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, East University of Heilongjiang, Harbin 150066, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311999729836323096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999715600855234, companyId=1311999729815351574, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.黑龙江东方学院机电工程学院,哈尔滨 150066)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1311999735095980342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999715600855234, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Structural diagram of 2BMFJ-5 no-tillage planter, figureFileSmall=4tBTt1wOSfj1SeUxpFs5kg==, figureFileBig=PwNnvQKQlJZQwWDSKj5jPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999735154700599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999715600855234, language=CN, label=图1, caption=2BMFJ-5型免耕播种机结构图

1. 播种装置 2. 种肥监测系统 3. 传动系统 4. 机架 5. 地轮总成 6. 施肥装置 7. 清秸覆秸装置 8. 挡秸板

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1. 挂接板 2. 连接侧板 3. 仿形四杆 4. 液压缸 5. 地轮支板 6. 缓冲弹簧

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1. 液压阀 2、5、6. 节流阀 3、4、9. 换向阀 7. 压力表 8. 溢流阀 10、11. 单向阀 12. 安全阀 13. 油箱

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999741756535115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999715600855234, language=CN, label=图11, caption=液压系统AMEsim模型, figureFileSmall=WtZSYb0DGwdVLw4Ta2Ur4w==, figureFileBig=wA5Y4pEjQiA7s36xAiV7QA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999741844615500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999715600855234, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=Displacement curve of hydraulic cylinder piston rod, figureFileSmall=PttZsysfZSIG0QisBmU4bQ==, figureFileBig=OvOCWsy3qDW7TfkBC2r5tQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999741949473101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999715600855234, language=CN, label=图12, caption=液压缸活塞杆位移曲线, figureFileSmall=PttZsysfZSIG0QisBmU4bQ==, figureFileBig=OvOCWsy3qDW7TfkBC2r5tQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999742045942094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, 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label=图14, caption=液压缸端口2油液流量曲线, figureFileSmall=otbTCTzQJ67QhujNHMD0IQ==, figureFileBig=4aJ0pnxHupNOoNobH/6GgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999742318571858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999715600855234, language=EN, label=Fig. 15, caption=Field test, figureFileSmall=2gFlQBWvv7LgbSRawQNURQ==, figureFileBig=4Qf8jTS5D1maBQS1eQf3LA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999742427623763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999715600855234, language=CN, label=图15, caption=田间试验, figureFileSmall=2gFlQBWvv7LgbSRawQNURQ==, figureFileBig=4Qf8jTS5D1maBQS1eQf3LA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999742519898452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999715600855234, language=EN, label=Fig. 16, caption=Measurement of depth of penetration of cutter teeth, figureFileSmall=YoVHlBMylT442SuhBPxcSw==, figureFileBig=g3oUw+0GApLs0g2vU3avpw==, tableContent=null), 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journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999715600855234, language=EN, label=Fig. 18, caption=Comparison of sliding for different speeds with different adjustment modes, figureFileSmall=Urz3cscPwXVGdAzQubMIag==, figureFileBig=+C78XmoEnQWZkGtThz9/jg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999742847054169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999715600855234, language=CN, label=图18, caption=不同调节方式在不同速度下滑移率对比, figureFileSmall=Urz3cscPwXVGdAzQubMIag==, figureFileBig=+C78XmoEnQWZkGtThz9/jg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311999742922551642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999715600855234, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Partial constraint parameters

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参数数值
刚度/(N·m-1)1.0×107
力指数1.3
最大阻尼系数/(N·s·m-1)1.0×104
静摩擦因数0.4
动摩擦因数0.207
弹簧刚度/(kN·m-1)60
预载/N7 110
), ArticleFig(id=1311999742989660507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999715600855234, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

部分约束参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
刚度/(N·m-1)1.0×107
力指数1.3
最大阻尼系数/(N·s·m-1)1.0×104
静摩擦因数0.4
动摩擦因数0.207
弹簧刚度/(kN·m-1)60
预载/N7 110
), ArticleFig(id=1311999743052575068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999715600855234, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Levels of experimental factors

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水平因素
预载荷/N弹簧刚度/(N·m-1)作业速度/(m·s-1)
17 1106×1041.0
27 3889×1041.5
37 6661.2×1052.0
47 9441.5×1052.5
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试验因素水平

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水平因素
预载荷/N弹簧刚度/(N·m-1)作业速度/(m·s-1)
17 1106×1041.0
27 3889×1041.5
37 6661.2×1052.0
47 9441.5×1052.5
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Experimental design and results

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序号因素试验指标
ABC动挠度/m地轮动载荷/N加速度/(m·s-2)
11110.0443.233×10439.74
21220.0503.721×10435.43
31330.0524.304×10446.78
41440.0565.401×10457.57
52120.0523.978×10443.07
62210.0493.136×10432.51
72340.0585.043×10463.34
82430.0504.544×10443.35
93130.0604.613×10455.67
103240.0625.074×10464.49
113310.0393.238×10432.14
123420.0414.198×10431.36
134140.0665.097×10465.59
144230.0554.570×10450.48
154320.0453.481×10445.62
164410.0373.609×10428.64
), ArticleFig(id=1311999743400702303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999715600855234, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

试验方案与结果

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序号因素试验指标
ABC动挠度/m地轮动载荷/N加速度/(m·s-2)
11110.0443.233×10439.74
21220.0503.721×10435.43
31330.0524.304×10446.78
41440.0565.401×10457.57
52120.0523.978×10443.07
62210.0493.136×10432.51
72340.0585.043×10463.34
82430.0504.544×10443.35
93130.0604.613×10455.67
103240.0625.074×10464.49
113310.0393.238×10432.14
123420.0414.198×10431.36
134140.0665.097×10465.59
144230.0554.570×10450.48
154320.0453.481×10445.62
164410.0373.609×10428.64
), ArticleFig(id=1311999743463616864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999715600855234, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Variance and range analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标方差来源平方和自由度均方FP
动挠度模型1.02×10-391.14×10-426.26<0.000 4
A8.50×10-632.83×10-60.650.609 2
B2.42×10-438.07×10-518.620.001 9
C7.74×10-432.58×10-459.50<0.000 1
残差2.60×10-564.33×10-6
总和1.05×10-315
地轮动载荷模型8.14×10999.05×10738.81<0.000 1
A3.41×10631.14×1060.490.703 9
B3.85×10731.28×1075.500.037 1
C7.73×10832.58×10811 044<0.000 1
残差1.40×10762.33×106
总和8.28×10815
加速度模型2 266.189251.8023.37<0.000 5
A15.8135.270.490.702 4
B237.93379.317.360.019 5
C2 012.443670.8162.27<0.000 1
残差64.63610.77
总和2 330.8215
), ArticleFig(id=1311999743530725729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999715600855234, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

方差分析

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指标方差来源平方和自由度均方FP
动挠度模型1.02×10-391.14×10-426.26<0.000 4
A8.50×10-632.83×10-60.650.609 2
B2.42×10-438.07×10-518.620.001 9
C7.74×10-432.58×10-459.50<0.000 1
残差2.60×10-564.33×10-6
总和1.05×10-315
地轮动载荷模型8.14×10999.05×10738.81<0.000 1
A3.41×10631.14×1060.490.703 9
B3.85×10731.28×1075.500.037 1
C7.73×10832.58×10811 044<0.000 1
残差1.40×10762.33×106
总和8.28×10815
加速度模型2 266.189251.8023.37<0.000 5
A15.8135.270.490.702 4
B237.93379.317.360.019 5
C2 012.443670.8162.27<0.000 1
残差64.63610.77
总和2 330.8215
), ArticleFig(id=1311999743602028898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999715600855234, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Main parameters of hydraulic components

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参数数值
电液换向阀3特征流量/(L·min-1)20
电液换向阀4特征流量/(L·min-1)20
电液换向阀9特征流量/(L·min-1)40
电磁溢流阀卸荷压力/MPa8
液压缸活塞直径/mm63
液压缸活塞杆直径/mm35
液压缸行程/mm125
), ArticleFig(id=1311999743664943459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999715600855234, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

液压元件主要参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
电液换向阀3特征流量/(L·min-1)20
电液换向阀4特征流量/(L·min-1)20
电液换向阀9特征流量/(L·min-1)40
电磁溢流阀卸荷压力/MPa8
液压缸活塞直径/mm63
液压缸活塞杆直径/mm35
液压缸行程/mm125
), ArticleFig(id=1311999743727858020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999715600855234, language=EN, label=Tab. 6, caption=

Comparison of slip rate for different speeds with different adjustment modes

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方式作业速度/(m·s-1)试验序号
12345
机械式调节1.08.457.787.378.328.28
1.510.5311.7610.2510.4312.58
2.014.6915.6816.8716.4514.51
2.521.5322.1021.3422.6124.77
液控式调节1.05.796.716.236.065.96
1.57.788.038.578.917.86
2.011.2610.6411.7811.2610.51
2.515.2814.1515.6415.2114.57
), ArticleFig(id=1311999743790772581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999715600855234, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同调节方式在不同速度下滑移率对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方式作业速度/(m·s-1)试验序号
12345
机械式调节1.08.457.787.378.328.28
1.510.5311.7610.2510.4312.58
2.014.6915.6816.8716.4514.51
2.521.5322.1021.3422.6124.77
液控式调节1.05.796.716.236.065.96
1.57.788.038.578.917.86
2.011.2610.6411.7811.2610.51
2.515.2814.1515.6415.2114.57
), ArticleFig(id=1311999743870464358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999715600855234, language=EN, label=Tab. 7, caption=

Slip rate in different adjustment modes and operating speeds

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调节方式作业速度/(m·s-1)滑移率/%
机械式调节1.0(8.04±0.450)Ad
1.5(11.11±1.02)Ac
2.0(15.64±1.04)Ab
2.5(22.47±1.38)Aa
液控式调节1.0(6.14±0.36)Bd
1.5(8.23±0.49)Bc
2.0(11.09±0.52)Bb
2.5(14.97±0.60)Ba
), ArticleFig(id=1311999743945961831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999715600855234, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

不同调节方式下不同作业速度滑移率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
调节方式作业速度/(m·s-1)滑移率/%
机械式调节1.0(8.04±0.450)Ad
1.5(11.11±1.02)Ac
2.0(15.64±1.04)Ab
2.5(22.47±1.38)Aa
液控式调节1.0(6.14±0.36)Bd
1.5(8.23±0.49)Bc
2.0(11.09±0.52)Bb
2.5(14.97±0.60)Ba
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原茬地免耕播种机液控式仿形限深地轮设计与试验
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王星 1 , 唐洪光 1 , 刘信昊 1 , 陈海涛 1, 2
农业机械学报 | 农业装备与机械化工程 2025,56(12): 211-222
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农业机械学报 |农业装备与机械化工程 2025 , 56 (12) : 211 -222
原茬地免耕播种机液控式仿形限深地轮设计与试验
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王星(1993—),男,博士生,主要从事保护性耕作技术与装备研究,E-mail:

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王星1 , 唐洪光1, 刘信昊1, 陈海涛1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.东北农业大学工程学院,哈尔滨 150030
  • 2.黑龙江东方学院机电工程学院,哈尔滨 150066
通讯作者:
陈海涛(1962—),男,教授,博士生导师,主要从事农业装备及生物质材料研究,E-mail:
作者简介:

王星(1993—),男,博士生,主要从事保护性耕作技术与装备研究,E-mail:

Design and Experiment of a Hydraulic Control Depth Wheel with Terrain-Following Feature for No-till Seeders in Stubble Field
Xing WANG1 , Hongguang TANG1, Xinhao LIU1, Haitao CHEN1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
  • 2.College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, East University of Heilongjiang, Harbin 150066, China
出版时间: 2025-12-25 doi: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.019
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针对原茬地免耕精量播种机传统机械式调节方式地轮总成不能适应地形变化,导致清秸效果不稳定,地轮滑移率增大等问题,设计一种液控式仿形限深地轮总成,液压系统可快速调节地轮高度,并保持位置恒定,确保刀齿入土深度稳定,缓冲弹簧可减弱地面传递到播种机的冲击,提高清秸装置稳定性。通过理论分析确定仿形限深地轮总成主要结构参数,利用仿真试验获得缓冲弹簧最优刚度为1.2×105N/m。田间对比试验表明,液控式仿形限深地轮总成工作稳定且具有较小的滑移率,当刀齿入土深度判定标准为(50±10)mm时,机械调节地轮总成与液控式仿形限深地轮总成的刀齿入土深度合格率分别为62%和82%,液控式仿形限深地轮总成刀齿入土深度合格率比机械调节地轮总成高20个百分点,液控式仿形限深地轮滑移率明显小于机械式调节地轮,随着作业速度增加,两种调节方式地轮滑移率都在增加,但液控式仿形限深地轮的增长趋势小于机械式调节地轮。

免耕播种机  /  仿形限深地轮  /  滑移率  /  液压控制

Aiming to address issues with traditional mechanical adjustment methods for no-till precision planters in stubble fields, such as the ground wheel assembly's inability to adapt to terrain changes, leading to unstable residue clearing performance and increased wheel slip, a hydraulically controlled terrain-following depth-limiting ground wheel assembly was designed. Its hydraulic system enabled rapid adjustment of wheel height while maintaining a constant position, ensuring stable furrow opener depth. The cushioning spring reduced ground-induced impacts transmitted to the planter, enhancing the stability of the residue clearing device. Through theoretical analysis, the main structural parameters of the terrain-following depth-limiting ground wheel assembly were determined. Simulation tests identified the optimal stiffness of the cushioning spring as 1.2×105N/m. Comparative field trials demonstrated that the hydraulically controlled terrain-following depth-limiting ground wheel assembly operated stably with lower slip rates. When the furrow opener depth qualification criterion was set at (50±10) mm, the qualification rates for opener soil penetration depth were 62% and 82% for the mechanically-adjusted ground wheelassemblyandhydraulic-controlledterrain-followingdepth-controlwheelassembly, respectively. The hydraulic assembly exhibited a 20 percentage point higher qualification rate than the mechanical assembly. Furthermore, the hydraulic terrain-following wheel demonstrated significantly lower slip rates. While both adjustment methods showed increasing slip rates with the rise of operating speeds, the hydraulic terrain-following wheel exhibited a smaller rate of increase.

no-tillage planter  /  wheel with terrain-following feature  /  slip rate  /  hydraulics control
王星, 唐洪光, 刘信昊, 陈海涛. 原茬地免耕播种机液控式仿形限深地轮设计与试验. 农业机械学报, 2025 , 56 (12) : 211 -222 . DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.019
Xing WANG, Hongguang TANG, Xinhao LIU, Haitao CHEN. Design and Experiment of a Hydraulic Control Depth Wheel with Terrain-Following Feature for No-till Seeders in Stubble Field[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2025 , 56 (12) : 211 -222 . DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.019
在少、免耕播种条件下,地表有作物残茬覆盖,地面平整度较差,会降低播种作业可靠性[1]。地轮总成作为2BMFJ系列原茬地免耕精量播种机的主要工作部件,在支撑播种机机架同时起到调节清秸刀齿入土深度的作用,同时为排种排肥系统提供动力。保持清秸刀齿入土深度稳定可以提高清秸装置作业质量,提高残茬清除率,保证机具通过性[2-3]。减小机架作业时的振动幅度,可以进一步提高播种单体仿形效果,进而改善播种质量[4]。保证地轮与地面的良好接触可以降低滑移率,提高排种、排肥系统可靠性,有助于提高播种质量进而提高作物产量。
高玉璐[5]通过在地轮上增加防滑齿增加地轮与地面的摩擦力,降低地轮滑移率;刘林[6]对免耕播种机地轮工作过程时与土壤间受力关系的数学模型进行了分析,得出地轮直径、宽度和垂直载荷是影响地轮滑移率及摩擦力的重要因素;张晨光[7]对比6种地轮作业效果得出轮型的变化显著影响摩擦力和滑移率,秸秆覆盖量和土壤含水率对滑移率有显著影响;白慧娟等[8]设计了一种播种深度和压实度电液控制系统,通过实时调节施加在四连杆仿形机构上的液压力调节下压力,实现播深的间接控制。高原源等[9]提出了一种基于气囊压力和仿形四连杆倾角的播种单体下压力控制方法,设计了一种气动式下压力监控系统,保证播种深度的稳定性。
2BMFJ系列原茬地免耕精量播种机通过手动调节丝杠控制地轮升降调节清秸刀齿入土深度,费时费力且准确性较差。前茬作物在播种、中耕植保、收获时动力机械和收获机械等反复进地进行田间作业,引起地面压实,造成较深的车辙印记,在后茬作物进行播种时,免耕播种机作业地表环境恶劣,由于没有进行灭茬、翻耕、重耙等作业工序,地表高低不平造成机架仿形装置作业性能变差,地轮滑移率增加。
针对上述问题,通过理论分析、仿真试验与田间试验相结合的方法设计一种液控式仿形限深地轮总成,作业前驾驶员通过控制液压系统阀门元件动作状态,实现对液压缸的控制,地轮液压缸带动平行四杆仿形装置实现对地轮初始高度调节,改善机械调节方式的不便;田间作业地面起伏较小时利用地轮结构中的缓冲弹簧吸收地面冲击,减小地轮滑移;地面起伏过大时,通过液压系统的节流和溢流作用衰减部分地轮振动,与缓冲弹簧结合,进一步提高仿形性能,保证刀齿作业深度稳定,降低地轮滑移率。结合东北地区农艺要求,满足垄作和平作两种作业模式,配合2BMFJ系列原茬地免耕精量播种机在任何状态原茬地上,一次进地完成种床整备、施肥、播种、覆土镇压等全部播种作业环节,解决在前茬作物收获时造成较深的车辙印记、地况起伏条件下配备传统地轮播种机无法作业,清秸质量差、地轮滑移等问题。
2BMFJ系列免耕播种机一次进地可完成种床整备、施肥、播种、覆土镇压等全部播种作业环节,主要由机架、清秸覆秸装置、播种装置、施肥装置、地轮总成、传动系统及种肥监测系统等组成,总体结构如图1所示。该播种机利用拖拉机动力输出轴驱动播种机前端的种床整备装置上的刀齿旋转打击秸秆及根茬,运输并抛撒到播种带两侧,通过调节地轮与刀齿的相对位置控制刀齿打击深度来实现不同作业效果。同时播种机排种、排肥系统由地轮驱动,地轮转动时带动链轮旋转并通过变速箱分别带动排种器和排肥器的驱动链轮转动,实现排种排肥作业。原播种机地轮采用机械调节方式,利用丝杠调节地轮初始位置,作业时与机架刚性连接,调节不方便,且不能保证两侧地轮调节高度一致,作业一定时间后需根据清秸效果停机多次调节,机具遇到地表起伏地轮仿形效果差,造成清秸刀齿清秸深度不断变化,影响清秸效果并增大地轮滑移率。
如图2所示,仿形限深地轮主要由挂接板、连接侧板、仿形四杆、液压缸、地轮支板、缓冲弹簧等组成,液压缸带动平行四杆仿形装置绕连接套筒上下转动,实现对地轮高度调节。
仿形地轮依托液压控制系统,实现对地轮高度调节。作业时拖拉机带动液压油泵,液压油进入地轮液压缸,带动平行四杆仿形装置绕连接套筒转动,达到作业高度时,锁止液压油缸。平行四杆仿形装置可以增加地轮仿形量,使播种机能够适应垄作、平作不同作业模式。机具作业时仿形地轮中的缓冲弹簧吸收地面冲击,保证机架对地仿形性能,通过液压系统中的节流阀与溢流阀对油液的节流和溢流作用衰减部分地轮振动,进一步提高仿形性能,保证作业深度稳定。该液压系统还可控制挡秸板液压缸实现对挡秸板张开角度的控制,调整抛撒秸秆的距离,同时提高田间的通过性。
为了增加地轮仿形量,保证机具可以适应垄作及平作等不同作业模式,地轮采用平行四杆仿形方式,平行四杆机构受力如图3所示。
平面力系平衡条件式为
式中
      F1、F2——平行四杆所受牵引力,N
      Qx——地轮所受水平阻力,N
      Qy——地轮所受垂直阻力,N
      T——液压缸推力,N
      α——液压缸支撑角,(°)
      β——牵引角,(°)
      γ——地轮支板与竖直方向夹角,(°)
      L1——平行四杆机构长杆长度,mm
      L2——地轮销轴到平行四杆末端距离,mm
      L3——液压缸对四杆的作用力到平行四杆前端距离,mm
      L4——平行四杆机构短杆长度,mm
由力系平衡条件得液压缸推力计算式为
式中
      μ——地轮阻力系数
由式(4)可知,所需液压缸推力与平行四杆机构牵引角、液压缸支撑角、土壤对地轮的垂直反力、地轮阻力系数有关。液压缸支撑角又与平行四杆机构牵引角有关。为保证液压缸负载合理,需要合理确定地轮总成结构参数[10]。
平行四杆机构尺寸应当满足机器在稳定作业时对仿形量和牵引角的要求。结合本机型结构特点,同时为了适应垄作、平作等不同作业要求,设计免耕播种机仿形限深地轮总成作业时上下仿形量各为90~100 mm。由图4可知仿形机构上下仿形总量为
式中
      H——总仿形量,mm
      H1——上仿形量,mm
      H2——下仿形量,mm
      γ1——上仿形时地轮支板与竖直方向夹角,(°)
      γ2——下仿形时地轮支板与竖直方向夹角,(°)
      β1——上仿形角,(°)
      β2——下仿形角,(°)
假定在地轮上下移动过程中γ不发生变化则式(5)可简化为
为保证播种作业时仿形限深地轮总成工作稳定,牵引角β的变化范围应尽可能小,牵引角变化越小,机具作业过程中稳定性越高,上下拉杆越长,仿形效果越好,但连杆过长,结构松散,纵向稳定性降低,现有免耕播种机播种单体平行四杆仿形机构上仿形角β1在6°~22°之间,β2在20°~40°之间,东北垄作免耕条件下,土壤坚实度大,结合原有机械调节式地轮机具仿形机构结构参数[11],此处选择作业时上仿形角为12°,下仿形角为30°,牵引角为0°。
根据确定的机构牵引角和仿形角,又由上下仿形量相等,可得仿形杆长度为
代入数值得L1=480.97 mm,取L1=480 mm。为避免干涉,要求在上仿形最高点时,地轮与仿形杆之间的距离大于地轮半径,即
式中
      R——地轮半径,mm
结合免耕播种机空间结构及地轮半径,并保证地轮与仿形杆有一定的运动间隙,综合考虑取L2为410 mm。
通过安装缓冲弹簧,利用机具和弹簧的惯性减弱地面传递到播种机的冲击,减少因地面冲击造成的承载系统振动,弹簧可以保证对机体的支撑,弹簧刚度过大会传递较大的地面冲击,削弱减振效果;弹簧刚度过小会导致地轮在较小的冲击载荷下振动幅度过大甚至撞击限位装置,通过ADAMS对样机进行仿真试验,确定弹簧刚度最优参数。
为了对建立的虚拟样机工作状态进行评价,确定合适的弹簧刚度,选取预载荷、弹簧刚度、作业速度[12]为试验因素进行仿真试验。
预载荷即缓冲弹簧受到的等效负载,根据地轮总成结构及免耕播种机使用质量确定预载荷范围,根据免耕播种机地轮受力简图确定地轮负载,如图5所示。
根据建立的原茬地免耕播种机三维模型,获得其整机使用质量、质心位置、地轮支撑点到质心距离等结构参数,在机具静止状态时有
其中
式中
      Fl——挂接点对机具的支持力,N
      Ll——机具质心到挂接点的水平距离,mm
      Lq——地轮支撑点到机具质心水平距离,mm
      G——免耕播种机重力,N
      Qy——地轮对机具的支持力
为保证地轮缓冲弹簧工作可靠,根据播种机工作时满载种肥确定播种机最大使用质量,在免耕播种机满载情况下对预载荷进行计算,地轮在工作最低点和最高点时,地轮支撑点到播种机质心的水平距离发生变化,在地轮支撑点距离播种机质心最近和最远两种状态下进行计算,获得地轮对播种机的最大和最小支持力,可得单个地轮对播种机的支撑力在7 944.67~8 643.78 N之间。
为获取缓冲弹簧在静止状态下的受力,对地轮支板进行受力分析,受力简图如图6所示,平面力系平衡条件为
式中
      F3——缓冲弹簧支反力,N
      F4——连接套对地轮支板的支反力,N
      θ——地轮支板与y轴夹角,(°)
      θ1——缓冲弹簧支反力与竖直方向夹角,(°)
      θ2——地轮支板与地面夹角,(°)
      φ——连接套对地轮支板的支反力与y轴夹角,(°)
      LAB——地轮支板上下铰接点之间距离,mm
      LBC——缓冲弹簧安装位置与地轮支板上铰接点距离,mm
缓冲弹簧支反力为
结合地轮结构参数与地轮对播种机支持力,计算缓冲弹簧受到的支反力F3变化范围为7 110.31~7 943.87 N。
为保证仿形效果,保证地轮与地面良好接触,降低地轮滑移率,减小地轮振动幅度,保证刀齿入土深度稳定,受地轮总成结构限制,弹簧刚度应满足
式中
      m——弹簧簧载质量,kg
      k——弹簧刚度,N/m
      h1——地轮机构静挠度设计上极限值,m
      h2——地轮机构静挠度设计下极限值,m
其中,弹簧簧载质量按照地轮承担整个机具质量的一半计算,考虑地轮转动的平顺性,过大的静挠度致使机构过于柔软,过小的静挠度将会失去弹簧的缓冲作用,根据地轮空间结构及弹簧负载设计地轮机构静挠度上下设计极限为5~10 cm,经计算可得弹簧刚度范围为60~150 kN/m。
播种机在进行播种作业时,若播种机作业速度过快则与播种机配套的机械排种器合格指数降低,降低单位面积作物株数,影响产量,作业速度过慢则会导致播种机的作业效率降低[13],综合考虑后播种机作业速度取1.0~2.5 m/s进行仿真试验。
将Solidworks建立的样机模型导入ADAMS中,在不影响地轮结构仿形效果及运动规律的前提下将模型进行简化,并对虚拟样机添加约束、驱动等相关参数。为简化计算分析,做如下假设:地轮总成中零部件均为刚体,忽略各运动副在运动过程中的摩擦力,地轮接触地面简化为刚体,简化后模型如图7所示。
根据地轮总成工作状况可知,平行四杆机构受到机架的水平牵引力,地轮支板与内支板铰接,地轮与地轮支板铰接,地轮与地面保持接触,在驱动四杆创建移动副,在地轮支板与内支板连接处创建转动副,在地轮与地轮支板连接处创建转动副,地轮与地面的约束条件设置为接触力约束,其中接触力是由摩擦力与正压力构成,其中摩擦力计算采用Coulomb法,正压力计算采用Impact函数法。添加的部分约束如表1所示。
选取预载荷、弹簧刚度和作业速度为试验因素,动挠度、地轮动载荷、加速度[14-16]为评价指标进行三因素四水平正交试验,试验因素水平如表2所示。
动挠度、地轮动载荷、加速度结果均从ADAMS软件后处理中获取。地轮动载荷评价机具振动状态,涉及机具行驶安全性和地面应力,地轮动载荷即动态垂直载荷Fd与静态垂直载荷Fzs组成的地轮法向力Fz,如图8所示。
由图8可知,地轮法向力Fz等于动态垂直载荷Fd与静态垂直载荷Fzs之和,即
在极端情况下,Fzs=-Fd,此时Fz=0,从而地轮不能传递动力,若发生在所有地轮上,则播种机的排种、排肥系统失去动力,降低作物产量,为保证地轮作业可靠性,地轮法向力的变化幅度应控制在较小范围,法向力过大不仅影响土壤压实且对地轮和轮毂轴承的应力和使用寿命也有影响,所以地轮动态垂直载荷应尽量减小。动挠度要保证其在运动时始终在设计范围内,避免由于运动过程中冲击过大撞击限位块,同时加速度也应控制在合理范围内,使系统运动更加平稳,有利于提高刀齿入土深度稳定性。
试验结果如表3所示,A、B、C为因素水平值,表4为试验结果方差分析表,由表4可知弹簧刚度、作业速度对动挠度影响极显著,影响主次顺序为作业速度、弹簧刚度、预载荷;作业速度对地轮动载荷影响极显著,弹簧刚度对地轮动载荷影响显著,影响主次顺序为作业速度、弹簧刚度、预载荷;作业速度对加速度影响极显著,弹簧刚度对加速度影响显著,影响主次顺序为作业速度、弹簧刚度、预载荷。
为保证地轮缓冲弹簧高速播种作业时仍能满足设计要求,在作业速度2.5 m/s的条件下对其他因素进行优化,因动挠度变化范围始终满足设计要求,在优化时不予考虑,综合考虑各因素对地轮动载荷、加速度的影响,以降低地轮动载荷、减小加速度为优化目标,获得缓冲弹簧刚度为1.2×105N/m。
液压系统需要实现对地轮和挡秸板工作位置进行调节,能快速调节地轮高度,并能保持位置恒定,确保刀齿入土深度稳定;利用液压系统中的溢流与节流元件减轻地面对系统的冲击作用,降低地面起伏对刀齿入土深度的影响;对仿形限深装置振动进行抑制,并减轻机架振动进一步提高其仿形性能,增强作业可靠性。
液压系统原理图如图9所示,液压系统管路主要分为两部分,一部分是挡板控制油路,一部分是地轮控制油路。地轮控制油路中液压缸有杆端通过销轴与平行四杆仿形装置铰接,液压缸无杆端与上挂接板销轴孔铰接,利用液压系统控制活塞杆的伸缩运动带动平行四杆机构绕铰接点转动,调节地轮与机架的相对位置,进而实现对清秸刀齿入土深度的调节。因液压缸负载随活塞杆伸出长度增加而逐渐增加,利用溢流阀8对系统压力进行调节,实现对液压缸活塞杆位置控制。溢流阀12起安全阀作用,当因为系统故障等原因导致系统压力升高并达到安全阀溢流压力时实现溢流作用,避免系统压力持续升高,保证系统安全。节流阀2、5、6主要用来控制工作介质流动速度,避免液压缸运动失速,并减轻系统油液振荡。单向阀10、11以及换向阀3、4、9属于方向控制阀,负责控制系统中油液流动方向,通过对换向阀进行一些列操作实现对液压缸动作控制。
因为地轮调节液压缸的负载会随液压缸伸出长度增加而不断增加,因此通过控制溢流阀8的溢流压力实现对液压缸输出力调节,进而实现对地轮位置的控制。当需要减小播种机清秸刀齿入土深度时,调高溢流阀8溢流压力则系统压力升高,活塞杆受到的液压力大于活塞杆受到的负载,活塞杆逐渐伸出,直到活塞杆负载与液压缸推力相等时活塞杆停止运动,多余油液经节流阀5/6、溢流阀8、单向阀11流回油箱。当需要增加播种机清秸刀齿入土深度时,调低溢流阀8溢流压力则系统压力降低,活塞杆受到的液压力小于活塞杆受到的负载,活塞杆逐渐收回,直到活塞杆受到的液压力与负载相同时运动停止,多余油液经相同回路流回油箱。
当在播种过程中遇到凸起地面时,地轮受到冲击载荷导致液压缸无杆腔系统压力瞬间升高,当系统压力大于溢流阀8设定的溢流压力时溢流阀开启,无杆腔油液经溢流阀流回油箱,有杆腔油液由溢流油液进行补充,此时液压杆收缩地轮向上移动并越过障碍,节流阀5/6可以实现对油液流速的调节,避免因冲击过大导致活塞杆收缩幅度过大,影响刀齿入土深度稳定性,单向阀10可以避免油液倒流对液压泵造成冲击,实现保护作用。当地轮越过障碍后因地轮瞬间腾空导致地轮负载减小,液压缸活塞杆在液压力作用下伸出直至地轮与地面接触并达到受力平衡。当在播种过程中遇到下陷地面时,地轮支撑液压缸因负载突然减小,在液压力作用下液压缸活塞杆伸出地轮下降与地面接触,避免播种机过度倾斜下陷,越过下陷地表后继续进行播种作业,减小播种机机架因为地面不平造成倾斜,同时也减弱播种机机架振动幅度,保持刀齿入土深度稳定性、提高清秸效果。通过调节节流阀5/6的节流口开度实现对活塞杆运动速度调节,避免地轮在越过障碍时活塞杆运动幅度过大影响机架稳定性。同时,因为播种单体连接在机架上,减小机架振动幅度也有助于提高播种单体的仿形效果。
将节流阀设置在系统回油路中可以在液压有杆腔中形成一定的背压,此时系统可以承受负值负载,并且由于有杆腔背压存在,能防止空气从回油路进入,因此活塞杆在低速运动时不易爬行,高速运动时不易颤振,液压缸运动平稳性好,流经节流阀的发热油液直接流回油箱冷却,对系统泄漏影响较小。当系统油路出现故障导致液压油压力不断升高并超过安全阀12设定压力时,安全阀开启实现溢流,起到对系统的保护作用。
2BMFJ-5型原茬免耕播种机属于中小型农业机械,液压系统较为简单,只负责调节地轮高度和挡板上下运动,同时试验样机制造加工精度低,结构相对粗糙,考虑系统沿程压力损失,确定系统最高工作压力为15 MPa,所以确定安全阀12的溢流压力为15 MPa。
液压缸作为系统执行元件,需要根据系统压力,外界负载等因素确定液压缸相关参数,液压缸工作时受力如图10所示。
活塞杆受压时,活塞杆受到有效负载为
活塞杆受拉时,活塞杆受到有效负载为
式中
      Fw——活塞杆受到有效负载,N
      A1——液压缸无杆腔活塞有效作业面积,m2
      A2——液压缸有杆腔活塞有效作业面积,m2
      p1——液压缸工作腔压力,Pa
      p2——液压缸回油腔压力,Pa
2BMFJ-5型免耕播种机地轮总成液压系统回油路较短,单向阀开启压力较小,且液压缸受压为液压缸主要工作状态,液压缸回油路设置有节流阀,所以回油腔背压力p2初步选择为0.2 MPa。
液压缸在受压状态时,活塞面积A1为
由式(17)可知液压缸活塞直径D为
根据地轮总成结构参数,将相关数据代入式(18)后得出液压缸活塞直径为D=0.061 m,根据市场产品常见型号选择液压缸活塞直径为0.063 m,选取活塞杆直径为35 mm;根据地轮总成仿形量确定液压缸行程为125 mm。
根据液压系统原理图在AMESim中建立仿真模型[14-15],如图11所示,主要参数如表5所示。
根据不同的工况及作业要求对信号进行设置,在0~15 s时,换向阀始终处于左位,此时地轮逐渐下降与地面接触并继续下降,直到地轮受力与液压输出液压力相当时停止运动,并保持位置,此时地轮处于工作状态。在15~30 s时,换向阀处于右位,液压缸有杆腔进油,地轮快速换向上升。
地轮液压缸活塞杆位移曲线如图12所示,0 s时活塞杆在油液压力作用下开始伸出,0~6 s时由于液压缸有杆腔回油路节流阀存在及液压缸负载随活塞杆伸出长度不断变化的原因导致活塞杆位移并不是线性变化,其运动速度先迅速增加后逐渐趋于零直到停止运动,6~15 s活塞杆位移不变,此时活塞杆受到的负载与液压力相等,多余油液溢流回油箱,15~16 s时二位四通换向阀右位接通,液压缸活塞杆迅速收回,此时地轮快速上升到顶端。液压缸活塞杆伸出时间约为6 s,退回时间约为1 s,从曲线整体趋势可得活塞杆运动平稳,可以满足工作要求。
如图13所示,当溢流阀溢流压力逐渐减小时活塞杆位伸出长度也逐渐减小,且消耗更多的时间达到平衡状态,其位移变化趋势大致相同,因此可以通过调节溢流压力实现对液压缸活塞杆伸出长度的调节,进而实现调节清秸刀齿入土深度。
从图14所示液压缸端口2油液流量曲线可以看出,在0 s时,油液流量由0突变为8.3 L/min,并在6 s内逐渐减小到0直到第15秒,15~16 s时因换向阀换向油液反向流动,油液流量从0突变为-22 L/min,并逐渐减小到-15 L/min,到16 s,液压缸换向结束,活塞突然静止油液流量突降为0,产生波动并迅速恢复平稳。
在液压系统刚启动时,因油路中设置的节流阀的节流作用,油液流动相对平缓,起到了一定的减缓液压冲击的作用,因此在0 s初及14 s末系统内未产生较大波动,在15 s末活塞杆收缩到底瞬间静止,由于油液惯性原因导致系统内发生振荡并很快衰减为0。
试验于2021年11月5—7日在东北农业大学农学院试验田进行,如图15所示,试验过程拖拉机匀速行驶,作业直线距离100 m,为了提高测试数据准确性与科学性,地块两端设缓冲区,用于拖拉机加速和减速,以确保拖拉机在田间以恒定速度行驶。试验地为机收后大豆茬地,0~10 cm深度平均土壤坚实度为26.5 kg/cm2,土壤平均含水率为20.3%,残茬覆盖量为1.12 kg/m2,清秸刀齿入土深度为50 mm。试验仪器设备包括:纽荷兰110-90型拖拉机,装有仿形限深地轮的2BMFJ-5型原茬地免耕播种机,Eijkelkamp-0615SA型土壤紧实度测定仪,钢板尺,卷尺,数码相机,秒表[16-19]。
为了更好地验证装置性能,本次试验作业速度为2~2.5 m/s,播种机刀齿入土深度合格判定标准为:刀齿入土深度在40~60 mm之间为合格。试验获得刀齿入土深度测量值hi,以0.1倍理论刀齿入土深度h为间隔分成不同区段,在h周围得到[0.9h,h)、[h,1.1h]等区段[20-21]。相对频率计算式为
式中
      Fi——相对频率,%
      ni——刀齿入土深度hi在不同区段出现的频数
      h0——测定总点数
机具每次作业至缓冲区域后,停止前进,清秸刀齿会在垄台上留下滑切痕迹,比较作业前后垄台面高度差,确定刀齿入土深度,测量过程如图16所示。以刀齿入土深度测量值为横坐标,相对频率为纵坐标绘制频率直方图进行分析。
根据GB/T 6973—2005《单粒(精密)播种机试验方法》和GB/T 9478—2005《谷物条播机试验方法》,播种机滑移率采用定圈数测距离的方法测定,播种机地轮转动圈数不少于15圈。
滑移率计算式为
式中
      δ1——滑移率,%
      S——传动轮走过的实际距离,m
      R1——轮胎承载后静半径,m
      n——传动轮在路程S内的转数
其中轮胎承载后静半径按照GB/T 2977—2024《载重汽车轮胎规格、尺寸、气压与负荷》要求通常介于自由半径的94%~97%之间,此处按照95%计算。
不同调节方式下刀齿入土深度如图17所示。原机械调节地轮总成(方式1)与液控式仿形限深地轮总成(方式2)进行正常作业的刀齿入土深度合格率分别为62%和82%,方式2刀齿入土深度合格率比方式1高20个百分点。将刀齿入土深度合格判定标准提高到±5 mm,即清秸刀齿入土深度在45~55 mm之间为合格,则相应的刀齿入土深度合格率分别降低到30%和50%。方式2刀齿入土深度合格率比方式1高20个百分点,由此可知液控式仿形限深地轮总成能保持刀齿入土深度稳定性,保证清秸效果。
不同调节方式下地轮滑移率按照式(20)计算,结果如表6所示。
应用SPSS软件对数据进行统计分析,不同处理之间采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA)和最小显著差异法(LSD)进行差异性分析(P<0.05),数据用平均值±标准差(n=5)表示。
由表7可知,相同作业速度下不同调节方式处理间地轮滑移率存在显著差异,相同调节方式不同作业速度处理间地轮滑移率存在显著性,机械式调节地轮在由低到高4种作业速度下地轮滑移率均值分别为8.04%、11.11%、15.64%、22.47%,随作业速度增加相邻两种作业速度下地轮滑移率均值差值逐渐增加,播种机作业速度对地轮滑移率有显著影响,并且随着播种作业速度增加地轮滑移率也在逐渐增加。
液控式调节地轮在由低到高4种作业速度下地轮滑移率均值分别为6.14%、8.23%、11.09%、14.97%,随作业速度增加相邻两种作业速度下地轮滑移率均值差值也逐渐增加,但滑移率显著小于相同作业速度下机械式调节地轮滑移率,且增加幅度较机械式调节地轮小。机械式地轮调节总成田间作业时地轮滑移率显著大于相同作业速度下液控式仿形限深地轮的地轮滑移率。当作业速度为2.5 m/s时,机械式地轮调节方式下地轮滑移率均值为22.47%,最大可达到24.77%,此时进行播种作业地轮附着性能变差,摩擦力减小,传动性能变差,改进后的液控式仿形限深地轮当作业速度为2.5 m/s时,地轮滑移率均值为14.97%,最大仅为15.64%,液控式仿形限深地轮滑移率均值比机械式地轮调节方式低7.5个百分点。
由图18可知,液控式仿形限深地轮滑移率明显小于机械式调节地轮,随着作业速度增加,两种调节方式地轮滑移率都在增加,但液控式仿形限深地轮的增长趋势小于机械式调节地轮。
(1)针对传统机械调节地轮的不足,改进设计了一种液控式仿形限深地轮总成,能快速调节地轮高度,并能保持位置恒定,确保刀齿入土深度稳定,降低地轮滑移率。
(2)通过理论分析计算出液控式仿形限深地轮总成仿形四连杆及地轮支板的关键参数,通过ADAMS仿真试验确定缓冲弹簧最优弹簧刚度为1.2×105N/m,确定液压调节系统的基本结构,确定液压缸行程为125 mm;液压仿真结果表明:地轮液压缸及挡秸板液压缸工作过程中运行平稳,满足设计要求。
(3)田间试验结果表明,在刀齿入土深度判定标准为(50±10)mm时,机械调节地轮总成与液控式仿形限深地轮总成的刀齿入土深度合格率分别为62%和82%,液控式仿形限深地轮总成刀齿入土深度合格率比机械调节地轮总成高20个百分点,液控式仿形限深地轮滑移率明显小于机械式调节地轮,随着作业速度增加,两种调节方式地轮滑移率都在增加,但液控式仿形限深地轮的增长趋势小于机械式调节地轮。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFD2000401)
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2025年第56卷第12期
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doi: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.019
  • 接收时间:2025-07-01
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-01
  • 修回日期:2025-07-21
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFD2000401)
作者信息
    1.东北农业大学工程学院,哈尔滨 150030
    2.黑龙江东方学院机电工程学院,哈尔滨 150066

通讯作者:

陈海涛(1962—),男,教授,博士生导师,主要从事农业装备及生物质材料研究,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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