Article(id=1311999649691558235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1747929600000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-23, revisedDate=1751299200000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790734692260, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790734692260, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790734692260, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790734692260, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311999647825101743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, year='2025', volume='56', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='818', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1766592000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790734691815, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790738411040, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312015247465083866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312015247465083867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, issueId=1311999647825101743, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=131, endPage=139, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1311999650530419036, articleId=1311999649691558235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, language=EN, title=Prediction Method of Tractor Ploughing Resistance Based on Multi-source Heterogeneous Sensor Data, columnId=1311999648647185329, journalTitle=Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, columnName=Special Column of Key Technologies for Intelligent Agricultural Power Equipment, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to realize the precise control of ploughing resistance and improve the traction efficiency of tractor in ploughing operation, a prediction method of ploughing resistance was proposed. A plowing resistance perception model based on the upper pull rod force was proposed, and the experimental verification was carried out. In view of the problem that the measurement results were unstable by only sensing the ploughing resistance through the upper pull rod force in the actual field operation, a ploughing operation parameter test platform was built, and the multi-source heterogeneous sensor data based on tillage depth, upper pull rod force, vehicle speed and wheel speed were obtained and the prediction samples were constructed. The wavelet threshold denoising (WTD) and sparrow search algorithm (SSA) were introduced into the least squares support vector machine (LSSVM), and the combined prediction model of ploughing resistance based on WTD-SSA-LSSVM was established and the model performance was verified. The results showed that the model prediction method had higher accuracy than that of the upper pull rod force. In addition, different prediction methods were compared. The R2, MAE, RMSE and MAPE of the test set obtained by the combined prediction model method were 0.97, 118.1 N, 151.4 N and 2.2%, respectively. Compared with prediction models of LSSVM and SSA-LSSVM, R2 was increased by 8.9% and 5.4%, respectively. MAE was decreased by 49.7% and 42.2%, respectively. RMSE was decreased by 46.7% and 39.1%, respectively. MAPE was decreased by 56.8% and 48.8%, respectively. Therefore, the method proposed had better prediction performance and was more suitable for the prediction of tractor plough resistance.

, authors=Xiaoxu SUN, Yue SONG, Kai ZHANG, Zheng WANG, Zhixiong LU, authorsList=Xiaoxu SUN, Yue SONG, Kai ZHANG, Zheng WANG, Zhixiong LU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhixiong LU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1311999659430732177, articleId=1311999649691558235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, language=CN, title=基于多源异构传感器数据的拖拉机犁耕阻力预测方法, columnId=1311999648798180275, journalTitle=农业机械学报, columnName=智能农业动力装备关键技术专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为实现拖拉机犁耕作业中犁耕阻力精准控制并提升牵引效率,本文提出了一种犁耕阻力预测方法。提出了一种基于上拉杆力的犁耕阻力感知模型,并利用试验台进行了试验验证。针对实际田间作业中仅通过上拉杆力感知犁耕阻力方法存在测量结果不稳定问题,搭建了拖拉机犁耕作业参数测试平台,得到了基于耕深、上拉杆力、车速和轮速的多源异构传感器数据并构建了预测样本。将小波阈值去噪(WTD)和麻雀搜索算法(SSA)引入最小二乘支持向量机(LSSVM)中,搭建了基于WTD-SSA-LSSVM的拖拉机犁耕阻力组合预测模型并进行了模型性能验证。结果表明,与仅采用上拉杆力感知方法对比,模型预测方法具有更高精度。进行了不同预测方法对比,采用组合模型方法得到的测试集决定系数(R2)、平均绝对误差(MAE)、均方根误差(RMSE)和平均绝对百分比误差(MAPE)分别为0.97、118.1 N、151.4 N和2.2%。相对于LSSVM和SSA-LSSVM预测模型,R2分别提高8.9%和5.4%;MAE分别降低49.7%和42.2%;RMSE分别降低46.7%和39.1%;MAPE分别降低56.8%和48.8%。由此可知,本文方法具有更好的预测性能,更适用于拖拉机犁耕阻力预测。

, authors=孙晓旭, 宋悦, 张凯, 王峥, 鲁植雄, authorsList=孙晓旭, 宋悦, 张凯, 王峥, 鲁植雄, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=鲁植雄, authorNote=

孙晓旭(1995—),男,博士生,主要从事车辆电子控制技术研究,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
鲁植雄(1962—),男,教授,博士生导师,主要从事车辆电子控制技术研究,E-mail:
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孙晓旭(1995—),男,博士生,主要从事车辆电子控制技术研究,E-mail:

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孙晓旭(1995—),男,博士生,主要从事车辆电子控制技术研究,E-mail:

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Research on internal quality detection method of cherry tomatoes based on improved WOA-LSSVM, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311999687993942529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999649691558235, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=43, issue=9, pageStart=2379, pageEnd=2387, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=35, authorNames=裘镓荣, 曾鹏飞, 邵伟平, journalName=兵工学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=裘镓荣, 曾鹏飞, 邵伟平, 等. 基于PSO-LSSVM弹药装配质量预测方法[J]. 兵工学报, 2022, 43(9): 2379-2387., articleTitle=基于PSO-LSSVM弹药装配质量预测方法, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311999688224629250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385739772133495, articleId=1311999649691558235, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=43, issue=9, pageStart=2379, pageEnd=2387, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=36, authorNames=QIU Jiarong, ZENG Pengfei, SHAO Weiping, journalName=Acta Armamentarii, refType=null, unstructuredReference=QIU Jiarong, ZENG Pengfei, SHAO Weiping, et al. PSO-LSSVM-based ammunition assembly quality prediction method[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2022, 43(9): 2379-2387. 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1. 提升臂倾角传感器 2. 油缸位移传感器 3. 下拉杆倾角传感器 4. 上拉杆力传感器 5. 上拉杆倾角传感器 6. 加载力传感器

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Sensor parameters of field test platform

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名称型号量程
耕深传感器ZR18-D100I-G100~1 000 mm
车速传感器Radar-Ⅱ0.53~100 km/h
轮速传感器BRT380~100 r/min
上拉杆力传感器JLBZ0~3 t
牵引力传感器JLBZ0~5 t
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田间测试平台传感器参数

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名称型号量程
耕深传感器ZR18-D100I-G100~1 000 mm
车速传感器Radar-Ⅱ0.53~100 km/h
轮速传感器BRT380~100 r/min
上拉杆力传感器JLBZ0~3 t
牵引力传感器JLBZ0~5 t
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Correlation analysis of ploughing resistance of each parameter

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参数耕深上拉杆力车速轮速
相关系数0.800.890.560.45
P0.000 10.000 10.000 20.000 1
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各参数与犁耕阻力相关性分析

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参数耕深上拉杆力车速轮速
相关系数0.800.890.560.45
P0.000 10.000 10.000 20.000 1
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Range of parameters to be optimized

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优化参数数值
小波基函数db3、db4、db5、sym3、sym4、sym5、coif3、coif4、coif5
小波阈值minimaxi、rigrsure、sqtwolog、heursure
分解层数2、3、4、5
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待优化参数范围

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优化参数数值
小波基函数db3、db4、db5、sym3、sym4、sym5、coif3、coif4、coif5
小波阈值minimaxi、rigrsure、sqtwolog、heursure
分解层数2、3、4、5
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Results of orthogonal test analysis of wavelet de-noising

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项目因素
小波基函数A小波阈值B分解层数C
K140.039.860.7
K235.554.745.8
K335.025.627.6
K437.528.014.0
K538.5
K634.5
K739.5
K837.0
K935.5
R5.529.146.7
Rc3.5239.363.0
最优组合A1B2C1
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小波去噪正交试验分析结果

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项目因素
小波基函数A小波阈值B分解层数C
K140.039.860.7
K235.554.745.8
K335.025.627.6
K437.528.014.0
K538.5
K634.5
K739.5
K837.0
K935.5
R5.529.146.7
Rc3.5239.363.0
最优组合A1B2C1
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Statistical analysis of prediction results of different methods

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方法R2MAE/NRMSE/NMAPE/%
LSSVM0.89234.8284.35.1
SSA-LSSVM0.92204.5248.84.3
WTD-SSA-LSSVM0.97118.1151.42.2
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不同方法预测结果统计分析

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方法R2MAE/NRMSE/NMAPE/%
LSSVM0.89234.8284.35.1
SSA-LSSVM0.92204.5248.84.3
WTD-SSA-LSSVM0.97118.1151.42.2
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Statistical analysis of prediction results of different prediction parameters

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参数组合R2MAE/NRMSE/NMAPE/%
h0.629415.8506.58.9
F_up0.789318.1382.16.9
F_up+h0.926169.9226.33.9
F_up+h+v0.962120.1154.12.3
Fup+h+v+w0.970116.5148.42.2
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不同预测参数预测结果统计分析

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参数组合R2MAE/NRMSE/NMAPE/%
h0.629415.8506.58.9
F_up0.789318.1382.16.9
F_up+h0.926169.9226.33.9
F_up+h+v0.962120.1154.12.3
Fup+h+v+w0.970116.5148.42.2
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基于多源异构传感器数据的拖拉机犁耕阻力预测方法
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孙晓旭 , 宋悦 , 张凯 , 王峥 , 鲁植雄
农业机械学报 | 智能农业动力装备关键技术专栏 2025,56(12): 131-139
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农业机械学报 |智能农业动力装备关键技术专栏 2025 , 56 (12) : 131 -139
基于多源异构传感器数据的拖拉机犁耕阻力预测方法
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孙晓旭 , 宋悦, 张凯, 王峥, 鲁植雄
作者信息
  • 南京农业大学工学院,南京 210031
通讯作者:
鲁植雄(1962—),男,教授,博士生导师,主要从事车辆电子控制技术研究,E-mail:
作者简介:

孙晓旭(1995—),男,博士生,主要从事车辆电子控制技术研究,E-mail:

Prediction Method of Tractor Ploughing Resistance Based on Multi-source Heterogeneous Sensor Data
Xiaoxu SUN , Yue SONG, Kai ZHANG, Zheng WANG, Zhixiong LU
Affiliations
  • College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, China
出版时间: 2025-12-25 doi: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.011
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为实现拖拉机犁耕作业中犁耕阻力精准控制并提升牵引效率,本文提出了一种犁耕阻力预测方法。提出了一种基于上拉杆力的犁耕阻力感知模型,并利用试验台进行了试验验证。针对实际田间作业中仅通过上拉杆力感知犁耕阻力方法存在测量结果不稳定问题,搭建了拖拉机犁耕作业参数测试平台,得到了基于耕深、上拉杆力、车速和轮速的多源异构传感器数据并构建了预测样本。将小波阈值去噪(WTD)和麻雀搜索算法(SSA)引入最小二乘支持向量机(LSSVM)中,搭建了基于WTD-SSA-LSSVM的拖拉机犁耕阻力组合预测模型并进行了模型性能验证。结果表明,与仅采用上拉杆力感知方法对比,模型预测方法具有更高精度。进行了不同预测方法对比,采用组合模型方法得到的测试集决定系数(R2)、平均绝对误差(MAE)、均方根误差(RMSE)和平均绝对百分比误差(MAPE)分别为0.97、118.1 N、151.4 N和2.2%。相对于LSSVM和SSA-LSSVM预测模型,R2分别提高8.9%和5.4%;MAE分别降低49.7%和42.2%;RMSE分别降低46.7%和39.1%;MAPE分别降低56.8%和48.8%。由此可知,本文方法具有更好的预测性能,更适用于拖拉机犁耕阻力预测。

拖拉机  /  犁耕阻力  /  模型预测  /  最小二乘支持向量机  /  多源异构传感器数据

In order to realize the precise control of ploughing resistance and improve the traction efficiency of tractor in ploughing operation, a prediction method of ploughing resistance was proposed. A plowing resistance perception model based on the upper pull rod force was proposed, and the experimental verification was carried out. In view of the problem that the measurement results were unstable by only sensing the ploughing resistance through the upper pull rod force in the actual field operation, a ploughing operation parameter test platform was built, and the multi-source heterogeneous sensor data based on tillage depth, upper pull rod force, vehicle speed and wheel speed were obtained and the prediction samples were constructed. The wavelet threshold denoising (WTD) and sparrow search algorithm (SSA) were introduced into the least squares support vector machine (LSSVM), and the combined prediction model of ploughing resistance based on WTD-SSA-LSSVM was established and the model performance was verified. The results showed that the model prediction method had higher accuracy than that of the upper pull rod force. In addition, different prediction methods were compared. The R2, MAE, RMSE and MAPE of the test set obtained by the combined prediction model method were 0.97, 118.1 N, 151.4 N and 2.2%, respectively. Compared with prediction models of LSSVM and SSA-LSSVM, R2 was increased by 8.9% and 5.4%, respectively. MAE was decreased by 49.7% and 42.2%, respectively. RMSE was decreased by 46.7% and 39.1%, respectively. MAPE was decreased by 56.8% and 48.8%, respectively. Therefore, the method proposed had better prediction performance and was more suitable for the prediction of tractor plough resistance.

tractor  /  ploughing resistance  /  model prediction  /  least squares support vector machine  /  multi-source heterogeneous sensor data
孙晓旭, 宋悦, 张凯, 王峥, 鲁植雄. 基于多源异构传感器数据的拖拉机犁耕阻力预测方法. 农业机械学报, 2025 , 56 (12) : 131 -139 . DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.011
Xiaoxu SUN, Yue SONG, Kai ZHANG, Zheng WANG, Zhixiong LU. Prediction Method of Tractor Ploughing Resistance Based on Multi-source Heterogeneous Sensor Data[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2025 , 56 (12) : 131 -139 . DOI: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.011
犁耕作为农业生产过程中的基础环节,也是消耗能量最大的作业项目之一,其作业过程中产生的犁耕阻力不仅直接关系到拖拉机动力系统的合理匹配以及燃油消耗,还影响作业质量与作业效率[1-2]。拖拉机犁耕阻力的准确预测对优化拖拉机工作性能,降低作业过程中的燃油消耗以及提高作业质量和作业效率具有重要意义。
传统的犁耕阻力预测方法主要依赖于试验法和解析法。试验法即通过田间试验或土槽试验对不同犁具的耕作阻力进行测量。JB/T 9803.2—2013《耕整机试验方法》中给出了测量耕作阻力的标准规程,即拖带法[3]。随着传感器技术的不断发展,拖带法逐步向悬挂机构式测量方法发展,通过将悬挂机构与农具间的轴销替换为轴销力传感器,获得拖拉机作业过程中的犁耕阻力[4-7]。此外,八角环[8]、扭转弹簧等[9]新型测量方法也被应用于犁耕阻力试验测量中。试验法虽然能获得较为准确的数据,但过程复杂,成本高,且难以覆盖所有工况。解析法是以数学模型作为手段,例如理论模型以及经验公式。理论模型通常基于土壤力学、动力学和能量守恒定律,通过数学公式来描述农具与土壤间的相互作用。Wismer-Luth模型便是一种常用的耕作阻力理论模型[10]。经验公式则是基于试验数据进行统计回归,将犁耕阻力与一些作业过程中的关键参数建立简化关系,例如土壤参数、农具参数以及作业参数等。JIANG等[11]对深松机耕作阻力进行了研究,建立基于深松机几何形状、土壤特性和工作条件的数学模型,试验结果表明,实测值与预测值间相关性显著。TUTUNARU等[12]对一种简易耕作刀具进行了四因素三水平耕作试验,基于243次的试验数据进行了回归预测,回归模型决定系数高达0.981 5。
此外,通过近年来相关统计方法的探索,人工神经网络(ANN)、自适应神经模糊推理系统(ANFIS)和支持向量回归(SVR)等数据驱动模型在土壤与农具相互作用的建模中受到广泛关注,为犁耕阻力预测提供了新方案[13-15]。ASKARI等[16]设计了一种四因素耕作试验,并分别采用ANFIS、响应面(RSM)和数据回归3种方法进行了耕作阻力预测对比,结果表明,ANFIS预测模型比RSM和回归模型预测精度更高。ZHU等[17]建立了基于SVR、反向传播神经网络(BPNN)和偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)3种机器学习模型的土壤抗剪强度参数预测模型。结果表明,3种方法对黏聚力的预测性能由大到小依次为BPNN、SVR、PLSR;而对于内摩擦角而言,3种方法预测性能由大到小依次为SVR、BPNN、PLSR。
随着计算机辅助技术及相关软件的发展,有限元法(FEM)、离散元法(DEM)和计算流体动力学(CFD)等数值模拟技术也被广泛应用于研究土壤和农具间的相互作用。LI等[18]建立了基于FEM的动态模拟模型并通过了田间试验验证。HOSEINIAN等[19]基于DEM模型对农业土壤进行了模拟,试验结果表明,平均牵引力和平均垂向力相对误差仅为2.0%和2.5%。综上所述,理论模型物理意义明确,但模型中对土壤参数的准确性要求较高。经验公式方法简单易懂,但模型预测精度不高[20-21]。此外,经验公式中的无量纲系数需要通过大量试验得到[22]。数值模拟方法的预测精度达到90%以上,但模型中参数值的确定具有较高难度[23]。数据驱动模型通常不需要精确和具体的函数关系,通过算法学习可以实现低成本计算,预测精度高,在非线性问题的拟合中更具优势。
为精准获取拖拉机犁耕作业过程中产生的犁耕阻力,本文提出一种犁耕阻力预测方法。通过理论分析和台架试验,设计一种采用上拉杆力的犁耕阻力感知方法;考虑田间犁耕作业参数对犁耕阻力的影响,搭建拖拉机犁耕作业参数测试平台,得到基于耕深、上拉杆力、车速和轮速的多源异构传感器数据并构建犁耕阻力预测样本;建立一种犁耕阻力组合预测模型并对预测结果进行分析,通过对比验证所提出预测方法的准确性。
常用的犁耕阻力测量方法是通过在下拉杆铰接位置安装测量水平方向受力的轴销式力传感器。但实际作业过程中,下拉杆会绕轴销上下摆动,力方向会发生变化。此外,下拉杆轴销位置通常距离地面较近,当拖拉机在水田等潮湿工况下作业时,往往会使得传感器泡水而降低使用寿命。上拉杆位置相对较高且为二力杆,通过测量上拉杆力不仅可以避免由于杆件受力方向变化引起的测量精度下降问题,还可以提高传感器使用寿命。因此,选择通过上拉杆力传感对犁耕阻力进行测量。
悬挂机构受力分析如图1所示。
取提升臂为研究对象,转矩平衡方程为
求解得到
式中
      FC——提升杆提升力,方向沿提升杆CH方向,N
      FE——液压缸推力,方向沿液压缸活塞杆EB伸出方向,N
      lAB——杆AB长度,mm
      lAC——杆AC长度,mm
      αB——杆AB与水平方向夹角,(°)
      αEB——EB连线与水平方向夹角,(°)
      αACH——杆AC与杆CH之间夹角,(°)
取下拉杆为研究对象,可得
得到下拉杆受力与犁耕阻力关系为
式中
      FDx、FDy——下拉杆铰接点D处受到的水平和竖直方向分力,N
      FIx、FIy——点I处受到的水平和竖直方向分力,N
      FH——FC的反作用力,N
      xI、zI——点I到拖拉机后轮中心的水平和竖直距离,mm
      xD、zD——点D到拖拉机后轮中心的水平和竖直距离,mm
      lDH——杆DH长度,mm
      αH——杆DH与水平方向夹角,(°)
      βH——杆CH与竖直方向夹角,(°)
取农具为研究对象,可得
其中
得到上拉杆受力与犁耕阻力的关系为
式中
      FG——上拉杆受力,方向沿上拉杆FG方向,N
      Rx、Ry——农具受到的犁耕阻力在水平和竖直方向分力,N
      ——农具质量,kg
      、——农具质心处在水平和竖直方向上的加速度,m/s2
      sx、sy——犁耕阻力作用点与犁尖处的水平和竖直距离,m
      ——农具对质心处的转动惯量,kg·m2
      xJ、zJ——点J到拖拉机后轮中心的水平和竖直距离,mm
      xR、zR——点R到拖拉机后轮中心的水平和竖直距离,mm
      xF、zF——点F到拖拉机后轮中心的水平和竖直距离,mm
      、——点O2到拖拉机后轮中心的水平和竖直距离,mm
      g——重力加速度,m/s2
      lGI——杆GI长度,mm
      αG——杆FG与水平方向夹角,(°)
      βI——杆GI与水平方向夹角,(°)
由式(4)、(7)可知,除了自重引起的惯性力之外,农具受到的犁耕阻力直接影响上拉杆受力,而下拉杆除了受到惯性力和犁耕阻力作用之外,还受到提升油缸施加的提升力作用。因此,基于上拉杆力建立犁耕阻力感知模型,即
式中
      θ——Rx和Ry合力与Rx间夹角,(°)
为验证上述理论建模的准确性,进行了台架试验验证。根据上述理论建模过程中相关状态参数,传感器安装位置如图2所示。
设定试验台耕深分别为150 mm(位置1)、200 mm(位置2)和250 mm(位置3)。采样阶跃加载的方式,通过加载液压缸进行不同犁耕阻力的模拟加载,得到不同位置上拉杆力、式(8)换算得到的犁耕阻力以及实际犁耕阻力的关系如图3所示。由图3可知,不同位置换算犁耕阻力与实际犁耕阻力最大相对误差分别为12.91%、15.47%和12.00%,平均相对误差分别为2.89%、5.74%和0.17%。该结果验证了本文设计的采用上拉杆力测量犁耕阻力方法的可行性和准确性。
由上述可知,上拉杆力传感器数值在一定程度上可以反映犁耕阻力大小。但由于田间不同作业农具受力状态不同,容易导致农具出现偏侧,因此,仅通过上拉杆力传感器感知犁耕阻力的方法存在测量精度不高以及测量结果不稳定问题。在实际田间作业过程中,犁耕阻力除了与耕深有直接联系外,车速和滑转率也是影响耕地过程犁耕阻力的关键因素。鉴于此,本试验对犁耕作业下耕深、上拉杆力、车速以及驱动轮轮速数据进行采集,为后文犁耕阻力的精准预测构建样本数据。
搭建犁耕作业参数田间测试平台如图4所示。采用悍沃2004型拖拉机作为牵引拖拉机,沃得854型拖拉机作为耕作拖拉机。数据采集模块采用阿尔泰USB3136数据采集卡,并基于LabVIEW搭建数据采集程序,相关传感器型号与参数如表1所示。
基于拖带法设计耕作试验和牵引试验。耕作试验时,将耕作拖拉机处于空挡状态,犁具入土并调节不同耕深位置。牵引拖拉机利用牵引绳牵引耕作拖拉机前进,记录此时耕作拖拉机耕深、上拉杆力、车速、轮速以及牵引力。牵引试验用于测量耕作拖拉机受到的滚动阻力。试验过程中,将耕作拖拉机处于空挡状态,犁具升起。同样在牵引拖拉机牵引下在田间行驶,此时牵引力传感器数据即为滚动阻力。将耕作试验中牵引力传感器采集到的数据减去滚动阻力,即为耕作试验中耕作拖拉机所受到的犁耕阻力真实值。
为判断耕深、上拉杆力、车速和轮速与犁耕阻力间的关系,对各个参数与犁耕阻力间进行相关性计算。通过归一化处理,消除各个参数间量纲的影响。相关性分析结果如表2所示。
由表2可知,耕深、上拉杆力、车速和轮速与犁耕阻力均呈现正相关。其中,耕深和上拉杆力的相关系数均不小于0.8,表示与犁耕阻力关系为强相关;车速和轮速的相关系数均不小于0.45,表示与犁耕阻力关系为中等相关。此外,4个参数的P值均小于0.01,证明该相关关系可信。因此,选择耕深、上拉杆力、车速和轮速作为犁耕阻力预测的输入变量,构建模型预测输入矩阵。
为提高模型预测精度,对犁耕作业参数进行去噪。小波阈值去噪(Wavelet threshold denoising,WTD)是一种基于小波变换的信号去噪方法,具有实用性强、去噪效果更精准的特点[24-25]。为获得最优去噪效果,对去噪参数进行优化。
为全面评估不同去噪参数组合对去噪效果的影响,采用信噪比(SNR)和均方根误差(RMSE)作为评价指标。
通过设计正交试验对小波基函数、小波阈值规则和分解尺度层数3个去噪参数进行优化匹配。由于小波基函数种类较多,为提高效率,选择几种常见的小波基函数和小波阈值规则作为待选参数。此外,分解层数太少,去噪效果不明显;分解层数越大,信号失真越大且计算量增加[26]。因此,最终确定待优化的参数取值范围如表3所示。
对正交试验结果进行极差分析,采用次序评分法,2种评价指标各占比50%,计算不同组合去噪结果的综合得分。考虑正交试验因素水平不相等,无法直接比较极差,通过折算系数对极差进行折算。计算方法为
式中
      R——极差
      Rc——折算后极差
      d——折算系数,其中,小波基函数折算系数取0.32,小波阈值、分解层数折算系数均取0.45
      n——该因素平均每个水平对应指标数
计算得到正交试验结果如表4所示。由表4可知分解层数对结果影响最大,各水平间综合评价得分修正后极差达到63。通过进一步比较修正后极差,得到3个因素对结果的影响程度为C>B>A。基于此,筛选得到最优组合为A1B2C1。即当小波基函数取db3,阈值规则取rigrsure,分解尺度层数取2时可得到最佳去噪效果。因此,采用去噪参数组合A1B2C1对田间耕作参数进行小波阈值去噪处理。
最小二乘支持向量机(Least squares support vector machine,LSSVM)是对SVM的一种改进,通过将SVM的不等式约束条件变为等式约束,引入最小化误差平方和解决二次规划问题。
由LSSVM回归预测模型可知,预测精度直接受惩罚参数c和核函数参数σ的影响。其中,c过大,会引起过学习;c过小,会增大训练误差;σ过大,会降低预测精度;σ过小,则会使得支持向量间相关程度减小[27-28]。因此,为保证犁耕阻力预测模型训练的准确性和快速性,需对模型参数进行优化。
麻雀搜索算法(Sparrow search algorithm,SSA)是一种基于麻雀觅食行为的新型群体智能优化算法,通过模拟麻雀在觅食过程中的搜索、追逐和逃避行为,解决优化问题。在精度、收敛速度、稳定性以及鲁棒性方面具有一定优势。因此,引入SSA对LSSVM模型进行参数优化。
基于上述理论,结合WTD和SSA对LSSVM模型进行改进。其中,对输入层参数进行小波阈值去噪,能保证模型预测样本的准确性,通过SSA对c和σ进行优化,从而保证LSSVM犁耕阻力预测模型训练的准确性和快速性。WTD-SSA-LSSVM犁耕阻力预测组合模型建立流程如图5所示,具体步骤如下:
(1)对采集的田间耕作参数进行小波阈值去噪处理,消除干扰噪声的影响。
(2)对处理后的去噪信号进行归一化处理,消除不同参数间量纲的影响。
(3)对归一化处理后的数据随机排序,并按70%训练集和30%测试集进行数据划分,形成模型训练样本和测试样本。
(4)进行麻雀搜索算法种群初始化,将LSSVM的惩罚因子c和核密度参数σ映射为麻雀个体。
(5)利用SSA算法对惩罚因子c和核密度参数σ进行优化迭代并计算适应度。
(6)利用步骤(5)输出的参数建立LSSVM犁耕阻力预测模型。
(7)根据评价指标计算LSSVM模型预测精度,判断是否终止迭代优化,满足则停止迭代;不满足则返回步骤(5)。
(8)终止迭代后,输出最优c和σ,并赋值给LSSVM进行犁耕阻力预测。
为全面评估模型预测性能,采用均方根误差(RMSE)、平均绝对误差(MAE)、平均绝对百分比误差(MAPE)和决定系数(R2)作为评价指标。
以测试集样本数据作为分析对象,分别采用模型预测方法和仅通过上拉杆力测量方法进行对比,结果如图6所示。由图6可知,田间作业时采用上拉杆力换算得到的犁耕阻力与实际犁耕阻力间存在较大偏差。主要由于田间作业过程中作业机组车身姿态变化所引起的悬挂杆件出现上下浮动以及偏侧导致测量精度较低。而采用模型预测方法得到的犁耕阻力与实际犁耕阻力间偏差明显较小。计算得到模型预测方法的RMSE为153.8 N,MAPE为2.67%;而采用上拉杆力换算得到的RMSE为884.2 N,MAPE为31.02%。结果表明,采用多传感器数据的模型预测方法具有更高精度。
为验证本文提出的组合预测模型性能,分别采用LSSVM、SSA-LSSVM和WTD-SSA-LSSVM 3种方法进行对比验证,不同方法预测值与真实值相对误差如图7所示。
由图7可知,WTD-SSA-LSSVM组合模型最大相对误差为12.8%,整个过程的误差分布较为均匀,说明该模型具有较高的预测精度和稳定性。相比而言,LSSVM和SSA-LSSVM最大相对误差分别为21.5%和18.9%,并且整体误差分布波动较为显著,影响了模型稳定性。为更好地分析本文提出的组合模型预测效果,计算得到3种方法的预测性能对比如表5所示。由表5可知,WTD-SSA-LSSVM组合模型R2、MAE、RMSE和MAPE分别为0.97、118.1 N、151.4 N和2.2%,均表现出较高决定系数和较低误差。相对于LSSVM和SSA-LSSVM,WTD-SSA-LSSVM组合模型预测方法R2分别提高8.9%和5.4%;MAE分别降低49.7%和42.2%;RMSE分别降低46.7%和39.1%;MAPE分别降低56.8%和48.8%。
基于上述结果分析,WTD-SSA-LSSVM组合模型可以有效降低预测过程中噪声的干扰并对传统的LSSVM模型进行优化,使其在犁耕阻力的预测中表现出优势。
为验证本文基于上拉杆力、耕深、车速以及轮速搭建犁耕阻力预测模型的有效性,选择不同输入参数组合进行预测精度比较,结果如表6所示。
由表6可知,采用耕深、车速、轮速和上拉杆力4种耕作参数作为输入时,预测结果R2较仅采用耕深、仅采用上拉杆力,采用耕深和上拉杆力以及采用耕深、上拉杆力和车速作为输入的情况分别提高48.5%、20.5%、6.5%和0.8%;而MAE分别降低71.5%,62.5%、32.5%和3.0%;RMSE分别降低70.4%、60.5%、36.4%和3.7%
综上所述,本文采用上拉杆力、耕深、车速以及轮速作为预测模型的输入可以更加准确地预测实际作业过程犁耕阻力,所建立的WTD-SSA-LSSVM犁耕阻力预测组合模型可以有效降低输入样本参数中噪声的影响,并对模型预测过程参数进行优化,从而提高犁耕阻力模型预测结果的准确性。
(1)提出了一种基于上拉杆力的犁耕阻力感知模型,并进行了理论分析和台架验证试验。结果表明,不同耕深基于上拉杆力换算得到的犁耕阻力与实际加载的犁耕阻力平均相对误差不大于5.74%,验证了所提出的采用上拉杆力测量犁耕阻力方法的可行性和准确性。
(2)构建了基于WTD-SSA-LSSVM的拖拉机犁耕阻力组合预测模型,基于耕深、上拉杆力、车速和轮速传感器数据,建立模型输入样本数据,实现了犁耕阻力精准预测。与单个上拉杆力换算得到的犁耕阻力进行对比,采用模型预测方法得到的RMSE为153.8 N,MAPE为2.67%;而采用上拉杆力换算方法的RMSE为884.2 N,MAPE为31.02%。结果表明,模型预测方法具有较高的预测精度。
(3)进行了不同预测方法的预测性能对比,测试集预测结果表明,采用组合预测模型的R2、MAE、RMSE和MAPE分别为0.97、118.1 N、151.4 N和2.2%,相较于传统LSSVM和SSA-LSSVM方法,能提供更高的决定系数、更低的误差以及更加稳定的预测结果。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2020YFD2001202)
  • 江苏省研究生科研创新计划项目(KYCX22_0716)
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2025年第56卷第12期
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doi: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2025.12.011
  • 接收时间:2025-05-23
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-23
  • 修回日期:2025-07-01
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2020YFD2001202)
江苏省研究生科研创新计划项目(KYCX22_0716)
作者信息
    南京农业大学工学院,南京 210031

通讯作者:

鲁植雄(1962—),男,教授,博士生导师,主要从事车辆电子控制技术研究,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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占总种数比例
Percentage of
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属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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