Article(id=1297211877206028715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, issueId=1297211624738284246, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202510003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1759248000000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-01, revisedDate=1774368000000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1787209012557, onlineDateStr=2026-08-20, pubDate=1782748800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1787209012557, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1787209012557, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1787209012557, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1297211624738284246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, year='2026', volume='42', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='396', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782748800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1787208952364, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1787212261177, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1297225503002357852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, issueId=1297211624738284246, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1297225503002357853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, issueId=1297211624738284246, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=321, endPage=334, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1297211878871167404, articleId=1297211877206028715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, language=EN, title=Spatiotemporal evolution of ecosystem services supply-demand and trade-off/synergy relationships in Chongqing of China based on urbanization zoning, columnId=1297211762726687390, journalTitle=Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, columnName=Land Security and Ecological Safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Ecosystem services supply and demand can coordinate the socioeconomic and environmental systems for the regional ecological security. Their spatiotemporal dynamics can be used to identify the complex interactions among services under anthropogenic disturbance. In this study, six ecosystem services were assessed in Chongqing from 2005 to 2023. The InVEST model and Spearman correlation analysis were employed to quantify carbon sequestration, grain production, soil conservation, water yield, habitat quality, as well as recreation and leisure. Furthermore, a systematic analysis was also conducted on the spatiotemporal dynamics of their supply-demand relationships and trade-offs/synergies over urbanization zoning. The results indicate that: (1) Although Chongqing maintained a surplus of ecosystem services, the margin of the surplus consistently narrowed over the study period. The supply-demand ratio was slight but persistently declined. High supply-demand ratios for carbon sequestration, water yield, soil conservation, habitat quality, as well as recreation and leisure were concentrated in the northeastern and southeastern areas of Chongqing, whereas the low ratios were clustered in the key districts of the main metropolitan area. High values of grain production were distributed in the peripheral counties of the metropolitan region, with deficits in the urban, the northeastern, and southeastern parts of Chongqing. (2) Urbanization exhibited a monocentric-polycentric structure with the west-east gradient, which was characterized by urban expansion and concomitant rural contraction. There was an outstanding spatial gradient in the supply and demand of ecosystem services. Among them, the demand increased progressively from rural to urban areas, while the supply exhibited the inverse pattern. The rural areas were positioned as primary provisioning zones, while the urban as persistent deficit zones. Supply-demand ratios declined for most services; Urban expansion zones transitioned from a balance to a deficit, with the notable exceptions of soil conservation and water yield, indicating the increased surpluses. (3) Static relationships among ecosystem services in rural areas were dominated by strong, stable trade-offs or synergies. In urban-rural transition zones, the weak synergies prevailed and fluctuated significantly, whereas urban expansion zones exhibited a trade-off between synergy dominance. Only five service pairs exhibited consistent trade-off or synergy relationships with the minimal temporal variation in urban areas. Habitat quality was persistently synergistic with recreation and leisure over all urbanization zones. While water yield consistently traded off with recreation and leisure. Most dynamic relationships among services were not statistically significant in rural and urban areas. There was a pronounced differentiation in the urban-rural transition zones, whereas the trade-offs and synergies were in urban expansion zones; Soil conservation and water yield remained synergistic over the period. The strength of the synergy increased in urbanization intensity, whereas habitat quality and water yield remained persistently in trade-off. (4) Differentiated strategies were proposed to realize the divergent patterns of ecosystem services supply-demand and their interactions in the urbanization zones. In urban areas, ecological potential should prioritize enhancing the ecological network connectivity. Urban expansion and urban-rural transition zones are required for the enforcement of ecological redlines, particularly with context-specific natural restoration and topographic constraints. In rural areas, ecotourism and carbon sink markets can be coupled with the urban-rural ecological compensation. Ecological assets can also be translated into tangible values. Differentiation of urbanization zones in the mountainous metropolitan can be used to examine the spatial heterogeneity of ecosystem service dynamics along the urban-rural gradient. This finding can provide a robust scientific foundation to inform urban spatial and sustainable ecosystems in Chongqing.

, authors=Jia TAN1, Junyi ZHANG1, 2, *, Lingzhi WANG1, authorsList=Jia TAN, Junyi ZHANG, Lingzhi WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Junyi ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1297211881027039677, articleId=1297211877206028715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, language=CN, title=基于城镇化分区的重庆生态系统服务供需时空演变及权衡协同, columnId=1297211764437963424, journalTitle=农业工程学报, columnName=土地保障与生态安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为明晰地域发展系统中生态服务演化过程,揭示区域人类活动扰动下生态系统服务间的相互作用,该研究利用InVEST模型、Spearman相关系数等方法,评估2005—2023年重庆市城镇化分区中碳固存、粮食生产、土壤保持、产水、生境质量、休闲游憩6类生态系统服务,分析其供需时空演变与权衡协同关系。结果表明:1)重庆生态系统服务虽存在盈余,但盈余规模缩减,综合供需比呈小变幅、缓下降的时间特征。碳固存、产水、土壤保持、生境质量及休闲游憩的生态供需比高值区集中于渝东北、渝东南,低值区集中于主城都市区核心区。2)重庆城镇化呈单核多点、西高东低;城镇扩张、乡村收缩的总体特征。生态系统服务供需空间梯度变化显著:需求由乡村向城镇递增,供给则相反,乡村是核心供给区,城镇为赤字区。多数生态服务供需比下降,城镇拓展区由平衡转为供不应求,仅土壤保持、产水盈余增长。3)乡村地区生态系统服务静态关系以强协同与强权衡为主且稳定性高,城乡过渡区多为弱协同且波动显著,城镇拓展区由权衡主导转为协同主导。城镇地区仅五对服务始终存在权衡协同且波动较小;不同城镇化分区生境质量与休闲游憩始终协同、产水与休闲游憩始终权衡。乡村与城镇地区多数服务动态关系不显著,城乡过渡区呈差异化特征,城镇拓展区权衡与协同服务对并存,但土壤保持与产水始终协同且随城镇化水平提升而增大,生境质量与产水始终权衡。研究结果可为重庆社会经济与生态系统协调发展提供科学参考。

, authors=谭佳1, 张军以1, 2, *, 王灵芝1, authorsList=谭佳, 张军以, 王灵芝, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张军以, authorNote=

谭佳,研究方向为城乡可持续发展。Email:

, correspAuthorsNote=
张军以,博士,教授,研究方向为农户生计与乡村转型发展。Email:
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caption=Supply, demand, and ESDR of various ecosystem services across regions with different urbanization degrees in Chongqing, figureFileSmall=ce5SscFNM3ugDeEy0FLHnQ==, figureFileBig=F59ZjwLSsaH/5rqnE9zBjw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1299828294409539624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211877206028715, language=CN, label=图6, caption=重庆不同城镇化分区各类生态系统服务供给、需求及ESDR指数, figureFileSmall=ce5SscFNM3ugDeEy0FLHnQ==, figureFileBig=F59ZjwLSsaH/5rqnE9zBjw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1299828294468259881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211877206028715, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Trade-off and synergy intensity of ecosystem services across regions with different urbanization levels and temporal changes, figureFileSmall=Rfcups0Z5yjZF9xfMEwDag==, figureFileBig=WfvD5vomXZKjtoBXg9HAag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1299828294539563050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211877206028715, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同城镇化分区生态系统服务的权衡协同及变化

注:*在0.05,**在 0.01 水平,***在0.001上显著相关。CS,GP,SC,WY,HQ,RL分别表示碳固存、粮食生产、土壤保持、产水、生境质量、休闲游憩。下同。

, figureFileSmall=Rfcups0Z5yjZF9xfMEwDag==, figureFileBig=WfvD5vomXZKjtoBXg9HAag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1299828294602477611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211877206028715, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Spatial proportion of trade-off and synergy among ecosystem services across regions with different urbanization degrees, figureFileSmall=+k+LlPwdtJOv9B8yAu29yg==, figureFileBig=DSYo20VTFurZ2ol6t3qO7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1299828294673780780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211877206028715, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同城镇化分区生态系统服务的权衡协同空间占比, figureFileSmall=+k+LlPwdtJOv9B8yAu29yg==, figureFileBig=DSYo20VTFurZ2ol6t3qO7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1299828294757666861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211877206028715, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Quantification of ecosystem services supply

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生态系统服务
Ecosystem services
计算公式
Calculation formula
变量解释
Variable explanation
碳固存 $ S_{CS}\text{=}C_{\mathrm{above}}\text{+}C_{\mathrm{under}}\text{+}C_{\mathrm{soil}}\text{+}C_{\mathrm{dead}} $SCS为碳固存供给量(t∙km−2);CaboveCunderCsoilCdead分别为地上、地下、土壤、死亡有机质对应碳储量(t∙km−2
粮食生产 $ S_{\mathrm{GP}}\text{=}\dfrac{\mathrm{NDVI}_i}{\mathrm{\mathrm{NDVI}_{sum}}}\text{×}\mathrm{\mathrm{GP}_{sum}} $SGP为粮食生产供给量(t∙km−2);NDVIi为耕地像元i的NDVI值;NDVIsum为研究区耕地的NDVI值总和;GPsum为研究区该年粮食总产量(t)
土壤保持 $ S_{SC}\text{=}R\times K\times LS-{\mathrm{USLE}}+{\mathrm{AEX}} $$ {{\mathrm{USLE}}}=R\times K\times LS\times C\times P $$ \mathrm{AEX}=\left(R\times K\times LS-\mathrm{USLE}\right)\times\mathrm{SDR}+T_x $$ {\mathrm{SDR}}\text{=}\dfrac{{\mathrm{SDR}}_{\max}}{\text{1+}{\mathrm{\exp}}\left(\dfrac{{\mathrm{IC}}_{\text{0}}-\text{IC}}{k}\right)} $SSC为土壤保持供给量(t∙km−2);USLE为通用土壤流失方程,代表坡面土壤侵蚀模数;R为降雨侵蚀力因子;K为土壤可蚀性因子;LS为地形因子;C为覆盖植被因子;P为水土保持因子;Tx是被滞留的上坡沉积物量;AEX指上坡泥沙截留/沉积量;SDRmax为理论最大土壤保持值,根据模型手册设定为0.8;IC和k为定义SDR-IC关系的校准参数,IC为2,IC0为0.5
产水 $ S_{WY}\text{=(1}-\dfrac{{\mathrm{AET}}_x}{P_x}\text{)×}P_x $SWY为产水供给量(mm∙km−2);AETx为栅格年实际蒸发量(mm);Px为栅格年平均降水量(mm)
生境质量 $ {S}_{HQ}\text{=}{H}_{j}\left[\text{1-}\left(\dfrac{D_{xj}^{z}}{D_{xj}^{z}\text{+}{K}^{Z}}\right)\right] $SHQ为生境质量供给量;Hj为土地利用类型的生境适宜度;Dxj为生境威胁等级,威胁因子及敏感性参数设置参考相关文献[25]K为半饱和常数;Z为指数参数,根据模型规定设置为2.5
休闲游憩 $ {S}_{RL}\text{=}\dfrac{{A{rea}}_{{es}}}{Area} $SRL为休闲游憩供给量;Areaes为生态用地面积;Area为格网面积
), ArticleFig(id=1299828294837358638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211877206028715, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

生态系统服务供给量化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生态系统服务
Ecosystem services
计算公式
Calculation formula
变量解释
Variable explanation
碳固存 $ S_{CS}\text{=}C_{\mathrm{above}}\text{+}C_{\mathrm{under}}\text{+}C_{\mathrm{soil}}\text{+}C_{\mathrm{dead}} $SCS为碳固存供给量(t∙km−2);CaboveCunderCsoilCdead分别为地上、地下、土壤、死亡有机质对应碳储量(t∙km−2
粮食生产 $ S_{\mathrm{GP}}\text{=}\dfrac{\mathrm{NDVI}_i}{\mathrm{\mathrm{NDVI}_{sum}}}\text{×}\mathrm{\mathrm{GP}_{sum}} $SGP为粮食生产供给量(t∙km−2);NDVIi为耕地像元i的NDVI值;NDVIsum为研究区耕地的NDVI值总和;GPsum为研究区该年粮食总产量(t)
土壤保持 $ S_{SC}\text{=}R\times K\times LS-{\mathrm{USLE}}+{\mathrm{AEX}} $$ {{\mathrm{USLE}}}=R\times K\times LS\times C\times P $$ \mathrm{AEX}=\left(R\times K\times LS-\mathrm{USLE}\right)\times\mathrm{SDR}+T_x $$ {\mathrm{SDR}}\text{=}\dfrac{{\mathrm{SDR}}_{\max}}{\text{1+}{\mathrm{\exp}}\left(\dfrac{{\mathrm{IC}}_{\text{0}}-\text{IC}}{k}\right)} $SSC为土壤保持供给量(t∙km−2);USLE为通用土壤流失方程,代表坡面土壤侵蚀模数;R为降雨侵蚀力因子;K为土壤可蚀性因子;LS为地形因子;C为覆盖植被因子;P为水土保持因子;Tx是被滞留的上坡沉积物量;AEX指上坡泥沙截留/沉积量;SDRmax为理论最大土壤保持值,根据模型手册设定为0.8;IC和k为定义SDR-IC关系的校准参数,IC为2,IC0为0.5
产水 $ S_{WY}\text{=(1}-\dfrac{{\mathrm{AET}}_x}{P_x}\text{)×}P_x $SWY为产水供给量(mm∙km−2);AETx为栅格年实际蒸发量(mm);Px为栅格年平均降水量(mm)
生境质量 $ {S}_{HQ}\text{=}{H}_{j}\left[\text{1-}\left(\dfrac{D_{xj}^{z}}{D_{xj}^{z}\text{+}{K}^{Z}}\right)\right] $SHQ为生境质量供给量;Hj为土地利用类型的生境适宜度;Dxj为生境威胁等级,威胁因子及敏感性参数设置参考相关文献[25]K为半饱和常数;Z为指数参数,根据模型规定设置为2.5
休闲游憩 $ {S}_{RL}\text{=}\dfrac{{A{rea}}_{{es}}}{Area} $SRL为休闲游憩供给量;Areaes为生态用地面积;Area为格网面积
), ArticleFig(id=1299828294900273199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211877206028715, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Quantification of ecosystem services demand

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生态系统服务需求
Ecosystem services demand
计算公式
Calculation formula
变量解释
Variable explanation
碳固存 $ {D}_{CSi}\text{=}{C}_{CSi}\cdot {\rho }_{i}\cdot {C}_{transfer} $DCSi为栅格i的碳固存需求量(t∙km−2);CCSi为栅格i的人均能源消费量(吨标准煤);ρi为栅格i对应人口密度;Ctransfer为国家发改委规定的标准煤碳排放系数,0.68[27]
粮食生产 $ {D}_{GPi}\text{=}{\rho }_{i}\cdot\text{GC} $DGPi为栅格i粮食需求量(t∙km−2);GC重庆市人均食物消费量(t)
土壤保持 $ D_{SC}=R\cdot K\cdot LS\cdot C\cdot P $DSC为土壤保持需求量(t∙km−2
产水 $ {D}_{WY}\text{=}{D}_{P}\cdot {\rho }_{i} $DWY为产水需求量(mm∙km−2);DP为人均用水消费量
生境质量 $ D_{HQ}\text{=}\dfrac{D_{HQi}\text{-}D_{min}}{D_{max}\text{-}D_{min}} $ $ D_{HQi}\text{=}C_i\cdot \text{lg}\rho_i\cdot \text{lg}E_i $DHQ为生境质量需求量;DHQi为栅格i生境质量需求程度;Ci为建设用地面积;Ei为GDP;DminDmax分别为所有栅格DHQi的最小值和最大值
休闲游憩 $ D_{RL}=G\cdot \rho_i $DRL为休闲游憩需求量;G为人均公园绿地面积(km2
), ArticleFig(id=1299828294963187760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211877206028715, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

生态系统服务需求量化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生态系统服务需求
Ecosystem services demand
计算公式
Calculation formula
变量解释
Variable explanation
碳固存 $ {D}_{CSi}\text{=}{C}_{CSi}\cdot {\rho }_{i}\cdot {C}_{transfer} $DCSi为栅格i的碳固存需求量(t∙km−2);CCSi为栅格i的人均能源消费量(吨标准煤);ρi为栅格i对应人口密度;Ctransfer为国家发改委规定的标准煤碳排放系数,0.68[27]
粮食生产 $ {D}_{GPi}\text{=}{\rho }_{i}\cdot\text{GC} $DGPi为栅格i粮食需求量(t∙km−2);GC重庆市人均食物消费量(t)
土壤保持 $ D_{SC}=R\cdot K\cdot LS\cdot C\cdot P $DSC为土壤保持需求量(t∙km−2
产水 $ {D}_{WY}\text{=}{D}_{P}\cdot {\rho }_{i} $DWY为产水需求量(mm∙km−2);DP为人均用水消费量
生境质量 $ D_{HQ}\text{=}\dfrac{D_{HQi}\text{-}D_{min}}{D_{max}\text{-}D_{min}} $ $ D_{HQi}\text{=}C_i\cdot \text{lg}\rho_i\cdot \text{lg}E_i $DHQ为生境质量需求量;DHQi为栅格i生境质量需求程度;Ci为建设用地面积;Ei为GDP;DminDmax分别为所有栅格DHQi的最小值和最大值
休闲游憩 $ D_{RL}=G\cdot \rho_i $DRL为休闲游憩需求量;G为人均公园绿地面积(km2
), ArticleFig(id=1299828295021908017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211877206028715, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Urbanization zoning classification criteria

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型
Type
乡村地区
Rural areas
城乡过渡区
Urban-rural
transition zones
城镇
拓展区
Urban
expansion
zones
城镇
地区
Urban areas
权重
Weight
人口城镇化0~0.030.03~0.120.12~0.360.36~1.000.292
经济城镇化0~0.030.03~0.130.13~0.300.30~1.000.107
土地城镇化0~0.060.06~0.250.25~0.550.55~1.000.601
综合城镇化0~0.050.05~0.190.19~0.460.46~1.001
), ArticleFig(id=1299828295084822578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211877206028715, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

城镇化分区划分标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型
Type
乡村地区
Rural areas
城乡过渡区
Urban-rural
transition zones
城镇
拓展区
Urban
expansion
zones
城镇
地区
Urban areas
权重
Weight
人口城镇化0~0.030.03~0.120.12~0.360.36~1.000.292
经济城镇化0~0.030.03~0.130.13~0.300.30~1.000.107
土地城镇化0~0.060.06~0.250.25~0.550.55~1.000.601
综合城镇化0~0.050.05~0.190.19~0.460.46~1.001
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基于城镇化分区的重庆生态系统服务供需时空演变及权衡协同
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谭佳 1 , 张军以 1, 2, * , 王灵芝 1
农业工程学报 | 土地保障与生态安全 2026,42(12): 321-334
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农业工程学报 |土地保障与生态安全 2026 , 42 (12) : 321 -334
基于城镇化分区的重庆生态系统服务供需时空演变及权衡协同
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谭佳1 , 张军以1, 2, * , 王灵芝1
作者信息
  • 1重庆师范大学地理与旅游学院,重庆 401331
  • 2三峡库区地表过程与生态修复重庆市重点实验室,重庆 401331
通讯作者:
张军以,博士,教授,研究方向为农户生计与乡村转型发展。Email:
作者简介:

谭佳,研究方向为城乡可持续发展。Email:

Spatiotemporal evolution of ecosystem services supply-demand and trade-off/synergy relationships in Chongqing of China based on urbanization zoning
Jia TAN1 , Junyi ZHANG1, 2, * , Lingzhi WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Geography and Tourism, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
  • 2Chongqing Key Laboratory of Surface Processes and Ecological Restoration in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, Chongqing 401331, China
出版时间: 2026-06-30 doi: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202510003
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为明晰地域发展系统中生态服务演化过程,揭示区域人类活动扰动下生态系统服务间的相互作用,该研究利用InVEST模型、Spearman相关系数等方法,评估2005—2023年重庆市城镇化分区中碳固存、粮食生产、土壤保持、产水、生境质量、休闲游憩6类生态系统服务,分析其供需时空演变与权衡协同关系。结果表明:1)重庆生态系统服务虽存在盈余,但盈余规模缩减,综合供需比呈小变幅、缓下降的时间特征。碳固存、产水、土壤保持、生境质量及休闲游憩的生态供需比高值区集中于渝东北、渝东南,低值区集中于主城都市区核心区。2)重庆城镇化呈单核多点、西高东低;城镇扩张、乡村收缩的总体特征。生态系统服务供需空间梯度变化显著:需求由乡村向城镇递增,供给则相反,乡村是核心供给区,城镇为赤字区。多数生态服务供需比下降,城镇拓展区由平衡转为供不应求,仅土壤保持、产水盈余增长。3)乡村地区生态系统服务静态关系以强协同与强权衡为主且稳定性高,城乡过渡区多为弱协同且波动显著,城镇拓展区由权衡主导转为协同主导。城镇地区仅五对服务始终存在权衡协同且波动较小;不同城镇化分区生境质量与休闲游憩始终协同、产水与休闲游憩始终权衡。乡村与城镇地区多数服务动态关系不显著,城乡过渡区呈差异化特征,城镇拓展区权衡与协同服务对并存,但土壤保持与产水始终协同且随城镇化水平提升而增大,生境质量与产水始终权衡。研究结果可为重庆社会经济与生态系统协调发展提供科学参考。

生态系统服务  /  供需平衡  /  时空格局  /  权衡协同  /  城镇化分区

Ecosystem services supply and demand can coordinate the socioeconomic and environmental systems for the regional ecological security. Their spatiotemporal dynamics can be used to identify the complex interactions among services under anthropogenic disturbance. In this study, six ecosystem services were assessed in Chongqing from 2005 to 2023. The InVEST model and Spearman correlation analysis were employed to quantify carbon sequestration, grain production, soil conservation, water yield, habitat quality, as well as recreation and leisure. Furthermore, a systematic analysis was also conducted on the spatiotemporal dynamics of their supply-demand relationships and trade-offs/synergies over urbanization zoning. The results indicate that: (1) Although Chongqing maintained a surplus of ecosystem services, the margin of the surplus consistently narrowed over the study period. The supply-demand ratio was slight but persistently declined. High supply-demand ratios for carbon sequestration, water yield, soil conservation, habitat quality, as well as recreation and leisure were concentrated in the northeastern and southeastern areas of Chongqing, whereas the low ratios were clustered in the key districts of the main metropolitan area. High values of grain production were distributed in the peripheral counties of the metropolitan region, with deficits in the urban, the northeastern, and southeastern parts of Chongqing. (2) Urbanization exhibited a monocentric-polycentric structure with the west-east gradient, which was characterized by urban expansion and concomitant rural contraction. There was an outstanding spatial gradient in the supply and demand of ecosystem services. Among them, the demand increased progressively from rural to urban areas, while the supply exhibited the inverse pattern. The rural areas were positioned as primary provisioning zones, while the urban as persistent deficit zones. Supply-demand ratios declined for most services; Urban expansion zones transitioned from a balance to a deficit, with the notable exceptions of soil conservation and water yield, indicating the increased surpluses. (3) Static relationships among ecosystem services in rural areas were dominated by strong, stable trade-offs or synergies. In urban-rural transition zones, the weak synergies prevailed and fluctuated significantly, whereas urban expansion zones exhibited a trade-off between synergy dominance. Only five service pairs exhibited consistent trade-off or synergy relationships with the minimal temporal variation in urban areas. Habitat quality was persistently synergistic with recreation and leisure over all urbanization zones. While water yield consistently traded off with recreation and leisure. Most dynamic relationships among services were not statistically significant in rural and urban areas. There was a pronounced differentiation in the urban-rural transition zones, whereas the trade-offs and synergies were in urban expansion zones; Soil conservation and water yield remained synergistic over the period. The strength of the synergy increased in urbanization intensity, whereas habitat quality and water yield remained persistently in trade-off. (4) Differentiated strategies were proposed to realize the divergent patterns of ecosystem services supply-demand and their interactions in the urbanization zones. In urban areas, ecological potential should prioritize enhancing the ecological network connectivity. Urban expansion and urban-rural transition zones are required for the enforcement of ecological redlines, particularly with context-specific natural restoration and topographic constraints. In rural areas, ecotourism and carbon sink markets can be coupled with the urban-rural ecological compensation. Ecological assets can also be translated into tangible values. Differentiation of urbanization zones in the mountainous metropolitan can be used to examine the spatial heterogeneity of ecosystem service dynamics along the urban-rural gradient. This finding can provide a robust scientific foundation to inform urban spatial and sustainable ecosystems in Chongqing.

ecosystem services  /  supply-demand balance  /  spatiotemporal patterns  /  trade-off and synergy  /  urbanization zoning
谭佳, 张军以, 王灵芝. 基于城镇化分区的重庆生态系统服务供需时空演变及权衡协同. 农业工程学报, 2026 , 42 (12) : 321 -334 . DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202510003
Jia TAN, Junyi ZHANG, Lingzhi WANG. Spatiotemporal evolution of ecosystem services supply-demand and trade-off/synergy relationships in Chongqing of China based on urbanization zoning[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2026 , 42 (12) : 321 -334 . DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202510003
改革开放以来,中国快速实现了由计划经济向市场经济的转型发展,工业化与城镇化协同推进迅速,经济持续高速增长。在高速发展背景下也引发了一系列尖锐的生态矛盾,如建设用地无序扩张直接破坏了生态系统的结构完整性与功能连续性,生态系统服务供给能力显著下降[1];人口的快速集聚与产业升级导致城市交通拥堵、住房困难等问题,催生了对优质人居环境等服务的高需求[2],但实际供需矛盾日益突出[3]。同时,在工业化城镇化及经济发展进程中生态系统服务间既有此消彼长的权衡关系,又有相互促进的协同效应[4],其复杂的动态演变进一步加剧了其供需调控的复杂性。因此,揭示城镇化进程中生态系统服务供需及权衡协同的时空规律,是优化生态管理策略,推进可持续发展的前提。
生态系统服务是自然生态系统形成、提供和维持人类赖以生存与发展的条件和过程,也被定义为人类从生态系统中直接或间接获得的产品或服务[5]。现有研究已从单一的供给量化,逐渐拓展至供需格局识别[6]、交互特征探究[7]及空间模式分析[8]等综合性研究。研究方法上,供给量化方法主要有基于市场理论的价值评估法[9]或基于生态过程的IBIS模型[10]、InVEST模型[11]等评估方法;需求量化则多利用各类社会经济指标[12]进行估算,量化精度一般低于供给量化。研究内容上,现阶段主要聚焦生态系统服务与社会经济系统的互动机制[13],以及各服务间权衡协同关系的量化和驱动机制分析[14],相关研究多使用供需比[15]、供需协调度[16]等指数量化供需特征,生态系统服务权衡协同的研究则多使用相关性系数[17]、权衡协同度[18]解析权衡协同关系。
现有生态系统服务研究已取得显著进展,但多数研究尺度聚焦于流域[4]、省域[9]、县域[19]等宏观单元,对城市内部城镇化梯度变化的关注不足,无法捕捉生态系统服务供需在城乡梯度变化下的空间异质变化;城市尺度的研究多将分析单元视为均质整体,未能有效识别城乡梯度特征、刻画城乡梯度变化下的生态系统服务的空间分异规律[20];同时,针对山地城市的山多地少的地貌特征与城乡镶嵌的空间格局,城市工业化城镇化进程中生态系统服务的演变规律更趋复杂,现有平原城市研究结论难以直接套用。为此,有必要在细化山地城市城镇化差异化分区的前提下,深入解析不同城乡梯度区的生态系统服务供需及权衡协同的空间分异特征。
重庆是长江上游生态屏障的核心节点与成渝地区双城经济圈的双核之一,作为典型的大型山地城市,集大城市、大农村、大山区、大库区于一体[21]。其城市地貌及城市形态结构显著复杂于平原城市,城镇化进程的空间梯度差异显著,存在由经济高度发达的主城都市区到以生态功能为主的渝东北、渝东南山区的显著梯度变化。基于此,以重庆为研究区,依据城镇化水平构建差异化分区体系,利用InVEST模型、Spearman相关系数及权衡协同度指数,量化2005—2023年不同城镇化分区内生态系统服务的供需时空演变,揭示服务间权衡协同关系的分异规律,以期为城市空间治理与社会经济与生态系统协调发展提供科学参考。
重庆是长江上游生态屏障的重要组成部分,面积约8.24×104 km2图1)。地处四川盆地东部的平行岭谷区,地势起伏,高差悬殊,山地丘陵占比97%且多位于东部,坡耕地占比高,缺乏大面积连片的平坝耕地。属亚热带季风性湿润气候,雨热同季,降水丰沛,年均降水量达1181.4 mm,主要植被类型为亚热带常绿阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林。2000—2023年,重庆城镇化率由37.4%增至71.7%,GDP由1 822亿元增至30145亿元。根据国土空间总体规划分为主城都市区、渝东北城镇群(简称渝东北)、渝东南城镇群(简称渝东南)。2023年主城都市区一般公共预算收入达11790433亿元,占全市的48.31%,经济集聚效应显著;渝东北、渝东南地区一般公共预算收入分别2963973亿元、1113901亿元,经济发展相对落后。
土地利用数据来源于武汉大学遥感信息处理研究所(http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4417809),空间分辨率为30 m。NDVI数据、夜间灯光数据均来源于国家地球科学数据中心(http://www.geodata.cn/),空间分辨率均为100 m。DEM高程数据来源于地理空间数据云(https://www.gscloud.cn/),空间分辨率为30 m。年均降水量、潜在蒸散发量数据来源于国家青藏高原科学数据中心(http://data.tpdc.ac.cn/),空间分辨率为100 m。人口密度数据来源于Worldpop平台(http://www.worldpop.org/),空间分辨率为100 m。土壤可蚀性数据来源于全球土壤侵蚀性数据集[22]。植物可利用水量数据来源于国际土壤参考和资料中心(https://data.isric.org/geonetwork/)。碳密度数据来源于2010年中国陆地生态系统碳密度数据集[23]。人均能源消耗量等社会经济数据来源于《重庆市统计年鉴(2006—2021年)》。所有栅格数据空间分辨率统一为100 m,坐标系统一为Krasovsky_1940_Albers。并构建1000 m×1000 m的格网作为研究单元(共82910个)进行空间统计分析。
利用InVEST模型评估重庆市碳固存、土壤保持、产水、生境质量的供给量[15]表1);基于NDVI值与粮食产量间的线性关系[24]计算粮食生产供给量;将林地、草地、水域归为生态用地,利用生态用地面积占比量化重庆市休闲游憩供给量。
基于区域人口密度数据,分别利用人均能源、食物、用水消费量计算碳固存、粮食生产、产水的需求量;利用建设用地面积及GDP计算生境质量需求量;利用人均公园绿地面积计算休闲游憩需求量[26]。土壤保持需求量则利用土壤侵蚀总量表示(表2)。
利用生态系统服务供需比指数(ecosystem service supply-demand ratio index, ESDR)分别计算不同时段重庆市生态系统各项服务的供需比,并通过计算生态系统服务综合供需比(comprehensive ecosystem service supply-demand ratio, CESDR)了解重庆市整体生态系统服务匹配程度,计算式如下:
$ {{\mathrm{ESDR}}} =\frac{{S}_{i}-{{D}}_{\mathrm{i}}}{{{S}}_{\mathrm{i}}+{{D}}_{\mathrm{i}}} $
$ \mathrm{CESDR}=\frac{1}{n}\sum\limits_{x=1}^n\mathrm{ESDR_i} $
式中Si为生态系统服务i的供给量,Di为生态系统服务i的需求量。ESDR>0表明供过于求,ESDR=0表明供需平衡,ESDR<0表明供不应求。
基于人口集聚度、夜间灯光指数(night light index, NLI)、不透水面占比(impervious surface percentage, ISP)从人口[28]、经济、土地[29]3个方面衡量城镇化水平,计算公式如下:
$ {\mathrm{PAD}} =\frac{{{\mathrm{POP}}}_{i}}{{A}_{i}} \;$
$ {\mathrm{NLI}} =\frac{{{\mathrm{NTL}}}_{i}}{{A}_{i}} $
$ {\mathrm{ISP}} =\frac{{{\mathrm{ISA}}}_{i}}{{A}_{i}} $
式中PAD为人口集聚度(人/km2),POPi为栅格i的总人口,Ai为栅格i面积;NTLi为栅格i夜间灯光指数和;ISAi为栅格i内不透水面总面积。
参考已有城镇化水平划分相关研究[29],考虑研究区综合发展特征,结合自然断点法划分为城镇地区、城镇拓展区、城乡过渡区、乡村地区4类,并利用德尔菲法[30]进行赋权叠加计算得到综合城镇化水平(表3)。
将6类生态系统服务供给量标准化后提取至1 km ×1 km的网格表,并计算Spearman相关系数以评估各生态系统服务间的相关性[31]。对相关系数进行显著性检验,通过检验的相关系数为正值时表明二者存在协同关系;为负值时表明二者存在权衡关系;相关系数绝对值越大相互作用程度越显著。为评估不同城镇化分区生态系统服务间的空间权衡协同关系,基于数据线性拟合基础,利用生态系统服务权衡协同度(ecosystem service trade-off and synergy degree, ESTD)[18]量化格网尺度中各类生态系统服务变化量的相互作用程度,计算式如下:
$ {{\mathrm{ESTDi}}}_{mn}=\frac{{{\mathrm{ES}}}_{m\text{2005}}-{{\mathrm{ES}}}_{m\text{2023}}}{{{\mathrm{ES}}}_{n\text{2005}}-{{\mathrm{ES}}}_{n\text{2023}}} $
式中ESTDimn为栅格i生态系统服务mn的权衡协同度,ESm2005ESm2023分别为栅格i生态系统服务m在2005、2023年的值,ESn2005、ESn2023分别为栅格生态系统服务n在2005、2023年的值。ESTDimn>0时两类生态系统服务协同,ESTDimn<0时两类生态系统服务权衡,ESTDimn=0时两类生态系统服务关系不显著。ESTDimn=0的面积占比<50%则两类生态系统服务关系显著。
2005—2023年重庆各项生态系统服务总供给量皆大于需求量,但不同生态系统服务的供需变化趋势存在明显差异(图2图3)。碳固存供给量从2005年的9203.63 t/km2波动下降至2015年的9135.60 t/km2后,升至2020年的9228.57 t/km2,在2023年又降至9206.21 t/km2,总体微弱增长0.28%;需求量则持续快速增长,从2005年的213.53 t/km2增至2023年的495.15 t/km2,总体增幅达131.88%。粮食生产供给量从2005年的141.73 t/km2逐年下降至2015年的127.52 t/km2后,又小幅回升至2023年的132.96 t/km2,总体下降6.19%;需求量从2005年的43.03 t/km2降至2010年的36.57 t/km2后,后升至2020年的40.48 t/km2,在2023年又降至38.75 t/km2,总体降幅9.95%。土壤保持供给量在2005—2010年由1677.36 t/hm2降至1668.57 t/hm2,2015年升至2166.12 t/hm2,后持续下降至2023年的1801.02 t/hm2,总体下降6.18%;需求量在2005—2015年从108.42 t/hm2波动升至138.99 t/hm2,后逐渐降至2023年116.82 t/hm2,研究时段内增幅7.75%。产水供给量先降后升再降:2005年为618.24 mm/km2,2010年为563.88 mm/km2,2020年升至930.42 mm/km2,2023年又回落到847.90 mm/km2,总体增长37.14%;需求量2005年为74.14 mm/km2,2010年升至88.49 mm/km2后降至2023年的60.98 mm/km2,降幅17.75%。生境质量供给量在2005—2023年从0.594降至0.587,总体下降0.51%;需求量则从0.004增至0.020,供需变化小。2005—2023年休闲游憩供给量从0.525降至0.517,总体下降1.59%;需求量从0.001增至0.005,虽存在较大增幅,但总体需求较小。
2005—2023年重庆市各项生态系统服务的供给量基本保持稳定或呈小幅波动,碳固存、产水供给略有增加,粮食生产、土壤保持、生境质量、休闲游憩供给则呈微弱下降趋势;需求量方面,除粮食生产和产水需求有所下降外其他生态系统服务需求均呈快速增长态势。
2005—2023年重庆碳固存、土壤保持、产水、生境质量、休闲游憩供给总体呈现东北、东南高,西部低的空间分布格局(图2)。其中渝东北的大巴山区、渝东南的武陵山区因植被覆盖度高、人类活动干扰较少,是各项服务供给的高值集聚区;而西部主城都市区由于城镇化水平高、建设用地占比大、生态空间被压缩,供给能力普遍较低。粮食生产供给高值区位于主城都市区的外围区县,耕地资源相对丰富、农业生产条件较好;低值区则位于主城都市区核心区及渝东北、渝东南部分山区前者受城镇化挤压耕地面积减少,后者受地形条件限制,粮食生产供给能力有限。
2005—2023年重庆除土壤保持外各类生态系统服务需求高值集中于主城都市区,渝东北、渝东南人类活动强度较小,需求较低(图3)。主城都市区人口密集、经济活动活跃,对生态系统服务的消耗和占用程度较高;而渝东北、渝东南地区因人口相对稀疏、开发强度较低,需求水平整体偏低。
土壤保持服务的需求分布则呈现相反特征,高值区主要位于渝东南、渝东北的山地丘陵区,该区地形起伏大、降水集中,水土流失风险较高,对土壤保持服务的依赖更强;低值区则集中于主城都市区,该区地势相对平坦,土壤侵蚀压力较小。
2005—2023年重庆生态系统服务综合供需比呈小变幅、缓下降的时间特征,5个时间节点的平均值分别为0.581、0.571、0.569、0.567、0.559,生态系统服务始终处于供过于求状态,但盈余程度逐渐减弱(图4)。
2005—2023年仅粮食生产存在供需赤字且赤字区占比由2005年的54.81%持续上升至2023年的55.98%,ESDR则由2005年−0.16下降至2015年的−0.19后,在2023年升至−0.18。其他生态系统服务皆存在供需盈余,但盈余变化趋势存在差异。2005—2023年碳固存、生境质量、休闲游憩的ESDR指数皆随时间逐渐降低,由2005年的0.94、0.98、0.05降至2023年的0.87、0.94、0.03,降低了7.45%、4.08%、40.00%,盈余减少。土壤保持、产水的ESDR指数则随时间逐渐上升,由2005年的0.82、0.86升至2023年的0.83、0.89,变化率分别为1.21%、3.59%,盈余增多。
2005—2023年重庆生态系统服务存在显著空间不平衡特征(图4)。除粮食生产外,碳固存、产水、土壤保持、生境质量及休闲游憩的ESDR高值区均集中分布于渝东北、渝东南,低值区则高度集聚于城镇化水平高、建设用地密集的主城都市区的核心区。粮食生产ESDR高值区多位于主城都市区的外围区县,低值区主要位于主城都市区的核心区、渝东北及渝东南。上述空间格局在研究时段内保持了较强的稳定性。演技时段内尽管各年份供需数值有所波动,但高值区与低值区的空间分布相对稳定。
2005—2023年重庆综合城镇化水平呈现单核多点、西高东低、城镇扩张、乡村收缩的时空特征(图5)。2005—2023年,重庆乡村地区占比由97.56%降至94.13%,变化较小;城乡过渡区占比由1.79%升至3.46%,增幅达1.67个百分点;城镇拓展区占比由0.51%升至1.81%,增幅显著,达1.3个百分点;城镇地区占比由0.13%升至0.59%,增幅最大,达0.46个百分点。综合城镇化水平呈现显著核心高外围低的梯度变化特征:高值区集聚于主城都市区核心区,围绕核心区向外围圈层呈阶梯式梯度降低。此外,研究区内除主城都市区外,还分布有多个城镇化水平较高的点状集聚区域,而低值区则集中分布于渝东北、渝东南。
以2023年城镇化分区作为分区基底,2005—2023年重庆不同城镇化地区的生态系统服务需求呈差异化变化趋势(图6)。碳固存、生境质量、休闲游憩3类生态服务的需求在所有分区内均出现上升,其中城镇拓展区的碳固存需求增量达3323.21 t/km2;粮食生产、产水需求在各分区均呈下降态势,城乡过渡区的粮食生产需求降幅59.75%,相对突出;土壤保持需求在乡村地区、城乡过渡区呈上升趋势,城镇地区、城镇拓展区出现下降。2005—2023年重庆不同城镇化地区土壤保持、产水供给皆存在上升,城乡过渡区增幅最大,土壤保持供给增长50.36%、产水供给增长36.02%;粮食生产供给皆出现下降,城镇地区下降最显著,降幅达92.39%;碳固存供给在乡村地区、城乡过渡区增大,城镇拓展区、城镇地区减小;生境质量、休闲游憩供给除在乡村地区增加外,在其他3类地区减少,城镇地区降幅最大,生境质量供给下降84.71%、休闲游憩供给下降82.35%。
在上述供需变化作用下,各分区生态系统服务供需比(ESDR)呈现差异化演变轨迹。除土壤保持与产水的ESDR有所增长外,其余4类服务及综合供需比均呈下降趋势。具体来看,综合供需比在乡村地区始终稳定在0.59左右;城乡过渡区从0.452持续降至0.282,降幅明显;城镇拓展区综合供需比由2005年的0.364降至2010年的0.302,2015年进一步降至0.166,2020年转为负值,2023年降至−0.145,该区域在2015至2020年间由供需平衡转为供不应求,供需矛盾持续加剧;城镇地区综合供需比始终为负,从0.046降至−0.433,生态系统服务愈发供不应求。碳固存、生境质量、休闲游憩的供需比在所有分区均呈下降趋势,其中城镇拓展区和城镇地区下降最为剧烈。粮食生产供需比除乡村地区赤字略有收窄外,城乡过渡区由盈转亏,城镇拓展区和城镇地区赤字持续扩大。土壤保持供需比是唯一在所有分区均呈上升的服务,城镇地区盈余接近。总体而言,城镇化水平越高的区域,生态系统服务供需矛盾越突出。
城镇到乡村在不同城镇化地区,生态系统服务供需呈现显著空间梯度变化(图6)。生态服务需求侧,除土壤保持外,其余服务的需求强度由乡村地区向城镇地区逐渐增强。2023年乡村地区土壤保持需求量达12298.29 t/km2,远高于其他三类地区土壤保持需求量之和(5538.62 t/km2)。生态服务供给侧,多数生态系统服务供给能力由乡村地区至城镇地区逐渐减弱:2023年,碳固存供给由9494.41 t/km2降至2549.69 t/km2;土壤保持供给由195958.62 t/km2大幅降至16108.31 t/km2;生境质量从0.61降至0.01;休闲游憩供给从0.54降至0.01。粮食生产服务供给由城乡过渡区向乡村地区、城镇拓展区、城镇地区依次减少,2023年由147.51 t/km2逐步降至0.83 t/km2。产水服务的供给量在各地区间差异相对较小,均值为869.47 mm/km2。2023年除土壤保持外的生态系统服务供需比均呈现城镇地区最低、乡村地区最高的空间特征;土壤保持的供需比则表现为城镇地区最高、乡村地区最低。整体上,城镇地区是生态系统服务的主要消费区(赤字区),而乡村地区是区域生态服务的核心供给区。
基于碳固存、粮食生产、土壤保持、产水、生境质量、休闲游憩间的相关系数,结合显著性检验结果,分析发现2005—2023年重庆不同城镇化地区的生态系统服务权衡协同关系存在显著空间分异(图7)。
2005—2023年乡村地区的15对生态系统服务关系以强协同与强权衡为主,强权衡关系略多于强协同关系。2023年CS-RL协同关系最强,相关系数为0.91;GP-RL权衡关系最强,相关系数为−0.93。研究时段内,该区域生态系统服务关系的稳定性较高:多数服务对的相关系数波动幅度小于0.2,仅2010—2015年SC-WY的权衡程度存在较大增强(由−0.03降至−0.25),反映乡村地区生态系统结构与服务供给的关联性较强。
2005—2023年城乡过渡区的多数生态系统服务呈弱协同关系,仅WY-HQ、WY-RL、GP-RL始终呈权衡关系。2023年HQ-RL协同关系最显著,相关系数为0.74;WY-RL权衡关系最显著,相关系数为−0.56。研究时段内,多数服务对协同波动增强,WY-HQ波动最明显,2005—2015年相关系数由−0.59降至−0.78,2023年升至−0.31,与城乡过渡区土地利用方式快速转换密切相关。
2005—2023年城镇拓展区的生态系统服务关系由权衡主导转化为协同主导:2005年通过显著性检验的服务对中,共计5对生态系统服务呈权衡关系,WY-HQ权衡最显著,相关系数为−0.80;2023年呈权衡关系的服务对权衡程度下降,WY-RL权衡最显著,相关系数为−0.37,CS-GP协同最显著,相关系数为0.81。研究时段内,多数服务对协同波动增强,且波动幅度较大,CS-WY波动最明显,2005—2015年由−0.34降至−0.62后,2023年升至0.25,该区碳固存与产水从相互制约转向相互促进。
2005—2023年城镇地区仅CS-GP、GP-HQ、SC-WY、WY-RL、HQ-RL始终存在权衡协同关系。2023年HQ-RL协同最显著,相关系数为0.82,CS-RL权衡最显著,相关系数为−0.41。研究时段内CS-GP、GP-HQ、SC-WY协同且协同波动减弱,波动幅度较小;HQ-RL协同且协同波动增强;WY-RL权衡且权衡波动减弱。
总体而言,2005—2023年所有城镇化分区中:HQ-RL始终存在协同关系,乡村地区协同稳定、城乡过渡区和城镇拓展区协同减弱、城镇地区协同增强;WY-RL始终存在权衡关系,乡村地区权衡增强、其他三类地区权衡减弱。
2005—2023年生态系统服务动态变化下的权衡协同关系存在差异(图8)。乡村地区多数生态系统服务关系不显著,SC-RL不显著面积占比最高(73.1%);GP-SC、SC-HQ、WY-HQ以权衡为主,且WY-HQ最显著(61.67%);GP-WY、SC-WY以协同为主,且SC-WY最显著协同(71.00%)。城乡过渡区除GP-HQ、GP-WY外的生态系统服务关系与乡村地区相似,GP-HQ呈协同关系的空间占比为43.60%、GP-WY呈权衡关系的空间占比为52.43%。城镇拓展区仅5对生态系统服务关系不显著,其中GP-RL最不显著(97.08%);4对生态系统服务协同,SC-WY协同最显著(81.42%);6对生态系统服务权衡,WY-HQ权衡最显著(78.03%)。城镇地区多数生态系统服务关系不显著,SC-RL不显著面积占比最高(95.88%);CS-WY(49.07%)、WY-HQ(50.31%)呈权衡关系;CS-HQ(49.07%)、SC-WY(88.04%)呈协同关系。总体而言,四类城镇化分区中SC-WY的协同面积占比和WY-HQ的权衡面积占比最大。
2005—2023年重庆生态系统服务静态相关性与动态权衡协同度存在明显差异。乡村地区各类生态系统服务皆存在强协同与强权衡关系,且波动较小,但动态权衡协同分析中多数生态系统服务关系不显著,进一步表明该区生态系统服务的稳定,SC-WY静态权衡而动态协同。城乡过渡区中GP-WY、SC-HQ静态协同而动态权衡;GP-HQ静态权衡而动态协同。2023年城镇拓展区生态系统服务关系静态表现为协同主导,动态则表现为权衡主导。城镇地区静态分析表明该区域仅CS-GP、GP-HQ、SC-WY、WY-RL、HQ-RL始终存在权衡协同关系,且波动幅度较小;动态分析同样显示多数生态系统服务关系不显著,说明高度城镇化地区的生态系统服务相互作用机制已趋于固化,受外界干扰的影响较小。
2005—2023年从乡村地区到城镇地区SC-WY动态关系皆存在协同且随着城镇化水平的上升协同愈加显著,与静态相关性分析下在协同方向上的变化特征一致。WY-HQ在两类分析中皆表现为权衡关系,但不同地区权衡强度存在明显差异:动态权衡强度表现为城镇地区(50.31%)<乡村地区(61.67%)<城乡过渡区(75.35%)<城镇拓展区(78.03%);2023年静态权衡强度则表现为城镇拓展区(−0.04)<城镇地区(−0.08)<城乡过渡区(−0.31)<乡村地区(−0.64)。
2005—2023年重庆生态系统服务供需呈现中心城区赤字、外围盈余的空间格局,生态系统服务供需空间格局受重庆大城市、大农村、大山区、大库区于一体的城市社会经济发展空间分异特征的控制[21]。渝东北、渝东南整体城镇化水平低,拥有大面积的山地,植被覆盖度高,构成了区域的天然生态屏障,提供了远超本地需求的生态系统服务,是重庆碳固存、土壤保持、产水、生境质量、休闲游憩供给高值区与需求低值区。重庆主城都市区的外围区县地形相对平坦,拥有一定面积的连片平坝耕地,是重庆粮食供给的主要地区。主城都市区核心区是全市经济发展的核心,产业人口集聚,除分割城市的城中山地外,主要为建设用地、工矿用地,是全是高度城镇化地区,生态系统服务供给低但需求高。重庆生态系统服务显著的供需空间错配导致生态供需比高值区主要位于渝东北、渝东南,主城都市区则存在供需赤字,该结果与三峡库区、成渝城市群生态系统服务供需的研究结论一致[32-33]
重庆作为典型超大型山地城市,其生态系统服务供需空间特征与京津、长三角等平原城市既有共性又存在显著差异。山地城市与平原城市生态系统服务均受城镇化驱动,整体呈现供减需增的失衡趋势,空间上均存在核心城区赤字、外围区域盈余的核心—外围供需错配梯度,土地利用变化与人口集聚是其共同的核心驱动因素。但重庆生态系统服务供需空间错配更为突出,城中山地的对城市空间的分割阻隔使城区生态服务跨区流动成本更高,主城去周边区县的连片平坝耕地的缺乏导致粮食供给调节空间相当有限。同时,重庆生态系统服务的优势服务偏向碳固存、土壤保持等调节类及生境质量等支持类,而平原城市地粮食生产等供给类服务能力更突出。此外,山城镶嵌的城市空间结构导致城市发展对山地生态系统的干扰更为突出,加之山地生态系统敏感性高,使其生态系统服务恢复周期与成本远超平原城市。
2005—2023年重庆不同城镇化分区生态系统服务权衡协同关系主要受土地利用转型、人类活动强度、生态政策调控及山地地形约束的综合影响[34]。重庆乡村地区占比高,人类活动干扰较弱,整体上植被覆盖度良好,生态系统结构相对完整[35],其碳固存与休闲游憩显著协同。乡村受制于地形和传统生产模式,农业生产导致的坡地植被减少及农药化肥施用造成的面源污染,既破坏了自然植被引起碳固存减少,又影响了游憩环境质量导致生境质量服务衰减[36]。退耕还林还草建设主要驱动了耕地向林地的转换,坡耕地减少一定程度上导致粮食供给能力下降。因而乡村地区的粮食生产分别与碳固存、生境质量存在强权衡关系,该结果与钱塘江流域、四川省、云南省及贵州省对粮食生产、碳固存、生境质量相互作用关系的研究结论一致[18,37]。土壤保持与产水静态权衡但动态协同,则与区域农业用水调控政策和水土保持工程的长期效应相关[38]
在城乡过渡区发展前期中城镇建设挤占耕地、林地后又实施生态修复工程,产水与生境质量的相关系数从−0.59降至−0.78再升至−0.31。生境质量与休闲游憩始终保持显著协同,则与城乡过渡区是城市居民的主要休憩目的地,同时兼具生态保护与休闲需求的土地利用布局有关,生态绿地既是维持生境质量又是满足了居民游憩需求的载体。城镇拓展区静态多协同而动态多权衡,反映了短期土地利用建设与长期发展路径模式间的矛盾。2005年重庆建成区同比增长13.2%,城镇扩张致使5对生态系统服务权衡,其中产水与生境质量因工业用水激增、生境破坏而权衡最显著。2010年后退耕还林还草、海绵城市建设等生态修复建设的推进实施,以及产业升级减少了建设用地扩张速度,林地、绿地面积回升,碳固存与粮食生产的空间竞争缓解,协同显著增加。碳固存与产水关系的较大波动则反映了城镇拓展区在城镇建设与生态保护之间的动态关系,后期生态修复建设有效提升了植被覆盖与水文调节的协同性。
城镇地区静态仅粮食生产与碳固存、粮食生产与生境质量、产水与土壤保持、休闲游憩与产水、生境质量与休闲游憩存在权衡协同且波动小,动态多数不显著,生态空间局限于人工绿地与公园,生态服务间相互作用机制趋于稳定。生境质量与休闲游憩协同增强,与城市绿化品质提升、公园游憩功能优化密切相关,人工植被既改善了生境质量,又丰富了休闲场景[39]。碳固存与休闲游憩的权衡则因城市绿地休闲游憩供给能力显著高于碳固存能力。各类服务波动减弱,说明其生态系统对外界干扰的响应趋于稳定,服务间相互作用已趋于稳定,静态与动态均以不显著为主。此外,山地地形导致乡村与拓展区的服务关系对土地利用变化更敏感,而平原城区的服务关系更易通过人工调控实现稳定[40]。地形地貌作为基础约束因素,进一步放大了上述驱动因素的作用差异。
基于2005—2023年不同城镇化分区的生态系统服务供需特征及权衡协同关系提出以下差异化调控策略。1)供需矛盾较大且用地固化的城镇地区全面推进生态恢复。通过立体绿化、口袋公园等建设挖掘存量生态潜力,严格保护并连接残存分散的生态斑块与廊道,完善生态网络。2)城镇拓展区与城乡过渡区推进生态红线与绿色增长建设。严格坚守生态保护红线,避免陡坡、水源地等敏感地带的开发,结合地形,基于保留的自然地貌及生态板块,因地制宜积极推行基于自然的解决方案的生态修复建设。3)乡村地区,进一步完善发展生态产业,加速生态资源价值转化。基于特色山地景观发展生态旅游、精品果蔬等山地生态产业;积极探索林草碳汇交易等,推动生态服务盈余的价值转化;构建基于生态系统服务供需消费的城乡间横向生态补偿机制,让城镇经济发达区反哺生态供给区。
本研究尝试构建融合人口、经济发展与土地利用等多维特征的城镇化分区框架,揭示了重庆不同城乡梯度变化下的生态系统服务供需与权衡协同关系的时空演变规律。生态系统服务的产生、流动与受益涉及多个尺度,受自然本底、土地利用模式、社会经济管理政策等多重驱动因子的影响,未来应从格网、乡镇及县域等多级空间分析单元探究不同城乡梯度变化下的生态系统服务供需的跨尺度流动特征,以期为建立更加有效的空间治理与生态补偿提供科学支撑。
1)重庆生态系统服务虽存在盈余,但盈余规模缩减,综合供需比呈小变幅、缓下降的时间特征。碳固存、产水、土壤保持、生境质量及休闲游憩的生态供需比高值区均集中于渝东北、渝东南,低值区集中于主城都市区核心区。粮食生产高值区位于主城都市区的外围区县,低值区位于主城都市区核心区、渝东北及渝东南。
2)重庆城镇化呈单核多点、西高东低;城镇扩张、乡村收缩的总体特征。生态系统服务供需空间梯度变化显著:需求由乡村向城镇递增,供给则相反,乡村是核心供给区,城镇为赤字区。多数生态服务供需比下降,城镇拓展区由平衡转为供不应求,仅土壤保持、产水盈余增长。
3)乡村地区生态系统服务静态关系以强协同与强权衡为主且稳定性高,城乡过渡区多为弱协同且波动显著,城镇拓展区由权衡主导转为协同主导。城镇地区仅五对服务始终存在权衡协同且波动较小;不同城镇化分区生境质量与休闲游憩始终协同、产水与休闲游憩始终权衡。乡村与城镇地区多数服务动态关系不显著,城乡过渡区呈差异化特征,城镇拓展区权衡与协同服务对并存,但土壤保持与产水始终协同且随城镇化水平提升而增大,生境质量与产水始终权衡。
4)基于不同城镇化分区生态系统服务供需特征及权衡协同关系的差异性,提出差异化调控策略:城镇地区以立体绿化、口袋公园挖潜存量生态,完善生态网络;城镇拓展区与城乡过渡区严守生态红线,结合地形推行自然修复方案;乡村地区发展生态旅游与碳汇交易,建城乡生态补偿机制,转化生态服务价值。

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doi: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202510003
  • 接收时间:2025-10-01
  • 首发时间:2026-08-20
  • 出版时间:2026-06-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-01
  • 修回日期:2026-03-25
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    1重庆师范大学地理与旅游学院,重庆 401331
    2三峡库区地表过程与生态修复重庆市重点实验室,重庆 401331

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张军以,博士,教授,研究方向为农户生计与乡村转型发展。Email:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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