Article(id=1297211843366375734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, issueId=1297211624738284246, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202510111, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1760630400000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-17, revisedDate=1781452800000, revisedDateStr=2026-06-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1787209004489, onlineDateStr=2026-08-20, pubDate=1782748800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1787209004489, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1787209004489, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1787209004489, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1297211624738284246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, year='2026', volume='42', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='396', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782748800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1787208952364, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1787212261177, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1297225503002357852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, issueId=1297211624738284246, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1297225503002357853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, issueId=1297211624738284246, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=376, endPage=383, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1297211843592868151, articleId=1297211843366375734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, language=EN, title=Continuous-flow catalytic synthesis of flavor esters based on the carbonized-wood monolithic microreactor, columnId=1297211746972885671, journalTitle=Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, columnName=Agricultural Produce Processing Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Due to the poor mass transfer, long reaction time, and severe material back mixing in conventional stirring reactions, the microfluidic reaction system, with the advantages of enhanced mass transfer, fast reaction speed, and mitigated substrate inhibition, has received attention. Natural wood is a cheap, renewable, and earth-abundant material, which is regarded as the ideal model for monolithic reactors due to the existing 3D hierarchical structures. Carbonized wood with superior electrical conductivity, chemical and mechanical stability, and tunable multifunctionality endows it as a monolithic reactor object to synthesize advanced materials for multiple purposes. This study constructed a carbonized monolithic microreactor for the continuous-flow catalytic synthesis of ethyl cinnamate, using the basswood column with a natural three-dimensional microchannel structure, which was carbonized in a nitrogen atmosphere at 700 ℃. The peristaltic pump tube is used to connect the metal coil and the carbonized monolithic microreactor in turn. The peristaltic pump sends the reaction liquid to the metal coil, and the oil bath pan heats the metal coil to preheat the reaction liquid. Subsequently, the reaction liquid enters the carbonized monolithic microreactor, and the oil bath circulation device heats the reactor to ensure the reaction temperature. The results indicate that the length and diameter of carbonized-wood columns were reduced from 200 and 40 mm to 165 and 29.6 mm, respectively, due to the pyrolysis of lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose at elevated temperature. The resulting material not only preserves the well-aligned microchannel topology of the original wood, but also exhibits significantly enhanced properties, including high chemical stability, robust mechanical strength, and exceptional mass and heat transfer performance—laying a solid foundation for efficient continuous-flow catalytic processes. SEM characterization demonstrated the regular and hierarchical porous structures of carbonized column with abundant tubular channels (5-50 µm in diameter) in the wood growth direction and micro-sized pores (0.5-1 µm) inside tubular channels. The micro-sized pores on the tubular channels allowed the liquid substrates to enter the adjacent channels and generate fluid disturbance for improved mass transfer and enhanced catalytic capacity. Then, 96.5% of cinnamic acid conversion was reached with the molar ratio of cinnamic acid to ethanol at 1:20, the catalyst addition of concentrated H2SO4 (98 wt%) being 30 % of the mass of cinnamic acid, the reaction temperature of 100 ℃, substrate flow rate of 5 mL/min and the outlet pressure at 0.2 MPa. Under the continuous-flow reaction mode, a carbonized-wood monolithic microreactor induced a maximum TOF of 42.4 h−1 for the catalyst of sulfuric acid, which was 11.7-22.3 times higher than that in batch-mode reaction. This carbonized monolithic microreactor exhibited excellent mechanical strength (4 538 N in load, 31.2 MPa in compressive strength, 3839 MPa in elastic modulus) and acid-base tolerance, which could maintain over 90% of cinnamic acid conversion after 10 consecutive runs. The microchannel reactor was subjected to immersion tests in both acidic and alkaline solutions of varying concentrations for 24 hours. After drying, its structural morphology remained fully intact, demonstrating exceptional resistance to corrosive chemical environments. These properties ensure long-term chemical stability under continuous operation, structural integrity against collapse or deformation caused by reactive fluid flow under process conditions. Besides, it can also be used for the efficient preparation of various flavor esters, such as ethyl acetate (93.5%), hexyl hexanoate (95.7%), iso-amyl p-methoxycinnamate (87.6%), ethyl hexanoate (78.9%), ethyl butyrate (92.0%), and cinnamic acid methylester (92.4%). Hence, the research developed a carbonized-wood monolithic microreactor with basswood as raw material, which was filled into a metal casing after elevated temperature carbonization. The reactor exhibited high mass and heat transfer efficiency, presented good mechanical properties, and acid and alkali resistance. The finding can provide a potential strategy for the efficient synthesis of flavor esters by combining continuous flow reaction and acid catalysis, in industrial applications in the field of food and cosmetics.

, authors=Yujian SU1, 2, Yi ZHANG2, *, Tieliang LIU2, Yunqi GAO2, Mingming ZHENG2, 3, 4, authorsList=Yujian SU, Yi ZHANG, Tieliang LIU, Yunqi GAO, Mingming ZHENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yi ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1297211844775661890, articleId=1297211843366375734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, language=CN, title=基于碳柱微通道反应器的风味酯连续流催化制备, columnId=1297211747186795177, journalTitle=农业工程学报, columnName=农产品加工工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对传统搅拌反应存在的传质差、耗时长、物料返混严重、底物抑制等问题,该研究以具有天然三维微通道结构的椴木柱为主体,经700 ℃氮气氛围碳化后构建了碳柱微通道连续流反应器,用于肉桂酸乙酯的连续流催化制备。结果表明,在肉桂酸与乙醇摩尔比为1:20,催化剂浓硫酸的添加量肉桂酸质量的30%,反应温度100 ℃,底物流速为5 mL/min,反应器出口压力为0.2 MPa时,肉桂酸转化率可达96.5%。该碳柱微通道反应器显示出优异的机械强度和酸碱耐受性,连续运行10次仍能保持90%以上肉桂酸转化率,也可用于乙酸乙酯、己酸乙酯等多种风味酯的制备。研究结果为食品香精香料中风味化合物的连续化制备提供了方案。

, authors=苏宇剑1, 2, 张逸2, *, 刘铁良2, 高云旗2, 郑明明2, 3, 4, authorsList=苏宇剑, 张逸, 刘铁良, 高云旗, 郑明明, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张逸, authorNote=

苏宇剑,研究方向为脂质修饰改性和应用。Email:

, correspAuthorsNote=
张逸,博士,副研究员,研究方向为新型酶反应体系和装备研发。Email:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026 农业工程学报编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=3VV3qIR8g+lYCmGBw1j+VA==, magXml=48tTHDIJYbBekdh7lodScg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=eYdmDnihLDnJvjWY3EmE8Q==, pdfFileSize=6205137, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=C8uYbibpb7g8IXdUKbP15Q==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=fXCh5oY63/d/MpI6d4VSAg==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1299828299656618529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211843366375734, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=1044384858@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1299828299908276772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211843366375734, authorId=1299828299656618529, language=EN, stringName=Yujian SU, firstName=Yujian, middleName=null, lastName=SU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
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3College of Life Science and Technology, Hubei Engineering Universuty,Xiaogan 432000, China
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3湖北工程学院生命科学技术学院,孝感 432000
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1.蠕动泵;2油浴锅;3金属盘管加热装置;4碳柱微通道反应器;5恒温油浴装置

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注:甲氧基肉桂酸异戊酯(IP-M)、己酸己酯(HH)、己酸乙酯(EH)、肉515  桂酸甲酯(MC)、丁酸乙酯(EB)、乙酸乙酯(EA)。

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Factors and level of orthogonal test

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水平
Level
反应温度
Reaction
temperature
A/ ℃
底物流速
Substrate flowrate
B/(mL·min−1)
催化剂用量
Adding amount of
catalyst C/%
出口压力
Outlet pressures
D/MPa
1903200
21005300.1
31107400.2
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正交试验因素水平

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水平
Level
反应温度
Reaction
temperature
A/ ℃
底物流速
Substrate flowrate
B/(mL·min−1)
催化剂用量
Adding amount of
catalyst C/%
出口压力
Outlet pressures
D/MPa
1903200
21005300.1
31107400.2
), ArticleFig(id=1299828303062393426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211843366375734, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Results of orthogonal test

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试验号
Text number
试验因素
Test factor
试验指标
Test index
ABCD转化率
Conversion/%
190320068.5
2905300.186.3
3907400.280.1
41003300.285.1
5100540088.5
61007200.175.8
71103400.178.8
81105200.280.5
9110730078.1
k178.377.574.978.4
k283.185.183.280.3
k379.178.082.481.9
R4.87.68.33.5
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正交试验结果

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试验号
Text number
试验因素
Test factor
试验指标
Test index
ABCD转化率
Conversion/%
190320068.5
2905300.186.3
3907400.280.1
41003300.285.1
5100540088.5
61007200.175.8
71103400.178.8
81105200.280.5
9110730078.1
k178.377.574.978.4
k283.185.183.280.3
k379.178.082.481.9
R4.87.68.33.5
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TOF of the batch-stirring and continuous-flow synthesis of ethyl cinnamate

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模式
Mode
不同反应时间的TOF
TOF of different reaction time/h−1
10 min20 min30 min40 min50 min60 min
连续流
Continuous-flow
42.442.742.542.742.742.4
间歇搅拌
Batch-stirring
3.63.53.02.52.21.9
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间歇搅拌与连续流制备肉桂酸乙酯的周转频率TOF(turnover frequency)

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模式
Mode
不同反应时间的TOF
TOF of different reaction time/h−1
10 min20 min30 min40 min50 min60 min
连续流
Continuous-flow
42.442.742.542.742.742.4
间歇搅拌
Batch-stirring
3.63.53.02.52.21.9
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基于碳柱微通道反应器的风味酯连续流催化制备
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苏宇剑 1, 2 , 张逸 2, * , 刘铁良 2 , 高云旗 2 , 郑明明 2, 3, 4
农业工程学报 | 农产品加工工程 2026,42(12): 376-383
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农业工程学报 |农产品加工工程 2026 , 42 (12) : 376 -383
基于碳柱微通道反应器的风味酯连续流催化制备
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3College of Life Science and Technology, Hubei Engineering Universuty,Xiaogan 432000, China
4PKU-HKUST Shenzhen-HongKong Institution, Shenzhen 518057, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1299828300977824315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211843366375734, authorId=1299828300822635062, language=CN, stringName=郑明明, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, 3, 4, address=2中国农业科学院油料作物研究所,油料脂质化学与营养湖北省重点实验室,农业农村部油料加工重点实验室,武汉 430062
3湖北工程学院生命科学技术学院,孝感 432000
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苏宇剑1, 2 , 张逸2, * , 刘铁良2, 高云旗2, 郑明明2, 3, 4
作者信息
  • 1湖北大学化学化工学院,武汉 430062
  • 2中国农业科学院油料作物研究所,油料脂质化学与营养湖北省重点实验室,农业农村部油料加工重点实验室,武汉 430062
  • 3湖北工程学院生命科学技术学院,孝感 432000
  • 4深港产学研基地,深圳 518057
通讯作者:
张逸,博士,副研究员,研究方向为新型酶反应体系和装备研发。Email:
作者简介:

苏宇剑,研究方向为脂质修饰改性和应用。Email:

Continuous-flow catalytic synthesis of flavor esters based on the carbonized-wood monolithic microreactor
Yujian SU1, 2 , Yi ZHANG2, * , Tieliang LIU2, Yunqi GAO2, Mingming ZHENG2, 3, 4
Affiliations
  • 1College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
  • 2Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
  • 3College of Life Science and Technology, Hubei Engineering Universuty,Xiaogan 432000, China
  • 4PKU-HKUST Shenzhen-HongKong Institution, Shenzhen 518057, China
出版时间: 2026-06-30 doi: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202510111
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针对传统搅拌反应存在的传质差、耗时长、物料返混严重、底物抑制等问题,该研究以具有天然三维微通道结构的椴木柱为主体,经700 ℃氮气氛围碳化后构建了碳柱微通道连续流反应器,用于肉桂酸乙酯的连续流催化制备。结果表明,在肉桂酸与乙醇摩尔比为1:20,催化剂浓硫酸的添加量肉桂酸质量的30%,反应温度100 ℃,底物流速为5 mL/min,反应器出口压力为0.2 MPa时,肉桂酸转化率可达96.5%。该碳柱微通道反应器显示出优异的机械强度和酸碱耐受性,连续运行10次仍能保持90%以上肉桂酸转化率,也可用于乙酸乙酯、己酸乙酯等多种风味酯的制备。研究结果为食品香精香料中风味化合物的连续化制备提供了方案。

碳柱  /  微反应器  /  肉桂酸乙酯  /  连续流  /  催化制备

Due to the poor mass transfer, long reaction time, and severe material back mixing in conventional stirring reactions, the microfluidic reaction system, with the advantages of enhanced mass transfer, fast reaction speed, and mitigated substrate inhibition, has received attention. Natural wood is a cheap, renewable, and earth-abundant material, which is regarded as the ideal model for monolithic reactors due to the existing 3D hierarchical structures. Carbonized wood with superior electrical conductivity, chemical and mechanical stability, and tunable multifunctionality endows it as a monolithic reactor object to synthesize advanced materials for multiple purposes. This study constructed a carbonized monolithic microreactor for the continuous-flow catalytic synthesis of ethyl cinnamate, using the basswood column with a natural three-dimensional microchannel structure, which was carbonized in a nitrogen atmosphere at 700 ℃. The peristaltic pump tube is used to connect the metal coil and the carbonized monolithic microreactor in turn. The peristaltic pump sends the reaction liquid to the metal coil, and the oil bath pan heats the metal coil to preheat the reaction liquid. Subsequently, the reaction liquid enters the carbonized monolithic microreactor, and the oil bath circulation device heats the reactor to ensure the reaction temperature. The results indicate that the length and diameter of carbonized-wood columns were reduced from 200 and 40 mm to 165 and 29.6 mm, respectively, due to the pyrolysis of lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose at elevated temperature. The resulting material not only preserves the well-aligned microchannel topology of the original wood, but also exhibits significantly enhanced properties, including high chemical stability, robust mechanical strength, and exceptional mass and heat transfer performance—laying a solid foundation for efficient continuous-flow catalytic processes. SEM characterization demonstrated the regular and hierarchical porous structures of carbonized column with abundant tubular channels (5-50 µm in diameter) in the wood growth direction and micro-sized pores (0.5-1 µm) inside tubular channels. The micro-sized pores on the tubular channels allowed the liquid substrates to enter the adjacent channels and generate fluid disturbance for improved mass transfer and enhanced catalytic capacity. Then, 96.5% of cinnamic acid conversion was reached with the molar ratio of cinnamic acid to ethanol at 1:20, the catalyst addition of concentrated H2SO4 (98 wt%) being 30 % of the mass of cinnamic acid, the reaction temperature of 100 ℃, substrate flow rate of 5 mL/min and the outlet pressure at 0.2 MPa. Under the continuous-flow reaction mode, a carbonized-wood monolithic microreactor induced a maximum TOF of 42.4 h−1 for the catalyst of sulfuric acid, which was 11.7-22.3 times higher than that in batch-mode reaction. This carbonized monolithic microreactor exhibited excellent mechanical strength (4 538 N in load, 31.2 MPa in compressive strength, 3839 MPa in elastic modulus) and acid-base tolerance, which could maintain over 90% of cinnamic acid conversion after 10 consecutive runs. The microchannel reactor was subjected to immersion tests in both acidic and alkaline solutions of varying concentrations for 24 hours. After drying, its structural morphology remained fully intact, demonstrating exceptional resistance to corrosive chemical environments. These properties ensure long-term chemical stability under continuous operation, structural integrity against collapse or deformation caused by reactive fluid flow under process conditions. Besides, it can also be used for the efficient preparation of various flavor esters, such as ethyl acetate (93.5%), hexyl hexanoate (95.7%), iso-amyl p-methoxycinnamate (87.6%), ethyl hexanoate (78.9%), ethyl butyrate (92.0%), and cinnamic acid methylester (92.4%). Hence, the research developed a carbonized-wood monolithic microreactor with basswood as raw material, which was filled into a metal casing after elevated temperature carbonization. The reactor exhibited high mass and heat transfer efficiency, presented good mechanical properties, and acid and alkali resistance. The finding can provide a potential strategy for the efficient synthesis of flavor esters by combining continuous flow reaction and acid catalysis, in industrial applications in the field of food and cosmetics.

carbonized-wood column  /  microreactor  /  ethyl cinnamate  /  continuous-flow  /  catalytic synthesis
苏宇剑, 张逸, 刘铁良, 高云旗, 郑明明. 基于碳柱微通道反应器的风味酯连续流催化制备. 农业工程学报, 2026 , 42 (12) : 376 -383 . DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202510111
Yujian SU, Yi ZHANG, Tieliang LIU, Yunqi GAO, Mingming ZHENG. Continuous-flow catalytic synthesis of flavor esters based on the carbonized-wood monolithic microreactor[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2026 , 42 (12) : 376 -383 . DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202510111
风味酯是一类广泛存在于水果、花卉等植物中具有特殊风味的酯类化合物,在食品、日化以及制药等行业广泛应用[1-2]。肉桂酸风味酯如肉桂酸甲酯、肉桂酸乙酯等是由肉桂酸与多种醇类通过酯化反应制得,常用作食用香精或香水的定香剂。此外,肉桂酸风味酯还具有抗炎、抗紫外、抗氧化、抗菌和防腐等健康功效,被用于防晒霜、抗菌软膏和其他医药中间体等医药健康领域[3-6]。目前,肉桂酸风味酯的制备方法包括天然提取、化学合成和酶法催化合成等方法。然而,风味酯的植物提取虽然市场认可度高,但植物提取得率低、工艺复杂、分离困难,导致生产成本高并进一步限制了其大规模应用生产[7]。酶法催化具有反应条件温和、专一性强和副产物少等优点,但存在酶价格昂贵、活性不稳定、重复使用困难等缺点[8]。化学法合成技术相对成熟、操作简单、成本更低,是目前工业化生产肉桂类风味酯的主流手段。
风味酯的化学合成仍然以间歇反应为主,通过磁力或机械搅拌促进酸类与醇类物质的酯化反应。例如,李恩博等[9]采用了硫酸镓/凹凸棒固体酸作催化剂,电动搅拌的方式合成肉桂酸乙酯,在肉桂酸7.5 g,无水乙醇18 mL,催化剂3.0 g,反应温度为120 ℃、反应时长3 h时,肉桂酸乙酯的酯化率不低于85%。但搅拌反应主要面临反应时间长、转化率低、副产物多等瓶颈难题,这主要是由于搅拌模式下的传质传热差、底物抑制、产物无法及时移除等原因导致的[10-11]。另一方面,微通道反应器是一种微型的、连续化的流动管道式反应器,其特征尺寸一般在10~1000 μm之间[12]。根据结构特点和流体混合方式,微通道反应器可分为简单直通道微反应器和网状微分散结构反应器,实现流体以特定的物理状态在反应器管道或腔体内组合流动和充分混合,因此具有比表面积大、扩散传递路径短、反应可控性强、安全性高等特点[13-14]。微通道反应器根据结构复杂程度和处理流体的方式,可分为简单的直通道微反应器和网状微分散结构微反应器。其中直通道型微反应器设置了T型结或者Y型结等微器件来增大界面接触面积[15-16]。LI等[17]以铜微管作为催化剂和反应器,构造了T型结的直通道型微通道反应器,能在常温常压下、水相环境中实现丙烷的氧化脱氢反应,高选择性、高活性地生产丙烯,丙烯选择性超过92%。WANG等[18]制作了一种网状分散结构的微通道反应器,并利用此反应器以9 L/min的高通量成功地制备了尺寸可控的BaSO4纳米粒子,并通过提高总流量和相浓度或改变微孔尺寸来改变纳米粒子的粒径。然而,现有的微通道反应器存在结构复杂、制造困难、材料成本高、设备易被腐蚀等缺点,因此产业化应用前景受限。
天然木材在生长过程中会形成用于运输水和氧气的微米级的导管,这些独特的天然管道结构被认为是流通应用的理想多孔支架系统,此前已被证明可用于污染物降解、生物催化和太阳能蒸汽产生[19-21]。天然木材经过碳化处理后,内部的导管结构并没有改变,木质整体碳材料仍具有木质天然的分级多孔结构,微观尺度上仍然可以观察到丰富的沿径向排列的微通道,提供高效液体输送通道为构建微通道反应器提供了天然的载体。不同树种的微观孔隙结构特性不同,因此为选择具有理想孔隙度或孔道的合适材料提供了多样化的选择[22]。天然木材还具有成本低、可再生、机械强度高的特点,适合工业化生产[23-24]。TU等[25]以杨木为基底,通过原位生长负载双金属银钯合金纳米颗粒的UiO-66金属有机框架(metal organic framework,MOF)在木材微通道内壁上,实现了氨硼烷在连续流动体系中的高效可控催化制氢。
本研究基于以上已有研究,利用天然木材中天然微通道的结构,构建碳柱微通道反应器。探索在使用碳柱通道反应器在不同流速、温度等条件下合成风味酯的转化率,系统研究其用在风味酯上合成的可行性。对比现有工业上的釜式搅拌合成酯类传质传热效率低、控制能力弱等缺点,微通道通过过程强化定向合成风味酯等功能脂质更符合未来趋势,旨在为风味酯连续高效合成提供新策略。
椴木柱(直径:40 mm,高度:200 mm,选取于椴木的木质部)购自于木材市场。不锈钢套管(外径:50 mm,内径:40 mm,高度:170 mm;循环油孔外径:80 mm,循环油孔内径:55 mm)购自于当地金属市场。
正己酸(98%)、正己醇(98%)、正丁酸(98%)购自上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司。甲醇(分析纯)、乙醇(分析纯)、乙酸(分析纯)、硫酸(分析纯)、盐酸(分析纯)、磷酸(分析纯)购自国药集团化学试剂有限公司。对甲氧基肉桂酸(99%)、对甲苯磺酸(99%)、肉桂酸(99%)、异戊醇(99%)购自上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司。
首先,将椴木柱置于超纯水中超声处理30 min去除杂质,再将椴木放入105 ℃的烘箱中干燥12 h以去除水分。烘干后的椴木柱放于瓷舟中,在管式炉氮气氛围保护下,以5 ℃/min的升温速率升高至700 ℃,并在此温度下碳化3 h,冷却到室温后得到碳柱微通道反应器主体-碳柱。将制备好的碳柱嵌套入特制的不锈钢套管中,并用环氧树脂胶密封碳柱与不锈钢套管间隙,静置24 h,待环氧树脂胶干燥后即得碳柱微通道反应器。
图1所示,微通道连续流反应系统由碳柱微通道反应器、连接配件、油浴加热装置、蠕动泵物料输送装置及油浴循环等主要模块组成。通过蠕动泵将预热的肉桂酸-乙醇溶液及浓硫酸、对甲苯磺酸等酸性液体催化剂泵入恒温的碳柱微通道反应器内,实现肉桂酸与乙醇的催化酯化,得到肉桂酸乙酯粗品。探究在不同催化剂、反应温度、底物流速、催化剂添加量、底物摩尔比、出口压力的条件下,肉桂酸最佳转化率。
肉桂酸乙酯、对甲氧基肉桂酸异戊酯、肉桂酸甲酯使用高效液相色谱分析。液相分析条件:使用C18色谱柱(4.6×250 mm×5 µm)的HPLC(1260 Infinity Ⅱ ,安捷伦技术公司),紫外检测器检测波长为280 nm。流动相为体积比4∶6的乙腈甲醇,单次进样10 µL,流速0.5 mL/min,等度洗脱15 min。
己酸己酯、己酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯使用气相色谱分析,气相分析条件:使用色谱柱为石英毛细管柱(DB-FFAP,30 m×250 µm×0.25 µm,安捷伦技术公司)的气相色谱仪(GC 7890a,日本岛津)。载气为氮气,总气体压力为0.08 MPa。进样器和检测器温度分别保持在275 ℃和250 ℃。柱温箱升温程序在80 ℃下维持3 min,然后以10 ℃/min的速度升温至220 ℃,并在220 ℃下保持2 min,分流比为20:1。
广适性:配置酸醇摩尔比1∶1.5的对甲氧基肉桂酸-异戊醇、己酸-己醇、己酸-乙醇、肉桂酸-甲醇、丁酸-乙醇、乙酸-乙醇反应液,催化剂为浓硫酸,催化剂添加量为反应液质量的5%,反应温度100 ℃,流速5 mL/min,反应稳定后测试转化率。
催化剂利用效率:配置摩尔比为1∶20的肉桂酸-乙醇溶液,加入30%肉桂酸质量的浓硫酸作催化剂,设置机械搅拌转速为400 r/min,应温度为100 ℃。对比微通道反应和搅拌反应时,计算单位时间内每个催化活性位点转化的反应物分子数,即TOF(turnover frequency)。TOF的计算式如下:
$ \mathrm{TOF}=\frac{\text{反应物转换量}}{\text{催化剂用量×时间}} $
机械强度:将制备的的碳柱放入电子万能试验机中,以15 mm/min加载速率压缩碳柱,测试其在常温中弹性模量,并作压缩应力-应变曲线。
可重复性试验:制备好的碳柱微通道反应器进行多次肉桂酸乙酯试验,每次试验肉桂酸乙酯反应液300 mL,每次试验每隔100 mL取样并检测肉桂酸转化率,重复试验10次。
化学稳定性:将处理好碳柱置于98% H2SO4、以及5 mol/L的H2SO4、HCl、NaOH溶液中,常温浸泡处理24 h,取出后用纯水洗净干燥。将碳柱切开,扫描电镜下观察其形貌结构变化。
图2a2b是椴木柱经700 ℃煅烧后得到的碳柱扫描电镜图(SEM),可以发现高温碳化后的碳柱仍保持了规则、完整的三维多孔结构。
图2c可以看出椴木处理为碳柱后,直径从40 mm缩小至29.6 mm,长度从200 mm缩小至165 mm,整体体积缩小到未碳化前体积的45.2%,这是由于椴木中的纤维素、半纤维素和木质素等成分在氮气氛围中高温热解导致的[26]图2d2e的压汞测试与SEM图共同表明了碳柱内微通道孔径呈双峰分布,大孔孔径为50 μm左右,小孔孔径为5 μm左右,此外,图2b中显示了碳柱微通道间的微米级壁孔,其尺寸范围为0.5~1 μm。竖直的微通道可保证反应液在碳柱内的轴向流动,且不同孔径的微通道使反应液产生流速差异,而连接不同孔径的壁孔可促进反应液的径向流动,会使得不同流速的反应液交汇融合,从而带来流体扰动,并促进底物的混合和传质。同时,微通道巨大的比表面积也有利于热量的快速传递,在反应过程中既能为反应提供足够热量,又能将反应产生的热量及时移除,避免局部过热的情况,促进了传热能力来提升反应效率[27]
为提升碳柱微通道反应器中肉桂酸乙酯的转化效率,本研究系统考察了催化剂种类、反应温度、底物流速、催化剂添加量、底物摩尔比和反应柱压等反应参数对肉桂酸乙酯的转化率的影响。
图3a显示了当反应液为300 mL、肉桂酸与乙醇摩尔比为1:20、酸添加量为肉桂酸质量10%,反应温度为100 ℃(反应温度均为油浴循环中油温)、流速为5 mL/min时,不同的酸催化剂包括硫酸、对甲苯磺酸(TsOH)、盐酸、醋酸、磷酸,对应的肉桂酸转化率分别为63.0%、45.7%、19.5%、1.4%、2.3%。98%(质量分数)H2SO4和TsOH作为酯化反应常用的催化剂,显示出更明显的催化效果,其在反应液中提供更高浓度的H+,大幅增加羧酸质子化速率。与对甲苯磺酸相比,浓硫酸还具有显著的吸水性,可有效移除酯化反应生成的副产物水,从而加速肉桂酸与乙醇间的酯化反应,提高肉桂酸乙酯的转化率[28]
图3b显示了催化剂选择硫酸,酸添加量等其他条件不变时,不同反应温度对连续流催化制备肉桂酸的影响。当反应温度从70 ℃上升至100 ℃,肉桂酸转化率由27.3%升至63.0%,这是由于升高温度加速反应物分子热运动,为酯化反应中羧基质子化及水分子脱除等步骤提供更高活化能[29]。然而,继续升高反应温度至110 ℃导致肉桂酸的转化率降至51.4%,此现象归因于反应液中的乙醇快速汽化,缩短底物在微通道内的停留时间。同时,酯化反应的逆反应水解反应为吸热反应,根据勒夏特列原理,继续升高温度不利于酯的合成;不仅如此,在硫酸的催化下,过高的温度会使乙醇生成乙醚,减小反应物浓度和生成水阻碍酯化反应的进行[30-31]
肉桂酸乙酯的催化转化也与微通道反应器内的反应液流速有关。如图3c所示,当反应液的流速由1 mL/min上升到3 mL/min时,肉桂酸的转化率由49.9%逐渐下降到41.6%,这是由于提升反应流速会缩短微通道内物料停留时间,导致催化不彻底,底物间酯化反应不充分而引起肉桂酸的转化率下降[32]。然而,将反应流速进一步增大至5 和7 mL/min,可分别将肉桂酸转化率提升至63.0%和56.5%。因此,较高的流速虽然缩短了底物停留时间,但有助于提升物料通量,并增强涡旋或卷吸效应来强化底物间微观混合,进而提升肉桂酸乙酯的转化效率[33]图3 d显示了随着催化剂(浓硫酸)的添加量肉桂酸质量的10%增加至30%,肉桂酸转化率由63.0%持续上升至90.8%;而增加浓硫酸的用量至肉桂酸质量的50%却并不能进一步促进肉桂酸的催化转化,但反应体系酸度过高可能会导致设备腐蚀、副产物增多、安全隐患等负面影响。
图3e显示了肉桂酸和乙醇的底物摩尔比对连续流酸催化制备肉桂酸乙酯的影响规律。当肉桂酸与乙醇摩尔比从1:10增加至1:20,肉桂酸的转化率也相应从57.3%增加至最大值90.8%;继续将乙醇占比由1:30增加至1:50反而导致肉桂酸的转化率由50.7%减少至44.5%。一定程度上提升底物中乙醇比例能有效增强反应物分子间的有效碰撞频率,这有助于克服反应能垒进而提升酯化反应效率[34]。然而,进一步增加乙醇比例不仅会导致浓硫酸催化剂的稀释,还会加速乙醇挥发,影响肉桂酸乙酯的产率。因此,本试验进一步在碳柱微通道反应器的出口处设置一个压力阀,通过控制反应器内部压力来降低乙醇的汽化导致气液两相分离,维持连续反应体系的单一液相流动。如图3f所示,与空白对照组(出口压力为0)相比,将出口压力控制在0.2 MPa时可将肉桂酸转化率稳定提升至96.5%,这说明调控出口压力能保障肉桂酸和乙醇在单一液相环境内充分接触,减少局部浓度突变引发的副反应;同时避免气液两相流造成的反应体积缩小、流动紊乱及停留时间分布不均导致的转化率下降[35]
综上所述,通过优化肉桂酸乙酯的连续流催化制备反应条件,可以发现,反应物肉桂酸与乙醇底物摩尔比为1:20,催化剂为硫酸,且催化剂添加量为肉桂酸质量的30%,反应温度为100 ℃,微通道反应器流量控制在5 mL/min,反应器出口压力设置为0.2 MPa,肉桂酸转化率达到最大值为96.5%±0.3%。
在合成肉桂酸乙酯单因素试验中,在催化剂筛选和底物摩尔比试验中,浓硫酸对该酯化反应催化活性显著优于TsOH;底物摩尔比在1:20时,反应转化率达到峰值(90.8%),显著优于其他底物摩尔比。上述两个因素的最优水平与影响规律已通过单因素试验明确,无进一步正交优化的必要。以肉桂酸乙酯的转化率为考察指标,使用SPSS22.0(IBM公司)设计了一组四因素三水平的正交试验,选择正交表L9(34),如表1。令ABCD分别代表反应温度、底物流速、催化剂用量、出口压力这4个影响因素,共进行了9次试验,催化剂选择浓硫酸,底物摩尔比选择1:20,试验结果见表2,其中kR分别为平均值和极差。通过表2的数值,显然可知k2Ak3Ak1Ak2Bk3Bk1Bk2Ck3Ck1Ck3Dk2Dk1D,极差中RCRBRARD
这证明了在肉桂酸乙酯的合成过程中,4个影响因素里按显著程度依次为:催化剂用量、底物流速、出口压力与反应温度,即催化剂浓硫酸对肉桂酸转化率的影响最大,底物流速次之,反应温度和出口压力影响最小。若继续增加出口压力至0.3 MPa,会导致流速不稳定使得反应转换率不稳定,从而导致试验结果误差较大,因此,最优方案为A2B2C3D3,即催化剂硫酸添加量为30%肉桂酸质量、底物流速为5 mL/min、反应温度为100 ℃、出口压力为0.2 MPa、底物摩尔比为1:20的条件下,反应达到最优条件。这与本文单因素结果分析保持高度一致,此时重复在最优条件下该酯化反应,肉桂酸转化率达到最大值为96.5%。
为了充分评估连续流催化制备肉桂酸乙酯相较于传统釜式反应在工业生产中的优势,对比了相同反应温度、催化剂添加量、底物摩尔比等反应条件下的连续流和间歇搅拌模式下的肉桂酸转化效率。
图4a所示,间歇搅拌模式下肉桂酸的转化率从10 min的27.4%逐步升至60 min的86.5%,但反应速率逐渐降低,这主要由反应瓶内肉桂酸乙酯的累积、肉桂酸浓度下降导致的底物抑制和酯化反应的逆反应速率上升。相反,碳柱微通道反应器的连续流催化可以及时移除产物,降低底物抑制作用,从而稳定保持96.3%的肉桂酸转化率。如表3,通过比较不同反应模式下的浓硫酸催化剂TOF值发现,搅拌反应的TOF值由反应时间10 min时的最大值3.6 h−1逐渐降低至60 min时最小值1.9 h−1,而微通道反应器内TOF维持在42.4 h−1左右。由此可见,在肉桂酸乙酯催化制备过程中,碳柱微通道反应器的制备效率是普通搅拌反应的11.7~22.3倍。
除此之外,进一步考察了碳柱微通道反应器的广适性。如图4b所示,除上述肉桂酸乙酯(EC)外,碳柱微通道反应器也可用于连续流催化制备对甲氧基肉桂酸异戊酯(IP-M)、己酸己酯(HH)、己酸乙酯(EH)、肉桂酸甲酯(MC)、丁酸乙酯(EB)、乙酸乙酯(EA)等具有肉桂香、苹果香、菠萝香、樱桃香、香蕉香、菠萝酒香的风味酯,其转化率分别达87.6%、95.7%、78.9%、92.4%、92.0%、93.5%。
除此之外,图4c显示了此碳柱微通道反应器在重复10次用于连续流催化制备肉桂酸乙酯后,仍能保持90%的转化率,这主要与碳柱结构稳定性相关,转化率轻微下降是由于部分反应液残留,部分肉桂酸会不可逆的吸附在通道中,从而导致传质性能下降[36]。通过图4 d中碳柱压缩测试发现,其载荷达到4538 N,压缩强度达到31.2 MPa,弹性模量3839 MPa,显著优于ABS(丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物)树脂和普通TPU(热塑性聚氨酯弹性体)等聚合材料,与用于制作微通道反应器的材料亚克力、不锈钢、玻璃和碳化硅相比,碳柱微通道反应器的抗压缩能力优于亚克力、玻璃,逊于不锈钢和碳化硅材料[37]。除了优异的机械强度外,碳柱也表现出良好的酸碱耐腐蚀性特点。如图5中电镜图片所示,碳柱的横截面、纵剖面经不同浓度的酸、碱溶液浸泡24 h仍能保持完整、规则的微通道形貌及结构,抗酸碱腐蚀性能优于不锈钢材料,这也为其浓硫酸催化条件下的肉桂酸风味酯连续、高效制备提供了依据。
针对搅拌反应存在的底物传质差、反应时间长、物料返混等瓶颈难题,创制了基于碳柱微通道反应器的风味酯连续流催化制备新策略,得出以下主要结论:
1)700 ℃氮气氛围煅烧虽然使碳柱的整体尺寸较原木缩减,但仍保留了椴木原有的定向微通道形貌和结构。以此碳柱为主体构建了微通道连续流反应系统,在单因素试验和正交试验中,在肉桂酸与乙醇摩尔比为1:20,催化剂为30%肉桂酸质量的浓硫酸,反应温度100 ℃,底物流速为5 mL/min,出口压力为0.2 MPa时,肉桂酸转化率达到96.5%±0.3%。
2 )基于肉桂酸乙酯的催化制备,本文提出的碳柱微通道连续流反应体系中催化剂浓硫酸的周转频率TOF可达42.4 h−1,是间歇搅拌模式的11.7~22.3倍,证明了此碳柱微通道反应器的高效性。此外,碳柱微通道反应器显示出优异的机械强度和酸碱耐受性,连续运行10次仍能保持90%以上肉桂酸转化率,也可用于乙酸乙酯、己酸乙酯等多种风味酯的制备。 突显了此碳柱微通道反应器在连续合成风味酯中在传质传热、实现过程精准调控方面的巨大潜力,为更加高效、节能的合成风味酯等功能脂质提供了方向。

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doi: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202510111
  • 接收时间:2025-10-17
  • 首发时间:2026-08-20
  • 出版时间:2026-06-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-17
  • 修回日期:2026-06-15
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    1湖北大学化学化工学院,武汉 430062
    2中国农业科学院油料作物研究所,油料脂质化学与营养湖北省重点实验室,农业农村部油料加工重点实验室,武汉 430062
    3湖北工程学院生命科学技术学院,孝感 432000
    4深港产学研基地,深圳 518057

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张逸,博士,副研究员,研究方向为新型酶反应体系和装备研发。Email:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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