Article(id=1297211819710509903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, issueId=1297211624738284246, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202510136, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1760630400000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-17, revisedDate=1773676800000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1787208998848, onlineDateStr=2026-08-20, pubDate=1782748800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1787208998848, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1787208998848, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1787208998848, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1297211624738284246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, year='2026', volume='42', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='396', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782748800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1787208952364, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1787212261177, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1297225503002357852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, issueId=1297211624738284246, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1297225503002357853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, issueId=1297211624738284246, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=279, endPage=289, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1297211819928613713, articleId=1297211819710509903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, language=EN, title=Effects of microbial consortium on the bacterial co-occurrence network and metabolic functions in kitchen waste composting systems, columnId=1297211819861504848, journalTitle=Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, columnName=Agricultural Bioenvironmental and Energy Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Kitchen waste (KW) composting often suffers from prolonged processing time and strong odor emissions due to the high moisture content and complex organic composition of the substrate. This study aimed to elucidate how inoculation with an immobilized bacterial consortium (IBC) regulates the microbial community, co-occurrence network structure, and metabolic functions in a KW composting system, thereby improving composting efficiency and mitigating odor generation. A composting system inoculated with an IBC composed of six functional bacterial strains was established, with a non-inoculated treatment serving as control. The physicochemical parameters of the compost, including temperature, moisture content, pH, and germination index (GI), were continuously monitored throughout the 15-day process. Bacterial community composition and succession were analyzed via 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Co-occurrence networks were constructed for different composting phases to reveal changes in microbial interactions. Functional Annotation of Prokaryotic Taxa (FAPROTAX) was applied to predict metabolic pathways related to carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycling. Partial Least Squares Path Modeling (PLS-PM) was used to explore causal relationships among physicochemical conditions, microbial community structure, network complexity, metabolic functions, and composting efficiency. The IBC treatment sustained a longer and more stable thermophilic phase than the control, accelerating compost maturity, with the GI reaching 88.89% on day 15 compared to 58.89% in the control. Inoculation significantly reshaped the bacterial community structure and enhanced deterministic assembly processes, guiding microbial succession toward functional guilds specialized in organic degradation and nutrient transformation. The inoculated compost exhibited greater network complexity, characterized by increased node and edge numbers, higher average degree, and reduced path length and network diameter, indicating stronger microbial connectivity and synergistic metabolic cooperation. Functional prediction showed that carbon cycling was dominated by chemoheterotrophy and aerobic chemoheterotrophy, both increasing over time, while fermentation functions gradually declined. In the nitrogen cycle, nitrite respiration and dissimilatory ammonification were most active during the early phase, but nitrogen fixation became dominant in the later cooling and maturation stages. Sulfur respiration pathways were markedly suppressed in the inoculated group, implying the inhibition of reductive sulfur metabolism and reduced potential for odor emission. PLS-PM analysis further demonstrated that microbial inoculation reversed the relationship between physicochemical properties and bacterial community from negative to positive, promoting the enrichment of core functional taxa. The relationship between community structure and metabolic function shifted from diversity-driven to functional taxa-driven patterns. Although the direct effect of network complexity on composting efficiency declined, it indirectly enhanced system functionality through improved robustness and cooperative stability. The immobilized bacterial consortium effectively optimized the composting physicochemical environment, reconstructed microbial interaction networks, and reinforced functional coupling among key taxa. These integrated effects accelerated organic matter degradation, shortened the composting period, and reduced odor emissions. The study provides new ecological insights into the microbial regulatory mechanisms of KW composting and supports the development of efficient, low-emission, and sustainable biotechnological strategies for organic waste recycling.
, authors=Yuqian LI, Yimeng YAN, Lijia CAO, Wei LI, Caihong HUANG
*, authorsList=Yuqian LI, Yimeng YAN, Lijia CAO, Wei LI, Caihong HUANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Caihong HUANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1297211822940123997, articleId=1297211819710509903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, language=CN, title=添加菌剂对厨余垃圾堆肥细菌共现网络和代谢功能的影响, columnId=1297211820012499794, journalTitle=农业工程学报, columnName=农业生物环境与能源工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
为解决厨余垃圾堆肥周期长、臭气排放强的问题,构建接种固定化功能菌剂的堆肥体系,以未接种组为对照,系统监测堆体理化性质,结合16S rRNA高通量测序分析细菌群落结构,构建不同阶段的细菌共现网络,并运用功能预测与偏最小二乘路径模型,解析固定化功能菌剂在堆肥系统中的生态调控作用及其对微生物网络与代谢功能的影响机制。菌剂组高温期更持久、温度更稳定。第15天堆肥成熟时,种子发芽指数达到88.89%,高于对照组的58.89%。菌剂处理显著改变了细菌群落结构,并增强了确定性组装过程。与对照组相比,增强了与降解和营养转化相关的功能菌群富集,提高了网络连通性与协同互作水平。功能预测结果显示,菌剂提升了碳氮循环相关功能的相对丰度,降低了硫循环相关功能的相对丰度,降低了臭气生成潜势。固定化菌剂通过改善堆体理化环境、重构微生物网络与代谢功能,实现堆肥效率提升与臭气减排的协同优化,为厨余垃圾堆肥的高效与清洁化提供了生态学依据。
, authors=李玉倩, 燕奕萌, 曹丽佳, 李伟, 黄彩红
*, authorsList=李玉倩, 燕奕萌, 曹丽佳, 李伟, 黄彩红, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=黄彩红, authorNote=
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, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026 农业工程学报编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=4u9rxJnMx3BLiGgrkzPgYQ==, magXml=oNdkAG8LQp8B1QFOwopjdQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=OpXpYova/1w1QvtA/vFX9g==, pdfFileSize=8066366, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=9u/NS/lB2dS+W1DzoM+Kmg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=pweErfmAqEJ+17zQTkuufA==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1299828268434215642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211819710509903, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=li.yuqian@craes.org.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1299828268526490334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211819710509903, authorId=1299828268434215642, language=EN, stringName=Yuqian LI, firstName=Yuqian, middleName=null, lastName=LI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=
1State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
2Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
3National Joint Research Center for Ecological Conservation and High Quality Development of the Yellow River Basin, Beijing 100012, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1299828268618765023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211819710509903, authorId=1299828268434215642, language=CN, stringName=李玉倩, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=
1中国环境科学研究院环境基准标准与风险管控全国重点实验室,北京 100012
2中国环境科学院生态环境部化学品生态效应与风险评估重点实验室,北京 100012
3国家黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展联合研究中心,北京 100012, bio={"content":"
李玉倩,博士,助理研究员,研究方向为固体废弃物处理与资源化和土壤生态学。Email:li.yuqian@craes.org.cn
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李玉倩,博士,助理研究员,研究方向为固体废弃物处理与资源化和土壤生态学。Email:li.yuqian@craes.org.cn
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1State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
2Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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1中国环境科学研究院环境基准标准与风险管控全国重点实验室,北京 100012
2中国环境科学院生态环境部化学品生态效应与风险评估重点实验室,北京 100012
3国家黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展联合研究中心,北京 100012, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1299828268178363088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211819710509903, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828268182557393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211819710509903, companyId=1299828268178363088, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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1中国环境科学研究院环境基准标准与风险管控全国重点实验室,北京 100012)]), AuthorCompany(id=1299828268249666259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211819710509903, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828268258054868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211819710509903, companyId=1299828268249666259, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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1State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
2Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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1中国环境科学研究院环境基准标准与风险管控全国重点实验室,北京 100012
2中国环境科学院生态环境部化学品生态效应与风险评估重点实验室,北京 100012
3国家黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展联合研究中心,北京 100012, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1299828268178363088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211819710509903, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828268182557393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211819710509903, companyId=1299828268178363088, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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2Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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3国家黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展联合研究中心,北京 100012)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1299828270724305672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211819710509903, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=
Physicochemical properties of composting systems under different treatments, figureFileSmall=VmvtZEQZ+Q852FAJ5+h7gA==, figureFileBig=mes16rtcvpc1j1LGKXQh3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1299828270787220233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211819710509903, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
不同处理堆肥系统理化性质注:IBC为菌剂组,即添加固定化菌剂的堆肥系统;Control group为对照组,即不添加固定化菌剂的堆肥系统。下同。
, figureFileSmall=VmvtZEQZ+Q852FAJ5+h7gA==, figureFileBig=mes16rtcvpc1j1LGKXQh3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1299828270871106314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211819710509903, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Diversity, composition, and assembly patterns of bacterial communities during composting systems under different treatments, figureFileSmall=eZv5oUijdaX7FLfwP6CYAg==, figureFileBig=hLvTPRipR4mdY3dJGFHsEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1299828270929826571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211819710509903, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
不同处理堆肥系统细菌多样性、组成和演替规律注:不同小写字母表示不同处理或堆肥阶段间差异显著(P < 0.05)。
, figureFileSmall=eZv5oUijdaX7FLfwP6CYAg==, figureFileBig=hLvTPRipR4mdY3dJGFHsEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1299828270984352524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211819710509903, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Co-occurrence network of bacterial communities during composting systems under different treatments, figureFileSmall=SsKzCz/VJwff92VVhe+qyA==, figureFileBig=gQLXjjxEEuZLZHjZvkyzWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1299828271051461389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211819710509903, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
不同处理堆肥系统细菌共现网络注:不同模块表示网络中具有较强潜在关联关系的节点聚类;括号中的百分比表示该模块所包含节点数占网络总节点数的比例。
, figureFileSmall=SsKzCz/VJwff92VVhe+qyA==, figureFileBig=gQLXjjxEEuZLZHjZvkyzWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1299828271118570254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211819710509903, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Predicted metabolic functions of bacterial communities during composting systems under different treatments, figureFileSmall=q+Vn6PR9tAtyyy7zjIuyRQ==, figureFileBig=IGlFuwjryzxt3X0c70ip8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1299828271194067727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211819710509903, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
不同处理堆肥过程中细菌群落的代谢功能预测, figureFileSmall=q+Vn6PR9tAtyyy7zjIuyRQ==, figureFileBig=IGlFuwjryzxt3X0c70ip8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1299828271294731024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211819710509903, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
PLS-PM structural equation models illustrating the relationships among physicochemical properties, microbial community, network, metabolic functions and composting efficiency systems under different treatments, figureFileSmall=6OAxst3lL+Y7S1TgSKC0fg==, figureFileBig=HpL8tkXF6WXT0MjM0kua2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1299828271441531665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211819710509903, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
不同处理堆肥体系中理化性质、微生物群落、网络与代谢功能与堆肥效率的PLS-PM结构方程模型注:蓝色箭头表示负向影响,红色箭头表示正向影响,实线表示影响显著,虚线表示影响不显著,线条旁数字表示路径系数,*表示P < 0.05。
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Initial physicochemical properties of raw materials
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 Parameter | 厨余垃圾 Kitchen waste | 玉米秸秆 Maize stover | 混合物 Mixture |
| 注:含水率、pH值基于样品鲜质量测定,总碳、总氮、碳氮比基于样品干质量计算,数值表示为平均值±标准差。 |
| Note: Moisture content and pH value were measured on a fresh weight basis, while total carbon, total nitrogen, and carbon-to-nitrogen ratio were determined on a dry weight basis, values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. |
含水率 Moisture content/% | 77.80±5.63 | 20.17±0.50 | 63.32±2.29 |
| pH | 4.33±0.04 | 5.56±0.03 | 4.53±0.08 |
总碳 Total carbon (TC) /% | 42.26±2.73 | 43.61±0.94 | 43.66±2.23 |
总氮 Total nitrogen (TN)/% | 3.10±0.70 | 1.18±0.09 | 2.05±0.31 |
碳氮比 Carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C/N) | 13.63±2.52 | 36.96±3.36 | 21.26±2.07 |
), ArticleFig(id=1299828271634469651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211819710509903, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
原料初始理化性质
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 Parameter | 厨余垃圾 Kitchen waste | 玉米秸秆 Maize stover | 混合物 Mixture |
| 注:含水率、pH值基于样品鲜质量测定,总碳、总氮、碳氮比基于样品干质量计算,数值表示为平均值±标准差。 |
| Note: Moisture content and pH value were measured on a fresh weight basis, while total carbon, total nitrogen, and carbon-to-nitrogen ratio were determined on a dry weight basis, values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. |
含水率 Moisture content/% | 77.80±5.63 | 20.17±0.50 | 63.32±2.29 |
| pH | 4.33±0.04 | 5.56±0.03 | 4.53±0.08 |
总碳 Total carbon (TC) /% | 42.26±2.73 | 43.61±0.94 | 43.66±2.23 |
总氮 Total nitrogen (TN)/% | 3.10±0.70 | 1.18±0.09 | 2.05±0.31 |
碳氮比 Carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C/N) | 13.63±2.52 | 36.96±3.36 | 21.26±2.07 |
), ArticleFig(id=1299828271839990548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211819710509903, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=
Topological parameters of bacterial co-occurrence networks during composting systems under different treatments
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理 Treatment | 阶段 Stage | 节点数 Number of nodes | 边数 Number of edges | 正向边数 Number of positive edges | 负向边数 Number of negative edges | 正向边数/ 负向边数 Ratio of positive to negative edges | 平均度 Average degree | 平均路径 长度 Average path length | 网络直径 Network diameter | 网络密度 Network density | 平均聚类 系数 Average clustering coefficient | 模块化度 Modularity |
对照组堆肥 Compost of the control group | 升温期 Mesophilic phase | 158 | 2238 | 1421 | 817 | 1.739 | 28.329 | 1.113 | 2.951 | 0.180 | 0.736 | 0.335 |
高温期 Thermophilic phase | 165 | 1469 | 985 | 484 | 2.035 | 17.806 | 1.227 | 3.898 | 0.109 | 0.618 | 0.499 |
降温期 Cooling phase | 175 | 1370 | 938 | 432 | 2.171 | 15.657 | 1.242 | 2.999 | 0.090 | 0.550 | 0.542 |
腐熟期 Maturation phase | 164 | 1176 | 936 | 240 | 3.900 | 14.341 | 1.283 | 2.924 | 0.088 | 0.539 | 0.531 |
菌剂组堆肥 Compost of the IBC group | 升温期 Mesophilic phase | 366 | 4364 | 2333 | 2031 | 1.149 | 23.847 | 1.181 | 2.075 | 0.065 | 0.481 | 0.561 |
高温期 Thermophilic phase | 269 | 4328 | 2755 | 1573 | 1.751 | 32.178 | 1.129 | 2.474 | 0.120 | 0.638 | 0.445 |
降温期 Cooling phase | 230 | 2229 | 1811 | 418 | 4.333 | 19.383 | 1.205 | 2.508 | 0.085 | 0.545 | 0.593 |
腐熟期 Maturation phase | 235 | 2393 | 1777 | 616 | 2.885 | 20.366 | 1.206 | 2.560 | 0.087 | 0.544 | 0.551 |
), ArticleFig(id=1299828271978402581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211819710509903, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
不同处理堆肥过程中细菌共现网络的拓扑特征参数
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理 Treatment | 阶段 Stage | 节点数 Number of nodes | 边数 Number of edges | 正向边数 Number of positive edges | 负向边数 Number of negative edges | 正向边数/ 负向边数 Ratio of positive to negative edges | 平均度 Average degree | 平均路径 长度 Average path length | 网络直径 Network diameter | 网络密度 Network density | 平均聚类 系数 Average clustering coefficient | 模块化度 Modularity |
对照组堆肥 Compost of the control group | 升温期 Mesophilic phase | 158 | 2238 | 1421 | 817 | 1.739 | 28.329 | 1.113 | 2.951 | 0.180 | 0.736 | 0.335 |
高温期 Thermophilic phase | 165 | 1469 | 985 | 484 | 2.035 | 17.806 | 1.227 | 3.898 | 0.109 | 0.618 | 0.499 |
降温期 Cooling phase | 175 | 1370 | 938 | 432 | 2.171 | 15.657 | 1.242 | 2.999 | 0.090 | 0.550 | 0.542 |
腐熟期 Maturation phase | 164 | 1176 | 936 | 240 | 3.900 | 14.341 | 1.283 | 2.924 | 0.088 | 0.539 | 0.531 |
菌剂组堆肥 Compost of the IBC group | 升温期 Mesophilic phase | 366 | 4364 | 2333 | 2031 | 1.149 | 23.847 | 1.181 | 2.075 | 0.065 | 0.481 | 0.561 |
高温期 Thermophilic phase | 269 | 4328 | 2755 | 1573 | 1.751 | 32.178 | 1.129 | 2.474 | 0.120 | 0.638 | 0.445 |
降温期 Cooling phase | 230 | 2229 | 1811 | 418 | 4.333 | 19.383 | 1.205 | 2.508 | 0.085 | 0.545 | 0.593 |
腐熟期 Maturation phase | 235 | 2393 | 1777 | 616 | 2.885 | 20.366 | 1.206 | 2.560 | 0.087 | 0.544 | 0.551 |
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