Article(id=1297211810931826818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, issueId=1297211624738284246, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202510095, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1760457600000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-15, revisedDate=1770134400000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-04, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1787208996756, onlineDateStr=2026-08-20, pubDate=1782748800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1787208996756, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1787208996755, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1787208996755, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1297211624738284246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, year='2026', volume='42', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='396', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782748800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1787208952364, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1787212261177, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1297225503002357852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, issueId=1297211624738284246, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1297225503002357853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, issueId=1297211624738284246, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=258, endPage=267, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1297211811741327491, articleId=1297211810931826818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, language=EN, title=Remote sensing identification of irrigation information in Guanzhong Region using spatiotemporal fusion algorithm, columnId=1297211683278189232, journalTitle=Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, columnName=Agricultural Information and Electrical Technologies, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Satellite remote sensing can identify the irrigation information, because of its rapid and wide-area observation. However, only a single source is often extracted from remote sensing data. Spatial and temporal resolution cannot fully meet the requirement for the high-accuracy and dynamic identification of irrigation information at the regional scale, especially for the strong spatial heterogeneity of agricultural activities in the complex terrain. In this study, a remote sensing framework was developed to identify the irrigation information using drought index analysis and spatiotemporal fusion. The Guanzhong Region was also taken as the study area. The temperature vegetation dryness index (TVDI) was selected as the identification index after correlation analysis between drought indices and soil moisture. Elevation correction with fusion optimization was introduced to characterize the variation in the soil moisture. Its spatiotemporal fusion accuracy was also enhanced under complex terrain conditions. Subsequently, the enhanced spatial and temporal adaptive reflectance fusion model (ESTARFM) was used to fuse high-spatial-resolution Landsat imagery and high-temporal-resolution MODIS data for the high-spatiotemporal-resolution TVDI time series. Spring irrigation information in the Guanzhong Region in 2024 was identified using the threshold method with precipitation data. The results showed that the correlations between the remote sensing drought indices and soil moisture at the 10-20 cm depth were generally higher than those with soil moisture at the 0-10 cm depth. Elevation topographic correction effectively reduced the influence of terrain on land surface temperature. There was a strong correlation between TVDI and soil moisture. Furthermore, the elevation-corrected TVDI showed a strong negative correlation with soil moisture at the 10-20 cm depth, with the maximum correlation coefficient of −0.77 during the spring crop growth period. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and land surface temperature (LST) were fused for the higher accuracy of TVDI than the strategy of first calculation and then fusion. R2 and RMSE values of 0.76 and 0.07 for the former, whereas 0.44 and 0.13 for the latter, respectively. The validation showed that the overall accuracy was 90.8% for the identification in the Donglei Phase II irrigation district, with a Kappa coefficient of 0.80. The mean error was 15.1% and 14.3%, respectively, for accumulated and actual irrigated areas in the irrigation districts. Regional identification results indicated that the spring irrigation was mainly concentrated from March to April, with the irrigation frequency ranging from one to two times. Irrigated areas were distributed in the relatively flat Weihe Plain, with a spatial pattern characterized by broader irrigation extent and higher irrigation frequency in the eastern and western parts. While the central part exhibited relatively lower irrigation intensity. The spatial distribution and irrigation frequency of spring irrigation were dominated by regional topography, water supply, and cropping structure. The finding can provide a strong reference to identify the regional-scale irrigation information and water resources under complex terrains.

, authors=Yubao WANG, Wentao LIU, Jiayi DING, Yitian CHEN, Peishuo WANG, Yakun WANG*, authorsList=Yubao WANG, Wentao LIU, Jiayi DING, Yitian CHEN, Peishuo WANG, Yakun WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yakun WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1297211815985963151, articleId=1297211810931826818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, language=CN, title=基于时空融合算法的关中地区灌溉信息遥感识别, columnId=1297211683441767090, journalTitle=农业工程学报, columnName=农业信息与电气技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

卫星遥感技术凭借快速、大范围观测的特点,在灌溉面积和灌溉频次等信息识别中具有显著优势。然而,单一遥感数据源受影像时空分辨率限制,难以满足区域尺度灌溉信息高精度动态识别需求。该研究以关中地区为研究区,构建了基于干旱指数分析与时空融合算法的灌溉信息遥感识别方法。通过干旱指数与土壤湿度相关性分析,选取温度植被干旱指数(temperature vegetation dryness index,TVDI)作为识别指标,并结合高程校正与融合策略优化,提升复杂地形条件下TVDI对土壤水分的表征能力及其时空融合精度。随后,采用增强时空自适应反射率融合模型融合Landsat与MODIS影像,生成高时空分辨率TVDI时间序列,结合阈值判别法识别2024年关中地区春灌信息。结果表明,经高程校正后的TVDI在春季作物生育阶段与土壤湿度相关性较高(相关系数最高达−0.77);TVDI融合过程中,“先融合NDVI与LST后计算TVDI”的策略融合精度更高(R2=0.76,RMSE=0.07)。灌区尺度验证结果表明,东雷二期抽黄灌区灌溉面积识别总体精度为90.8%,Kappa系数为0.80;3个验证灌区累积灌溉面积与实际灌溉面积平均识别误差分别为15.1%和14.3%。关中地区春灌信息识别结果表明,春灌活动主要集中于3—4月,灌溉次数以1~2次为主,灌溉区域主要分布于渭河平原。研究结果可为复杂地形条件下区域尺度灌溉信息识别提供方法参考。

, authors=王玉宝, 刘文涛, 丁佳怡, 陈怡田, 王佩硕, 王亚昆*, authorsList=王玉宝, 刘文涛, 丁佳怡, 陈怡田, 王佩硕, 王亚昆, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王亚昆, authorNote=

王玉宝,研究员,博士生导师,研究方向为农业水土资源管理。Email:

, correspAuthorsNote=
王亚昆,副教授,硕士生导师,研究方向为智慧农业水利。Email:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026 农业工程学报编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=mDXZcSv3WgOOK8c9LKU1dA==, magXml=qZJGgY5sxzM10vycWtBzaQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=L5nhUU7HbWQWlrEcCFK8XA==, pdfFileSize=4053352, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=h9knXgU8LcppTsPNyecn1Q==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=duKNlfPxVstGiItZ15P0ZQ==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1299828243981423024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=wangyb@nwafu.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1299828244103057843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, authorId=1299828243981423024, language=EN, stringName=Yubao WANG, firstName=Yubao, middleName=null, lastName=WANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=1Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
2Institute of Water-Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1299828244178555316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, authorId=1299828243981423024, language=CN, stringName=王玉宝, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=1西北农林科技大学旱区农业水土工程教育部重点实验室,杨凌 712100
2西北农林科技大学中国旱区节水农业研究院,杨凌 712100, bio={"content":"

王玉宝,研究员,博士生导师,研究方向为农业水土资源管理。Email:

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

王玉宝,研究员,博士生导师,研究方向为农业水土资源管理。Email:

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1299828243796873641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828243813650858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, companyId=1299828243796873641, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828243822039467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, companyId=1299828243796873641, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1西北农林科技大学旱区农业水土工程教育部重点实验室,杨凌 712100)]), AuthorCompany(id=1299828243884954028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828243897536941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, companyId=1299828243884954028, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Institute of Water-Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828243910119854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, companyId=1299828243884954028, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2西北农林科技大学中国旱区节水农业研究院,杨凌 712100)])]), Author(id=1299828244262441398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1299828244367299001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, authorId=1299828244262441398, language=EN, stringName=Wentao LIU, firstName=Wentao, middleName=null, lastName=LIU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=1Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
2Institute of Water-Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1299828244446990778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, authorId=1299828244262441398, language=CN, stringName=刘文涛, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=1西北农林科技大学旱区农业水土工程教育部重点实验室,杨凌 712100
2西北农林科技大学中国旱区节水农业研究院,杨凌 712100, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1299828243796873641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828243813650858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, companyId=1299828243796873641, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828243822039467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, companyId=1299828243796873641, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1西北农林科技大学旱区农业水土工程教育部重点实验室,杨凌 712100)]), AuthorCompany(id=1299828243884954028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828243897536941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, companyId=1299828243884954028, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Institute of Water-Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828243910119854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, companyId=1299828243884954028, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2西北农林科技大学中国旱区节水农业研究院,杨凌 712100)])]), Author(id=1299828244585402812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1299828244673483199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, authorId=1299828244585402812, language=EN, stringName=Jiayi DING, firstName=Jiayi, middleName=null, lastName=DING, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=1Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
2Institute of Water-Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1299828244736397760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, authorId=1299828244585402812, language=CN, stringName=丁佳怡, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=1西北农林科技大学旱区农业水土工程教育部重点实验室,杨凌 712100
2西北农林科技大学中国旱区节水农业研究院,杨凌 712100, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1299828243796873641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828243813650858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, companyId=1299828243796873641, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828243822039467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, companyId=1299828243796873641, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1西北农林科技大学旱区农业水土工程教育部重点实验室,杨凌 712100)]), AuthorCompany(id=1299828243884954028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828243897536941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, companyId=1299828243884954028, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Institute of Water-Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828243910119854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, companyId=1299828243884954028, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2西北农林科技大学中国旱区节水农业研究院,杨凌 712100)])]), Author(id=1299828244807700930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1299828245017416133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, authorId=1299828244807700930, language=EN, stringName=Yitian CHEN, firstName=Yitian, middleName=null, lastName=CHEN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=1Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
2Institute of Water-Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1299828245151633862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, authorId=1299828244807700930, language=CN, stringName=陈怡田, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=1西北农林科技大学旱区农业水土工程教育部重点实验室,杨凌 712100
2西北农林科技大学中国旱区节水农业研究院,杨凌 712100, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1299828243796873641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828243813650858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, companyId=1299828243796873641, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828243822039467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, companyId=1299828243796873641, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1西北农林科技大学旱区农业水土工程教育部重点实验室,杨凌 712100)]), AuthorCompany(id=1299828243884954028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828243897536941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, companyId=1299828243884954028, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Institute of Water-Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828243910119854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, companyId=1299828243884954028, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2西北农林科技大学中国旱区节水农业研究院,杨凌 712100)])]), Author(id=1299828245868859848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, orderNo=4, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1299828246367982027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, authorId=1299828245868859848, language=EN, stringName=Peishuo WANG, firstName=Peishuo, middleName=null, lastName=WANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=1Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
2Institute of Water-Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1299828246678360524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, authorId=1299828245868859848, language=CN, stringName=王佩硕, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=1西北农林科技大学旱区农业水土工程教育部重点实验室,杨凌 712100
2西北农林科技大学中国旱区节水农业研究院,杨凌 712100, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1299828243796873641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828243813650858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, companyId=1299828243796873641, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828243822039467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, companyId=1299828243796873641, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1西北农林科技大学旱区农业水土工程教育部重点实验室,杨凌 712100)]), AuthorCompany(id=1299828243884954028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828243897536941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, companyId=1299828243884954028, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Institute of Water-Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828243910119854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, companyId=1299828243884954028, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2西北农林科技大学中国旱区节水农业研究院,杨凌 712100)])]), Author(id=1299828246753857998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, orderNo=5, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=wangyakun@nwafu.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1299828246871298513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, authorId=1299828246753857998, language=EN, stringName=Yakun WANG, firstName=Yakun, middleName=null, lastName=WANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=*, address=1Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
2Institute of Water-Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1299828246976156114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, authorId=1299828246753857998, language=CN, stringName=王亚昆, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=*, address=1西北农林科技大学旱区农业水土工程教育部重点实验室,杨凌 712100
2西北农林科技大学中国旱区节水农业研究院,杨凌 712100, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1299828243796873641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828243813650858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, companyId=1299828243796873641, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828243822039467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, companyId=1299828243796873641, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1西北农林科技大学旱区农业水土工程教育部重点实验室,杨凌 712100)]), AuthorCompany(id=1299828243884954028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828243897536941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, companyId=1299828243884954028, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Institute of Water-Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828243910119854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, companyId=1299828243884954028, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2西北农林科技大学中国旱区节水农业研究院,杨凌 712100)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1299828247185871315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=remote sensing identification), Keyword(id=1299828247307506132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=spatiotemporal fusion), Keyword(id=1299828247403975125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=irrigation information), Keyword(id=1299828247492055510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=TVDI), Keyword(id=1299828247554970071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, language=EN, orderNo=5, keyword=Guanzhong Region), Keyword(id=1299828247617884632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=遥感识别), Keyword(id=1299828247697576409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=时空融合), Keyword(id=1299828247768879578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=灌溉信息), Keyword(id=1299828247840182747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=TVDI), Keyword(id=1299828247915680220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=关中地区)], refs=[Reference(id=1299828249840865775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=1, rfOrder=0, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王渊, 王雅琦, 张宝忠, 等. 灌溉对中国粮食主产区陆气耦合强度的影响[J]. 农业工程学报, 2024, 40(23): 147-154., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1299828249907974640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=1, rfOrder=1, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Yuan, WANG Yaqi, ZHANG Baozhong, et al. Impact of irrigation on land-atmosphere coupling strength in main grain-producing regions of China[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2024, 40(23): 147-154. (in Chinese with English abstract), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1299828250004443633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=2, rfOrder=2, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=时荣超, 郭文忠. 农业灌溉水资源优化配置研究进展[J]. 农业工程学报, 2024, 40(4): 1-13., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1299828250096718322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=2, rfOrder=3, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SHI Rongchao, GUO Wenzhong. Research progress on the optimal allocation of agricultural irrigation water resources[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2024, 40(4): 1-13. (in Chinese with English abstract), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1299828250209964531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=3, rfOrder=4, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=郝震, 赵红莉, 王建华, 等. 基于多源遥感协同的灌溉用水动态监测方法研究[J]. 水利学报, 2025, 56(3): 328-340., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1299828250277073396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=3, rfOrder=5, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HAO Zhen, ZHAO Hongli, WANG Jianhua, et al. Research on dynamic monitoring method of irrigation water based on multi-source remote sensing collaboration[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2025, 56(3): 328-340. (in Chinese with English abstract), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1299828250339987957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=4, rfOrder=6, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DAS N N, ENTEKHABI D, DUNBAR R S, et al. The SMAP and Copernicus Sentinel 1A/B microwave active-passive high resolution surface soil moisture product[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2019, 233: 111380., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1299828250428068342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=5, rfOrder=7, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Q, SHI G, SHANGGUAN W, et al. A 1 km daily soil moisture dataset over China using in situ measurement and machine learning[J]. Earth System Science Data, 2022, 14(12): 5267-5286., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1299828250520343031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=6, rfOrder=8, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHEN Y, LU D, LUO L, et al. Detecting irrigation extent, frequency, and timing in a heterogeneous arid agricultural region using MODIS time series, Landsat imagery, and ancillary data[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2018, 204: 197-211., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1299828250587451896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=7, rfOrder=9, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘逸竹, 吴文斌, 李召良, 等. 基于时间序列NDVI的灌溉耕地空间分布提取[J]. 农业工程学报, 2017, 33(22): 276-284., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1299828250683920889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=7, rfOrder=10, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU Yizhu, WU Wenbin, LI Zhaoliang, et al. Extracting irrigated cropland spatial distribution in China based on time-series NDVI[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2017, 33(22): 276-284. (in Chinese with English abstract), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1299828250780389882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=8, rfOrder=11, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李文佳, 王瑞燕, 徐家豪, 等. 西北干旱区农田灌溉事件遥感检测[J]. 农业工程学报, 2024, 40(17): 120-128., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1299828250851693051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=8, rfOrder=12, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Wenjia, WANG Ruiyan, XU Jiahao, et al. Detecting farmland irrigation in arid areas of Northwest China using remote sensing[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2024, 40(17): 120-128. (in Chinese with English abstract), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1299828250935579132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=9, rfOrder=13, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=AMBIKA A K, WARDLOW B, MISHRA V. Remotely sensed high resolution irrigated area mapping in India for 2000 to 2015[J]. Scientific Data, 2016, 3: 160118., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1299828251019465213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=10, rfOrder=14, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=宋文龙, 李萌, 路京选, 等. 基于GF-1卫星数据监测灌区灌溉面积方法研究——以东雷二期抽黄灌区为例[J]. 水利学报, 2019, 50(7): 854-863., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1299828251082379774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=10, rfOrder=15, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SONG Wenlong, LI Meng, LU Jingxuan, et al. Method of monitoring irrigation area based on GF-1 satellite data - a case study of Donglei Phase II Irrigation District[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2019, 50(7): 854-863. (in Chinese with English abstract), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1299828251149488639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=11, rfOrder=16, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=杜恩宇, 陈方, 贾慧聪, 等. 基于Landsat 8卫星数据的解放闸灌域灌溉面积监测研究[J]. 遥感技术与应用, 2022, 37(3): 620-628., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1299828251216597504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=11, rfOrder=17, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DU Enyu, CHEN Fang, JIA Huicong, et al. Irrigation area monitoring in Jiefangzha Irrigation District based on Landsat 8 satellite data[J]. Remote Sensing Technology and Application, 2022, 37(3): 620-628. (in Chinese with English abstract), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1299828251313066497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=12, rfOrder=18, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SADEGHI M, BABAEIAN E, TULLER M, et al. The optical trapezoid model: A novel approach to remote sensing of soil moisture applied to Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 observations[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2017, 198: 52-68., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1299828251405341186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=13, rfOrder=19, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DU R, XIANG Y, ZHANG F, et al. Combing transfer learning with the OPtical TRApezoid Model (OPTRAM) to diagnosis small-scale field soil moisture from hyperspectral data[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2024, 298: 108856., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1299828251480838659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=14, rfOrder=20, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WU P, YIN Z, ZENG C, et al. Spatially continuous and high-resolution land surface temperature product generation: A review of reconstruction and spatiotemporal fusion techniques[J]. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine, 2021, 9(3): 112-137., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1299828251577307652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=15, rfOrder=21, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FU D, JIN X, JIN Y, et al. Extraction of grassland irrigation information in arid regions based on multi-source remote sensing data[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2024, 302: 109010., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1299828251669582341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=16, rfOrder=22, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=尹本酥, 李振发, 岳蓉, 等. 基于温度植被干旱指数的关中地区旱情监测[J]. 农业工程学报, 2024, 40(17): 111-119., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1299828251736691206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=16, rfOrder=23, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YIN Bensu, LI Zhenfa, YUE Rong, et al. Monitoring drought in Guanzhong areas using temperature-vegetation drought index[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2024, 40(17): 111-119. (in Chinese with English abstract), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1299828251820577287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=17, rfOrder=24, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHU L, ZHU A X. Extraction of irrigation signals by using SMAP soil moisture data[J]. Remote Sensing, 2021, 13(11): 2142., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1299828251912851976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=18, rfOrder=25, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=褚晓彤, 王跃朋, 周建. 关中地区耕地显性与隐性非粮化的时空变化及对粮食产量的影响[J]. 农业工程学报, 2023, 39(19): 241-249., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1299828251988349449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=18, rfOrder=26, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHU Xiaotong, WANG Yuepeng, ZHOU Jian. Effects of spatiotemporal variations in visible and invisible non-grain production cultivated land on grain yield in the Guanzhong Region of Shaanxi in China[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2023, 39(19): 241-249. (in Chinese with English abstract), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1299828252055458314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=19, rfOrder=27, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KARRA K, KONTGIS C, STATMAN-WEIL Z, et al. Global land use / land cover with Sentinel 2 and deep learning[C]//2021 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium IGARSS. Brussels, Belgium: IEEE, 2021: 4704-4707., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1299828252143538699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=20, rfOrder=28, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG M, ZHANG Z, HE G, et al. An enhanced single-channel algorithm for retrieving land surface temperature from Landsat series data[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2016, 121(19): 11712-11722., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1299828252248396300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=21, rfOrder=29, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=杨永民, 顾涛, 吴迪, 等. 基于光学和雷达遥感信息的灌溉信号分析及灌溉面积提取方法研究—以华北平原灵寿县磁右灌区为例[J]. 水利学报, 2022, 53(9): 1039-1048., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1299828252319699469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=21, rfOrder=30, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YANG Yongmin, GU Tao, WU Di, et al. Irrigation signal analysis and irrigated area extraction based on optical and radar remote sensing: A case study of Ciyou irrigation area, Lingshou County, North China Plain[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2022, 53(9): 1039-1048. (in Chinese with English abstract), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1299828252432945678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=22, rfOrder=31, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=吕天, 刘珺, 李子璇, 等. 土壤湿度农业干旱指数的改进及其适用性[J]. 农业工程学报, 2023, 39(17): 116-123., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1299828252516831759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=22, rfOrder=32, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LYU Tian, LIU Jun, LI Zixuan, et al. Improvement and applicability of the soil moisture based agricultural drought index[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2023, 39(17): 116-123. (in Chinese with English abstract), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1299828252600717840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=23, rfOrder=33, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=徐冉, 文铭, 赵红莉, 等. 基于多时相土壤线一致性修正的土壤含水率反演[J]. 农业工程学报, 2024, 40(14): 73-80., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1299828252692992529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=23, rfOrder=34, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XU Ran, WEN Ming, ZHAO Hongli, et al. Correction of the multi-temporal soil line consistency for the inversion of soil moisture content[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2024, 40(14): 73-80. (in Chinese with English abstract), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1299828252781072914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=24, rfOrder=35, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GHULAM A, QIN Q, TEYIP T, et al. Modified perpendicular drought index (MPDI): A real-time drought monitoring method[J]. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 2007, 62(2): 150-164., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1299828252852376083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=25, rfOrder=36, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CARLSON T N, GILLIES R R, PERRY E M. A method to make use of thermal infrared temperature and NDVI measurements to infer surface soil water content and fractional vegetation cover[J]. Remote Sensing Reviews, 1994, 9(1): 161-173., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1299828252944650772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=26, rfOrder=37, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SANDHOLT I, RASMUSSEN K, ANDERSEN J. A simple interpretation of the surface temperature/vegetation index space for assessment of surface moisture status[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2002, 79(2): 213-224., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1299828253041119765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=27, rfOrder=38, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=郑发美, 白建军. 基于地形因子的TVDI修正——以陕西省为例[J]. 干旱区研究, 2018, 35(5): 1223-1233., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1299828253129200150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=27, rfOrder=39, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHENG Famei, BAI Jianjun. TVDI modification based on topographic factors: A case study in Shaanxi Province[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2018, 35(5): 1223-1233. (in Chinese with English abstract), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1299828253200503319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=28, rfOrder=40, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GAO F, MASEK J, SCHWALLER M, et al. On the blending of the Landsat and MODIS surface reflectance: Predicting daily Landsat surface reflectance[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2006, 44(8): 2207-2218., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1299828253296972312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=29, rfOrder=41, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHU X, CHEN J, GAO F, et al. An enhanced spatial and temporal adaptive reflectance fusion model for complex heterogeneous regions[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2010, 114(11): 2610-2623., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1299828253368275481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=30, rfOrder=42, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI M, WANG P, TANSEY K, et al. Improved leaf area index reconstruction in heavily cloudy areas: A novel deep learning approach for SAR-Optical fusion integrating spatiotemporal features[J]. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 2025, 142: 104745., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1299828253435384346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=31, rfOrder=43, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZAFAR Z, ZUBAIR M, ZHA Y, et al. Performance assessment of machine learning algorithms for mapping of land use/land cover using remote sensing data[J]. Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Sciences, 2024, 27(2): 216-226., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1299828253502493211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=32, rfOrder=44, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI B, TI C, ZHAO Y, et al. Estimating soil moisture with Landsat data and its application in extracting the spatial distribution of winter flooded paddies[J]. Remote Sensing, 2016, 8(1): 38., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1299828253582184988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=33, rfOrder=45, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FAN X, GAO P, TIAN B, et al. Spatio-temporal patterns of NDVI and its influencing factors based on the ESTARFM in the Loess Plateau of China[J]. Remote Sensing, 2023, 15(10): 2553., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1299828253670265373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=34, rfOrder=46, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈晓璐, 王彦芳, 张红梅, 等. 基于ESTARFM NDVI的察汗淖尔流域灌溉耕地提取方法研究[J]. 中国生态农业学报(中英文), 2021, 29(6): 1105-1116., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1299828253745762846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=34, rfOrder=47, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHEN Xiaolu, WANG Yanfang, ZHANG Hongmei, et al. Extraction method of irrigated arable land in the Chahannur Basin based on the ESTARFM NDVI[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2021, 29(6): 1105-1116. (in Chinese with English abstract), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1299828253804483103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=35, rfOrder=48, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TANG J, FOLMER H, XUE J. Technical and allocative efficiency of irrigation water use in the Guanzhong Plain, China[J]. Food Policy, 2015, 50: 43-52., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1299828253863203360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=36, rfOrder=49, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李中杰. 不同灌溉技术和灌水量的陕北山地苹果节水增产提质效应研究[D]. 西安: 西安理工大学, 2021., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1299828253921923617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=36, rfOrder=50, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Zhongjie. Effect of Different Irrigation Techniques and Irrigation Amounts on Water Saving, Yield Increase and Quality Improvement of Mountain Apple in Northern of Shaanxi[D]. Xi'an: Xi'an University of Technology, 2021. (in Chinese with English abstract)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1299828253984838178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=37, rfOrder=51, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHU X, DUAN S B, LI Z L, et al. Retrieval of land surface temperature with topographic effect correction from Landsat 8 thermal infrared data in mountainous area[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2021, 59(8): 6674-6687., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1299828254039364131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=38, rfOrder=52, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DENG Y, WANG S, BAI X, et al. Relationship among land surface temperature and LUCC, NDVI in typical karst area[J]. Scientific Reports, 2018, 8(1): 641., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1299828254093890084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=39, rfOrder=53, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ABOWARDA A S, BAI L, ZHANG C, et al. Generating surface soil moisture at 30 m spatial resolution using both data fusion and machine learning toward better water resources management at the field scale[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2021, 255: 112301., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1299828254169387557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=40, rfOrder=54, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BIAN Z, ROUJEAN J L, FAN T, et al. An angular normalization method for temperature vegetation dryness index (TVDI) in monitoring agricultural drought[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2023, 284: 113330., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1299828243796873641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828243813650858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, companyId=1299828243796873641, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828243822039467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, companyId=1299828243796873641, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1西北农林科技大学旱区农业水土工程教育部重点实验室,杨凌 712100)]), AuthorCompany(id=1299828243884954028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828243897536941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, companyId=1299828243884954028, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Institute of Water-Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828243910119854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, companyId=1299828243884954028, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2西北农林科技大学中国旱区节水农业研究院,杨凌 712100)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1299828248117006813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Location of the study area, figureFileSmall=uf3NpmAUdE8ulrtSCXqD3w==, figureFileBig=mVyyGbhH7lrdtilq52yxvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1299828248188309982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, language=CN, label=图1, caption=研究区地理位置, figureFileSmall=uf3NpmAUdE8ulrtSCXqD3w==, figureFileBig=mVyyGbhH7lrdtilq52yxvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1299828248318333407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Fusion accuracy of NDVI, LST and TVDI with ESTARFM, figureFileSmall=yEJtSRK+GzF9j1F0bDu5AQ==, figureFileBig=hFqTqvcUcdYdYHZ5hd14dA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1299828248402219488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, language=CN, label=图2, caption=基于ESTARFM模型的NDVI、LST及TVDI融合精度

注:图c与图d分别为策略1(先融合NDVI与LST后计算TVDI)和策略2(先计算TVDI再进行融合)生成的TVDI融合影像与Landsat原始TVDI影像的散点图,影像日期为03-19。

, figureFileSmall=yEJtSRK+GzF9j1F0bDu5AQ==, figureFileBig=hFqTqvcUcdYdYHZ5hd14dA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1299828248481911265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Daily precipitation at meteorological stations, figureFileSmall=Mq/hEI0FRw/pEbe/GPfxNQ==, figureFileBig=EVFzqqf8w/G+sRiRAXuZRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1299828248553214434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, language=CN, label=图3, caption=气象站点日降水量, figureFileSmall=Mq/hEI0FRw/pEbe/GPfxNQ==, figureFileBig=EVFzqqf8w/G+sRiRAXuZRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1299828248645489123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=TVDI difference of cropland and spring irrigation identification results in the Guanzhong Region in 2024, figureFileSmall=+Ir4ZyzXbuF62XzweLgE8Q==, figureFileBig=mFMjUKCi+44wUU4v0njfxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1299828248746152420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, language=CN, label=图4, caption=2024年关中地区耕地TVDI差值和春灌识别结果, figureFileSmall=+Ir4ZyzXbuF62XzweLgE8Q==, figureFileBig=mFMjUKCi+44wUU4v0njfxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1299828248867787237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Distribution of spring irrigation frequency in Guanzhong Region in 2024, figureFileSmall=F8szjfG/fC/6HSG8gvN4cA==, figureFileBig=Iq3Ny5cLl4USj0CnAO1+WQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1299828248943284710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, language=CN, label=图5, caption=2024年关中地区春灌频次分布, figureFileSmall=F8szjfG/fC/6HSG8gvN4cA==, figureFileBig=Iq3Ny5cLl4USj0CnAO1+WQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1299828249060725223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Correlation coefficient between drought indices and soil moisture at different depths

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土层深度
soil depth/cm
日期
Date
PDIMPDIVSWITVDITVDI′
注:PDI:垂直干旱指数;MPDI:改进型垂直干旱指数;VSWI:植被供水指数;TVDI:温度植被干旱指数。TVDI′由高程校正后的地表温度LST计算得到,以上数据均通过0.01显著性水平的检验。
Note: PDI: perpendicular drought index; MPDI: modified perpendicular drought index; VSWI: vegetation supply water index; TVDI: temperature vegetation dryness index. TVDI′ is calculated from the elevation corrected surface temperature. All values are significant at the 0.01 level.
0~1011-14−0.53−0.600.61−0.52−0.55
12-24−0.55−0.660.62−0.50−0.52
03-06−0.70−0.730.67−0.72−0.74
04-07−0.56−0.610.55−0.70−0.73
04-23−0.60−0.590.60−0.66−0.74
05-09−0.63−0.560.67−0.57−0.60
10~2011-14−0.56−0.610.61−0.52−0.56
12-24−0.53−0.660.63−0.51−0.54
03-06−0.72−0.730.68−0.74−0.76
04-07−0.59−0.620.56−0.72−0.77
04-23−0.63−0.590.61−0.66−0.75
05-09−0.64−0.560.69−0.61−0.64
), ArticleFig(id=1299828249144611304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各干旱指数与不同土层土壤湿度相关系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土层深度
soil depth/cm
日期
Date
PDIMPDIVSWITVDITVDI′
注:PDI:垂直干旱指数;MPDI:改进型垂直干旱指数;VSWI:植被供水指数;TVDI:温度植被干旱指数。TVDI′由高程校正后的地表温度LST计算得到,以上数据均通过0.01显著性水平的检验。
Note: PDI: perpendicular drought index; MPDI: modified perpendicular drought index; VSWI: vegetation supply water index; TVDI: temperature vegetation dryness index. TVDI′ is calculated from the elevation corrected surface temperature. All values are significant at the 0.01 level.
0~1011-14−0.53−0.600.61−0.52−0.55
12-24−0.55−0.660.62−0.50−0.52
03-06−0.70−0.730.67−0.72−0.74
04-07−0.56−0.610.55−0.70−0.73
04-23−0.60−0.590.60−0.66−0.74
05-09−0.63−0.560.67−0.57−0.60
10~2011-14−0.56−0.610.61−0.52−0.56
12-24−0.53−0.660.63−0.51−0.54
03-06−0.72−0.730.68−0.74−0.76
04-07−0.59−0.620.56−0.72−0.77
04-23−0.63−0.590.61−0.66−0.75
05-09−0.64−0.560.69−0.61−0.64
), ArticleFig(id=1299828249249468905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Accuracy of irrigation area identification in Donglei Phase II irrigation district

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型
Types
生产者精度
Producer accuracy/%
用户精度
User accuracy/%
灌溉 Irrigation91.994.2
非灌溉 Non-irrigation88.784.5
总体精度Overall accuracy:90.8%,Kappa系数Kappa coefficient:0.80
), ArticleFig(id=1299828249324966378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

东雷二期抽黄灌区灌溉面积识别精度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型
Types
生产者精度
Producer accuracy/%
用户精度
User accuracy/%
灌溉 Irrigation91.994.2
非灌溉 Non-irrigation88.784.5
总体精度Overall accuracy:90.8%,Kappa系数Kappa coefficient:0.80
), ArticleFig(id=1299828249404658155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Accuracy verification of irrigation area identification results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
灌区
Irrigation
district
累积灌溉面积
Accumulated irrigated area
实际灌溉面积
Actual irrigated area
统计数据
Statistical
data/km2
遥感识别
Detection
results/km2
误差
Error/%
统计数据
Statistical
data/km2
遥感识别
Detection
results/km2
误差
Error/%
注:误差=|(遥感识别结果-统计数据)/统计数据|×100%。
Note: Error = |(Remote sensing detection results - Statistical data) / Statistical data| × 100%.
东雷二期673.34768.1914.1461.21512.4711.1
泾惠渠956.671050.709.8525.33593.1312.9
交口抽渭606.94736.7221.4606.94721.9818.9
), ArticleFig(id=1299828249475961324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

灌区尺度灌溉面积识别结果精度验证

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
灌区
Irrigation
district
累积灌溉面积
Accumulated irrigated area
实际灌溉面积
Actual irrigated area
统计数据
Statistical
data/km2
遥感识别
Detection
results/km2
误差
Error/%
统计数据
Statistical
data/km2
遥感识别
Detection
results/km2
误差
Error/%
注:误差=|(遥感识别结果-统计数据)/统计数据|×100%。
Note: Error = |(Remote sensing detection results - Statistical data) / Statistical data| × 100%.
东雷二期673.34768.1914.1461.21512.4711.1
泾惠渠956.671050.709.8525.33593.1312.9
交口抽渭606.94736.7221.4606.94721.9818.9
), ArticleFig(id=1299828249555653101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Water sources and crop planting proportions in large irrigation districts of Guanzhong Region (spring)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型
Type
灌区
Irrigation district
水源地
Water source
主要作物种植比例
Planting proportion/%
注:表中只统计了种植比例达10%以上的作物;表中灌区及水源地编号与图5中的编号一致。
Note: Only crops with a planting proportion of more than 10% are included in the table; the irrigation district and water source numbers correspond to those in Fig.5.
自流
Gravity
冯家山1冯家山水库1冬小麦68.2、猕猴桃17.6
石头河2石头河水库2冬小麦12.1、猕猴桃65.9
羊毛湾3羊毛湾水库3冬小麦61.8、苹果13.9、猕猴桃15.5
宝鸡峡4宝鸡峡4a、王家崖4b、信邑沟4c、大北沟4 d、泔河4e冬小麦55.3、苹果18.1、
猕猴桃12.7
泾惠渠5泾河5冬小麦33.2、蔬菜28.7
桃曲坡6桃曲坡水库6冬小麦51.6
石堡川7石堡川水库7冬小麦41.4、苹果21.7、
樱桃11.3
洛惠渠8北洛河8冬小麦63.7、苹果14.2、
冬枣16.1
提水
Pumping
交口抽渭9渭河9冬小麦33.4、葡萄35.3、
冬枣12.2
东雷抽黄10黄河10冬小麦24.9、苹果11.6、
樱桃19.7
东雷二期11黄河11冬小麦86.7
), ArticleFig(id=1299828249656316398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

关中地区大型灌区水源地信息及主要作物种植比例(春季)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型
Type
灌区
Irrigation district
水源地
Water source
主要作物种植比例
Planting proportion/%
注:表中只统计了种植比例达10%以上的作物;表中灌区及水源地编号与图5中的编号一致。
Note: Only crops with a planting proportion of more than 10% are included in the table; the irrigation district and water source numbers correspond to those in Fig.5.
自流
Gravity
冯家山1冯家山水库1冬小麦68.2、猕猴桃17.6
石头河2石头河水库2冬小麦12.1、猕猴桃65.9
羊毛湾3羊毛湾水库3冬小麦61.8、苹果13.9、猕猴桃15.5
宝鸡峡4宝鸡峡4a、王家崖4b、信邑沟4c、大北沟4 d、泔河4e冬小麦55.3、苹果18.1、
猕猴桃12.7
泾惠渠5泾河5冬小麦33.2、蔬菜28.7
桃曲坡6桃曲坡水库6冬小麦51.6
石堡川7石堡川水库7冬小麦41.4、苹果21.7、
樱桃11.3
洛惠渠8北洛河8冬小麦63.7、苹果14.2、
冬枣16.1
提水
Pumping
交口抽渭9渭河9冬小麦33.4、葡萄35.3、
冬枣12.2
东雷抽黄10黄河10冬小麦24.9、苹果11.6、
樱桃19.7
东雷二期11黄河11冬小麦86.7
)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1296123985890738214, delFlag=0, nameCn=农业工程学报, nameEn=Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=1002-6819, eissn=null, cn=11-2047/S, coden=null, periodic=3, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=+90GfMrDOo0sGnhM27IfIQ==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=1786949639057, updatedTime=1788949514636, createdBy=18614031015, updatedBy=13041195026, firstLetterCn=N, firstLetterEn=N, subjectCode=Agriculture, subjectName=null, subjectCodeEn=Agriculture, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=+90GfMrDOo0sGnhM27IfIQ==, picEn=+UrL7Qgb+cjoX8OpJtziCA==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1304512072117678568, language=CN, name=农业工程学报, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1788949514655, updatedTime=1788949514655, createdBy=13041195026, updatedBy=13041195026, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=http://tsg.tcsae.org/nygcxb/author/login, submissionEditorUrl=https://nygcxb.ijournals.cn/nygcxb/editor/login, submissionReviewUrl=http://tsg.tcsae.org/nygcxb/reviewer/login, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1304512072168010217, language=EN, name=Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1788949514667, updatedTime=1788949514667, createdBy=13041195026, updatedBy=13041195026, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=http://tsg.tcsae.org/nygcxb/author/login, submissionEditorUrl=https://nygcxb.ijournals.cn/nygcxb/editor/login, submissionReviewUrl=http://tsg.tcsae.org/nygcxb/reviewer/login, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1296125453100220459, websiteList=[Website(id=1296128922534564555, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1296125453100220459, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/nygcxb/CN, language=CN, createTime=1786950816043, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1786950989293, updateBy=18614031015, name=农业工程学报-中文, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=农业工程学报, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1296129761215009609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1296128922534564555, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1786951016000, updateTime=1786951016000, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1296129761194038086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1296128922534564555, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1786951015995, updateTime=1786951015995, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1296129761231786828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1296128922534564555, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1786951016004, updateTime=1786951016004, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1296129761185649477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1296128922534564555, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/nygcxb/CN/file/pic?fileId=6wW+hIE4oBGmmFvGgEb5JQ==, createTime=1786951015993, updateTime=1786951015993, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1296129761244369742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1296128922534564555, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1786951016007, updateTime=1786951016007, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1296129761206621000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1296128922534564555, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/nygcxb/CN/file/pic, createTime=1786951015998, updateTime=1786951015998, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1296129761240175437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1296128922534564555, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1786951016006, updateTime=1786951016006, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1296129761202426695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1296128922534564555, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1786951015997, updateTime=1786951015997, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1296129761219203914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1296128922534564555, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1786951016001, updateTime=1786951016001, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1296129761227592523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1296128922534564555, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1786951016003, updateTime=1786951016003, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1296128922677170905, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1296125453100220459, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/nygcxb/EN, language=EN, createTime=1786950816077, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1786950985772, updateBy=18614031015, name=农业工程学报-英文, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1296129731049575225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1296128922677170905, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1786951008808, updateTime=1786951008808, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1296129731028603702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1296128922677170905, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1786951008803, updateTime=1786951008803, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1296129731070546748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1296128922677170905, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1786951008813, updateTime=1786951008813, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1296129731016020789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1296128922677170905, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/nygcxb/EN/file/pic?fileId=6wW+hIE4oBGmmFvGgEb5JQ==, createTime=1786951008800, updateTime=1786951008800, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1296129731087323966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1296128922677170905, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1786951008817, updateTime=1786951008817, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1296129731041186616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1296128922677170905, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/nygcxb/EN/file/pic, createTime=1786951008806, updateTime=1786951008806, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1296129731078935357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1296128922677170905, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1786951008815, updateTime=1786951008815, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1296129731032798007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1296128922677170905, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_en_623/, createTime=1786951008804, updateTime=1786951008804, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1296129731053769530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1296128922677170905, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1786951008809, updateTime=1786951008809, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1296129731062158139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1296128922677170905, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1786951008811, updateTime=1786951008811, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=农业工程学报, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=http://www.tcsae.org/, iacademicId=null, status=1, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, journalPhotoCn=+90GfMrDOo0sGnhM27IfIQ==, journalPhotoEn=+UrL7Qgb+cjoX8OpJtziCA==, journalFirstLetter=N, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false, interPubPlatform=, interPubPlatformUrl=null), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/nygcxb/CN/10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202510095, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/nygcxb/EN/10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202510095, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/nygcxb/CN/PDF/10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202510095, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/nygcxb/EN/PDF/10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202510095, aliStartDate=0, aliEndDate=0, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, previewStatus=0, delFlag=0, hasFullText=1, orderTime=1782748800000, fullTextJson=null, articleText=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
基于时空融合算法的关中地区灌溉信息遥感识别
收藏切换
PDF下载
王玉宝 , 刘文涛 , 丁佳怡 , 陈怡田 , 王佩硕 , 王亚昆 *
农业工程学报 | 农业信息与电气技术 2026,42(12): 258-267
收起
收藏切换
农业工程学报 |农业信息与电气技术 2026 , 42 (12) : 258 -267
基于时空融合算法的关中地区灌溉信息遥感识别
全屏
[Author(id=1299828243981423024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=wangyb@nwafu.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1299828244103057843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, authorId=1299828243981423024, language=EN, stringName=Yubao WANG, firstName=Yubao, middleName=null, lastName=WANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=1Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
2Institute of Water-Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1299828244178555316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, authorId=1299828243981423024, language=CN, stringName=王玉宝, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=1西北农林科技大学旱区农业水土工程教育部重点实验室,杨凌 712100
2西北农林科技大学中国旱区节水农业研究院,杨凌 712100, bio={"content":"

王玉宝,研究员,博士生导师,研究方向为农业水土资源管理。Email:

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

王玉宝,研究员,博士生导师,研究方向为农业水土资源管理。Email:

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1299828243796873641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828243813650858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, companyId=1299828243796873641, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828243822039467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, companyId=1299828243796873641, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1西北农林科技大学旱区农业水土工程教育部重点实验室,杨凌 712100)]), AuthorCompany(id=1299828243884954028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828243897536941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, companyId=1299828243884954028, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Institute of Water-Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828243910119854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, companyId=1299828243884954028, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2西北农林科技大学中国旱区节水农业研究院,杨凌 712100)])]), Author(id=1299828244262441398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1299828244367299001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, authorId=1299828244262441398, language=EN, stringName=Wentao LIU, firstName=Wentao, middleName=null, lastName=LIU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=1Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
2Institute of Water-Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1299828244446990778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, authorId=1299828244262441398, language=CN, stringName=刘文涛, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=1西北农林科技大学旱区农业水土工程教育部重点实验室,杨凌 712100
2西北农林科技大学中国旱区节水农业研究院,杨凌 712100, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1299828243796873641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828243813650858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, companyId=1299828243796873641, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828243822039467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, companyId=1299828243796873641, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1西北农林科技大学旱区农业水土工程教育部重点实验室,杨凌 712100)]), AuthorCompany(id=1299828243884954028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828243897536941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, companyId=1299828243884954028, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Institute of Water-Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828243910119854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, companyId=1299828243884954028, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2西北农林科技大学中国旱区节水农业研究院,杨凌 712100)])]), Author(id=1299828244585402812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1299828244673483199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, authorId=1299828244585402812, language=EN, stringName=Jiayi DING, firstName=Jiayi, middleName=null, lastName=DING, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=1Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
2Institute of Water-Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1299828244736397760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, authorId=1299828244585402812, language=CN, stringName=丁佳怡, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=1西北农林科技大学旱区农业水土工程教育部重点实验室,杨凌 712100
2西北农林科技大学中国旱区节水农业研究院,杨凌 712100, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1299828243796873641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828243813650858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, companyId=1299828243796873641, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828243822039467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, companyId=1299828243796873641, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1西北农林科技大学旱区农业水土工程教育部重点实验室,杨凌 712100)]), AuthorCompany(id=1299828243884954028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828243897536941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, companyId=1299828243884954028, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Institute of Water-Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828243910119854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, companyId=1299828243884954028, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2西北农林科技大学中国旱区节水农业研究院,杨凌 712100)])]), Author(id=1299828244807700930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1299828245017416133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, authorId=1299828244807700930, language=EN, stringName=Yitian CHEN, firstName=Yitian, middleName=null, lastName=CHEN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=1Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
2Institute of Water-Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1299828245151633862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, authorId=1299828244807700930, language=CN, stringName=陈怡田, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=1西北农林科技大学旱区农业水土工程教育部重点实验室,杨凌 712100
2西北农林科技大学中国旱区节水农业研究院,杨凌 712100, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1299828243796873641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828243813650858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, companyId=1299828243796873641, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828243822039467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, companyId=1299828243796873641, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1西北农林科技大学旱区农业水土工程教育部重点实验室,杨凌 712100)]), AuthorCompany(id=1299828243884954028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828243897536941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, companyId=1299828243884954028, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Institute of Water-Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828243910119854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, companyId=1299828243884954028, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2西北农林科技大学中国旱区节水农业研究院,杨凌 712100)])]), Author(id=1299828245868859848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, orderNo=4, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1299828246367982027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, authorId=1299828245868859848, language=EN, stringName=Peishuo WANG, firstName=Peishuo, middleName=null, lastName=WANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=1Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
2Institute of Water-Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1299828246678360524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, authorId=1299828245868859848, language=CN, stringName=王佩硕, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=1西北农林科技大学旱区农业水土工程教育部重点实验室,杨凌 712100
2西北农林科技大学中国旱区节水农业研究院,杨凌 712100, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1299828243796873641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828243813650858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, companyId=1299828243796873641, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828243822039467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, companyId=1299828243796873641, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1西北农林科技大学旱区农业水土工程教育部重点实验室,杨凌 712100)]), AuthorCompany(id=1299828243884954028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828243897536941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, companyId=1299828243884954028, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Institute of Water-Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828243910119854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, companyId=1299828243884954028, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2西北农林科技大学中国旱区节水农业研究院,杨凌 712100)])]), Author(id=1299828246753857998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, orderNo=5, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=wangyakun@nwafu.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1299828246871298513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, authorId=1299828246753857998, language=EN, stringName=Yakun WANG, firstName=Yakun, middleName=null, lastName=WANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=*, address=1Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
2Institute of Water-Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1299828246976156114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, authorId=1299828246753857998, language=CN, stringName=王亚昆, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=*, address=1西北农林科技大学旱区农业水土工程教育部重点实验室,杨凌 712100
2西北农林科技大学中国旱区节水农业研究院,杨凌 712100, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1299828243796873641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828243813650858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, companyId=1299828243796873641, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828243822039467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, companyId=1299828243796873641, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1西北农林科技大学旱区农业水土工程教育部重点实验室,杨凌 712100)]), AuthorCompany(id=1299828243884954028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828243897536941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, companyId=1299828243884954028, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Institute of Water-Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828243910119854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211810931826818, companyId=1299828243884954028, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2西北农林科技大学中国旱区节水农业研究院,杨凌 712100)])])]
王玉宝 , 刘文涛, 丁佳怡, 陈怡田, 王佩硕, 王亚昆*
作者信息
  • 1西北农林科技大学旱区农业水土工程教育部重点实验室,杨凌 712100
  • 2西北农林科技大学中国旱区节水农业研究院,杨凌 712100
通讯作者:
王亚昆,副教授,硕士生导师,研究方向为智慧农业水利。Email:
作者简介:

王玉宝,研究员,博士生导师,研究方向为农业水土资源管理。Email:

Remote sensing identification of irrigation information in Guanzhong Region using spatiotemporal fusion algorithm
Yubao WANG , Wentao LIU, Jiayi DING, Yitian CHEN, Peishuo WANG, Yakun WANG*
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
  • 2Institute of Water-Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
出版时间: 2026-06-30 doi: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202510095
文章导航
收藏切换

卫星遥感技术凭借快速、大范围观测的特点,在灌溉面积和灌溉频次等信息识别中具有显著优势。然而,单一遥感数据源受影像时空分辨率限制,难以满足区域尺度灌溉信息高精度动态识别需求。该研究以关中地区为研究区,构建了基于干旱指数分析与时空融合算法的灌溉信息遥感识别方法。通过干旱指数与土壤湿度相关性分析,选取温度植被干旱指数(temperature vegetation dryness index,TVDI)作为识别指标,并结合高程校正与融合策略优化,提升复杂地形条件下TVDI对土壤水分的表征能力及其时空融合精度。随后,采用增强时空自适应反射率融合模型融合Landsat与MODIS影像,生成高时空分辨率TVDI时间序列,结合阈值判别法识别2024年关中地区春灌信息。结果表明,经高程校正后的TVDI在春季作物生育阶段与土壤湿度相关性较高(相关系数最高达−0.77);TVDI融合过程中,“先融合NDVI与LST后计算TVDI”的策略融合精度更高(R2=0.76,RMSE=0.07)。灌区尺度验证结果表明,东雷二期抽黄灌区灌溉面积识别总体精度为90.8%,Kappa系数为0.80;3个验证灌区累积灌溉面积与实际灌溉面积平均识别误差分别为15.1%和14.3%。关中地区春灌信息识别结果表明,春灌活动主要集中于3—4月,灌溉次数以1~2次为主,灌溉区域主要分布于渭河平原。研究结果可为复杂地形条件下区域尺度灌溉信息识别提供方法参考。

遥感识别  /  时空融合  /  灌溉信息  /  TVDI  /  关中地区

Satellite remote sensing can identify the irrigation information, because of its rapid and wide-area observation. However, only a single source is often extracted from remote sensing data. Spatial and temporal resolution cannot fully meet the requirement for the high-accuracy and dynamic identification of irrigation information at the regional scale, especially for the strong spatial heterogeneity of agricultural activities in the complex terrain. In this study, a remote sensing framework was developed to identify the irrigation information using drought index analysis and spatiotemporal fusion. The Guanzhong Region was also taken as the study area. The temperature vegetation dryness index (TVDI) was selected as the identification index after correlation analysis between drought indices and soil moisture. Elevation correction with fusion optimization was introduced to characterize the variation in the soil moisture. Its spatiotemporal fusion accuracy was also enhanced under complex terrain conditions. Subsequently, the enhanced spatial and temporal adaptive reflectance fusion model (ESTARFM) was used to fuse high-spatial-resolution Landsat imagery and high-temporal-resolution MODIS data for the high-spatiotemporal-resolution TVDI time series. Spring irrigation information in the Guanzhong Region in 2024 was identified using the threshold method with precipitation data. The results showed that the correlations between the remote sensing drought indices and soil moisture at the 10-20 cm depth were generally higher than those with soil moisture at the 0-10 cm depth. Elevation topographic correction effectively reduced the influence of terrain on land surface temperature. There was a strong correlation between TVDI and soil moisture. Furthermore, the elevation-corrected TVDI showed a strong negative correlation with soil moisture at the 10-20 cm depth, with the maximum correlation coefficient of −0.77 during the spring crop growth period. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and land surface temperature (LST) were fused for the higher accuracy of TVDI than the strategy of first calculation and then fusion. R2 and RMSE values of 0.76 and 0.07 for the former, whereas 0.44 and 0.13 for the latter, respectively. The validation showed that the overall accuracy was 90.8% for the identification in the Donglei Phase II irrigation district, with a Kappa coefficient of 0.80. The mean error was 15.1% and 14.3%, respectively, for accumulated and actual irrigated areas in the irrigation districts. Regional identification results indicated that the spring irrigation was mainly concentrated from March to April, with the irrigation frequency ranging from one to two times. Irrigated areas were distributed in the relatively flat Weihe Plain, with a spatial pattern characterized by broader irrigation extent and higher irrigation frequency in the eastern and western parts. While the central part exhibited relatively lower irrigation intensity. The spatial distribution and irrigation frequency of spring irrigation were dominated by regional topography, water supply, and cropping structure. The finding can provide a strong reference to identify the regional-scale irrigation information and water resources under complex terrains.

remote sensing identification  /  spatiotemporal fusion  /  irrigation information  /  TVDI  /  Guanzhong Region
王玉宝, 刘文涛, 丁佳怡, 陈怡田, 王佩硕, 王亚昆. 基于时空融合算法的关中地区灌溉信息遥感识别. 农业工程学报, 2026 , 42 (12) : 258 -267 . DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202510095
Yubao WANG, Wentao LIU, Jiayi DING, Yitian CHEN, Peishuo WANG, Yakun WANG. Remote sensing identification of irrigation information in Guanzhong Region using spatiotemporal fusion algorithm[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2026 , 42 (12) : 258 -267 . DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202510095
灌溉作为提升粮食产量的关键措施,对保障国家粮食安全具有重要意义。随着气候变化加剧和极端干旱事件频发,农业生产对灌溉的依赖日益增强,科学合理地开展灌溉已成为保障粮食生产稳定的有效手段[1]。然而,灌溉活动具有显著的季节性和时空差异性,若缺乏有效的识别与管理手段,将制约灌溉用水的精准调控,进而可能引发粮食减产和水资源浪费等问题。因此,构建准确、实时的灌溉信息识别体系,对优化用水结构、提高水资源利用效率具有重要意义[2]。传统灌溉信息获取方式主要依赖实地调查与灌区统计,不仅耗费大量的人力、物力,且空间覆盖范围有限,难以满足大尺度监测需求。遥感技术具有快速、大范围覆盖的观测优势,可提供高频次、连续的地表时空变化信息,为灌溉面积、灌溉频次等信息识别提供了有效手段[3]
基于遥感技术的灌溉信息识别原理是将表层土壤湿度的短期显著升高作为潜在灌溉信号,并结合气象资料排除自然降水干扰,实现对灌溉活动的监测。现有土壤湿度数据多来源于地面实测数据插值或微波遥感反演,其空间分辨率较低、细节刻画能力有限,同时微波遥感反演结果易受植被覆盖影响,难以满足灌溉信息准确识别的需求[4-5]。因此,部分学者利用与土壤湿度密切相关的光学遥感指数开展灌溉信息识别。其中,植被指数通过反映作物生长状况间接表征土壤水分变化特征,常用指标包括归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)、增强型植被指数(enhanced vegetation index,EVI)和绿度指数(green index,GI)等[6-8]。该类方法通过分析灌溉前后植被指数变化与灌溉活动之间的响应关系,实现对灌溉事件的识别。AMBIKA等[9]利用MODIS数据与土地利用数据,通过分类匹配和决策树算法确定了NDVI阈值,进而划分出灌溉区域,绘制了印度农业生态区的灌溉区域分布图。宋文龙等[10]基于高分一号遥感影像构建NDVI时间序列,结合阈值方法实现了东雷二期抽黄灌区的灌溉面积。但该类方法的识别效果高度依赖于植被生长对土壤水分变化的响应能力。在植被覆盖较低或作物越冬期等阶段,地表植被指数变化不明显,难以有效识别灌溉事件,从而限制了其在不同区域和生育阶段的适用性[6]
相比之下,干旱指数综合考虑植被生长状况与地表水分条件,对灌溉引起的土壤水分变化响应更快,在灌溉信息识别中具有较强的适用性。其中,基于光学与热红外波段构建的温度植被干旱指数(temperature vegetation dryness index,TVDI)和植被供水指数(vegetation supply water index,VSWI)等已被应用于土壤水分监测与灌溉信息识别[11]。此外,近年来提出的光学梯形模型(optical trapezoid model,OPTRAM)可在仅依赖光学遥感数据的条件下实现土壤表层水分的反演[1213],适用于不具备热红外波段的卫星。然而,受传感器性能限制和云雨天气影响,单一遥感数据源难以兼顾时间分辨率与空间分辨率,无法满足灌溉信息连续、高精度识别需求[14]。因此,可借助多源遥感数据时空融合技术,提升影像的时间连续性与空间分辨率。郝震等[3]同时使用高分1号、高分6号和哨兵2号卫星数据以缩短影像时间间隔,并将改进型垂直干旱指数(modified perpendicular drought index,MPDI)作为土壤湿度反演指标,结合实测数据对河套灌区的灌溉信息进行了识别。FU等[15]基于增强时空自适应反射率融合模型(enhanced spatial and temporal adaptive reflectance fusion model,ESTARFM)与随机森林算法,融合多源遥感数据实现了灌溉时间、频率和范围的提取。
关中地区作为中国西北内陆重要的人口聚集区和粮食主产区,地形复杂,春旱与伏旱频发,灌溉在保障农业生产中具有关键作用[16]。然而,现有区域尺度灌溉信息识别研究仍存在空间分辨率较低、识别精度不足以及复杂地形条件适应性较弱等问题[8,17]。针对上述问题,本文以关中地区为研究区,构建基于干旱指数分析与时空融合算法的灌溉信息遥感识别方法。首先,通过不同干旱指数与土壤湿度的相关性分析确定识别指标;其次,针对复杂地形条件下干旱指数表征能力受限的问题,引入高程校正提升其对土壤湿度变化的表征能力,并通过融合策略优化提高其时空融合精度;最后,融合Landsat与MODIS数据构建高时空分辨率干旱指数时间序列,结合阈值判别法实现2024年关中地区春灌信息识别,以期为复杂地形条件下区域尺度灌溉信息识别提供方法参考。
关中地区位于陕西省中部(图1),耕地面积约1.26万 km2,建有11个大型灌区。区域平均海拔约1000 m,地势特点为南北高、中间低,北部为渭北台塬,中部为渭河平原,耕地集中且灌溉设施完善,南部为秦岭山脉,地形起伏显著[18]。属大陆性季风气候,年均降水量约600 mm,主要集中在7—9月,春季降水偏少,旱情频发,农业生产对灌溉的依赖程度较高。关中地区耕地资源丰富,农业基础良好,是中国冬小麦和夏玉米一年两熟制的典型代表区。主要种植小麦、玉米等粮食作物,以及苹果、梨、葡萄、冬枣和猕猴桃等经济作物。区域内灌溉活动主要可分为作物生育期内的春灌、夏灌和冬灌,以及冬小麦播种前的秋灌。
根据关中地区2024年春灌时间,选取2—5月为研究期。所用遥感数据主要包括Landsat-8、Landsat-9、MOD09GA地表反射率产品、MOD11A1地表温度产品、SRTM DEM数据及土地利用数据。Landsat-8和Landsat-9卫星(以下简称Landsat-8/9)空间分辨率为30 m,时间分辨率为16 d,两颗卫星运行轨道一致且相位差接近180°,联合使用时时间分辨率可达8 d。Landsat-8/9影像覆盖关中地区需3 d,文中以中间时刻代表影像日期。为降低大范围云层覆盖对干旱指数计算与灌溉信息识别的影响,本研究仅筛选云量低于20%的高质量影像用于后续分析。最终共收集到2月16日、3月11日、3月19日、4月12日和5月6日5期影像。MOD09GA产品空间分辨率为500 m,时间分辨率为1 d;MOD11A1产品空间分辨率为1000 m,时间分辨率为1 d。基于质量控制波段对MODIS影像进行筛选后,最终共收集到2月16日、3月11日、3月19日、3月29日、4月12日、4月25日、5月6日7期低云量影像。DEM数据分辨率为30 m,用于高程校正。土地利用数据为ESRI发布的10 m全球土地覆盖数据集,用于将灌溉信息识别范围限制在耕地区域[19]
Landsat与MODIS均具备光学和热红外波段信息,且在空间细节与时间连续性方面具有较好的互补性。因此研究选用二者构建较高时空分辨率干旱指数时间序列。以上数据均来源于Google Earth Engine(GEE)平台。在GEE平台中完成Landsat与MODIS影像的去云、镶嵌及研究区域裁剪等预处理后,将MODIS影像空间分辨率重采样至30 m,并采用单窗算法[20]反演Landsat影像地表温度(land surface temperature,LST)。所得结果用于后续干旱指数计算、时空融合及灌溉信息识别。
实地调研与采样数据来源于2024年4月开展的灌区调研。获取东雷二期抽黄、泾惠渠和交口抽渭3个大型灌区的累积灌溉面积和实际灌溉面积,相关数据由灌区管理单位提供,为灌区尺度统计结果。累积灌溉面积指计算周期内各次灌溉面积的累积值;实际灌溉面积指计算周期内发生过灌溉的地块总面积,重复灌溉的地块仅计算一次。同时,在东雷二期抽黄灌区通过走访当地农户采集240个冬小麦样本点,其中,灌溉样本点160个、非灌溉样本点80个,前者主要分布在灌区渠道附近,后者主要分布在灌区边界或海拔较高、未配套灌溉设施的区域。上述样本点用于灌溉信息识别结果的精度验证。
研究还使用了气象数据与土壤湿度数据。气象数据由灌区管理单位提供,包括关中地区2024年蒲城、泾河和固市气象站日降水量记录,分别用于代表东雷二期抽黄、泾惠渠和交口抽渭3个灌区的降水情况。土壤湿度数据来源于国家青藏高原科学数据中心发布的“基于站点观测的中国1 km土壤湿度日尺度数据集(2000—2022)”,该数据集基于中国气象局1648个站点10层(0~100 cm)土壤湿度观测数据插值生成[5],用于评估不同干旱指数在灌溉信息识别中的适用性。此外,研究还参考了“2024年陕西省农田灌溉水有效利用系数测算分析项目”提供的关中地区大型灌区主要作物种植结构统计数据及水源地地理位置信息(水库或干渠渠首),用于分析春灌活动的时空分布特征。
基于干旱指数分析的灌溉信息遥感识别原理为:当区域内发生灌溉或降水事件时,干旱指数会随之发生明显变化[21]。在排除降水影响的前提下,当指数变化幅度超过设定阈值时,可判定区域内发生灌溉。
$ I={\text{DI}}_{t2}-{\text{DI}}_{t1} $
式中I为某像元的灌溉程度;DIt1和DIt2分别为该像元在t1、t2时刻的干旱指数值。
不同干旱指数的构建方式存在差异,其与土壤湿度的相关关系为正相关或负相关[22]。在理想条件下(无降水干扰且t1、t2时间间隔较短),当干旱指数与土壤湿度呈负相关时,可将I值小于0的像元判定为灌溉像元;当干旱指数与土壤湿度呈正相关时,可将I值大于0的像元判定为灌溉像元。然而,受遥感影像时间分辨率限制,实际识别过程中灌溉与降水可能同时存在,因此需结合灌溉样本点确定各时段的识别阈值。具体而言,在具备灌溉样本点的区域确定某一时段的阈值时,根据该时段灌溉样本点干旱指数差值的分布特征,对于与土壤湿度呈负相关的干旱指数,以其差值最大值作为识别阈值,并将差值小于该阈值的像元判定为灌溉像元;对于与土壤湿度呈正相关的干旱指数,以其差值最小值作为识别阈值,并将差值大于该阈值的像元判定为灌溉像元。在缺乏灌溉样本点的区域,以具备样本点区域各时段的阈值范围为参考,并根据同期降水差异对阈值进行调整,最终确定识别阈值。基于上述识别原理与阈值确定方法,本研究首先干旱指数与土壤湿度的相关性分析筛选识别指标,并融合Landsat与MODIS影像,构建高时空分辨率干旱指数时间序列,实现关中地区春灌活动的连续识别。
对于光学遥感数据,常用于灌溉信息识别的干旱指数主要包括垂直干旱指数(perpendicular drought index,PDI)、改进型垂直干旱指数(MPDI)、植被供水指数(VSWI)和温度植被干旱指数(TVDI)等。不同干旱指数的构建方式及其对土壤水分变化的响应特征存在差异,因此有必要对其适用性进行比较分析。PDI基于光谱特征空间构建,用于反映地表土壤水分变化,在裸地或低植被覆盖区域具有较好适用性[23]。MPDI[24]在PDI计算基础上引入植被覆盖度,考虑了植被生长对土壤水分监测的影响,通过去除植被信息,MPDI能更准确反映植被覆盖区域的土壤水分状况。
$ \text{PDI}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{1+M^2}}\left(R\mathrm{_{red}}+M\cdot R_{\mathrm{nir}}\right) $
$ \text{MPDI}=\frac{R\mathrm{_{red}}+M\cdot R_{\mathrm{nir}}-f_v(R_{v,\mathrm{red}}+M\cdot R_{v,\mathrm{nir}})}{(1-f_v)\sqrt{1+M^2}} $
式中$ R\mathrm{_{red}} $$ R\mathrm{_{nir}} $分别为原始影像红光波段与近红外波段的反射率;M为土壤线的斜率;$ {f}_{v} $为植被覆盖度;$ R_{v,\mathrm{red}} $$ R_{v,\mathrm{nir}} $分别为植被在红光波段与近红外波段的反射率。
植被供水指数VSWI是一种用于监测植被水分状况的遥感指数,当植被水分充足时,植被生长正常;当植被水分不足时,植被生长会受到影响,同时为减少水分损失,植被会关闭部分气孔,从而导致温度升高。VSWI[25]的定义为
$ \text{VSWI}=\text{NDVI}/\text{LST} $
式中LST为地表温度,K;VSWI值越大代表植被供水越充足。
温度植被干旱指数TVDI是在NDVI-LST特征空间的基础上提出的,其综合考虑了植被生长状况以及地表温度对土壤表层水分变化的响应[26]。TVDI理论范围为0~1,值越大表示区域越干旱缺水,反之则越湿润。
$ \text{TVDI=}\frac{{\text{LST-LST}}_{\text{min}}}{{\text{LST}}_{\text{max}}{\text{-LST}}_{\text{min}}} $
$ {\text{LST}}_{\text{min}}=a+b\cdot \text{NDVI} $
$ {\text{LST}}_{\text{max}}=c+d\cdot \text{NDVI} $
式中LSTmax和LSTmin为某一特定NDVI值所对应的最大地表温度(干边)和最小地表温度(湿边),K;$ a、b、c、d $为干边、湿边界拟合系数。
TVDI的构建过程对LST依赖性较强,而LST受高程影响显著。为降低高程对LST反演结果的干扰并提高TVDI的适应性,可采用DEM数据对LST进行高程校正[27],校正方法如下:
$ \text{LST}{'}=\text{LST}-0.006\cdot \text{DEM} $
式中LST′为校正后的地表温度,K;DEM为高程,m。
为构建较高时空分辨率的干旱指数时序影像,研究选用ESTARFM模型对Landsat与MODIS数据进行融合。该模型在时空自适应反射率融合模型(spatial and temporal adaptive reflectance fusion model,STARFM)[28]基础上考虑了像元异质性,对赋权方法进行调整,同时引入转换系数对预测结果进行改进,因而在地表覆盖类型复杂或变化显著区域具有较高的融合精度[15,29]。模型融合时需输入两组已知时相的高、低空间分辨率影像,以及一幅预测时相的低空间分辨率影像,通过搜索与中心像元光谱相似的像元,结合空间及光谱相似性计算相似像元的权重和转换系数,从而生成预测时刻搜索窗口的中心像元值,其核心计算式为
$ \begin{split}F_{\mathrm{high}}(x_{w/2},y_{w/2},T_b)=\; & T_a^{\text{'}}F_{a_{{\mathrm{high}}}}(x_{w/2},y_{w/2},T_b)+ \\ \; & T_c^{\text{'}}F_{c_{{\mathrm{high}}}}(x_{w/2},y_{w/2},T_b)\end{split} $
$ \begin{split}{F}_{t\_ {\mathrm{high}}}({x}_{w/2},{y}_{w/2},{T}_{b})=\;&{F}_{{\mathrm{high}}}({x}_{w/2},{y}_{w/2},{T}_{t})+\\\;&\displaystyle\sum \nolimits_{i=1}^{N}{w}_{i}{\rho }_{i}({F}_{{\mathrm{low}}}({x}_{i},{y}_{i},{T}_{b})-\\\;&{F}_{{\mathrm{low}}}({x}_{i},{y}_{i},{T}_{t})),(t=a,c)\end{split} $
式中w为移动窗口大小;$ ({x}_{w/2},{y}_{w/2}) $为搜索窗口中心坐标;$ F\mathrm{_{high}}(x_{w/2},y_{w/2},T_b) $$ {T}_{b} $时刻的高分辨率像元预测值;$ {T}_{a}{}^{\prime} $$ {T}_{c}{}^{\prime} $为时间权重;$ F_{t\mathrm{\_high}}(x_{w/2},y_{w/2},T_b)(t=a,c) $为已知时刻$ {T}_{a} $$ {T}_{c} $的高分辨率预测像元值;$ F_{\mathrm{high}}(x_{w/2},y_{w/2},T_t)(t=a,c) $$ {T}_{a} $$ {T}_{c} $时刻的高分辨率影像像元值;$ F_{\mathrm{low}}(x_i,y_i,T_t) $$ {T}_{a} $$ {T}_{c} $时刻的低分辨率影像像元值;$ F_{\mathrm{low}}(x_i,y_i,T_b) $为预测时刻$ {T}_{b} $的低分辨率影像像元值;N为相似像元个数;$ {w}_{i} $为权重;$ {\rho }_{i} $为转换系数。
在融合过程中,通常有两种策略:一是先融合原始波段再计算指数;二是先计算指数再融合。前者以波段原始反射率为融合对象,能够较完整地保留光谱信息,但需分别对各波段进行融合,过程耗时较长,且多次调用融合算法易造成误差累积,影响融合精度。后者直接融合指数影像,可减少误差传递并提高融合效率。根据1.2.1节所选影像数据,选取2024年3月19日、4月12日和5月6日的Landsat与MODIS影像作为已知时相输入,结合2024年3月29日和4月25日的MODIS影像作为预测时相输入,在ENVI IDL环境下基于ESTARFM模型分别生成3月29日和4月25日的30 m分辨率融合影像,从而缩短灌溉信息识别过程中影像时间间隔。
不同干旱指数与土壤湿度之间呈正相关或负相关关系,本文采用相关系数(r)对干旱指数适用性进行分析。ESTARFM模型时空融合效果采用决定系数(coefficient of determination,R2)和均方根误差(root mean square error,RMSE)进行评价。一般而言,R2越接近1,模型融合效果越好;RMSE越小,模型预测精度越高[30]
$ {R}^{2}=1-\frac{\displaystyle\sum \nolimits_{i=1}^{n}{({{O}_{i}}-{{P}_{i}})}^{2}}{\displaystyle\sum \nolimits_{i=1}^{n}{({{O}_{i}}-\overline{O})}^{2}} $
$ \text{RMSE}=\sqrt{\frac{1}{n}\displaystyle\sum \nolimits_{i=1}^{n}{({{P}_{i}}-{{O}_{i}})}^{2}} $
式中$ {O}_{i} $为实测像元值;$ {P}_{i} $为预测像元值;$ \overline{O} $为实测值的均值;n为像元数量。
关中地区范围广阔,降水过程复杂且时空分布不均,增加了灌溉信息获取与验证难度。单个灌区具有相对独立的水资源管理边界,降水分布较为均衡,可在一定程度上减弱气象因素干扰。因此,选取东雷二期抽黄灌区、泾惠渠灌区和交口抽渭灌区作为验证区域。在具备采样点的东雷二期抽黄灌区,基于灌溉与非灌溉样本点构建混淆矩阵,计算生产者精度(producer accuracy,PA)、用户精度(user accuracy,UA)、总体精度(overall accuracy,OA)及Kappa系数[31],对识别精度进行评价。同时,结合灌区调研获取的实际灌溉面积与累积灌溉面积,对东雷二期抽黄灌区、泾惠渠灌区和交口抽渭灌区的识别结果进行验证。
土壤湿度数据集更新至2022年,选择关中地区2021年10月—2022年5月的表层土壤湿度数据。同期获取2021年11月14日、12月24日以及2022年3月6日、4月7日、4月23日、5月9日共6期Landsat影像。基于ENVI平台计算1.3.2节所述常用干旱指数,并将结果统一重采样至1 km分辨率,与土壤湿度数据保持一致。通过干旱指数与土壤湿度的相关性分析(表1),评估各指数在灌溉信息识别中的适用性。
结果表明,VSWI与土壤湿度呈显著正相关,PDI、MPDI和TVDI与土壤湿度呈显著负相关,各干旱指数与10~20 cm土层土壤湿度相关性整体高于0~10 cm土层。对比校正前后TVDI与土壤湿度的相关性(表1)可知,经高程校正后的TVDI与土壤湿度相关性较原始TVDI均有所提高。其中,0~10 cm土层提升幅度为0.02~0.08,10~20 cm土层提升幅度为0.03~0.09,表明基于高程校正后的LST能够增强TVDI对土壤湿度变化的表征能力。对不同时期而言,冬季各指数与土壤湿度的相关性较弱,可能与冬季地表植被稀疏、辐射特征不明显等因素有关,限制了干旱指数对土壤水分变化的表征能力[32]。在春季作物关键生育阶段,TVDI与土壤湿度的负相关性明显增强,经高程校正后的TVDI与10~20 cm土层的相关性表现较为突出,相关系数最高达−0.77,整体优于其他指数(表1)。表明其对春季作物关键生育阶段土壤水分变化具有更强的响应能力。因此,研究选取高程校正后的TVDI作为春灌信息识别指标。
为评估ESTARFM模型融合精度,选取2024年3月11日和4月12日Landsat影像,以及2024年3月11日、3月19日和4月12日MODIS影像作为输入数据,生成2024年3月19日融合影像,对NDVI、LST和TVDI融合结果进行对比分析。NDVI和LST采用“先计算指数后进行融合”的策略。TVDI作为基于NDVI-LST特征空间构建的复合干旱指数,不同融合策略可能对其融合精度产生不同影响。因此,分别采用“先融合NDVI与LST后计算TVDI”(策略1)和“先计算TVDI再进行融合”(策略2)两种策略,以评估不同融合策略下TVDI融合效果的差异。利用同时期的原始Landsat影像对融合结果进行精度验证(图2)。
NDVI融合影像与原始影像一致性较高,散点主要分布在1∶1参考线附近,表明ESTARFM模型对NDVI具有较高的融合精度。LST融合结果散点分布相对分散,其融合精度低于NDVI。在TVDI融合过程中,基于3月19日NDVI与LST融合结果计算得到的TVDI影像,其R2为0.76、RMSE为0.07,均优于先计算TVDI再融合所得结果(R2=0.44,RMSE=0.13),且散点分布更加集中,说明“先融合NDVI与LST后计算TVDI”的策略能够有效提升TVDI融合精度(图2)。这主要是由于NDVI随时间变化相对平稳,受大气扰动和观测条件影响较小,更易于模型刻画其时空变化特征[33],因此融合效果优于LST。而TVDI作为基于NDVI-LST特征空间构建的复合干旱指数,其计算过程也会对融合结果产生一定影响。基于上述分析,研究采用“先融合NDVI和LST、再计算TVDI”的策略,利用ESTARFM模型融合生成2024年3月29日和4月25日的NDVI与LST影像,并计算相应时相的TVDI,以提高TVDI影像精度,增强灌溉信息识别结果的准确性。
在关中地区2024年春灌期间,共构建7期TVDI时间序列影像,包括2月16日、3月11日、3月19日、4月12日和5月6日5期Landsat影像,以及3月29日和4月25日2期融合影像。依据第1.3节所述灌溉信息识别方法,以东雷二期抽黄灌区、泾惠渠灌区和交口抽渭灌区作为验证区域,开展2024年春灌信息识别及精度验证。在东雷二期抽黄灌区,基于样本点在相邻日期影像的TVDI差值统计特征,以灌溉样本点TVDI差值的最大值作为阈值确定依据,各识别时段对应的阈值分别为−0.02、−0.15、−0.01、−0.09和−0.02。对于地理位置邻近东雷二期抽黄灌区但缺乏实地样本点的泾惠渠灌区和交口抽渭灌区,以东雷二期抽黄灌区各识别时段阈值范围为参考,并结合降水量差异(图3)对阈值进行调整。根据各灌区同期降水量与东雷二期抽黄灌区的差异,降水量较大时阈值取值相对偏低,降水量较小时阈值相应提高。最终确定泾惠渠灌区各识别时段阈值分别为−0.02、−0.14、−0.01、−0.12和−0.02,交口抽渭灌区各识别时段阈值分别为−0.02、−0.14、−0.01、−0.11和−0.02。在此基础上开展灌溉信息识别,并采用样本点混淆矩阵和灌区统计数据对识别结果进行精度验证,结果分别见表2表3
在东雷二期抽黄灌区,160个灌溉样本点中有147个被正确判定为灌溉像元,80个非灌溉样本点中有71个被正确判定为非灌溉像元,基于混淆矩阵计算得到的总体精度为90.8%,Kappa系数为0.80(表2)。灌溉类与非灌溉类样本均具有较高的生产者精度和用户精度,说明该灌溉信息识别方法在像元尺度具有较高的识别能力,能够有效区分灌溉与非灌溉像元。在灌区尺度,灌溉面积遥感识别结果与灌区统计数据总体一致,累积灌溉面积与实际灌溉面积的平均识别误差分别为15.1%和14.3%(表3),表明该方法在不同灌区条件下具有较好的稳定性和适用性。但识别结果略高于统计数据,其主要原因在于受影像空间分辨率限制,部分耕地像元中混合有其他类型像元的光谱信息(如渠道、道路、村庄等),当此类混合像元被判定为灌溉耕地时,将导致识别面积偏大[34]。此外,部分灌溉相对滞后的像元在后续时相中由于土壤仍处于湿润状态,TVDI值维持在较低水平,易被重复判定为灌溉像元,从而造成一定程度的重复统计。总体而言,本文提出的灌溉信息识别方法在灌区尺度上具有较强的可行性与适用性,能够较为准确地反映区域内灌溉活动的时空分布特征。
在灌区尺度完成灌溉信息识别及精度验证后,进一步在关中地区开展灌溉信息识别与分析,以揭示该地区春灌活动的时空分布特征及其主要影响因素。在关中地区灌溉信息识别过程中,采用东雷二期抽黄、泾惠渠和交口抽渭灌区识别阈值的均值作为判别阈值。
由关中地区春灌信息识别结果可知(图4图5),该地区春灌活动具有较为明显的区域差异,灌溉主要集中在3—4月,灌溉次数以1~2次为主。灌溉区域主要分布于地势平坦的渭河平原,并呈现出东西部灌溉范围较广、灌溉频次较高而中部相对较低的空间分布格局。渭河平原作为关中地区核心农业区,灌区建设较为完善,耕地分布集中,地形整体呈西高东低,多数区域可借助地形条件实现自流引水灌溉,因此灌溉范围较广且频次较高。相比之下,渭北台塬及其与渭河平原过渡地带地形起伏较大、整体海拔较高(如桃曲坡、石堡川、东雷抽黄和东雷二期抽黄灌区),灌溉方式以提水灌溉为主。受地形条件及提水工程供水能力制约,该区域灌溉频次总体低于渭河平原。
结合图5表4所示关中地区春灌频次与大型灌区水源地信息可知,灌溉分布集中且灌溉频次较高的区域通常靠近水库或引水干渠渠首,同时位于河流上游的区域在取水条件上具有一定优势,其灌溉范围与灌溉频次整体高于下游区域。渭河平原西部位于渭河上游,东部紧邻黄河干流,区域水资源条件相对较好,因此灌溉区域分布较为集中且灌溉频次较高。而渭河平原中部以西安、咸阳地区为主,受人口密集及用水结构影响,水资源优先保障城镇生活和工业用水[35],农业灌溉可分配水量相对有限,因而灌溉范围较小且灌溉频次整体偏低(如泾惠渠灌区)。
关中地区多数大型灌区以冬小麦为主导作物,部分灌区同时种植一定比例的苹果、猕猴桃、冬枣和樱桃等经济作物(表4)。冬小麦在春灌阶段处于返青至灌浆等关键生育期,水分需求旺盛且集中。在以冬小麦为主的地区(如冯家山、羊毛湾、宝鸡峡和洛惠渠等灌区),春灌范围较广且灌溉频次普遍为1~2次。苹果、猕猴桃、樱桃、冬枣等经济作物在春季主要处于萌芽、开花坐果等生育阶段,虽对水分有一定需求,但总体需水强度低于冬小麦[36]。在经济作物种植比例较高的地区(如石头河与交口抽渭灌区),春灌次数多为1次。总体而言,关中地区春灌活动的空间分布及灌溉频次特征主要受区域地形条件、水源地供给能力、作物种植结构特征等因素的综合影响。
已有研究表明,高程、坡度和坡向等地形因子会影响地物反射特性,使相同地物在不同地形条件下呈现出差异化的光谱特征,导致遥感反演结果产生系统性偏差[37]。关中地区地形起伏显著,区域内海拔差异较大。LST作为TVDI构建的重要参数,对地形变化较为敏感。本研究引入DEM数据对LST进行校正,在一定程度削弱了地形对热红外波段的影响,提高了TVDI在复杂地形区的适用性[27,38]。结果表明,高程校正后TVDI与土壤湿度的相关性均高于未校正TVDI(表1),说明高程校正能够有效削弱地形效应引起的偏差,增强TVDI在复杂地形条件下的稳定性。
此外,在TVDI的融合处理中,研究对比了“先融合NDVI与LST后计算TVDI”和“先计算TVDI再进行融合”两种策略。结果表明,前者融合精度更高(图2),其R2为0.76、RMSE为0.07,明显优于后者(R2为0.44,RMSE为0.13)。这主要与ESTARFM模型融合机制及TVDI构建特性有关。ESTARFM模型基于相似像元假设,通过利用空间邻域内光谱特征相似的像元对目标像元进行预测[29]。NDVI和LST均可由单个像元的波段反射率计算得到,其计算过程能够较好保留像元空间结构特征。在融合此类指数时,减少模型调用次数有助于降低误差累积,提高融合精度[39]。而TVDI作为基于NDVI-LST全局特征构建的复合指数,其构建过程不仅涉及NDVI与LST之间的非线性关系,还受干湿边界拟合结果约束[40]。干湿边界的确定需要区域内全部像元共同参与,削弱了像元间的空间独立性[26]。因此,尽管“先计算TVDI再进行融合”可减少模型调用次数,但需在多时相条件下分别构建TVDI,其计算过程对像元空间结构特征的影响会在融合过程中进一步传递,进而影响融合精度;而“先融合NDVI与LST后计算TVDI”虽需调用两次融合模型,但能够更好保留影像空间结构特征,从而获得更高的融合精度。
当前利用遥感技术识别耕地灌溉信息的方法主要受影像时空分辨率限制[3,34]。本研究基于干旱指数分析与时空融合算法,通过ESTARFM模型融合Landsat与MODIS数据提高影像时空分辨率;并引入高程校正以削弱地形效应对TVDI的影响[27],增强其对复杂地形条件下土壤水分的表征能力,同时通过融合策略优化提升TVDI融合精度。相较于基于单一数据源的TVDI识别方法[11],本研究通过高程校正与时空融合策略优化,提升了TVDI对灌溉信息的识别精度。
从验证结果来看,该方法在灌区尺度表现出较高精度。在东雷二期抽黄灌区,基于样本点构建混淆矩阵计算得到的总体精度为90.8%,Kappa系数为0.80(表2);在3个典型灌区中,累积灌溉面积与实际灌溉面积的平均识别误差分别为15.1%和14.3%(表3)。关中地区灌溉信息识别结果表明,春灌活动在空间分布上存在明显差异,该差异主要受地形条件、水源供给条件及作物种植结构等因素影响。总体而言,本研究的识别结果与区域实际情况具有较好一致性,所构建的方法可为区域尺度灌溉信息识别与农业水资源管理提供参考。
在关中地区灌溉信息识别过程中,阈值选取主要依赖东雷二期抽黄灌区样本像元统计特征。该方法在灌区尺度具有较好适用性,但在空间异质性较强区域推广应用时,固定阈值难以充分反映不同土壤类型、作物种类及气候条件下的水分响应差异。此外,降水事件也会对识别结果产生干扰。尽管本研究根据识别期间降水量差异对阈值进行了调整,以减轻降水影响,但该过程具有一定主观性,且未能充分考虑降水事件的时空分布特征。灌区尺度验证结果表明,基于样本点构建的混淆矩阵精度以及累积灌溉面积与实际灌溉面积的识别精度均较高,说明在当前研究区和数据条件下,阈值调整主观性对识别结果的影响相对有限。
后续研究可从阈值确定与土壤水分反演方法两个方面进一步提升灌溉信息遥感识别精度。一方面,可引入高分辨率降水量栅格数据,并结合逐像元自适应阈值算法,根据土壤、作物和气候差异动态调整阈值,以降低人为经验对阈值设定的影响。另一方面,在土壤水分反演过程中,可引入近年来发展的新方法提升对地表水分状况的表征能力。其中,OPTRAM模型通过构建NDVI与短波红外变换反射率特征空间,实现对土壤表层水分状况的监测,有助于缓解传统土壤水分反演对热红外数据的依赖[12],从而拓展数据源选择范围。基于微波遥感的土壤水分反演技术(如融合SMAP与Sentinel-1土壤水分产品)在时间连续性和全天候观测方面具有明显优势,可弥补光学遥感在多云条件下的不足[5]。未来可结合高分辨率光学遥感影像与微波土壤水分产品,在提升土壤水分反演精度的基础上,进一步增强灌溉信息遥感识别方法的适用性与识别精度。
该研究以关中地区为研究对象,构建了基于干旱指数分析与时空融合算法的灌溉信息遥感识别方法。通过高程校正与融合策略优化,提高了TVDI与土壤湿度的相关性及融合精度,并实现了2024年春灌期间灌溉面积与灌溉频次的连续识别。主要结论如下:
1)春季作物生育阶段,经高程校正的TVDI对表层土壤湿度变化具有较强的响应能力,与10~20 cm土壤湿度的相关系数最高可达−0.77,能够有效表征灌溉活动引起的土壤水分变化。
2)TVDI融合过程中,“先融合NDVI与LST,再计算TVDI”的策略精度更高(R2=0.76、RMSE=0.07),明显优于“先计算TVDI再进行融合”的策略(R2=0.44、RMSE=0.13)。
3)在灌区尺度,累积灌溉面积和实际灌溉面积的平均识别误差分别为15.1%和14.3%,识别结果与灌区统计数据偏差较小。关中地区春灌信息识别结果表明,该地区春灌活动主要集中于3—4月,灌溉次数以1~2次为主,并呈现出一定的空间差异性。

参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
1
王渊, 王雅琦, 张宝忠, 等. 灌溉对中国粮食主产区陆气耦合强度的影响[J]. 农业工程学报, 2024, 40(23): 147-154.
WANG Yuan, WANG Yaqi, ZHANG Baozhong, et al. Impact of irrigation on land-atmosphere coupling strength in main grain-producing regions of China[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2024, 40(23): 147-154. (in Chinese with English abstract)
2
时荣超, 郭文忠. 农业灌溉水资源优化配置研究进展[J]. 农业工程学报, 2024, 40(4): 1-13.
SHI Rongchao, GUO Wenzhong. Research progress on the optimal allocation of agricultural irrigation water resources[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2024, 40(4): 1-13. (in Chinese with English abstract)
3
郝震, 赵红莉, 王建华, 等. 基于多源遥感协同的灌溉用水动态监测方法研究[J]. 水利学报, 2025, 56(3): 328-340.
HAO Zhen, ZHAO Hongli, WANG Jianhua, et al. Research on dynamic monitoring method of irrigation water based on multi-source remote sensing collaboration[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2025, 56(3): 328-340. (in Chinese with English abstract)
4
DAS N N, ENTEKHABI D, DUNBAR R S, et al. The SMAP and Copernicus Sentinel 1A/B microwave active-passive high resolution surface soil moisture product[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2019, 233: 111380.
5
LI Q, SHI G, SHANGGUAN W, et al. A 1 km daily soil moisture dataset over China using in situ measurement and machine learning[J]. Earth System Science Data, 2022, 14(12): 5267-5286.
6
CHEN Y, LU D, LUO L, et al. Detecting irrigation extent, frequency, and timing in a heterogeneous arid agricultural region using MODIS time series, Landsat imagery, and ancillary data[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2018, 204: 197-211.
7
刘逸竹, 吴文斌, 李召良, 等. 基于时间序列NDVI的灌溉耕地空间分布提取[J]. 农业工程学报, 2017, 33(22): 276-284.
LIU Yizhu, WU Wenbin, LI Zhaoliang, et al. Extracting irrigated cropland spatial distribution in China based on time-series NDVI[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2017, 33(22): 276-284. (in Chinese with English abstract)
8
李文佳, 王瑞燕, 徐家豪, 等. 西北干旱区农田灌溉事件遥感检测[J]. 农业工程学报, 2024, 40(17): 120-128.
LI Wenjia, WANG Ruiyan, XU Jiahao, et al. Detecting farmland irrigation in arid areas of Northwest China using remote sensing[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2024, 40(17): 120-128. (in Chinese with English abstract)
9
AMBIKA A K, WARDLOW B, MISHRA V. Remotely sensed high resolution irrigated area mapping in India for 2000 to 2015[J]. Scientific Data, 2016, 3: 160118.
10
宋文龙, 李萌, 路京选, 等. 基于GF-1卫星数据监测灌区灌溉面积方法研究——以东雷二期抽黄灌区为例[J]. 水利学报, 2019, 50(7): 854-863.
SONG Wenlong, LI Meng, LU Jingxuan, et al. Method of monitoring irrigation area based on GF-1 satellite data - a case study of Donglei Phase II Irrigation District[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2019, 50(7): 854-863. (in Chinese with English abstract)
11
杜恩宇, 陈方, 贾慧聪, 等. 基于Landsat 8卫星数据的解放闸灌域灌溉面积监测研究[J]. 遥感技术与应用, 2022, 37(3): 620-628.
DU Enyu, CHEN Fang, JIA Huicong, et al. Irrigation area monitoring in Jiefangzha Irrigation District based on Landsat 8 satellite data[J]. Remote Sensing Technology and Application, 2022, 37(3): 620-628. (in Chinese with English abstract)
12
SADEGHI M, BABAEIAN E, TULLER M, et al. The optical trapezoid model: A novel approach to remote sensing of soil moisture applied to Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 observations[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2017, 198: 52-68.
13
DU R, XIANG Y, ZHANG F, et al. Combing transfer learning with the OPtical TRApezoid Model (OPTRAM) to diagnosis small-scale field soil moisture from hyperspectral data[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2024, 298: 108856.
14
WU P, YIN Z, ZENG C, et al. Spatially continuous and high-resolution land surface temperature product generation: A review of reconstruction and spatiotemporal fusion techniques[J]. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine, 2021, 9(3): 112-137.
15
FU D, JIN X, JIN Y, et al. Extraction of grassland irrigation information in arid regions based on multi-source remote sensing data[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2024, 302: 109010.
16
尹本酥, 李振发, 岳蓉, 等. 基于温度植被干旱指数的关中地区旱情监测[J]. 农业工程学报, 2024, 40(17): 111-119.
YIN Bensu, LI Zhenfa, YUE Rong, et al. Monitoring drought in Guanzhong areas using temperature-vegetation drought index[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2024, 40(17): 111-119. (in Chinese with English abstract)
17
ZHU L, ZHU A X. Extraction of irrigation signals by using SMAP soil moisture data[J]. Remote Sensing, 2021, 13(11): 2142.
18
褚晓彤, 王跃朋, 周建. 关中地区耕地显性与隐性非粮化的时空变化及对粮食产量的影响[J]. 农业工程学报, 2023, 39(19): 241-249.
CHU Xiaotong, WANG Yuepeng, ZHOU Jian. Effects of spatiotemporal variations in visible and invisible non-grain production cultivated land on grain yield in the Guanzhong Region of Shaanxi in China[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2023, 39(19): 241-249. (in Chinese with English abstract)
19
KARRA K, KONTGIS C, STATMAN-WEIL Z, et al. Global land use / land cover with Sentinel 2 and deep learning[C]//2021 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium IGARSS. Brussels, Belgium: IEEE, 2021: 4704-4707.
20
WANG M, ZHANG Z, HE G, et al. An enhanced single-channel algorithm for retrieving land surface temperature from Landsat series data[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2016, 121(19): 11712-11722.
21
杨永民, 顾涛, 吴迪, 等. 基于光学和雷达遥感信息的灌溉信号分析及灌溉面积提取方法研究—以华北平原灵寿县磁右灌区为例[J]. 水利学报, 2022, 53(9): 1039-1048.
YANG Yongmin, GU Tao, WU Di, et al. Irrigation signal analysis and irrigated area extraction based on optical and radar remote sensing: A case study of Ciyou irrigation area, Lingshou County, North China Plain[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2022, 53(9): 1039-1048. (in Chinese with English abstract)
22
吕天, 刘珺, 李子璇, 等. 土壤湿度农业干旱指数的改进及其适用性[J]. 农业工程学报, 2023, 39(17): 116-123.
LYU Tian, LIU Jun, LI Zixuan, et al. Improvement and applicability of the soil moisture based agricultural drought index[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2023, 39(17): 116-123. (in Chinese with English abstract)
23
徐冉, 文铭, 赵红莉, 等. 基于多时相土壤线一致性修正的土壤含水率反演[J]. 农业工程学报, 2024, 40(14): 73-80.
XU Ran, WEN Ming, ZHAO Hongli, et al. Correction of the multi-temporal soil line consistency for the inversion of soil moisture content[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2024, 40(14): 73-80. (in Chinese with English abstract)
24
GHULAM A, QIN Q, TEYIP T, et al. Modified perpendicular drought index (MPDI): A real-time drought monitoring method[J]. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 2007, 62(2): 150-164.
25
CARLSON T N, GILLIES R R, PERRY E M. A method to make use of thermal infrared temperature and NDVI measurements to infer surface soil water content and fractional vegetation cover[J]. Remote Sensing Reviews, 1994, 9(1): 161-173.
26
SANDHOLT I, RASMUSSEN K, ANDERSEN J. A simple interpretation of the surface temperature/vegetation index space for assessment of surface moisture status[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2002, 79(2): 213-224.
27
郑发美, 白建军. 基于地形因子的TVDI修正——以陕西省为例[J]. 干旱区研究, 2018, 35(5): 1223-1233.
ZHENG Famei, BAI Jianjun. TVDI modification based on topographic factors: A case study in Shaanxi Province[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2018, 35(5): 1223-1233. (in Chinese with English abstract)
28
GAO F, MASEK J, SCHWALLER M, et al. On the blending of the Landsat and MODIS surface reflectance: Predicting daily Landsat surface reflectance[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2006, 44(8): 2207-2218.
29
ZHU X, CHEN J, GAO F, et al. An enhanced spatial and temporal adaptive reflectance fusion model for complex heterogeneous regions[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2010, 114(11): 2610-2623.
30
LI M, WANG P, TANSEY K, et al. Improved leaf area index reconstruction in heavily cloudy areas: A novel deep learning approach for SAR-Optical fusion integrating spatiotemporal features[J]. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 2025, 142: 104745.
31
ZAFAR Z, ZUBAIR M, ZHA Y, et al. Performance assessment of machine learning algorithms for mapping of land use/land cover using remote sensing data[J]. Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Sciences, 2024, 27(2): 216-226.
32
LI B, TI C, ZHAO Y, et al. Estimating soil moisture with Landsat data and its application in extracting the spatial distribution of winter flooded paddies[J]. Remote Sensing, 2016, 8(1): 38.
33
FAN X, GAO P, TIAN B, et al. Spatio-temporal patterns of NDVI and its influencing factors based on the ESTARFM in the Loess Plateau of China[J]. Remote Sensing, 2023, 15(10): 2553.
34
陈晓璐, 王彦芳, 张红梅, 等. 基于ESTARFM NDVI的察汗淖尔流域灌溉耕地提取方法研究[J]. 中国生态农业学报(中英文), 2021, 29(6): 1105-1116.
CHEN Xiaolu, WANG Yanfang, ZHANG Hongmei, et al. Extraction method of irrigated arable land in the Chahannur Basin based on the ESTARFM NDVI[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2021, 29(6): 1105-1116. (in Chinese with English abstract)
35
TANG J, FOLMER H, XUE J. Technical and allocative efficiency of irrigation water use in the Guanzhong Plain, China[J]. Food Policy, 2015, 50: 43-52.
36
李中杰. 不同灌溉技术和灌水量的陕北山地苹果节水增产提质效应研究[D]. 西安: 西安理工大学, 2021.
LI Zhongjie. Effect of Different Irrigation Techniques and Irrigation Amounts on Water Saving, Yield Increase and Quality Improvement of Mountain Apple in Northern of Shaanxi[D]. Xi'an: Xi'an University of Technology, 2021. (in Chinese with English abstract).
37
ZHU X, DUAN S B, LI Z L, et al. Retrieval of land surface temperature with topographic effect correction from Landsat 8 thermal infrared data in mountainous area[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2021, 59(8): 6674-6687.
38
DENG Y, WANG S, BAI X, et al. Relationship among land surface temperature and LUCC, NDVI in typical karst area[J]. Scientific Reports, 2018, 8(1): 641.
39
ABOWARDA A S, BAI L, ZHANG C, et al. Generating surface soil moisture at 30 m spatial resolution using both data fusion and machine learning toward better water resources management at the field scale[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2021, 255: 112301.
40
BIAN Z, ROUJEAN J L, FAN T, et al. An angular normalization method for temperature vegetation dryness index (TVDI) in monitoring agricultural drought[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2023, 284: 113330.
2026年第42卷第12期
PDF下载
184
76
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202510095
  • 接收时间:2025-10-15
  • 首发时间:2026-08-20
  • 出版时间:2026-06-30
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2025-10-15
  • 修回日期:2026-02-04
基金
作者信息
    1西北农林科技大学旱区农业水土工程教育部重点实验室,杨凌 712100
    2西北农林科技大学中国旱区节水农业研究院,杨凌 712100

通讯作者:

王亚昆,副教授,硕士生导师,研究方向为智慧农业水利。Email:
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/nygcxb/CN/10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202510095
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏