Article(id=1297211740710793378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, issueId=1297211624738284246, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202510141, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1760889600000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-20, revisedDate=1773936000000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1787208980013, onlineDateStr=2026-08-20, pubDate=1782748800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1787208980013, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1787208980013, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1787208980013, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1297211624738284246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, year='2026', volume='42', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='396', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782748800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1787208952364, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1787212261177, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1297225503002357852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, issueId=1297211624738284246, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1297225503002357853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, issueId=1297211624738284246, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=177, endPage=185, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1297211742002639011, articleId=1297211740710793378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, language=EN, title=Quantifying crop water footprint and spatial heterogeneity using data assimilation, columnId=1297211650193515394, journalTitle=Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, columnName=Soil and Water Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Water scarcity has long constrained agricultural sustainability in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, a vital grain production base in China. Regional water resources can also be regulated to improve water use efficiency in sustainable agriculture. It is often required to precisely assess agricultural water use efficiency. Crop production water footprint can be expected to measure the sustainability and efficiency of water resource utilization during the entire crop growth cycle. This study selected winter wheat as the research subject. Assimilated variables were utilized as remotely sensed leaf area index (LAI) and soil moisture (SM). A quantitative assessment was also developed for winter wheat water footprint, according to dual-variable assimilation of crop models and remote sensing data. Spatial dependency and clustering of winter wheat water footprint were then determined using spatial autocorrelation analysis. Furthermore, winter wheat yield–total water footprint quadrant classification, blue and green water resource dependency, and groundwater extraction proportion were integrated to clarify regional water source dependence and formulate differentiated water footprint management strategies. The results indicated that: 1) Data assimilation significantly improved the accuracy of the WOFOST model to simulate the winter wheat yield. There was strong consistency between the simulation and the statistical yield after data assimilation, with an R2 increased to 0.98 and an RMSE reduced to 67.68 kg/hm2. The accuracy significantly also improved after simulation, compared with an R2 of 0.42 and an RMSE of 566.78 kg/hm2; 2) The average green, blue, and total water footprint of winter wheat were 0.35, 0.30, and 0.65 m3/kg, respectively, after data assimilation. The green and the total water footprint exhibited a spatial distribution pattern higher in the south and lower in the north, while the blue water footprint showed a pattern higher in the north and lower in the south; 3) Spatial autocorrelation of winter wheat green and blue water footprint was stronger than that of the total water footprint. The blue, green, and total water footprint of winter wheat exhibited significant spatial clustering, primarily characterized by high-high and low-low clustering; 4) The northern region should prioritize stable production, water saving regulation, and reduction of groundwater extraction, whereas the southern region should focus on improving precipitation use efficiency. This finding can provide scientific support and decision-making basis for the refined and differentiated water resource strategies in typical water-scarce agricultural regions, such as the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain. A solid theoretical foundation and technical framework can help allocate agricultural water resources at the regional scale.

, authors=Jing XUE, Ting BAI, Yali YIN, Jiahui DONG, Jina ZHANG, Shikun SUN*, authorsList=Jing XUE, Ting BAI, Yali YIN, Jiahui DONG, Jina ZHANG, Shikun SUN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shikun SUN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1297211743692943538, articleId=1297211740710793378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, language=CN, title=基于数据同化的作物水足迹量化及空间异质性分析, columnId=1297211651858654084, journalTitle=农业工程学报, columnName=农业水土工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为准确量化区域栅格尺度作物生产水足迹,揭示水足迹的空间分异格局,并制定差异化的水足迹调控策略,该研究以黄淮海平原为研究区,构建了基于WOFOST模型与遥感信息双变量同化的冬小麦生产水足迹量化方法,利用空间自相关分析揭示了冬小麦生产水足迹的空间集聚特征,构建了冬小麦产量-总水足迹四象限分类体系,并与蓝绿水依赖性评估和地下水开采特征相结合制定了不同区域的水足迹调控策略。结果表明:1)数据同化提高了WOFOST模型的模拟精度,R2由0.42提高至0.98,RMSE由566.78 kg/hm2降至67.68 kg/hm2;2)基于同化模型量化得到的冬小麦平均绿水足迹、蓝水足迹和总水足迹分别为0.35、0.30和0.65 m3/kg,绿水足迹和总水足迹呈现南高北低的空间分布格局,蓝水足迹呈现北高南低的空间分布格局;3)基于空间自相关分析发现冬小麦生产水足迹(蓝水足迹、绿水足迹和总水足迹)均呈现显著的空间集聚特征,主要以高-高集聚和低-低集聚为主;4)研究区北部应在保障冬小麦稳产的基础上,加强节水管理并减少对地下水的依赖,南部地区应重点提高降水利用率。该研究构建的水足迹量化方法与分析框架,可为黄淮海地区高耗水热点区识别以及差异化农业水资源管理策略制定提供科学依据。

, authors=薛静, 白婷, 阴亚丽, 董佳慧, 张吉娜, 孙世坤*, authorsList=薛静, 白婷, 阴亚丽, 董佳慧, 张吉娜, 孙世坤, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=孙世坤, authorNote=

薛静,博士生,研究方向为作物生产水足迹量化。Email:

, correspAuthorsNote=
孙世坤,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为农业水土资源管理。Email:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026 农业工程学报编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=o+BBRRUc85Z3V79/AktcsQ==, magXml=B4mJnMDQsVTVvR1zO2Xt8Q==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=cpvo03Wfks/h2MCJVDa7Yw==, pdfFileSize=2529233, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=QwOtmH5uSkTl+vZsdTOZIw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=4dwRTggMniSUtxsOh9/28g==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1299828243914322473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211740710793378, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=xuejing1828@nwafu.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1299828243998208557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211740710793378, authorId=1299828243914322473, language=EN, stringName=Jing XUE, firstName=Jing, middleName=null, lastName=XUE, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=1Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
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薛静,博士生,研究方向为作物生产水足迹量化。Email:

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figureFileBig=FLT4XAiOdLWi6kxvM6pZiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1299828248049906282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211740710793378, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Global Morans'I index of the water footprint for winter wheat production

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水足迹
Water footprint
Morans’I指数
Morans’I index
z值
z-value
P
P value
绿水足迹
Green water footprint
0.89307.750.00
蓝水足迹
Blue water footprint
0.67231.800.00
总水足迹
Total water footprint
0.60206.220.00
), ArticleFig(id=1299828248154763883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211740710793378, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

冬小麦生产水足迹的全局Morans’I指数

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水足迹
Water footprint
Morans’I指数
Morans’I index
z值
z-value
P
P value
绿水足迹
Green water footprint
0.89307.750.00
蓝水足迹
Blue water footprint
0.67231.800.00
总水足迹
Total water footprint
0.60206.220.00
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基于数据同化的作物水足迹量化及空间异质性分析
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薛静 , 白婷 , 阴亚丽 , 董佳慧 , 张吉娜 , 孙世坤 *
农业工程学报 | 农业水土工程 2026,42(12): 177-185
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农业工程学报 |农业水土工程 2026 , 42 (12) : 177 -185
基于数据同化的作物水足迹量化及空间异质性分析
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薛静 , 白婷, 阴亚丽, 董佳慧, 张吉娜, 孙世坤*
作者信息
  • 1西北农林科技大学旱区农业水土工程教育部重点实验室,杨凌 712100
  • 2西北农林科技大学旱区节水农业研究院,杨凌 712100
  • 3西北农林科技大学水利与建筑工程学院,杨凌 712100
通讯作者:
孙世坤,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为农业水土资源管理。Email:
作者简介:

薛静,博士生,研究方向为作物生产水足迹量化。Email:

Quantifying crop water footprint and spatial heterogeneity using data assimilation
Jing XUE , Ting BAI, Yali YIN, Jiahui DONG, Jina ZHANG, Shikun SUN*
Affiliations
  • 1Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
  • 2Institute of Water-saving Agriculture in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
  • 3College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
出版时间: 2026-06-30 doi: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202510141
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为准确量化区域栅格尺度作物生产水足迹,揭示水足迹的空间分异格局,并制定差异化的水足迹调控策略,该研究以黄淮海平原为研究区,构建了基于WOFOST模型与遥感信息双变量同化的冬小麦生产水足迹量化方法,利用空间自相关分析揭示了冬小麦生产水足迹的空间集聚特征,构建了冬小麦产量-总水足迹四象限分类体系,并与蓝绿水依赖性评估和地下水开采特征相结合制定了不同区域的水足迹调控策略。结果表明:1)数据同化提高了WOFOST模型的模拟精度,R2由0.42提高至0.98,RMSE由566.78 kg/hm2降至67.68 kg/hm2;2)基于同化模型量化得到的冬小麦平均绿水足迹、蓝水足迹和总水足迹分别为0.35、0.30和0.65 m3/kg,绿水足迹和总水足迹呈现南高北低的空间分布格局,蓝水足迹呈现北高南低的空间分布格局;3)基于空间自相关分析发现冬小麦生产水足迹(蓝水足迹、绿水足迹和总水足迹)均呈现显著的空间集聚特征,主要以高-高集聚和低-低集聚为主;4)研究区北部应在保障冬小麦稳产的基础上,加强节水管理并减少对地下水的依赖,南部地区应重点提高降水利用率。该研究构建的水足迹量化方法与分析框架,可为黄淮海地区高耗水热点区识别以及差异化农业水资源管理策略制定提供科学依据。

冬小麦  /  水足迹  /  数据同化  /  空间异质性  /  黄淮海地区

Water scarcity has long constrained agricultural sustainability in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, a vital grain production base in China. Regional water resources can also be regulated to improve water use efficiency in sustainable agriculture. It is often required to precisely assess agricultural water use efficiency. Crop production water footprint can be expected to measure the sustainability and efficiency of water resource utilization during the entire crop growth cycle. This study selected winter wheat as the research subject. Assimilated variables were utilized as remotely sensed leaf area index (LAI) and soil moisture (SM). A quantitative assessment was also developed for winter wheat water footprint, according to dual-variable assimilation of crop models and remote sensing data. Spatial dependency and clustering of winter wheat water footprint were then determined using spatial autocorrelation analysis. Furthermore, winter wheat yield–total water footprint quadrant classification, blue and green water resource dependency, and groundwater extraction proportion were integrated to clarify regional water source dependence and formulate differentiated water footprint management strategies. The results indicated that: 1) Data assimilation significantly improved the accuracy of the WOFOST model to simulate the winter wheat yield. There was strong consistency between the simulation and the statistical yield after data assimilation, with an R2 increased to 0.98 and an RMSE reduced to 67.68 kg/hm2. The accuracy significantly also improved after simulation, compared with an R2 of 0.42 and an RMSE of 566.78 kg/hm2; 2) The average green, blue, and total water footprint of winter wheat were 0.35, 0.30, and 0.65 m3/kg, respectively, after data assimilation. The green and the total water footprint exhibited a spatial distribution pattern higher in the south and lower in the north, while the blue water footprint showed a pattern higher in the north and lower in the south; 3) Spatial autocorrelation of winter wheat green and blue water footprint was stronger than that of the total water footprint. The blue, green, and total water footprint of winter wheat exhibited significant spatial clustering, primarily characterized by high-high and low-low clustering; 4) The northern region should prioritize stable production, water saving regulation, and reduction of groundwater extraction, whereas the southern region should focus on improving precipitation use efficiency. This finding can provide scientific support and decision-making basis for the refined and differentiated water resource strategies in typical water-scarce agricultural regions, such as the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain. A solid theoretical foundation and technical framework can help allocate agricultural water resources at the regional scale.

winter wheat  /  water footprint  /  data assimilation  /  spatial heterogeneity  /  Huang-Huai-Hai Plain
薛静, 白婷, 阴亚丽, 董佳慧, 张吉娜, 孙世坤. 基于数据同化的作物水足迹量化及空间异质性分析. 农业工程学报, 2026 , 42 (12) : 177 -185 . DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202510141
Jing XUE, Ting BAI, Yali YIN, Jiahui DONG, Jina ZHANG, Shikun SUN. Quantifying crop water footprint and spatial heterogeneity using data assimilation[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2026 , 42 (12) : 177 -185 . DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202510141
水资源短缺已经成为粮食稳定生产和农业可持续发展的制约因素。农业用水约占全球总用水量的70%[1],在其他行业用水需求逐渐增加的背景下,农业所面临的用水短缺形势更加严峻。因此,提高农业用水效率,确保农业生产过程中的水资源供给,实现粮食稳产增产已成为国内外学者关注的议题。黄淮海地区作为中国重要的粮食主产区,该地区利用全国水资源量的7.7%生产出全国约35%~40%的冬小麦[2]。为满足日益增长的生产生活用水需求,该地区长期依赖地下水超采维持粮食产能,导致地下水位持续下降,形成世界上面积最大的“漏斗区”,直接威胁区域水资源的可持续利用与粮食安全。因此,有必要准确量化和科学评估农业水资源利用情况,以便更好地服务于区域水资源管理和粮食安全大计。
水足迹是全面衡量和评估水资源消耗与利用状况的关键指标之一。从农业角度,衡量单位面积产量所消耗的水资源量称为作物生产水足迹[3],主要由蓝水(地下水或地表水的消耗量)、绿水(有效降水的消耗量)和灰水(稀释污染物的淡水)足迹组成。考虑到灰水足迹主要是将农业生产过程中的化肥、农药等污染物稀释至排放标准的环境改善性用水,并非作物生产过程中所必需消耗的水资源,因此,本研究未将灰水足迹纳入考量。目前作物生产水足迹的量化主要采用作物模型或遥感观测两种手段[4-5],作物模型能够模拟站点尺度作物生长发育过程,具有时间连续性,但受输入参数不确定性限制,空间分异表征能力不足,遥感信息精度较高但时间连续性不足。数据同化可结合二者优势,实现时空信息协同表征,研究表明,将遥感数据同化到作物模型中,可提升模型模拟的精度[68]。尽管数据同化已广泛应用于区域作物长势监测和作物产量预测方面[78],但其在区域栅格尺度冬小麦生产水足迹量化研究中的应用仍相对有限。
已有研究从不同空间尺度解释了作物生产水足迹的空间差异性,如国家尺度[9]、省级尺度[10]、流域尺度[11-12]和灌区尺度[13]。阳君等[10]基于水足迹理论量化分析了2001—2021年四川省各类作物(小麦、玉米和水稻)生产水足迹的时空分布特征,发现研究区内作物生产水足迹呈现东北高-西南低的空间分布格局。李晓鹏等[12]基于采用“自上而下”的水足迹量化方法评估了2009—2023年甘肃内陆河流域的各类水足迹的空间分布特征,研究表明农业水足迹在总水足迹中占比高达80.31%,是流域水足迹的主要组成部分。已有研究普遍证实了水足迹在不同区域尺度上具有明显的空间分异特征,可为作物耗水格局识别提供重要依据,但现有研究多基于较大空间尺度开展评估,在精细刻画区域内部作物耗水差异及揭示作物生产水足迹的空间异质性方面仍相对不足。
综上所述,针对现有研究在区域栅格尺度的冬小麦生产水足迹精细量化、空间依赖性和集聚特征分析方面的不足,本研究构建基于遥感与作物模型同化的冬小麦生产水足迹量化方法,评估数据同化算法在区域栅格尺度水足迹量化中的适用性,并采用空间自相关分析方法系统探讨冬小麦生产水足迹的空间依赖性和集聚特征,在此基础上,构建融合冬小麦产量-总水足迹四象限分类、蓝绿水依赖度及地下水开采占比的综合分析框架,进而提出差异化的水足迹调控策略。本研究旨在为现有水足迹研究体系的完善与优化提供方法参考,同时为黄淮海地区及同类农业区的农业水资源管理提供科学依据。
本研究将黄淮海平原作为研究区(图1),研究区土地总面积46.95万km2,该区地势平坦,土地资源丰富,土壤质地主要为潮土、褐土和砂姜黑土。
气候类型为温带季风气候,夏季高温多雨,冬春寒冷干燥,光热资源丰富,雨热同期,有利于农业生产。研究区种植方式主要是冬小麦-夏玉米复种,种植制度为一年两熟。冬小麦通常在10月中上旬播种,次年6月中旬收获。冬小麦生育期内,各地降水差异显著,月际波动较大,降雨量呈现南多北少的分异态势(图2)。
本研究所需的数据主要包括作物生长模型的输入数据、作物种植面积数据、作物产量数据以及遥感数据。其中作物生长模型所需的2017—2018年、2023—2024年气象数据主要来源于中国气象数据网(http://data.cma.cn/),包括降水、最高气温、最低气温、日照时数、水汽压和风速。模型所需太阳辐射数据采用FAO-56推荐的Angstrom公式由日照时数转换获得[14-15]。土壤数据来源于世界土壤数据库(HWSD)(http://www.fao.org/soils-portal)。冬小麦种植面积数据来源于国家生态科学数据中心(https://www.nesdc.org.cn/)。省级产量数据来源于统计年鉴(https://data.cnki.net/)。地下水开采量数据来源于各市水资源公报。本研究用于WOFOST模型验证的实测数据来源于Web of Science、CNKI等数据库中已发表的文献[1626],共收集了黄淮海平原12个农业站点的116组冬小麦田间观测数据,涵盖叶面积指数(leaf area index,LAI)、土壤水分(soil moisture,SM)及产量等指标。其中LAI与SM数据覆盖冬小麦返青至成熟阶段,观测点主要分布于山东、河北及江苏等区域(图1b),所有数据均为田间原位实测,具有良好的时间连续性与空间代表性,可满足模型验证数据的精度要求。构建同化模型所需的遥感数据包括LAI和SM数据,其中LAI数据来源于MODIS-LAI产品MCD15A3H(http://ladsweb.nascom.nasa.gov),SM数据来源于SMAP卫星提供的SMAP_L4土壤湿度产品(https://search.earthdata.nasa.gov),本研究将所有遥感数据重采样至0.045°×0.045°分辨率。
WOFOST模型通过输入气象数据、作物数据、土壤数据和田间管理数据,在单点尺度以日为步长模拟作物的生长发育过程。遥感数据可以快速、准确获取区域范围内作物生长状态,作物模型与遥感数据耦合为提高区域尺度模型模拟精度提供了一种有效的方法。本研究以遥感获取的LAI与SM作为同化变量,采用集合卡尔曼滤波算法将遥感信息同化到作物模型中,并结合水足迹理论构建基于数据同化的冬小麦生产水足迹量化方法。集合卡尔曼滤波算法是实现遥感观测与作物模型动态融合的核心方法,其核心思想是通过集合采样的方式求解系统状态估计的问题,可有效处理非线性高斯系统[27]。该算法包括预测和更新两个核心步骤,在预测阶段,根据t时刻的状态向量值预测t+1时刻的状态向量值$ \boldsymbol{X}_{i,t+1}^f $
$ {\boldsymbol{X}}_{i,t+1}^{f}={{M}}\left({\boldsymbol{X}}_{i,t}^{a}\right)+{{\boldsymbol{w}}}_{i,t},{{\boldsymbol{w}}}_{i,t}{\mathrm{~}}N\left(0,{\boldsymbol{Q}}\right) $
式中M为模型算子,即WOFOST模型,$ \boldsymbol{X}_{i,t}^a $为模型预测的状态向量,$ \boldsymbol{w}_{i,t} $为模型误差向量,其服从均值为0、协方差矩阵为Q的高斯分布。
在更新阶段,当有新的观测数据时,依据观测数据计算t+1时刻状态向量的更新值:
$ \begin{split} & {\boldsymbol{X}}_{i,t+1}^{a}={\boldsymbol{X}}_{i,t+1}^{f}+\\& {\boldsymbol{P}}_{t+1}^{f}{{\boldsymbol{H}}}^{{\mathrm{T}}}{\left({\boldsymbol{HP}}_{t+1}^{f}{{\boldsymbol{H}}}^{\text{T}}+{\boldsymbol{R}}\right)}^{-1}\left[{{\boldsymbol{y}}}_{t+1}-{{H}}\left({\boldsymbol{X}}_{i,t+1}^{f}\right)\right]\end{split}$
式中$ \boldsymbol{X}_{i,t+1}^a $t+1时刻状态向量的更新值,$ \boldsymbol{P}_{t+1}^f $t+1时刻状态预测值的误差方差矩阵,H为观测算子,Rt+1时刻观测集合的误差协方差矩阵,$ \boldsymbol{y}_{t+1} $t+1时刻实际观测向量,关于集合卡尔曼滤波的具体算法介绍参见文献[28]。
本研究采用的水足迹计算式为[3]
$ W={W}_{g}+{W}_{b} $
$ {W}_{\text{g}}={U}_{\text{g}}/{Y}_{DA}=10{E}_{\text{g}}/{Y}_{DA} $
$ {W}_{b}={U}_{b}/{Y}_{DA}=10{E}_{b}/{Y}_{DA} $
$ {E}_{g}=\min \left({E}_{c},{P}_{eff}\right) $
$ {E}_{b}=\max \left(0,{E}_{c}-{P}_{eff}\right) $
$ {P}_{e(dec)}=\begin{cases} {P}_{dec}(125-0.6{P}_{dec})/125{P}_{dec}\le\left(250/3\right)\\125/3+0.1{P}_{dec}{P}_{dec}>(250/3) \end{cases} $
$ {P}_{eff}=\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}{P}_{e(dec)} $
式中$ {W}_{g} $$ {W}_{b} $分别为绿水足迹和蓝水足迹,$ W $为两者之和,简称为总水足迹,m3/kg,$ {U}_{\text{g}} $$ {U}_{b} $分别为冬小麦绿水和蓝水消耗量,m3/hm2,本研究的水分消耗量核算边界为田间尺度的作物耗水。10为单位转换系数,$ {E}_{g} $$ {E}_{b} $分别为冬小麦消耗的有效降水和灌溉水,mm,$ {Y}_{DA} $为LAI和SM联合同化的冬小麦产量,kg/hm2$ {E}_{c} $为蒸发蒸腾量,mm,$ P_{eff} $为冬小麦生育期内的有效降水量,mm,其计算采用美国农业部土壤保持局推荐的方式[29]$ {P}_{e(dec)} $为旬有效降水量,mm,$ {P}_{dec} $为旬降水量,mm。
空间自相关分析用于表征冬小麦生产水足迹在地理空间上的聚集或分异特征,本研究采用全局莫兰指数(Global Moran’s I)度量研究区栅格尺度下冬小麦生产水足迹的整体关联性,进一步通过局部空间自相关识别冬小麦生产水足迹所具有的高值或低值要素的空间聚类情况,旨在辨析冬小麦生产水足迹的空间分异特征并识别水足迹的高耗水区,具体计算式详见文献[30]。
本研究将栅格尺度的冬小麦产量和水足迹量化结果聚合至市级尺度,以研究区冬小麦产量和总水足迹均值作为分类阈值,基于四象限法将研究区划分为4类产量-总水足迹组合,第Ⅰ象限为冬小麦产量和总水足迹均高于研究区均值,第Ⅱ象限为冬小麦产量低于研究区均值而总水足迹高于研究区均值,第Ⅲ象限为冬小麦产量和总水足迹均低于研究区均值,第Ⅳ象限为冬小麦产量高于研究区均值而总水足迹低于研究区均值。此外,本研究引入蓝水依赖度(blue water dependency ratio,$ D_b $)和绿水依赖度(green water dependency ratio,$ D_g $)表征不同区域冬小麦生产水足迹中灌溉水和有效降水的相对贡献,其中Db为蓝水足迹占总水足迹的比例,Dg为绿水足迹占总水足迹的比例[31]
本研究选用决定系数(coefficient of determination,R2)和均方根误差(root mean square error,RMSE)对模型性能进行评估[32]
为评估WOFOST模型对研究区冬小麦生长发育过程的模拟精度,本研究依据实测数据的观测日期,同步提取模型在对应日期的模拟结果,采用R2和RMSE等统计指标对WOFOST模型的模拟值(SM、LAI和产量)和实测值进行对比分析(图3)。结果表明,WOFOST模型模拟的SM、LAI和产量与实测值之间的R2均在0.75以上,RMSE相对较小。具体而言,WOFOST模型对产量的模拟效果最好,R2达到了0.93,RMSE为360.72 kg/hm2,SM和LAI的模拟值与实测值的R2分别为0.85和0.78,RMSE分别为0.02 mm3/mm3和0.85 mm2/mm2。研究结果表明,WOFOST模型在研究区表现出良好的适用性。
本研究对比分析了同化前后WOFOST模型的模拟结果,并将栅格尺度的产量估算结果聚合至省级尺度,与官方统计产量进行对比验证(图4)。
同化前模型在中西部局部地区的模拟结果存在低产异常估计,表明同化前模型对局部地区产量的模拟仍存在一定偏差,同化后低产异常值则明显减少。进一步从模型的模拟精度上分析表明,同化后模型模拟的精度进一步提升,R2从0.42升至0.98,RMSE由566.78 kg/hm2降至67.68 kg/hm2,这说明仅用模型在区域尺度上进行产量估算存在一定不确定性,数据同化则有效提升了模型的模拟精度,同化后模型的模拟结果更接近实际水平。
本研究基于同化模型对研究区冬小麦生产水足迹进行了量化分析,并分析其空间分布特征(图5)。由图5a可以看出,冬小麦绿水足迹呈现显著的空间差异性,整体由北向南逐渐增大,这说明南部地区冬小麦在生长发育过程中对降水资源的利用程度高于北部地区。研究区南部冬小麦绿水足迹在0.46~0.92 m3/kg范围内,而北部在0.15~0.40 m3/kg范围内,平均为0.35 m3/kg。江苏省冬小麦平均绿水足迹最高,达0.56 m3/kg,其次为安徽省(0.52 m3/kg)与河南省(0.32 m3/kg)。相比之下,河北省、山东省冬小麦平均绿水足迹较低,分别为0.26、0.21 m3/kg,说明研究区南部地区以绿水足迹为主导。
冬小麦蓝水足迹和冬小麦绿水足迹的空间分布格局相反,总体上呈现出由南向北逐渐增大的趋势(图5b),研究区北部冬小麦蓝水足迹则主要在0.32~0.70 m3/kg范围内,研究区南部冬小麦蓝水足迹主要在0.10~0.32 m3/kg范围内,冬小麦平均蓝水足迹为0.30 m3/kg,山东省和河南省是冬小麦平均蓝水足迹的高值区,均为0.35 m3/kg,说明这些省份冬小麦生长过程中对灌溉水的消耗较大。
在蓝水足迹与绿水足迹的共同作用下,冬小麦总水足迹整体呈现南高北低的空间分布格局(图5c),高值区主要分布于西南部、中南部及东南部部分区域,低值区则主要分布在北部及西北部部分区域。冬小麦平均总水足迹为0.65 m3/kg,江苏、河南和安徽的冬小麦平均总水足迹较高,分别为0.82、0.67和0.65 m3/kg。
为了分析冬小麦生产水足迹的空间依赖性及局部集聚特征,本研究采用Morans’I指数分析冬小麦生产水足迹(绿水足迹、蓝水足迹和总水足迹)在空间分布上的相关性(表1)。如表1所示,绿水足迹、蓝水足迹和总水足迹的Morans’I指数均为正值,Morans’I指数的z得分均大于0.01置信水平的临界值(2.58),通过显著性检验,表明研究区冬小麦生产水足迹存在显著的正空间自相关性,且具有正的集聚分布现象,即在冬小麦生产水足迹较高的地区,其周边地区的冬小麦生产水足迹也高,反之亦然。同时,绿水足迹和蓝水足迹的空间自相关性强于总水足迹的空间自相关性。
从局部空间自相关结果来看(图6),绿水足迹呈现出显著的空间集聚特征,绿水足迹高-高集聚主要分布在研究区南部地区,即研究区南部为绿水消耗的高值热点区,低-低集聚主要分布在研究区北部地区(图6a),表明绿水足迹的高值单元和低值单元均具有显著的空间连片分布特征。蓝水足迹呈现与绿水足迹相反的空间集聚状态,即蓝水足迹高-高集聚主要分布在研究区北部地区,为蓝水消耗的高值热点区,低-低集聚主要分布在研究区南部地区(图6b)。总水足迹的高-高集聚区主要分布于研究区南部和东南部,低-低集聚区则主要集中于中北部和东北部(图6c),冬小麦生产水足迹的不显著区域多分布于高低值集聚区之间的过渡地带。
研究区冬小麦产量均值为6314.36 kg/hm2,总水足迹均值为0.67 m3/kg,将二者作为分界阈值,基于四象限法将研究区划分为4种产量-总水足迹组合类型,在此基础上,进一步结合冬小麦蓝绿水依赖度及地下水开采占比进行分析(图7)。
总体来看,第I象限共包含9个市,包括开封、洛阳、三门峡、商丘、唐山、信阳、郑州、鹤壁和驻马店。这些区域冬小麦产量和水足迹均高于研究区均值,表明其高产形成过程中伴随着较高单位产量的水分消耗。结合蓝绿水依赖度可知,有8个城市的蓝水依赖度大于50%,说明该区域内冬小麦总水足迹偏高主要与蓝水消耗有关。与此同时,商丘、驻马店、鹤壁和开封地下水开采占比分别达到69.33%、57.63%、54.62%和54.32%,唐山和洛阳的这一比例也相对较高,分别为41.14%和40.30%,表明该象限内大部分城市中冬小麦蓝水消耗与地下水供给之间具有一定关联。因此对于该区域的调控措施应重点关注稳产控水和控制地下水开采。具体而言,应优先推广高效节水技术(如滴灌、喷灌等),严格控制地下水开采。已有研究表明,精准微喷灌策略结合低耗水种植模式(如小麦-大豆轮作),可在减少地下水抽取的同时,提升作物的产量[33],此外,应优化种植模式,可采用高低畦种植[34]和宽垄种植[35]等种植模式,同时在蓝水高消耗区适度压减种植规模。值得注意的是,冬小麦相较于其他主要作物具有较强的耐盐性,在浅层微咸水丰富的低平原区,可因地制宜地采用微咸水进行灌溉,缓解地下水超采问题[36]
第Ⅱ象限共包含25个市,主要分布于安徽、江苏等地的大部分城市。这些区域的冬小麦产量低于研究区均值,冬小麦总水足迹则高于研究区均值,而且该象限内多数城市绿水依赖度较高,因此,该区域应以绿水提效和增产稳产为主要目标,可通过实施地膜覆盖、垄沟集雨和深松整地等农艺保墒措施,提升降水利用率[37],同时在降水较为丰富的地区,还应加强排水和防涝措施,以防止过多土壤水分对根系生长和产量形成造成不利影响。
第Ⅲ象限共包含7个市,包括蚌埠、亳州、阜阳、菏泽、淮南、廊坊和六安。这些区域冬小麦产量和水足迹均低于研究区均值,因此该类区域的调控重点是在保持较低水足迹优势的基础上提高冬小麦产量。对于蚌埠、亳州、阜阳、淮南和六安等绿水依赖度较高的城市,可通过同时优化播期和品种配置,使冬小麦关键生育期与区域降水模式和水热条件相匹配。对于菏泽和廊坊等蓝水依赖度较高且地下水开采占比超过40%的城市,应优先采用节水型农艺措施提高土壤的保水保肥能力以及在作物关键生育阶段进行精准补灌。
第Ⅳ象限共包含30个市,主要包括河北、河南和山东等地的大部分城市,这些区域的冬小麦产量高于研究区均值,冬小麦总水足迹低于研究区均值,表明在冬小麦生长发育过程中对水分的利用效率较高,因此,该类区域应以稳产保效为主要目标,然而该区域中部分城市具有较高蓝水依赖度或地下水开采占比,如周口、许昌、鹤壁、枣庄和泰安等城市,因此在维持产量稳定和水分利用效率高的状态的同时,仍需加强地下水开采限制和节水灌溉管理。
本研究构建了基于数据同化的冬小麦生产水足迹量化方法,结果表明,冬小麦总水足迹为0.65 m3/kg,其中绿水足迹为0.35 m3/kg,蓝水足迹为0.30 m3/kg。为验证本研究方法的可靠性与结果合理性,将本研究结果与已有相关研究成果进行对比分析,殷琳琳和尹心安[38]基于动态水平衡模型和CROPWAT 8.0模型所开展的研究显示,河南、河北、山东、安徽和江苏等冬小麦主产区的小麦绿水足迹约为0.61~1.11 m3/kg,蓝水足迹约为0.11~0.68 m3/kg。WANG等[39]的小麦总水足迹为0.84 m3/kg,其中绿水足迹和蓝水足迹分别为0.46 和0.38 m3/kg。总体来看,本研究结果低于已有研究结果,但差值处于合理误差范围内,造成差异的主要原因是研究尺度、研究年份以及核算方式不同,已有研究主要聚焦于省级及区域宏观尺度,其结果适用于揭示大空间尺度下水足迹的时空演变趋势,而本研究基于遥感与作物模型同化,在区域栅格尺度上量化冬小麦生产水足迹,能够更精细地呈现区域内部耗水变化和作物用水效率差异。本研究结果与已有研究在数量级上具有一致性,而且在空间精细化呈现方面具有优势,表明该方法具有一定的适用性和可靠性。
本研究还存在一定局限性需要在未来进一步研究分析,由于计算量和算法的复杂性,本研究仅聚焦于冬小麦生产水足迹的空间分异特征,而其时间维度的变异规律也值得分析。除此之外,在基于水足迹的调控策略方面,未来可进一步分析不同水肥制度、种植结构优化以及播期和品种调整等情景对冬小麦产量和水足迹的影响,提升分区调控的精细化水平。
本研究构建了一种基于遥感与作物模型同化的冬小麦生产水足迹量化方法并分析其空间分异特征,基于空间自相关分析揭示了冬小麦生产水足迹的空间依赖性和集聚特征,并进一步结合产量-水足迹象限分类、蓝绿水依赖度及地下水开采占比,提出具有差异化的水足迹调控策略。主要结论如下:
1)数据同化提升了WOFOST模型的模拟精度,同化后模型的R2由同化前的0.42升至为0.98,RMSE则由566.78 kg/hm2降至67.68 kg/hm2
2)研究区冬小麦生产水足迹表现出明显的空间异质性,绿水足迹和总水足迹均呈现南高北低格局,蓝水足迹呈现北高南低格局。总体上,冬小麦平均蓝水足迹、绿水足迹和总水足迹分别为0.30、0.35和0.65 m3/kg。
3)冬小麦生产水足迹存在显著的正空间自相关性且具有正的集聚分布现象,基于局部空间自相关分析表明冬小麦生产水足迹的空间集聚状态主要表现为高-高集聚和低-低集聚。
4)蓝水依赖度和地下水开采压力较高的区域应以稳产控水、优化灌溉制度和控制地下水开采为主,绿水依赖度较高的区域应以提高降水利用率为主。

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2026年第42卷第12期
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doi: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202510141
  • 接收时间:2025-10-20
  • 首发时间:2026-08-20
  • 出版时间:2026-06-30
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出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2025-10-20
  • 修回日期:2026-03-20
基金
作者信息
    1西北农林科技大学旱区农业水土工程教育部重点实验室,杨凌 712100
    2西北农林科技大学旱区节水农业研究院,杨凌 712100
    3西北农林科技大学水利与建筑工程学院,杨凌 712100

通讯作者:

孙世坤,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为农业水土资源管理。Email:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/nygcxb/CN/10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202510141
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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