Article(id=1297211698683867971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, issueId=1297211624738284246, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202508118, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1755100800000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-14, revisedDate=1775059200000, revisedDateStr=2026-04-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1787208969994, onlineDateStr=2026-08-20, pubDate=1782748800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1787208969994, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1787208969994, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1787208969994, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1297211624738284246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, year='2026', volume='42', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='396', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782748800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1787208952364, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1787212261177, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1297225503002357852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, issueId=1297211624738284246, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1297225503002357853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, issueId=1297211624738284246, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=167, endPage=176, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1297211698897777476, articleId=1297211698683867971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, language=EN, title=Near-surface water vapor dynamics and its response to condensation events in arid regions, columnId=1297211650193515394, journalTitle=Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, columnName=Soil and Water Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Near-surface water vapor condensation is one of the most crucial steps to fully utilize atmospheric water sources in ecological agriculture. It is often required to clarify the dynamic relationship between near-surface water vapor and condensation. This study aims to investigate near-surface water vapor dynamics and their response to condensation events in arid regions. Three geographical conditions of northwest China were selected to capture the meteorological parameters, including the southeast margin of the Tengger Desert (TD), the arid belt of the center in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (CANX), and the semi-arid region in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (SANX). The hydrostatic integration was employed to calculate water vapor flux and content within a 100 m range above ground at each observation point, based on the evolution patterns of meteorological factors with hight at the Yinchuan radiosonde station. The leaf wetness sensor of PHYTOS31 was used to calculate the condensation water amount at 5 cm above ground. A correlation analysis was performed on the water vapor, condensation water, and meteorological parameters. The results indicate that there were significant differences in annual total condensation water at TD, CANX, and SANX sites (P<0.05), with annual averages of 13.35, 22.68, and 32.80 mm, respectively, during the observation period. Spatiotemporal variations in water vapor flux and content were significant (P <0.05) at all three stations, thus peaking in summer and declining in winter. Minimum monthly water vapor flux at TD, CANX, and SANX were 1.9, 2.3, and 1.8 kg/(m·s), respectively, while minimum monthly water vapor content was 1.30, 1.45, and 1.60 mm, respectively. Peak water vapor flux and content occurred in July at SANX, and in August at TD and CANX. Water vapor flux was markedly higher at the southeast margin of the Tengger Desert and arid region than that in the semi-arid regions, with 21.2, 19.4, and 13.9 kg/(m·s) for the maximum TD, CANX, and SANX, respectively. The monthly average water vapor content was highest at the SANX site (13.69 mm), while those were 11.35 and 11.23 mm, respectively, at the TD and CANX sites. The primary wind direction ranges influencing water vapor flux and content at the three stations were: TD with 0°–60° and 150°–210°, CANX with 180°–240°, and SANX with 0°–30°, 120°–240°, and 300°–359°. In terms of a single condensation event, both water vapor flux and content decreased during the condensation accumulation phase, whereas there was an increase when the condensation dissipated. Condensation content showed a significant negative correlation with water vapor content (P<0.05). The correlation coefficients for TD, CANX, and SANX were −0.652, −0.751, and −0.722, respectively. Water vapor flux first decreased and then increased during the diurnal cycle without condensation, due to the absence of water vapor phase change. While water vapor content shared an increasing trend. Water vapor flux and content exhibited a significant negative correlation (P<0.05) during the process. These findings can also provide valuable insights to characterize near-surface water vapor dynamics under diverse geographical conditions.

, authors=Bo MA1, 2, Xinfang YAN1, 2, Wangcheng LI1, 2, Xin ZHANG1, authorsList=Bo MA, Xinfang YAN, Wangcheng LI, Xin ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1297211701565354833, articleId=1297211698683867971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, language=CN, title=干旱区近地表水汽特征及其对凝结水发生的响应, columnId=1297211651858654084, journalTitle=农业工程学报, columnName=农业水土工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探明干旱地区近地表水汽特征及凝结水发生过程水汽动态,选取沙漠边缘(TD)、干旱区(CANX)和半干旱区(SANX)3种地理条件作为研究对象,采用流体静力学积分法计算了近地表水汽通量和水汽含量,用叶片湿度传感器测算了地上5 cm处凝结水量,分析了水汽时空特征、凝结水发生过程和无凝结水昼夜水汽动态。结果表明:观测时段TD、CANX和SANX年均凝结水量分别为13.35、22.68和32.80 mm,差异显著(P<0.05)。3个测站水汽通量、水汽含量差异显著(P <0.05),SANX水汽通量、水汽含量峰值在7月,TD和CANX在8月,TD、CANX和SANX最大月平均水汽通量分别为21.2、19.4 和13.9 kg/(m·s),最大月平均水汽含量分别为11.35、11.23和13.69 mm。水汽传输具有特定的风向,TD为0°~60°和150°~210°、CANX为180°~240°、SANX为0°~30°、120°~240°和300°~359°。凝结水发生时,水汽通量、水汽含量呈下降趋势,凝结水量与水汽含量呈负相关(P <0.05);凝结水消散阶段,水汽通量、水汽含量呈增加趋势。无凝结水发生昼夜,水汽通量先降低后增加,水汽含量呈增加趋势。研究结果对于揭示不同地理条件近地表水汽特征和用近地表水汽动态推断凝结水发生过程具有参考价值。

, authors=马波1, 2, 闫新房1, 2, 李王成1, 2, 张欣1, authorsList=马波, 闫新房, 李王成, 张欣, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

马波,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,研究方向为旱区节水灌溉理论与技术。Email:

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马波,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,研究方向为旱区节水灌溉理论与技术。Email:

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马波,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,研究方向为旱区节水灌溉理论与技术。Email:

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(in Chinese with English abstract), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1299828219704791153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211698683867971, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828219713179762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211698683867971, companyId=1299828219704791153, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828219721568371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211698683867971, companyId=1299828219704791153, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1宁夏大学土木与水利工程学院,银川 750021)]), AuthorCompany(id=1299828219788677236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211698683867971, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828219792871541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211698683867971, companyId=1299828219788677236, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Engineering Research Center for Efficient Utilization of Modern Agricultural Water Resources in Arid Regions, Ministry of Education, Yinchuan 750021, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828219801260150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211698683867971, companyId=1299828219788677236, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2干旱地区现代农业水资源高效利用教育部工程中心,银川 750021)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1299828221583839382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211698683867971, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Precipitation amount for 24 consecutive months in study area, figureFileSmall=682oJaqB2755ncDsXOT+cA==, figureFileBig=TXVGE4Kd6LbM91nxjDLNJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1299828221667725463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211698683867971, language=CN, label=图1, caption=研究区连续24个月降水量, figureFileSmall=682oJaqB2755ncDsXOT+cA==, figureFileBig=TXVGE4Kd6LbM91nxjDLNJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1299828221780971672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211698683867971, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Installation sites of sensors to obtain data, figureFileSmall=697wxxRU5OUczi7KbRs6Ug==, figureFileBig=nzFT2jL2kua36SklfhH7sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1299828221843886233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211698683867971, language=CN, label=图2, caption=数据获取传感器安装位置

1.风向、风速仪Wind direction and speed 2.雨量桶Rain gauge 3.温湿度和大气压Air temperature, relative humidity and barometric pressure 4.数据采集Data logging 5.叶片湿度传感器Leaf wetness sensor

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Key climatic parameters of the study area

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测站
Station
海拔
Elevation/m
Tmax/℃Tmin/℃MAT/℃MAP/mmE/mm干旱指数
Drought index
ts/hVaw(m·s−1)
注:Tmax为最高气温,Tmin为最低气温,MAT为平均气温,MAP为多年平均降水量,E为年水面蒸发量,ts为年总日照时数,Vaw为平均风速。
Note: Tmax means maximum temperature; Tmin means minimum temperature; MAT means annual temperature; MAP means annual precipitation; E means annual total evaporation; ts means annual total sunshine time; Vaw means average wind speed.
腾格里沙漠边缘
The edge of Tengger desert(TD)
126038.1−25.19.6186.2320017.23264.02.90[20]
宁夏中部干旱带
Central arid of Ningxia(CANX)
174041.4−29.66.8203.0240011.82700.02.49~2.95[21]
宁夏半干旱区
Semi-arid of Ningxia(SANX)
145639.9−24.37.5350.013003.72322.31.20
), ArticleFig(id=1299828222603055267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211698683867971, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

研究区关键气象参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测站
Station
海拔
Elevation/m
Tmax/℃Tmin/℃MAT/℃MAP/mmE/mm干旱指数
Drought index
ts/hVaw(m·s−1)
注:Tmax为最高气温,Tmin为最低气温,MAT为平均气温,MAP为多年平均降水量,E为年水面蒸发量,ts为年总日照时数,Vaw为平均风速。
Note: Tmax means maximum temperature; Tmin means minimum temperature; MAT means annual temperature; MAP means annual precipitation; E means annual total evaporation; ts means annual total sunshine time; Vaw means average wind speed.
腾格里沙漠边缘
The edge of Tengger desert(TD)
126038.1−25.19.6186.2320017.23264.02.90[20]
宁夏中部干旱带
Central arid of Ningxia(CANX)
174041.4−29.66.8203.0240011.82700.02.49~2.95[21]
宁夏半干旱区
Semi-arid of Ningxia(SANX)
145639.9−24.37.5350.013003.72322.31.20
), ArticleFig(id=1299828222682747044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211698683867971, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Natural elements, human activities and climate change of study area

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测站
Station
水文
Hydrology
气候变化
Climate change
地形
Terrain
地貌
Physiognomy
土壤
Soil
植被
Vegetation
人类活动
Human activities
大气环流
Atmospheric
circulation
TD无地表水资源,地下水位50~80 m。温带干旱荒漠区,
大陆性气候。
西北高,
东南低。
格状与新月形
沙丘链[22]
流沙、原生灰钙
土、风成沙土[22]
沙漠边缘人工绿化乔木、灌木搭配,野生黑
沙蒿、花棒、茵陈
蒿和小画眉草[22]
人工与自然结合的荒漠生态系统沙漠向绿洲过渡带。属东亚
季风区,水
汽受亚洲夏
季风、西风
环流和高原
季风等多个
大气环流
系统综合
影响[23]
CANX黄河支流清水河、地下水位120 m。干旱带气候条件。南高北低,东高西
[24]
峡谷带状,东西
走向为平原,南
北均为山丘[24]
沙壤土、典型棕
钙土与灰钙土[24]
农牧业植被及野生猪毛草、白茎盐生草等
荒漠植被[24]
农牧交错区,农业以旱作为主,辅以少量扬黄灌溉和井灌区[24]
SANX黄河支流清水河、地下水位40 m。大陆性气候,自南向北由半湿润气候向
半干旱气候过渡。
自南向北呈阶梯式逐渐下降[25]地貌多样,山地、丘陵及平原等[25]沙壤土、黑垆土
为主,局部为
灰钙土。
农牧业植被及
长芒草、早熟禾、铁杆萬、百里香、大针茅、凤毛菊、阿尔泰狗娃花、赖草等。
农牧交错区。
), ArticleFig(id=1299828222754050213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211698683867971, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

研究区自然要素、人类活动及气候变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测站
Station
水文
Hydrology
气候变化
Climate change
地形
Terrain
地貌
Physiognomy
土壤
Soil
植被
Vegetation
人类活动
Human activities
大气环流
Atmospheric
circulation
TD无地表水资源,地下水位50~80 m。温带干旱荒漠区,
大陆性气候。
西北高,
东南低。
格状与新月形
沙丘链[22]
流沙、原生灰钙
土、风成沙土[22]
沙漠边缘人工绿化乔木、灌木搭配,野生黑
沙蒿、花棒、茵陈
蒿和小画眉草[22]
人工与自然结合的荒漠生态系统沙漠向绿洲过渡带。属东亚
季风区,水
汽受亚洲夏
季风、西风
环流和高原
季风等多个
大气环流
系统综合
影响[23]
CANX黄河支流清水河、地下水位120 m。干旱带气候条件。南高北低,东高西
[24]
峡谷带状,东西
走向为平原,南
北均为山丘[24]
沙壤土、典型棕
钙土与灰钙土[24]
农牧业植被及野生猪毛草、白茎盐生草等
荒漠植被[24]
农牧交错区,农业以旱作为主,辅以少量扬黄灌溉和井灌区[24]
SANX黄河支流清水河、地下水位40 m。大陆性气候,自南向北由半湿润气候向
半干旱气候过渡。
自南向北呈阶梯式逐渐下降[25]地貌多样,山地、丘陵及平原等[25]沙壤土、黑垆土
为主,局部为
灰钙土。
农牧业植被及
长芒草、早熟禾、铁杆萬、百里香、大针茅、凤毛菊、阿尔泰狗娃花、赖草等。
农牧交错区。
), ArticleFig(id=1299828222825353382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211698683867971, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

The sensors and its properties

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号
Serial number
名称
Name
获取参数
Parameters
精度
Accuracy
1ATMOS 22风速、风向±0.01 m/s、±1 °
2ECRN-100降水量0.2 mm
3ATMOS14空气温度、相对湿度、
大气压
±0.2 ℃、±1%、
±0.05 kPa
4ZL6数据采集器可接6个传感器
5PHYTOS 31凝结水量±0.02 mm
), ArticleFig(id=1299828222896656551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211698683867971, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

传感器及其特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号
Serial number
名称
Name
获取参数
Parameters
精度
Accuracy
1ATMOS 22风速、风向±0.01 m/s、±1 °
2ECRN-100降水量0.2 mm
3ATMOS14空气温度、相对湿度、
大气压
±0.2 ℃、±1%、
±0.05 kPa
4ZL6数据采集器可接6个传感器
5PHYTOS 31凝结水量±0.02 mm
), ArticleFig(id=1299828222972154024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211698683867971, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Water vapor, condensation and meteorological parameters of each observation station

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测站 Station季节 SeasonQ/(kg·m−1·s−1)W/mmWe/mmTa/℃RHVs/(m·s−1)p/kPa
注:Q为水汽通量、W为水汽含量、We为凝结水量、Ta为空气温度、RH为相对湿度、Vs为风速、p为大气压,不同大写字母代表不同测点同一季节之间在0.05水平上差异显著,不同小写字母代表同一测点不同季节之间在0.05水平上差异显著,下同。
Note: Q means water vapor flux, W means water vapor content, We means condensation amount, Ta atmospheric temperature, RH means relative humidity, Vs means wind speed, p means barometric pressure, different capital letters indicate significant differences among same season of the different observation stations at the 0.05 level, different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among same observation stations in the different seasons at the 0.05 level, same below.
TD3.20±1.04Ac1.83±0.41Ac0.00±0.00Ac−0.68±6.85Ab0.45±0.12Aa1.61±0.24Aa87.77±0.29Aab
10.27±3.33Ab6.12±2.32Ab4.48±0.39Aab18.84±3.08Aa0.36±0.06Aa1.90±0.49Aa87.23±0.30Abc
17.98±3.63Aa10.37±1.36Aa7.49±0.81Ba23.08±3.08Aa0.54±0.09Aa1.59±0.16Ba87.02±0.30Ac
3.98±2.26Abc2.68±1.53Abc1.38±0.52Abc1.50±6.26Ab0.49±0.05Aa1.51±0.105Aa88.23±0.14Aa
CANX3.62±0.99Ac2.07±0.47Ac0.72±0.30Ab0.30±5.58Ab0.39±0.02Bb1.85±0.26Abc83.18±0.18Cab
10.54±2.76Ab5.73±2.04Ab4.98±0.62Ab15.82±4.75Aa0.47±0.10Aab2.39±0.16Aa82.90±0.19Cb
16.96±1.73Aa10.16±1.07Aa13.87±1.89ABa20.38±2.74Aa0.57±0.05Aa2.08±0.12Aab82.81±0.23Cb
5.19±2.55Ac3.08±1.52Abc3.11±0.90Ab1.76±5.38Ab0.52±0.02Aba1.63±0.19Ac83.58±0.03Ca
SANX3.45±1.38Ab2.57±0.60Ac0.32±0.09Ab0.47±5.56Ab0.58±0.12Aab1.22±0.29Ab85.69±0.19Bab
10.27±1.19Aa7.12±1.84Ab3.20±0.63Ab16.63±4.03Aa0.48±0.03Ab1.71±0.23Aa85.28±0.24Bb
11.23±2.78Aa11.63±1.61Aa21.67±2.13Aa20.81±3.44Aa0.68±0.06Aa0.86±0.09Cb85.22±0.30Bb
3.78±1.63Ab3.54±1.75Ac10.86±3.06Aab1.08±5.25Ab0.64±0.08ABab1.06±0.11Bb86.19±0.09Ba
), ArticleFig(id=1299828223035068585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211698683867971, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

各测点不同季节水汽、凝结水及气象参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测站 Station季节 SeasonQ/(kg·m−1·s−1)W/mmWe/mmTa/℃RHVs/(m·s−1)p/kPa
注:Q为水汽通量、W为水汽含量、We为凝结水量、Ta为空气温度、RH为相对湿度、Vs为风速、p为大气压,不同大写字母代表不同测点同一季节之间在0.05水平上差异显著,不同小写字母代表同一测点不同季节之间在0.05水平上差异显著,下同。
Note: Q means water vapor flux, W means water vapor content, We means condensation amount, Ta atmospheric temperature, RH means relative humidity, Vs means wind speed, p means barometric pressure, different capital letters indicate significant differences among same season of the different observation stations at the 0.05 level, different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among same observation stations in the different seasons at the 0.05 level, same below.
TD3.20±1.04Ac1.83±0.41Ac0.00±0.00Ac−0.68±6.85Ab0.45±0.12Aa1.61±0.24Aa87.77±0.29Aab
10.27±3.33Ab6.12±2.32Ab4.48±0.39Aab18.84±3.08Aa0.36±0.06Aa1.90±0.49Aa87.23±0.30Abc
17.98±3.63Aa10.37±1.36Aa7.49±0.81Ba23.08±3.08Aa0.54±0.09Aa1.59±0.16Ba87.02±0.30Ac
3.98±2.26Abc2.68±1.53Abc1.38±0.52Abc1.50±6.26Ab0.49±0.05Aa1.51±0.105Aa88.23±0.14Aa
CANX3.62±0.99Ac2.07±0.47Ac0.72±0.30Ab0.30±5.58Ab0.39±0.02Bb1.85±0.26Abc83.18±0.18Cab
10.54±2.76Ab5.73±2.04Ab4.98±0.62Ab15.82±4.75Aa0.47±0.10Aab2.39±0.16Aa82.90±0.19Cb
16.96±1.73Aa10.16±1.07Aa13.87±1.89ABa20.38±2.74Aa0.57±0.05Aa2.08±0.12Aab82.81±0.23Cb
5.19±2.55Ac3.08±1.52Abc3.11±0.90Ab1.76±5.38Ab0.52±0.02Aba1.63±0.19Ac83.58±0.03Ca
SANX3.45±1.38Ab2.57±0.60Ac0.32±0.09Ab0.47±5.56Ab0.58±0.12Aab1.22±0.29Ab85.69±0.19Bab
10.27±1.19Aa7.12±1.84Ab3.20±0.63Ab16.63±4.03Aa0.48±0.03Ab1.71±0.23Aa85.28±0.24Bb
11.23±2.78Aa11.63±1.61Aa21.67±2.13Aa20.81±3.44Aa0.68±0.06Aa0.86±0.09Cb85.22±0.30Bb
3.78±1.63Ab3.54±1.75Ac10.86±3.06Aab1.08±5.25Ab0.64±0.08ABab1.06±0.11Bb86.19±0.09Ba
), ArticleFig(id=1299828223114760362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211698683867971, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

The correlation of water vapor and meteorological factors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测站 Station指标 IndexQWWeTaRHVs
TDW0.991
We0.8490.873
Ta0.9050.9070.808
RH0.2180.2640.413−0.088
Vs0.034−0.041−0.0390.259−0.687
p−0.847−0.836−0.637−0.8980.151−0.160
CANXW0.987
We0.8180.749
Ta0.9150.9090.622
RH0.5240.4770.7690.297
Vs0.4800.4110.3100.6620.084
p−0.715−0.733−0.318−0.8300.089−0.690
SANXW0.921
We0.3610.634
Ta0.9730.9370.483
RH0.0530.3650.8490.134
Vs0.169−0.199−0.5530.124−0.742
p−0.882−0.781−0.112−0.8660.306−0.235
), ArticleFig(id=1299828223190257835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211698683867971, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

水汽及气象因素相关性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测站 Station指标 IndexQWWeTaRHVs
TDW0.991
We0.8490.873
Ta0.9050.9070.808
RH0.2180.2640.413−0.088
Vs0.034−0.041−0.0390.259−0.687
p−0.847−0.836−0.637−0.8980.151−0.160
CANXW0.987
We0.8180.749
Ta0.9150.9090.622
RH0.5240.4770.7690.297
Vs0.4800.4110.3100.6620.084
p−0.715−0.733−0.318−0.8300.089−0.690
SANXW0.921
We0.3610.634
Ta0.9730.9370.483
RH0.0530.3650.8490.134
Vs0.169−0.199−0.5530.124−0.742
p−0.882−0.781−0.112−0.8660.306−0.235
), ArticleFig(id=1299828223265755308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211698683867971, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Monthly value of wind direction and water vapor

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
月MonthTDCANXSANX
Dw/(o)Q/(kg·m−1·s−1)W/mmDw/(o)Q/(kg·m−1·s−1)W/mmDw/(o)Q/(kg·m−1·s−1)W/mm
注:Dw为风向,不同大写字母代表同一测点不同月之间在0.05水平上差异显著,不同小写字母代表不同测点同一月之间在0.05水平上差异显著。
Note: Dw means wind direction, different capital letters indicate significant differences among the different month in the same observation stations at the 0.05 level,different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among same month of the different observation stations at the 0.05 level.
0178.76Ib1.9HIb1.30Ic199.99Ba2.3Ha1.45Ib196.30BCDa2.4IJb2.00Ja
0288.98Hc3.2Hb1.90Ic179.93CDb3.9HIa2.15Ib190.48CDa2.6Ib2.30Ja
0396.43Gc4.5Fb2.30Gc184.25Cb4.7Ga2.60Hb197.92BCa5.4Ga3.40Ha
04123.32Dc7.4Db3.85Fc176.19Db8.6Ea4.05Eb202.62Ba9.0Ca5.00Ea
05103.27Fb8.5Ec5.20Ec193.72Ba8.6Ea4.55Eb196.00CDa10.0Db6.90Ga
06130.33BCc14.9Cb9.30Dc173.77Db14.5Da8.60Db210.70Aa11.8Bb9.50Da
07134.95ABc19.9Ba11.30Bc155.26Eb15.6Cb10.57Bb177.61Ea13.9Ac13.69Ba
08126.68CDb21.2Aa11.35Ac155.49Ea19.4Ab11.23Ab160.44Fa12.4ABc11.70Aa
09141.16Ac12.9Cb8.45Cc222.72Aa15.9Ba8.70Cb174.38Eb7.4Ec9.70Ca
10115.41Ec7.2Ea4.80Eb196.33Ba8.6Fa5.10Fc174.81Eb5.8Fb5.95Fa
1168.66Jc2.8Gb2.00Gc174.03Db4.7Fa2.70Ga190.56Da3.8Hb3.25Ib
1276.19Ic2.0Ib1.25Jb221.09Aa2.4Ia1.45Ja190.61Db1.8Jc1.60Ka
), ArticleFig(id=1299828223337058477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211698683867971, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

各测站风向及水汽月平均值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
月MonthTDCANXSANX
Dw/(o)Q/(kg·m−1·s−1)W/mmDw/(o)Q/(kg·m−1·s−1)W/mmDw/(o)Q/(kg·m−1·s−1)W/mm
注:Dw为风向,不同大写字母代表同一测点不同月之间在0.05水平上差异显著,不同小写字母代表不同测点同一月之间在0.05水平上差异显著。
Note: Dw means wind direction, different capital letters indicate significant differences among the different month in the same observation stations at the 0.05 level,different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among same month of the different observation stations at the 0.05 level.
0178.76Ib1.9HIb1.30Ic199.99Ba2.3Ha1.45Ib196.30BCDa2.4IJb2.00Ja
0288.98Hc3.2Hb1.90Ic179.93CDb3.9HIa2.15Ib190.48CDa2.6Ib2.30Ja
0396.43Gc4.5Fb2.30Gc184.25Cb4.7Ga2.60Hb197.92BCa5.4Ga3.40Ha
04123.32Dc7.4Db3.85Fc176.19Db8.6Ea4.05Eb202.62Ba9.0Ca5.00Ea
05103.27Fb8.5Ec5.20Ec193.72Ba8.6Ea4.55Eb196.00CDa10.0Db6.90Ga
06130.33BCc14.9Cb9.30Dc173.77Db14.5Da8.60Db210.70Aa11.8Bb9.50Da
07134.95ABc19.9Ba11.30Bc155.26Eb15.6Cb10.57Bb177.61Ea13.9Ac13.69Ba
08126.68CDb21.2Aa11.35Ac155.49Ea19.4Ab11.23Ab160.44Fa12.4ABc11.70Aa
09141.16Ac12.9Cb8.45Cc222.72Aa15.9Ba8.70Cb174.38Eb7.4Ec9.70Ca
10115.41Ec7.2Ea4.80Eb196.33Ba8.6Fa5.10Fc174.81Eb5.8Fb5.95Fa
1168.66Jc2.8Gb2.00Gc174.03Db4.7Fa2.70Ga190.56Da3.8Hb3.25Ib
1276.19Ic2.0Ib1.25Jb221.09Aa2.4Ia1.45Ja190.61Db1.8Jc1.60Ka
), ArticleFig(id=1299828223420944558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211698683867971, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Water vapor flux, water vapor content and the correlation during the process of condensation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测站StationWe/mmQ/(kg·m−1·s−1)W/mm相关系数The coefficient of correlation
We×QWe×WQ×W
注:不同小写字母代表不同测点之间在0.05水平上差异显著。*表示0.05显著性水平。
Note: Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among observation stations at the 0.05 level. *, P<0.05.
TD0.039±0.042b4.67±3.221a7.12±0.951c−0.571*−0.652*0.909*
CANX0.173±0.170a5.23±4.916a8.18±0.877b−0.546*−0.751*0.772*
SANX0.189±0.181a5.31±4.486a9.56±1.321a−0.475*−0.722*0.849*
), ArticleFig(id=1299828223492247727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211698683867971, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

凝结水发生过程水汽通量、水汽含量及其相关性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测站StationWe/mmQ/(kg·m−1·s−1)W/mm相关系数The coefficient of correlation
We×QWe×WQ×W
注:不同小写字母代表不同测点之间在0.05水平上差异显著。*表示0.05显著性水平。
Note: Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among observation stations at the 0.05 level. *, P<0.05.
TD0.039±0.042b4.67±3.221a7.12±0.951c−0.571*−0.652*0.909*
CANX0.173±0.170a5.23±4.916a8.18±0.877b−0.546*−0.751*0.772*
SANX0.189±0.181a5.31±4.486a9.56±1.321a−0.475*−0.722*0.849*
), ArticleFig(id=1299828223559356592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211698683867971, language=EN, label=Tab.8, caption=

Water vapor and meteorological parameters during the process of day and night without condensation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测站StationQ/(kg·m−1·s−1)W/mmRHTa/Tl/(Ta-Tl)/Vs/(m·s−1)
注:Tl为露点温度,不同小写字母代表不同测点之间在0.05水平上差异显著。
Note: Tl means dewpoint temperature, different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among observation stations at the 0.05 level.
TD5.16±2.688c8.628±1.125c0.474±0.201b22.4±6.72b8.78±2.079b13.59±8.53a0.646±0.433b
CANX11.02±7.07a12.680±1.257b0.609±0.124a23.8±4.02ab15.32±0.574a8.45±4.139b2.288±0.935a
SANX8.37±4.057b13.855±1.300a0.568±0.130a25.3±3.17a15.60±1.542a9.72±4.557b0.632±0.383b
), ArticleFig(id=1299828223618076849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211698683867971, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

无凝结水发生昼夜交替过程水汽及气象参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测站StationQ/(kg·m−1·s−1)W/mmRHTa/Tl/(Ta-Tl)/Vs/(m·s−1)
注:Tl为露点温度,不同小写字母代表不同测点之间在0.05水平上差异显著。
Note: Tl means dewpoint temperature, different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among observation stations at the 0.05 level.
TD5.16±2.688c8.628±1.125c0.474±0.201b22.4±6.72b8.78±2.079b13.59±8.53a0.646±0.433b
CANX11.02±7.07a12.680±1.257b0.609±0.124a23.8±4.02ab15.32±0.574a8.45±4.139b2.288±0.935a
SANX8.37±4.057b13.855±1.300a0.568±0.130a25.3±3.17a15.60±1.542a9.72±4.557b0.632±0.383b
), ArticleFig(id=1299828223685185714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211698683867971, language=EN, label=Tab.9, caption=

Correlation of water vapor and meteorological parameters of day and night without condensation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测站 Station指标 IndexQWRHTaTlTa−Tl
TDW−0.762*
RH−0.805*0.857*
Ta0.818*−0.837*−0.985*
Tl−0.759*0.998*0.850*−0.836*
Ta−Tl0.829*−0.903*−0.982*0.991*−0.902*
Vs0.976*−0.858*−0.836*0.851*−0.863*0.881*
CANXW−0.086
RH−0.3060.848*
Ta0.344−0.798*−0.993*
Tl0.2930.427*0.203−0.146
Ta−Tl0.293−0.833*−0.992*0.991*−0.280
Vs0.738*0.066−0.0610.10240.491*0.031
SANXW−0.667*
RH−0.738*0.919*
Ta0.783*−0.846*−0.981*
Tl−0.683*0.999*0.922*−0.855*
Ta−Tl0.775*−0.926*−0.994*0.985*−0.933*
Vs0.982*−0.779*−0.820*0.850*−0.795*0.860*
*表示0.05显著性水平。*, P<0.05。
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无凝结水昼夜水汽及气象参数相关性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测站 Station指标 IndexQWRHTaTlTa−Tl
TDW−0.762*
RH−0.805*0.857*
Ta0.818*−0.837*−0.985*
Tl−0.759*0.998*0.850*−0.836*
Ta−Tl0.829*−0.903*−0.982*0.991*−0.902*
Vs0.976*−0.858*−0.836*0.851*−0.863*0.881*
CANXW−0.086
RH−0.3060.848*
Ta0.344−0.798*−0.993*
Tl0.2930.427*0.203−0.146
Ta−Tl0.293−0.833*−0.992*0.991*−0.280
Vs0.738*0.066−0.0610.10240.491*0.031
SANXW−0.667*
RH−0.738*0.919*
Ta0.783*−0.846*−0.981*
Tl−0.683*0.999*0.922*−0.855*
Ta−Tl0.775*−0.926*−0.994*0.985*−0.933*
Vs0.982*−0.779*−0.820*0.850*−0.795*0.860*
*表示0.05显著性水平。*, P<0.05。
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干旱区近地表水汽特征及其对凝结水发生的响应
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马波 1, 2 , 闫新房 1, 2 , 李王成 1, 2 , 张欣 1
农业工程学报 | 农业水土工程 2026,42(12): 167-176
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农业工程学报 |农业水土工程 2026 , 42 (12) : 167 -176
干旱区近地表水汽特征及其对凝结水发生的响应
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马波,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,研究方向为旱区节水灌溉理论与技术。Email:

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马波,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,研究方向为旱区节水灌溉理论与技术。Email:

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马波1, 2 , 闫新房1, 2, 李王成1, 2, 张欣1
作者信息
  • 1宁夏大学土木与水利工程学院,银川 750021
  • 2干旱地区现代农业水资源高效利用教育部工程中心,银川 750021
作者简介:

马波,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,研究方向为旱区节水灌溉理论与技术。Email:

Near-surface water vapor dynamics and its response to condensation events in arid regions
Bo MA1, 2 , Xinfang YAN1, 2, Wangcheng LI1, 2, Xin ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
  • 2Engineering Research Center for Efficient Utilization of Modern Agricultural Water Resources in Arid Regions, Ministry of Education, Yinchuan 750021, China
出版时间: 2026-06-30 doi: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202508118
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为探明干旱地区近地表水汽特征及凝结水发生过程水汽动态,选取沙漠边缘(TD)、干旱区(CANX)和半干旱区(SANX)3种地理条件作为研究对象,采用流体静力学积分法计算了近地表水汽通量和水汽含量,用叶片湿度传感器测算了地上5 cm处凝结水量,分析了水汽时空特征、凝结水发生过程和无凝结水昼夜水汽动态。结果表明:观测时段TD、CANX和SANX年均凝结水量分别为13.35、22.68和32.80 mm,差异显著(P<0.05)。3个测站水汽通量、水汽含量差异显著(P <0.05),SANX水汽通量、水汽含量峰值在7月,TD和CANX在8月,TD、CANX和SANX最大月平均水汽通量分别为21.2、19.4 和13.9 kg/(m·s),最大月平均水汽含量分别为11.35、11.23和13.69 mm。水汽传输具有特定的风向,TD为0°~60°和150°~210°、CANX为180°~240°、SANX为0°~30°、120°~240°和300°~359°。凝结水发生时,水汽通量、水汽含量呈下降趋势,凝结水量与水汽含量呈负相关(P <0.05);凝结水消散阶段,水汽通量、水汽含量呈增加趋势。无凝结水发生昼夜,水汽通量先降低后增加,水汽含量呈增加趋势。研究结果对于揭示不同地理条件近地表水汽特征和用近地表水汽动态推断凝结水发生过程具有参考价值。

干旱区  /  水汽特征  /  凝结水  /  积分法

Near-surface water vapor condensation is one of the most crucial steps to fully utilize atmospheric water sources in ecological agriculture. It is often required to clarify the dynamic relationship between near-surface water vapor and condensation. This study aims to investigate near-surface water vapor dynamics and their response to condensation events in arid regions. Three geographical conditions of northwest China were selected to capture the meteorological parameters, including the southeast margin of the Tengger Desert (TD), the arid belt of the center in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (CANX), and the semi-arid region in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (SANX). The hydrostatic integration was employed to calculate water vapor flux and content within a 100 m range above ground at each observation point, based on the evolution patterns of meteorological factors with hight at the Yinchuan radiosonde station. The leaf wetness sensor of PHYTOS31 was used to calculate the condensation water amount at 5 cm above ground. A correlation analysis was performed on the water vapor, condensation water, and meteorological parameters. The results indicate that there were significant differences in annual total condensation water at TD, CANX, and SANX sites (P<0.05), with annual averages of 13.35, 22.68, and 32.80 mm, respectively, during the observation period. Spatiotemporal variations in water vapor flux and content were significant (P <0.05) at all three stations, thus peaking in summer and declining in winter. Minimum monthly water vapor flux at TD, CANX, and SANX were 1.9, 2.3, and 1.8 kg/(m·s), respectively, while minimum monthly water vapor content was 1.30, 1.45, and 1.60 mm, respectively. Peak water vapor flux and content occurred in July at SANX, and in August at TD and CANX. Water vapor flux was markedly higher at the southeast margin of the Tengger Desert and arid region than that in the semi-arid regions, with 21.2, 19.4, and 13.9 kg/(m·s) for the maximum TD, CANX, and SANX, respectively. The monthly average water vapor content was highest at the SANX site (13.69 mm), while those were 11.35 and 11.23 mm, respectively, at the TD and CANX sites. The primary wind direction ranges influencing water vapor flux and content at the three stations were: TD with 0°–60° and 150°–210°, CANX with 180°–240°, and SANX with 0°–30°, 120°–240°, and 300°–359°. In terms of a single condensation event, both water vapor flux and content decreased during the condensation accumulation phase, whereas there was an increase when the condensation dissipated. Condensation content showed a significant negative correlation with water vapor content (P<0.05). The correlation coefficients for TD, CANX, and SANX were −0.652, −0.751, and −0.722, respectively. Water vapor flux first decreased and then increased during the diurnal cycle without condensation, due to the absence of water vapor phase change. While water vapor content shared an increasing trend. Water vapor flux and content exhibited a significant negative correlation (P<0.05) during the process. These findings can also provide valuable insights to characterize near-surface water vapor dynamics under diverse geographical conditions.

arid regions  /  characteristics of water vapor  /  condensation water  /  integral method
马波, 闫新房, 李王成, 张欣. 干旱区近地表水汽特征及其对凝结水发生的响应. 农业工程学报, 2026 , 42 (12) : 167 -176 . DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202508118
Bo MA, Xinfang YAN, Wangcheng LI, Xin ZHANG. Near-surface water vapor dynamics and its response to condensation events in arid regions[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2026 , 42 (12) : 167 -176 . DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202508118
凝结水作为一种隐匿性降水是干旱地区生态及农业系统的重要水资源[1],为植物及小型动物提供了必要的生存水源[2]。在沙漠地区,凝结水不仅能够提高植物种子萌芽率,还有利于促进沙丘稳定[3]。水汽是大气中以气态形式存在的水分,在大气中仅占0.1%~0.3%[4],但在干旱和极度干旱地区,水汽是凝结水形成的重要水分来源,尤其近地表水汽直接影响凝结水的形成[5-6],然而,不同地理条件近地表水汽特征及其对凝结水发生的响应机制需要进一步明确。
影响和控制水汽的主要因子包括地理纬度、海陆分布、地形、环流等[7]。全球范围水汽分布和传输具有显著的地域特征,如流入北美大陆的水汽主要分为两部分,一是来自墨西哥湾的强劲南流,另一是来自太平洋相对分散的西流,中心约在北纬50°[8]。中国水汽含量最大值在南岭以南、北部湾附近,次大值是两湖盆地和四川盆地,最小值出现在青藏高原、塔里木盆地和柴达木盆地[7]。2至7月呈增加趋势,8月至次年1月呈下降趋势[79]。中国西北地区水汽分为青藏高原以南、以北和西北东部约100° E附近3个特征区,夏季水汽含量占年均量的46.6%。东部及天山山脉、塔里木盆地东部一带水汽含量较高,而中部较低,不足10 mm[10-11],6—8月是水汽净输入季节,9—10月是水汽净输出季节[12]。局部地区水汽特征也有所差异,如天山山区及周边地区水汽含量有3个高值区,而中天山和东天山是水汽的低值中心[8,13]。沙漠水汽时空分布较为复杂,塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地是水汽的低值中心,北部、西部边缘的绿洲地带较高,沙漠周边夏季水汽含量平均为19.22~23.62 mm,冬季平均为4.03~4.86 mm,周边及沙漠腹地7月水汽最大,1月最小[14]
水汽动态受到内、外大气水循环的影响,如黑河源区不同水体的内循环特征非常明显,夏季降水主要来源于西风输送,冬季降水除受西风控制外还受极地气团的影响[15]。祁连山大气水汽受西风带、偏南季风和东亚季风的共同影响[16]。黄土高原东部水汽输送路径分为西方、北方和南方路径[17]。巴丹吉林沙漠水汽传输具有明显的风向特征,水汽来源主要为西风气团,春、夏季受部分极地气团、东南季风的影响[18]。凝结水发生受风向影响,本质在于水汽传输方向对凝结水的影响,以色列内盖夫高地塞德-博克尔位于地中海东部,凝结水持续时间的增加顺序为西、北、南、东[19]
对大尺度、影响降水的水汽研究已较为系统,而对近地表水汽时空分布特征、凝结水产生过程水汽动态、无凝结水产生夜晚水汽特征还需更加深入系统的研究。本研究目的在于探究西北干旱地区3种地理条件近地表水汽通量和水汽含量传输特征,明确凝结水发生过程和未有凝结水发生夜晚水汽通量和水汽含量的动态,揭示水汽动态与凝结水形成的响应关系。
于宁夏、内蒙和甘肃三省区交界区域选取腾格里沙漠东南缘(TD,37°32′N、105°04′E)、宁夏中部干旱带(CANX,37°34′N、105°10′E)和宁夏中南部半干旱区(SANX,36°33′N、106°09′E)3个区域进行研究。TD测站永久沙丘和半固定沙丘区年降水量不足120 mm,主风向为西北风,最大风速可达19 m/s。土壤含水率0.5%~3.0%,半固定沙丘植被覆盖度为5%~20%,而移动沙丘植被覆盖度不足1%。CANX属典型的干旱区气候,年平均相对湿度为50%,降水量少且年内分布不均匀,7—9月降水量占全年降水量的70%,无霜期为155 d。年平均太阳总辐射566.95 kJ/cm2,天然植被以干旱草原和荒漠草原为主,腐殖质层较薄,土壤为典型的棕钙和灰钙土。SANX呈东西倾斜,年均无霜期约140 d,7—9月降水量占70%。研究区气象参数、自然要素、人类活动及气候条件见表1表2
研究阶段3个测站月降水量如图1。该阶段,TD年平均降水量102 mm,92.7%发生在4—9月。
2021、2022年7—9月降水分别占全年降水量29.2%和54.2%。CANX年平均降水量为240.7 mm,83.6%发生在4—9月,7—9月降水占年降水量40%~77.6%。2021、2022年7—9月降水分别占年降水量42.4%和68.1%。SANX降水量较大,年平均降水量为304.1 mm,2021年降水量为385 mm、2022年为223.2 mm。
在各测站安装气象参数和凝结水测算传感器。气象参数包括空气温度(Ta)、相对湿度(RH)、大气压(p)、降水(Pm)、风速(Vs)、风向(Dw)。凝结水观测采用叶片湿度传感器。各传感器安装位置如图2,传感器名称、获取参数及精度见表3,数据记录时间间隔为30 min。
探空数据提供了不同高度的气象参数,被用来计算对流层水汽通量和水汽含量。获取探空数据的主要途径包括NCEP/NCAR再分析数据和怀俄明大学工程学院大气科学系提供的公开探空数据。距离本研究区3个测站最近的探空站为银川站(探空站标识:ZLIC,探空站号:53614)。基于获取途径考虑,本研究采用怀俄明大学工程学院大气科学系网站的探空数据(https://weather.uwyo.edu/upperair/sounding.shtml)。
利用探空数据采用流体静力学积分法计算水汽通量和水汽含量。
水汽通量分为纬向分量和经向分量[26]
$ {\overline{Q}}_{\lambda }=100\frac{1}{g}\int\nolimits_{{p}_{100}}^{{p}_{s}}\overline{qu}{\mathrm{d}}p $
$ {\overline{Q}}_{\phi }=100\frac{1}{g}\int\nolimits_{{p}_{100}}^{{p}_{s}}\overline{qv}{\mathrm{d}}p $
式中$ {\overline{Q}}_{\lambda } $$ {\overline{Q}}_{\phi } $分别为地表至100 m高度处纬向和经向的总水平平均水汽通量垂直积分,kg/(m·s);$ q $为比湿,g/kg;$ u $$ v $分别为纬向和径向风速,m/s;$ {p}_{s} $为地表大气压,Pa;$ {p}_{100} $为地表以上100 m高度处大气压,Pa;$ p $为大气压,Pa;$ g $为重力加速度,m2/s。
总水汽含量$ W $是对比湿q进行垂直积分[27]
$ W=100\frac{1}{g}\int\nolimits_{{p}_{100}}^{{p}_{s}}qdp $
比湿的计算方法[28]
$ q=\frac{622\times {10}^{2}e}{p-\left(0.378e\right)} $
$ e={100e}_{s}\left(\frac{\text{RH}}{100}\right) $
式中$ W $为总水汽含量,mm;$ e $为水汽压,Pa;RH为相对湿度,%;$ {e}_{s} $为饱和水汽压[29],计算方法如式(6)。
$ {e}_{s}=611.2\times \exp \left[\left(17.67{T}_{a}\right)/\left({T}_{a}+243.5\right)\right] $
式中$ {T}_{a} $为空气温度,℃。
地面气象资料通过现有观测条件获得,但地上100 m范围内气象资料的关键参数必须通过理论计算获得。这些关键参数包括空气温度、相对湿度、风速和大气压。
地表以上气温由大气温度垂直递减率确定,大气温度垂直递减率由式(7)多元线性回归分析得到[30]
$ {T}_{h}={a}_{0}+{a}_{1}\cdot {X}_{1}+{a}_{2}\cdot {X}_{2}+{a}_{3}\cdot {X}_{3} $
式中$ {T}_{h} $为计算高度空气温度,℃;$ {X}_{1} $$ {X}_{2} $为测点经度和纬度,(o);$ {X}_{3} $为测点海拔高度,m;$ {a}_{0} $$ {a}_{1} $$ {a}_{2} $$ {a}_{3} $是回归系数,$ {a}_{3} $也是温度直减率。同一位置忽略经度和纬度因素,仅考虑海拔高度,式(7)可简化为式(8):
$ {T}_{h}={a}_{3}\cdot H+{T}_{0} $
式中H为海拔高程,m;$ {T}_{0} $为地表观测位置空气温度,℃;银川站的$ {a}_{3} $为−0.006。
与温度、气压和风速不同,大气对流低空层相对湿度和高度的关系较为复杂,没有确定的规律。对银川探空站探空数据分析发现,从最低观测位置(1112 m)到第二次数据采集高程(1400~1600 m),相对湿度并没有表现出绝对的增大或减小规律。研究以每个月的双日(格林纳德时间00点和格林纳德时间12点)探空数据为参考。地面以上100 m对应海拔1212 m,根据相对湿度变化斜率采用插值法计算该位置相对湿度。将1112 ~ 1212 m范围内每个月相对湿度平均值作为计算研究区测点以上100 m范围相对湿度的比例依据,进行计算。
风速随高度变化采用式(9)计算[31]
$ {v}_{h}=\frac{\mathrm{\lg }h-\mathrm{\lg }{z}_{0}}{\mathrm{\lg }{h}_{0}-\mathrm{\lg }{z}_{0}}{v}_{0}={k}_{0}{v}_{0} $
式中$ {v}_{h} $为计算高度$ h $点的风速,m/s;$ h $为计算点高度,m;$ {h}_{0} $为参考点高度,m;$ {z}_{0} $为地表粗糙度;$ {v}_{0} $为参考高度$ {h}_{0} $观测的风速,m。
根据探空数据采用回归方法建立海拔高度与大气压关系。为提高计算精度,进行两次回归计算,第一次回归涉及观测值(图3a),第二次回归旨在减小误差(图3b)。
地表以上100 m位置与地表大气压关系如下:
$ {p}_{h}=0.998\;9{p}_{s}-902.97 $
式中$ {p}_{h} $为地表以上100 m高处大气压,Pa;$ {p}_{s} $为地表观测点大气压,Pa。
介质叶片湿度传感器是一种被广泛用来测量凝结水量的设备,具有较高的精度,本研究使用高分辨率和免校准的介质叶片湿度传感器PHYTOS31计算凝结水量。如文献[32],先用高精度注射器向叶片湿度传感器定量滴水,获取过程电压值,构建传感器微电压(mV)与其表面水层厚度之间回归关系,结果如式(11)[24]
$ {W}_{e}=0.003\;2{\mathrm{e}}^{0.005\;4x} $
式中$ {W}_{e} $为叶片湿度传感器表面凝结水厚度,mm;$ x $为叶片湿度传感器电压值,mV(临界值为447 mV)。
表4看出,同一季节3个测站水汽通量、水汽含量和空气温度无显著差异(P>0.05),各测站秋季凝结水量、风速和大气压差异显著(P<0.05),冬季相对湿度差异显著(P<0.05)。TD、CANX和SANX年凝结水量分别为13.35、22.68和32.80 mm,SANX秋季凝结水量最大,为21.67 mm,TD秋季凝结水量最小,为7.49 mm。CANX秋季风速最大,为2.08 m/s,SANX风速最小,为0.86 m/s。同一季节3个测站气压差异显著(P<0.05),CANX海拔高程最大(表1),气压最低,秋季仅为82.81 kPa。冬季SANX相对湿度最大,比该站最大季节小0.10。
表5,随干旱程度加剧,凝结水量与水汽通量、水汽含量相关性在增强。TD和CANX测站水汽通量与凝结水量的相关系数均高于0.800,水汽含量与凝结水量的相关系数最小接近0.750,而SANX测站水汽通量、水汽含量与凝结水量相关系数较小,分别为0.361和0.634。气温与水汽通量、水汽含量呈正相关,相关系数均高于0.900。相对湿度有利于增加水汽通量、水汽含量和凝结水量,但风速减小时,相对湿度与水汽通量、水汽含量相关系数有所减小,SANX测站相对湿度与水汽通量相关系数仅为0.053。不同测站风速对水汽含量和凝结水量的影响有所不同,TD和SANX测站风速与凝结水量的相关系数分别为−0.039和−0.553,而CANX测站风速与水汽含量和凝结水量相关系数分别为0.411和0.310,这是因为3个测站CANX海拔最高,气压最小,年平均气压仅83.12 kPa。水汽通量、水汽含量和凝结水量与大气压呈负相关,随着大气压增加,水汽通量、水汽含量和凝结水量会有所减小。
水汽通量、水汽含量、凝结水量及各气象要素年内各月分布如图4。TD和CANX测站水汽通量、水汽含量8月最高,SANX测站7月最高。尽管在7月或8月气温在一年中达到最大,但这不影响近地表大气中的水汽量,同时,随水汽量的增大,凝结水量也在增加,各测点9月凝结水量在一年中均达到最大。与降水分布相比,水汽通量、水汽含量和凝结水量年内分布更为稳定,3个测站降水年内和年际间的分布均表现出多变的特征(图1)。
各测站月水汽通量如表6,3个测站水汽通量均表现出显著的季节和风向特征(P<0.05)。
1、2月相对湿度较低,水汽通量较小,TD、CANX和SANX分别为1.9~3.2、2.3~3.9 和2.4~2.6 kg/(m·s),对应的水汽传输风向TD为0°~90°、150°~210°,CANX为60°~90°、240°~300°,SANX为120°~210°、330°~359°。CANX风速较大引起水汽通量较高。3月上旬水汽通量有所增加,TD、CANX和SANX月平均水汽通量分别为4.5、4.7和5.4 kg/(m·s),由于SANX相对湿度较高,故水汽通量较大,但传输方向与2月相近。4—6月随着相对湿度增加水汽通量继续增大,TD、CANX和SANX月均值范围分别为7.4~14.9、8.6~14.5和9.0~11.8 kg/(m·s),水汽传输的主要风向TD为0°~90°和150°~210°、CANX为30°~120°和270°~300°、SANX为120°~240°和300°~359°。7—8月3个测站水汽通量达到最大,TD、CANX和 SANX水汽通量最大分别为21.2、19.4和13.9 kg/(m·s),对应的水汽传输主要风向TD为0°~60°和150°~210°、CANX为180°~240°、SANX为0°~30°、120°~240°和300°~359°。9月水汽通量开始下降,TD、CANX和SANX分别为12.9、15.9和7.4 kg/(m·s),水汽传输方向较为发散。10月、11月水汽通量显著降低,TD、CANX和SANX水汽通量有所降低,最小分别为2.8、4.7和 3.8 kg/(m·s),传输风向区间变小,表现出一定的收敛性。12月,水汽通量更小,TD、CANX和SANX水汽通量分别为2.0、2.4和1.8 kg/(m·s)。
表6,3个测站水汽含量具有明显的时空特征,同一测点不同月份、不同测站同一月份均表现出显著差异(P<0.05)。1—3月、10—12月水汽输送的主要风向TD为0°~90°和150°~210°、CANX为30°~120°和150°~300°。6—9月SANX水汽含量分布较为发散,风向范围为0°~30°、120°~240°和330°~359°,SANX水汽通量、含量和降水表现出同步变化特征。1月、12月水汽含量较低,TD、CANX和SANX月平均值分别为1.25、1.45和1.60 mm。4月开始水汽含量增加,月平均水汽含量为3.85~5.00 mm,TD最低,为3.85 mm,SANX最高。7月和8月为水汽含量最大时段,SANX区2年观测的最大值均为7月,较为稳定,平均值为13.69 mm,主要风向区间为120°~240°,而TD和CANX峰值2021年在7月,2022年在8月。9月水汽含量减小,月平均值为8.70 mm。冬季由于受到西北风影响,即使在水汽含量较高的SANX测站,月平均为1.60~3.25 mm。
分别选取3个测站一次凝结水发生过程(TD:2022年9月20—21日,CANX:2022年8月29—30日,SANX:2022年9月11—12日)进行分析。从表7可以看出,即使3个测点水汽通量无显著差异条件下(P<0.05),凝结水量、水汽含量仍然具有差异显著(P<0.05)。相关分析发现(表7),凝结水发生过程凝结水量与水汽通量、水汽含量均显著负相关(P<0.05),而水汽通量与水汽含量显著正相关(P<0.05)。
3个测站一次完整的凝结水形成和消散过程如图5。凝结水发生前水汽通量呈下降趋势,直至凝结水量达到峰值,随后水汽通量开始增大。水汽含量在凝结水发生前呈现相对稳定的状态,随着凝结水产生,水汽含量迅速下降,凝结水停止发生后,水气含量转变为增加趋势。凝结水发生过程,虽然沙漠边缘(图5,TD)水汽通量和水汽含量降低量均大于干旱带(图5,CANX),但TD测站凝结水峰值小于CANX,分别为0.160 mm和0.457 mm。半干旱区(图5,SANX)水汽通量和水汽含量降低量最大,产生的凝结水量也最大,为0.514 mm。水汽通量、水汽含量的变化与凝结水量的关系很好的诠释了不同地理条件形成凝结水的难易程度。
对3个测站一次无凝结水发生昼夜交替过程(TD:2021年7月7日,CANX:2021年7月10日,SANX:2022年7月9日)进行分析。自然条件下气温露点差超过3.0 ℃时较难产生凝结水[24,32],从表8看出,即使气温露点差最小的CANX测点也达到8.45 ℃,故该条件下3个测站无凝结水发生。这个过程,3个测站水汽通量、水汽含量差异显著(P<0.05),CANX水汽通量最大,而SANX水汽含量最大,这是由于CANX风速最大引起水汽通量增加。
水汽通量受到风速的影响,当水汽通量增加时,水汽含量就会有所减小,故从表9可以看出,无凝结水发生的昼夜交替过程水汽通量与水汽含量呈负相关,同时,由于风速引起水汽传输,也会造成相对湿度有所减小,所以风速与水汽通量和相对湿度呈负相关。
图6,水汽通量呈下降趋势,而水汽含量保持稳定(TD、SANX)或增加(CANX)。整个过程水汽通量、水汽含量标准差也反映了这一规律,3个测站水汽通量标准差超过均值48.5%,而水汽含量最大标准差为均值的13.0%,表现出较为平稳的变化过程。
对比凝结水发生和未有凝结水发生昼夜交替过程发现,凝结水发生过程,TD、CANX和SANX水汽通量分别下降6.0、4.1和7.8 kg/(m·s),水汽含量分别下降1.9、1.7和2.8 mm,而未有凝结水发生昼夜,TD、CANX和SANX水汽通量下降8.9、20.2和13.4 kg/(m·s),水汽含量分别上升了3.0、1.0和2.7 mm。
近地表水汽是凝结水的重要水分来源,尽管研究认为近地表水汽影响凝结水的形成及凝结水量[11],但有关近地表水汽分布特征及凝结水发生过程近地表水汽动态的相关论述还需要更加明确。近地表水汽具有其特殊的分布特征,既受到其所处地理位置大气环流影响,也与其周围人类水事活动有关[8]。本研究所选3个测站既属东亚季风区,水汽受亚洲夏季风、西风环流和高原季风等多个大气环流系统的综合影响[23],又分别处于不同地理条件,包括沙漠边缘、干旱区和半干旱区。随干旱程度加剧,凝结水量与水汽通量、水汽含量相关性在增强,相关系数也在增大。
与中国西北地区水汽含量时间分布相似,研究区水汽主要集中在夏、秋季节[11-12],这是因为夏季和秋季,由于季风增强了暖湿气流输送、农业灌溉处于高峰期引起地区蒸散量增加[33]。尽管研究区7月、8月温度在一年中最高,但这个时期水汽量也最大,这也成为大气水利用的重要依据。由于水汽受季风和风向影响[27],可以推断,研究区主要水汽来源有两种方式,一种是黄河灌区蒸散,另一种是东亚季风输送水汽。黄河灌区分别位于TD的东北部、CANX的西部和东北部、SANX的北部,表现出周围地区蒸散对大气水分的贡献特征[34]
水汽的空间分布受地理位置的影响[4], 如TD近地表水汽除受引黄灌区人类水事活动的影响外,还受东亚季风环流的影响,夏、秋季节水汽含量分布更为发散,冬、春季节分布收敛,与杨青等[14]研究结果相一致。CANX受南北山脉遮挡影响,水汽呈东西向传输特征。
与水汽通量相比,水汽含量的分布更加发散,这是由于水汽在大气中的分布特征与传输特征有所不同,传输特征更具风向性,而分布的风向特征相对较弱。
水汽通量、水汽含量和凝结水量之间的关系体现为相互耦合,构成一个有机整体,用水汽通量和水汽含量的变化来揭示凝结水形成过程更加直接、直观和易于理解。
由于近地表水汽发生相变,一部分水汽从气态转变为液态,故水汽通量、水汽含量均有所减小,存在负相关关系,这与水汽含量较大更容易发生凝结水并不矛盾。水汽通量的降低为凝结水产生提供了有利的空气动力条件和水源[35-36]。凝结水的形成致使水汽从气态转换为液态,导致水汽含量的减少,很好的诠释了大气水传输过程的质量守恒原理[37],同时也揭示了近地表水文过程水的相变[38]。对于两种条件下水汽通量、水汽含量动态的解释符合物质守恒原理。
采用流体静力积分法计算了3种地理条件近地表水汽通量和水汽含量,同时用叶片湿度传感器测算了凝结水量。分析了不同地理条件近地表水汽时空特征及其对凝结水发生的响应,主要结论包括:
1)3种地理条件水汽通量、水汽含量表现出显著的季节差异(P<0.05),干旱地区较之半干旱的地区峰值时间滞后1个月。沙漠边缘水汽通量最大,半干旱区水汽含量最高。
2)随干旱程度加剧,凝结水量与水汽通量、水汽含量相关性在增强,沙漠边缘(TD)凝结水量与水汽通量、水汽含量相关系数均高于0.800,半干旱区(SANX)凝结水量与水汽通量的相关系数仅为0.361,干旱带(CANX)居中。
3)水汽通量、水汽含量表现出显著的风向特征和地区差异性(P<0.05),腾格里沙漠边缘(TD)水汽通量、水汽含量增强主要风向为东北风和南风,宁夏中部干旱带(CANX)主要风向为西南风,宁夏半干旱区(SANX)风向多变,包括东北、南风以及偏北风。
4)一次凝结水形成过程水汽通量、水汽含量均有所减小。半干旱区产生的凝结水水量最大,同时水汽通量和水汽含量减小量也最大,沙漠边缘水汽通量和水汽含量减小量大于中部干旱带,但产生凝结水量最小。
5)无凝结水发生昼夜,3种地理条件水汽通量均有所降低,而水汽含量有所增加。

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2026年第42卷第12期
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doi: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202508118
  • 接收时间:2025-08-14
  • 首发时间:2026-08-20
  • 出版时间:2026-06-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-14
  • 修回日期:2026-04-02
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    1宁夏大学土木与水利工程学院,银川 750021
    2干旱地区现代农业水资源高效利用教育部工程中心,银川 750021
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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