Article(id=1297211690794377419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, issueId=1297211624738284246, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202601173, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1768838400000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-20, revisedDate=1775836800000, revisedDateStr=2026-04-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1787208968112, onlineDateStr=2026-08-20, pubDate=1782748800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1787208968112, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1787208968112, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1787208968112, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1297211624738284246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, year='2026', volume='42', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='396', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782748800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1787208952364, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1787212261177, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1297225503002357852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, issueId=1297211624738284246, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1297225503002357853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, issueId=1297211624738284246, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=41, endPage=49, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1297211692270772428, articleId=1297211690794377419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, language=EN, title=Development and optimization of the dynamic mechanism model of two-node heat exchange for pig body, columnId=1297211670816907294, journalTitle=Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, columnName=Special Topics on Smart Animal-raising Technologies and Livestock Equipment(2): Smart Equipment and Environmental Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Thermal and humidity environments can dominate the pig growth, health status, and production performance in pig houses, including air temperature, relative humidity, and airflow velocity. The environment can be regulated to consider the interaction mechanism between housing conditions and pig thermal responses. A mechanistic and physiologically interpretable model is required to accurately simulate pig thermal responses under different thermal and humidity conditions. However, existing models of pig thermal response cannot fully meet the requirements of the intelligent control applications. In this study, a pig two-node heat exchange model (PTHM) was established using biological heat balance theory and thermodynamics. Heat exchange was also simulated among the core, the skin layer, and the surrounding environment. Metabolic heat was generated in the core layer and then transferred to the skin via tissue conduction and blood circulation. Part of the heat was dissipated to the environment as sensible respiratory heat loss. The remaining heat was stored within the body, leading to an increase in rectal temperature. Heat in the skin layer was transferred from the core via conductive transfer and blood-mediated convective transport. The heat was then dissipated to the surrounding environment via convective heat exchange and thermal radiation. A small fraction of heat was dissipated after skin evaporation. Environmental parameters were used as the model inputs, while the major physiological parameters were used as the outputs after simulations. A recognition framework of pig drinking behavior was developed using an improved YOLOv11 object detection architecture, particularly for the prediction accuracy and physiological interpretability of the model. A pig drinking detection model (PDDM) was further established to calculate drinking frequency using this framework. The drinking frequency was then introduced into the PTHM as a behavioral correction factor to regulate blood-mediated convective heat transfer and respiratory heat dissipation, thereby constructing a drinking behavior–corrected pig two-node heat exchange model (D-PTHM). A more realistic representation was obtained for the pig thermoregulation. The results showed that the air temperature was the dominant environmental factor on pig thermal physiological responses. The PTHM model also achieved coefficients of determination (R2) of 0.673, 0.685, and 0.615 for rectal temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate, respectively. The mean absolute errors (MAE) were 0.320 °C, 7.020 bpm, and 0.916 bpm, while the root mean square errors (RMSE) were 0.412 °C, 9.120 bpm, and 1.635 bpm, respectively. A preliminary representation was obtained for the heat transfer pathway from the body core to the skin. Subsequently, the surrounding environment was offered a simplified representation of whole-body heat balance. The DCB-YOLO drinking detection model achieved a mean average precision (mAP) of 97.47%. The PDDM was used to reliably quantify the pig drinking frequency for behavioral correction of the heat exchange model. The prediction accuracy of D-PTHM was significantly improved after drinking behavior was introduced as a correction factor. The D-PTHM achieved higher R2 values of 0.831, 0.771, and 0.775 for the rectal temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate, respectively. The MAEs were 0.247 °C, 3.358 bpm, and 0.580 bpm, while the RMSEs were 0.332 °C, 4.053 bpm, and 0.747 bpm, indicating the improved model stability and environmental adaptability. The drinking behavior significantly enhanced the mechanistic model to regulate the pig thermal field under different thermal and humidity conditions. This finding can provide a physiologically realistic model for precision environmental control in pig houses. More accurate environmental regulation can be used to improve animal welfare using pig physiological responses in sustainable and efficient livestock production.

, authors=Qiuju XIE1, Shilei CAO1, Jiawen SHI1, Jiaming GU1, Wenfeng WANG1, Xiaochen WANG1, Haoran MA1, Congcong SUN2, Honggui LIU3, 4, 5, Vicenç PUIG6, 7, authorsList=Qiuju XIE, Shilei CAO, Jiawen SHI, Jiaming GU, Wenfeng WANG, Xiaochen WANG, Haoran MA, Congcong SUN, Honggui LIU, Vicenç PUIG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1297211694099488989, articleId=1297211690794377419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, language=CN, title=猪体双节点热交换动态机理模型构建与优化, columnId=1297211670993068064, journalTitle=农业工程学报, columnName=智慧养殖技术与智能畜牧装备专题(2):智能装备与环境工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

猪舍温湿环境影响猪体热平衡调节,系统探究不同环境下猪体生理响应特征及其内在调节机制,揭示猪体热调节规律,对实现猪舍环境精准调控具有重要意义。然而,现有建立在热交换平衡原理基础上的猪体热调节模拟模型难以精准反映不同环境条件下猪体真实的体热响应过程。为突破现有机理模型的局限,提升猪体关键生理指标的模拟精度,该研究通过机器视觉技术识别并量化饮水频率来优化猪体热交换动态机理模型。首先,通过基于生物物理学定律和热平衡原理构建猪体双节点热交换机理模型,模拟猪体核心层-皮肤层-舍内环境之间的热量交换过程,揭示猪体热响应调节机制;然后,通过构建基于YOLOv11优化的DCB-YOLO饮水目标感知模型来识别猪只饮水行为并量化其饮水频率,将饮水频率作为修正因子优化机理模型的血液对流与呼吸散热参数,以提升猪体热交换机理模型的精准性。结果表明,优化后的猪体热交换机理模型输出的直肠温度、心率和呼吸频率的决定系数分别为0.831、0.771和0.775。该研究提出的优化的猪体热交换机理模型可为猪舍环境温湿环境质量评价及精准调控提供技术支撑。

, authors=谢秋菊1, 曹世蕾1, 石佳纹1, 谷佳明1, 王文峰1, 王晓晨1, 马浩然1, Congcong SUN2, 刘洪贵3, 4, 5, Vicenç PUIG6, 7, authorsList=谢秋菊, 曹世蕾, 石佳纹, 谷佳明, 王文峰, 王晓晨, 马浩然, Congcong SUN, 刘洪贵, Vicenç PUIG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

谢秋菊,教授,博士生导师。研究方向为畜舍环境控制及智慧养殖技术。Email:

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谢秋菊,教授,博士生导师。研究方向为畜舍环境控制及智慧养殖技术。Email:

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谢秋菊,教授,博士生导师。研究方向为畜舍环境控制及智慧养殖技术。Email:

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注:Tc为直肠温度,℃;Hr为心率,bpm;Rr为呼吸频率,bpm;Tair为环境温度,℃;Ha为相对湿度,%;vair为风速,m·s−1fdrink为饮水频率,(15 min)−1

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注:Qsc为猪体核心层热量,Qsk为猪体皮肤层热量,Qm为代谢产热量,Qt为组织传导热量,Qb为血液对流传热量,Qrhl为呼吸散热损失量,Qconv为对流换热量,Qrad为热辐射量,Qdiff为蒸发散热量,W·m−2

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注:DCB-YOLO为改进的YOLOv11网络;BiFPN为双向特征金字塔网络;Conv为卷积层;C3k2-CoordAtt为融合坐标注意力机制的C3k2特征提取单元;SPPF为空间金字塔池化特征;Ek为第k个饮水事件;Nevent为时间窗口内的饮水事件数量;Δt表示时间窗口长度,min。

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注:D-PTHM为饮水行为修正的猪体双节点热交换模型;PTHM为猪体双节点热交换模型。

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Values of experimental factors under different environmental conditions

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组别
Group
房间
Room
温度
Temperature/℃
相对湿度
Relative humidity/%
风速
Air flow/(m·s−1)
1Room 120~2560~700.1~0.3
2Room 214~1680~900
3Room 330~320.2~0.4
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不同环境条件试验因素取值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别
Group
房间
Room
温度
Temperature/℃
相对湿度
Relative humidity/%
风速
Air flow/(m·s−1)
1Room 120~2560~700.1~0.3
2Room 214~1680~900
3Room 330~320.2~0.4
), ArticleFig(id=1300032402571686132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690794377419, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison between DCB-YOLO and other models

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模型
Models
平均精度均值
Mean average precision
(mAP)/%
参数量
Parameters/
M
精确率
Precision
(P)/%
召回率
Recall
(R)/%
SSD90.8834.2189.5688.10
RetinaNet91.0131.8290.1688.76
CenterNet90.0328.4688.8987.33
YOLOv895.3916.7994.2293.58
YOLOv1195.5814.5294.5893.91
DCB-YOLO97.4715.7196.8996.15
), ArticleFig(id=1300032402647183605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690794377419, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

DCB-YOLO和其他模型的性能对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型
Models
平均精度均值
Mean average precision
(mAP)/%
参数量
Parameters/
M
精确率
Precision
(P)/%
召回率
Recall
(R)/%
SSD90.8834.2189.5688.10
RetinaNet91.0131.8290.1688.76
CenterNet90.0328.4688.8987.33
YOLOv895.3916.7994.2293.58
YOLOv1195.5814.5294.5893.91
DCB-YOLO97.4715.7196.8996.15
), ArticleFig(id=1300032402705903862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690794377419, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Performance comparison of the models

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模型Models评价指标Evaluation indexTc/℃Hr/bpmRr/bpm
PTHMR20.6730.6850.615
MAE0.3207.0200.916
RMSE0.4129.1201.635
D-PTHMR20.8310.7710.775
MAE0.2473.3580.580
RMSE0.3324.0530.747
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模型性能对比

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模型Models评价指标Evaluation indexTc/℃Hr/bpmRr/bpm
PTHMR20.6730.6850.615
MAE0.3207.0200.916
RMSE0.4129.1201.635
D-PTHMR20.8310.7710.775
MAE0.2473.3580.580
RMSE0.3324.0530.747
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猪体双节点热交换动态机理模型构建与优化
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谢秋菊 1 , 曹世蕾 1 , 石佳纹 1 , 谷佳明 1 , 王文峰 1 , 王晓晨 1 , 马浩然 1 , Congcong SUN 2 , 刘洪贵 3, 4, 5 , Vicenç PUIG 6, 7
农业工程学报 | 智慧养殖技术与智能畜牧装备专题(2):智能装备与环境工程 2026,42(12): 41-49
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农业工程学报 |智慧养殖技术与智能畜牧装备专题(2):智能装备与环境工程 2026 , 42 (12) : 41 -49
猪体双节点热交换动态机理模型构建与优化
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谢秋菊1 , 曹世蕾1, 石佳纹1, 谷佳明1, 王文峰1, 王晓晨1, 马浩然1, Congcong SUN2, 刘洪贵3, 4, 5, Vicenç PUIG6, 7
作者信息
  • 1东北农业大学智能科学与工程学院,哈尔滨 150030
  • 2瓦赫宁根大学农业生物系统工程组,瓦赫宁根,6700AA,荷兰
  • 3东北农业大学动物科技学院,哈尔滨 150030
  • 4农业农村部生猪养殖设施工程重点实验室,哈尔滨 150030
  • 5教育部北方寒区猪智能化繁育与养殖工程研究中心,哈尔滨 150030
  • 6加泰罗尼亚理工大学先进控制系统研究组,巴塞罗那 08028,西班牙
  • 7工业机器人与信息技术研究所,巴塞罗那 08028,西班牙
作者简介:

谢秋菊,教授,博士生导师。研究方向为畜舍环境控制及智慧养殖技术。Email:

Development and optimization of the dynamic mechanism model of two-node heat exchange for pig body
Qiuju XIE1 , Shilei CAO1, Jiawen SHI1, Jiaming GU1, Wenfeng WANG1, Xiaochen WANG1, Haoran MA1, Congcong SUN2, Honggui LIU3, 4, 5, Vicenç PUIG6, 7
Affiliations
  • 1College of Intelligent Science and Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
  • 2Agricultural Biosystems Engineering Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6700AA, The Netherlands
  • 3College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
  • 4The Key Laboratory of Swine Facilities Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150030, China
  • 5Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Breeding and Farming of Pig in Northern Cold Region, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150030, China
  • 6Advanced Control Systems Group, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona 08028, Spain
  • 7Institut de Robòtica i Informàtica Industrial, Barcelona 08028, Spain
出版时间: 2026-06-30 doi: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202601173
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猪舍温湿环境影响猪体热平衡调节,系统探究不同环境下猪体生理响应特征及其内在调节机制,揭示猪体热调节规律,对实现猪舍环境精准调控具有重要意义。然而,现有建立在热交换平衡原理基础上的猪体热调节模拟模型难以精准反映不同环境条件下猪体真实的体热响应过程。为突破现有机理模型的局限,提升猪体关键生理指标的模拟精度,该研究通过机器视觉技术识别并量化饮水频率来优化猪体热交换动态机理模型。首先,通过基于生物物理学定律和热平衡原理构建猪体双节点热交换机理模型,模拟猪体核心层-皮肤层-舍内环境之间的热量交换过程,揭示猪体热响应调节机制;然后,通过构建基于YOLOv11优化的DCB-YOLO饮水目标感知模型来识别猪只饮水行为并量化其饮水频率,将饮水频率作为修正因子优化机理模型的血液对流与呼吸散热参数,以提升猪体热交换机理模型的精准性。结果表明,优化后的猪体热交换机理模型输出的直肠温度、心率和呼吸频率的决定系数分别为0.831、0.771和0.775。该研究提出的优化的猪体热交换机理模型可为猪舍环境温湿环境质量评价及精准调控提供技术支撑。

温湿度  /  猪舍  /  生理响应  /  双节点热交换模型  /  行为识别  /  机器视觉

Thermal and humidity environments can dominate the pig growth, health status, and production performance in pig houses, including air temperature, relative humidity, and airflow velocity. The environment can be regulated to consider the interaction mechanism between housing conditions and pig thermal responses. A mechanistic and physiologically interpretable model is required to accurately simulate pig thermal responses under different thermal and humidity conditions. However, existing models of pig thermal response cannot fully meet the requirements of the intelligent control applications. In this study, a pig two-node heat exchange model (PTHM) was established using biological heat balance theory and thermodynamics. Heat exchange was also simulated among the core, the skin layer, and the surrounding environment. Metabolic heat was generated in the core layer and then transferred to the skin via tissue conduction and blood circulation. Part of the heat was dissipated to the environment as sensible respiratory heat loss. The remaining heat was stored within the body, leading to an increase in rectal temperature. Heat in the skin layer was transferred from the core via conductive transfer and blood-mediated convective transport. The heat was then dissipated to the surrounding environment via convective heat exchange and thermal radiation. A small fraction of heat was dissipated after skin evaporation. Environmental parameters were used as the model inputs, while the major physiological parameters were used as the outputs after simulations. A recognition framework of pig drinking behavior was developed using an improved YOLOv11 object detection architecture, particularly for the prediction accuracy and physiological interpretability of the model. A pig drinking detection model (PDDM) was further established to calculate drinking frequency using this framework. The drinking frequency was then introduced into the PTHM as a behavioral correction factor to regulate blood-mediated convective heat transfer and respiratory heat dissipation, thereby constructing a drinking behavior–corrected pig two-node heat exchange model (D-PTHM). A more realistic representation was obtained for the pig thermoregulation. The results showed that the air temperature was the dominant environmental factor on pig thermal physiological responses. The PTHM model also achieved coefficients of determination (R2) of 0.673, 0.685, and 0.615 for rectal temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate, respectively. The mean absolute errors (MAE) were 0.320 °C, 7.020 bpm, and 0.916 bpm, while the root mean square errors (RMSE) were 0.412 °C, 9.120 bpm, and 1.635 bpm, respectively. A preliminary representation was obtained for the heat transfer pathway from the body core to the skin. Subsequently, the surrounding environment was offered a simplified representation of whole-body heat balance. The DCB-YOLO drinking detection model achieved a mean average precision (mAP) of 97.47%. The PDDM was used to reliably quantify the pig drinking frequency for behavioral correction of the heat exchange model. The prediction accuracy of D-PTHM was significantly improved after drinking behavior was introduced as a correction factor. The D-PTHM achieved higher R2 values of 0.831, 0.771, and 0.775 for the rectal temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate, respectively. The MAEs were 0.247 °C, 3.358 bpm, and 0.580 bpm, while the RMSEs were 0.332 °C, 4.053 bpm, and 0.747 bpm, indicating the improved model stability and environmental adaptability. The drinking behavior significantly enhanced the mechanistic model to regulate the pig thermal field under different thermal and humidity conditions. This finding can provide a physiologically realistic model for precision environmental control in pig houses. More accurate environmental regulation can be used to improve animal welfare using pig physiological responses in sustainable and efficient livestock production.

temperature and humidity  /  pig house  /  physiological responses  /  two-node heat exchange model  /  behavior detection  /  machine vision
谢秋菊, 曹世蕾, 石佳纹, 谷佳明, 王文峰, 王晓晨, 马浩然, Congcong SUN, 刘洪贵, Vicenç PUIG. 猪体双节点热交换动态机理模型构建与优化. 农业工程学报, 2026 , 42 (12) : 41 -49 . DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202601173
Qiuju XIE, Shilei CAO, Jiawen SHI, Jiaming GU, Wenfeng WANG, Xiaochen WANG, Haoran MA, Congcong SUN, Honggui LIU, Vicenç PUIG. Development and optimization of the dynamic mechanism model of two-node heat exchange for pig body[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2026 , 42 (12) : 41 -49 . DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202601173
随着生猪养殖向规模化、集约化方向发展,猪舍热环境,包括空气温度、湿度及气流,直接影响猪的体热平衡与调节,进而影响其采食、生长及生产性能[1-4]。研究表明,猪体热与体核及皮肤表面的传热过程、生理调节机制密切相关,作为体温调节中枢,下丘脑通过启动产热或散热机制以维持核心体温稳态[5-7]。因此,深入揭示猪在不同温湿环境条件下的生理与行为响应机理,对生猪养殖环境精准调控与智能管理具有重要理论意义与科学价值。
早期研究多采用温湿指数(temperature humidity index,THI)方法[8]、有效温度(effective temperature,ET)经验模型[9-10]、能质平衡热交换模型[11]等探究空间环境热负荷对猪群热平衡状态及热舒适度的影响,并且建立猪舍与猪体热交换经验模型,模拟猪的体热调节过程[12],分析热应激对猪免疫细胞、血液指标等生理参数的响应规律[13]。然而,已有猪体热调节经验建模多以体温为单一输出指标,未能同时模拟猪的心率和呼吸频率等多生理参数响应,无法实现猪体热状态的综合表征[12],且在机理模型构建过程中,尤其是呼吸散热与皮肤血流主导的对流换热等关键热调节过程,往往采用经验参数描述[14-15],未能充分考虑温湿环境条件变化引起的行为表达,及导致的体热生理参数响应变化,因此模型不能动态响应行为变化对热交换过程的即时调节效应[16]
饮水行为是猪体应对环境变化的关键行为响应,其频次与时长随THI升高而显著增加,猪体可通过饮水行为维持体液平衡,保障机体散热能力,进而实现体热调节[17]。随着机器视觉与智能感知技术的发展,非接触、连续检测生猪饮水行为[18-19]已成为可能,为体热交换模型引入行为驱动的生理参数表征与动态优化提供了关键技术支撑[20-21]。因此,本研究以此为切入点,融合机器视觉行为检测方法对生猪体热交换机理模型进行优化。
本研究通过监测猪舍不同温湿环境下的猪体主要生理参数变化和饮水行为特征,基于生物物理定律和热平衡原理,构建双节点体热平衡机理模型,同时将基于机器视觉检测的饮水行为信息作为模型参数修正因子,对血液对流换热和呼吸散热过程进行动态修正,优化模型对猪体生理响应的模拟能力,以期为生猪养殖环境精准调控提供理论依据。
该研究分别于2024年8月5日至8月15日在东北农业大学电气与信息学院密闭人工气候室,2025年7月18日至8月11日在黑龙江省绥化市兰西县的种猪场开展试验研究。
密闭人工气候室内设有3个独立的试验房间(Room 1、Room 2、Room 3),如图1a所示,Room 1、Room 2和Room 3均分别建有3个面积为1.54 m2的猪栏,每栏饲养4头断奶20 d的仔猪,每个小间共计12头,3个小间共计36头,仔猪的平均体重约15 kg,品种均为长白猪。饲喂时间为每日08:00—08:30和14:00—14:30,清粪时间为每日08:30—09:00和14:30—15:00。
每个房间均配有新风及温湿调控系统,用于实现温湿环境调控。本试验采取正交旋转回归组合设计,设定3种不同的环境条件,如表1所示。Room 1设定为正常的温度、相对湿度和风速,作为对照组;Room 2和Room 3分别设定低温、高温环境条件组,通过设置不同的温度、湿度与气流条件,监测多环境因子对猪生理响应的影响。
黑龙江省绥化市兰西种猪养殖基地的试验猪舍为坡屋顶结构,猪舍墙壁有保温层,地面是水泥漏粪地板,如图1b所示。猪舍大小为8.5 m × 5.7 m × 2.4 m(长×宽×高),舍内设有8个限位栏,每个限位栏尺寸为1.9 m × 2.25 m × 1.0 m(长×宽×高),每个猪舍配备4台风机。舍内饲养有37头断奶仔猪,品种也为长白猪,平均体重约15 kg。与人工气候室试验设置类似,每日饲喂时间为08:00—08:30和14:00—14:30,清粪时间为08:30—09:00和14:30—15:00。
在距离猪舍内地面高度为1.6 m处安装有温湿度传感器(VMS-3002-WS-N01,山东威视科技,中国济南),每间隔1 min对猪舍温湿度数据采集并且上传云端存储与管理。风速采用手持式风速仪(TES1341热敏式风速仪,泰仕,中国台湾)定点测量取平均值。直肠温度(兽用玻璃体温计,耐尔尼,中国石家庄)、心率和呼吸频率(手持式血氧仪DBB15,湘雅科技,中国郑州)均采用人工测量。测量时间为每日09:0011:30和15:0017:30,每天采集72组数据。此外,在猪舍地面上方2.5 m处安装摄像机(Zoom Hemisphere Type 1,海康威视,中国杭州)记录猪的行为数据。猪的其他生产性能指标(日采食量、日增重等)通过人工测量。
为探究猪体热响应与环境条件间的关联,本研究分析了直肠温度、心率和呼吸频率及饮水行为与舍内温度、相对湿度和风速之间的相关性,结果如图2所示。
图2可知,环境温度与猪体主要生理参数和饮水频率均呈显著正相关(P < 0.05),相关系数大于0.70,说明温度是影响猪体热负荷变化的主导因素。相对湿度和风速的相关性相对较弱,主要起辅助调节作用。Mantel检验结果进一步验证了环境因子与猪体生理及行为参数在整体层面上存在极显著关联(P < 0.01),为后续模型构建与饮水行为修正因子的引入提供了关键数据支撑。
为进一步揭示温度对各生理指标的动态影响规律,该研究分析了各生理参数随舍内温度的变化情况,结果如图3所示。随着环境温度升高,直肠温度整体呈上升趋势(图3a),并在一定范围内波动;心率(图3b)与呼吸频率(图3c)则呈递增趋势,且波动幅度明显较大。这一变化特征直观反映了猪体在高温环境下会通过一系列生理调节以维持其核心的体温稳定的响应特征。
猪的饮水行为是反映其生理状态、热感响应及环境适应能力的重要行为表征之一[22]。饮水行为可作为热应激的早期行为信号,其变化趋势与直肠温度、心率和呼吸频率高度一致[17, 23]
图4a所示,饮水行为对环境热条件变化具有明显的响应特征。随着环境温度升高,猪的饮水频率整体呈现逐步上升趋势;在低温环境下,饮水频率较低且波动较小,而在适温及高温环境中,饮水频率明显增加,且波动幅度有所加大,反映出猪体热负荷水平的逐步增强。这一变化规律表明,饮水行为对环境热刺激具有较高的敏感性,能够连续反映猪体热状态的动态变化过程。
此外,饮水行为与猪体关键生理参数之间表现出较为一致的变化趋势,如图4b所示。当饮水频率较高时,猪的直肠温度、心率及呼吸频率通常处于较高水平,体现出行为响应与生理调节的协同变化特征。从生物热传递角度分析,饮水是生猪主动引入冷源以调节核心体温的有效手段,通过在胃肠道内形成明显的内外温度梯度,可直接降低核心体温。同时,饮水频率与心率呈正相关(图4b),这不仅反映了代谢率的提升,更体现机体通过增加心输出量,加速血液循环,以强化对流换热效率的调节机制。另一方面,生猪主要依赖喘息过程中呼吸道的水分蒸发散出潜热,高温环境下呼吸频率急剧升高,此时呼吸道的水分蒸发会导致体液流失,而饮水是维持这一散热过程的关键,高频喘息引发的体液损耗需通过充足饮水补充,以避免脱水导致的热调节衰竭[17]
因此,猪的饮水行为与其热感响应和热应激状态密切相关,这为后续将饮水行为作为辅助变量引入猪体热调节模型及热舒适性评价体系提供了必要的理论依据和试验支撑。
本研究基于瞬态环境条件下的热反应及热平衡方程提出猪体双节点热交换模型(pig two-node heat exchange model,PTHM),用于模拟猪体在不同环境条件下的生理响应变化,模型结构图如图5所示。
节点①代表猪体核心层,节点②表示皮肤层,皮肤外层为猪舍环境。热量交换在猪体核心-皮肤层-外界环境之间进行。猪体核心层热量通过代谢持续产生热量Qm,核心部分的蓄热量Qsc,猪体核心与皮肤层之间的热传导Qt和血液对流Qb,以及经由呼吸作用直接从猪体核心到外界环境的热量Qrhl来平衡。皮肤层的热量Qsk通过皮肤层与外界环境的热量交换来实现热平衡,主要依赖对流换热Qconv和热辐射Qrad,以及一小部分的皮肤散热Qdiff
猪体核心层热量由新陈代谢产生,热量通过组织传导及外周血液循环向皮肤输送,同时部分热量以呼吸显热的形式散失至环境。剩余热量蓄积于体内,进而导致直肠温度升高。猪体核心节点的能量平衡方程见式(1)。
$ {Q}_{\text{sc}}={Q}_{\text{m}}-{Q}_{\text{t}}-{Q}_{\text{b}}-{Q}_{\text{rhl}} $
断奶仔猪的代谢产热Qm计算见式(2)[24]
$ Q\mathrm{_m }= \frac{7.4\cdot M^{0.66} + \left[1 - \left(0.47 + 0.003M\right)\right]\left[7.4n\cdot M^{0.66} - 7.4\cdot M^{0.66}\right]}{A} $
式中M为体重,kg;n为日采食量,kg;A为体表面积,$ A=0.14{M}^{0.57} $[25],m2
基于傅里叶热传导定律,组织传导热量Qt计算式见式(3)。
$ {Q}_{\text{t}}={k}_{\text{t}}\left({T}_{\text{c}}-{T}_{\text{s}}\right) $
式中kt为组织热导率,W/(m2·℃),$ k\mathrm{_t}=45\cdot M^{-0.33} $[26]Tc为直肠温度,℃;Ts为体表温度,℃。
血液对流传热量Qb可由式(4)计算[12]
$ {Q}_{\text{b}}={V}_{\text{b}}\cdot {c}_{\text{b}}\cdot {\rho }_{\text{b}}\left({T}_{\text{c}}-{T}_{\text{s}}\right) $
式中Vb为皮肤血流量,L/(min·m2);cb为血液比热容,通常被认定为约3.85 kJ/(kg·K),ρb为血液密度,约为1059 kg/m3
皮肤血流量不仅决定了猪体核心与皮肤之间的热量输运能力,同时也反映外周组织对循环灌注的需求变化。当环境温湿度升高导致直肠温度上升时,皮肤血流量随之增加,机体向外界的散热能力增强。皮肤血流量增加需要心血管系统提供额外的循环驱动力,因此心输出量Co会相应提高[27]。该研究将心输出量表示为皮肤血流变化的函数,即在Co的基础上叠加皮肤血流对外周灌注需求的贡献,从而得到心输出量的估计值。根据血流动力学关系[28]、猪的生理代谢特性,将Co构建为基线水平与皮肤血流需求的叠加模型,如式(5)所示。
$ C_{\mathrm{o}}=\beta\cdot M^{0.75}+\gamma\cdot V_{\text{b}} $
式中β为基线心输出量的体重相关系数,约为0.4 L/(min·kg);$ \gamma $为表示心输出量对皮肤血流变化敏感性的经验系数,值为0.85 s/min。
呼吸散热量Qrhl计算如式(6)所示[29]
$ {Q}_{\text{rhl}}={V}_{\text{r}}{R}_{\text{r}}({\rho }_{\text{exair}}{H}_{\text{exair}}-{\rho }_{\text{a}}{H}_{\text{a}})/60A $
式中Vr为潮气量,L,$ V\mathrm{_r}=0.033\cdot\mathit{M} $Rr为呼吸频率,min-1ρexair为呼出空气的密度,kg/m3$ {\rho }_{\text{exair}}= {P}_{\text{a}}\cdot {\left[287.06\cdot {T}_{\text{exair}}\cdot \left(1+1.6078\cdot 0.622\cdot \frac{{P}_{\text{s}}}{{P}_{\text{a}}-{P}_{\text{s}}}\right)\right]}^{-1} $Texair为呼出空气温度,℃,$ T_{\text{exair}}=T_{\text{c}}-\eta\left(T_{\text{c}}-T_{\text{air}}\right) $[30]Ps为饱和蒸气压,Pa,计算式如下:
$ P_{\text{s}}=e^{-5\ 800\cdot T_{\text{air}}^{-1}+1.39-0.049\cdot T_{\text{air}}+4.17\times10^{-5}\cdot T_{\text{air}}^2-1.45\times10^{-8}\cdot T_{\text{air}}^3+6.55\cdot\ln T_{\text{air}}} $
式中Pa为标准大气压,值为1.013 25×105 Pa;Tair为环境温度,℃;ρa为周围空气密度,值为1.204 kg/m3Hexair为呼出空气的湿度,经测量值为100%;Ha为周围空气的相对湿度,%。
皮肤层的热量由猪体核心层通过血液对流传导和组织传导而来,经过与环境的对流换热与热辐射后散失至外界,同时伴随少量的蒸发散热。皮肤层节点的能量平衡方程,如式(8)所示。
$ {Q}_{\text{sk}}={Q}_{\text{b}}+{Q}_{\text{t}}-{Q}_{\text{conv}}-{Q}_{\text{rad}}-{Q}_{\text{diff}} $
猪体核心层向皮肤的热传递(血液对传热量Qb和组织传导热量Qt)通过上式(3)、(4)计算。
皮肤表面与周围空气之间存在温差,形成对流换热,其热量计算如式(9)所示。
$ Q_{\text{conv}}=h_{\text{conv}}(T_{\text{s}}-T_{\text{air}}) $
式中hconv为对流换热系数,W/(m2·℃),$ h\mathrm{_{conv}}= \sqrt[3]{270\cdot v_{\mathrm{air}}^2+23} $[31]vair为周围风速,m/s。
基于斯特藩–玻尔兹曼定律,辐射热量Qrad如式(10)所示。
$ {Q}_{\text{rad}}={\varepsilon }_{\text{s}}\sigma \left(T_{\text{s}}^{4}-T_{\text{mr}}^{4}\right) $
式中εs为猪皮肤发射率,值为0.95;σ为斯特藩–玻尔兹曼常数,值为5.672×10-8 W/(m2·K4);Tmr为平均辐射温度,℃,研究证实,在均匀热环境中,其取值可近似等于环境温度[32]
由于生猪的汗腺数量稀少,其热调节主要依赖于呼吸蒸发[5]。少量水分可通过皮肤扩散至空气中,但贡献极为有限。热量主要以潜热形式通过呼吸散失,而非汗液蒸发[30]。因此,蒸发热散失Qdiff可以忽略不计。
本研究以改进的YOLOv11为基础框架构建生猪饮水行为检测模型(pig drink detection model,PDDM),用于实时计算饮水频率,总体结构如图6所示。PDDM由3个功能模块构成:饮水目标感知模块DCB-YOLO、饮水行为事件判别模块和饮水频率计算模块。其中,饮水目标感知模块负责从原始猪舍视频中检测饮水目标;饮水行为事件判别模块基于时序连续性对逐帧检测结果进行事件整合;饮水频率计算模块在固定时间窗口内对饮水事件进行统计,计算饮水频率。
饮水目标感知模块是实现饮水行为识别的关键,直接影响后续事件判别与饮水频率计算的准确性。由于猪的饮水行为具有局部尺度小、易受遮挡与背景干扰等特征,本研究以改进的YOLOv11模型为基础,构建了饮水目标感知模型DCB-YOLO。模型输入为经过尺度统一与像素归一化处理的猪舍视频帧,经过主干网络特征提取、多尺度特征融合,输出为逐帧饮水状态目标框及其置信度。
输入层(Input):猪舍视频按固定帧率进行逐帧采样后,统一缩放至640×640分辨率。标注类别仅包含“drinking”单一行为目标,避免整猪检测或多类别干扰,使网络特征学习过程聚焦于与饮水行为直接相关的局部区域。
主干网络(Backbone):针对猪在饮水过程中头部局部区域尺度小、易被身体或栏杆遮挡、且与背景颜色相近的问题,在YOLOv11主干网络中对C3k2模块进行定向改进,引入坐标注意力机制(coordinate attention,CoordAtt),构建C3k2-CoordAtt特征提取单元。该单元利用CoordAtt机制,将空间位置信息编码引入通道注意力,强化模型对猪头部与饮水嘴接触区域的空间敏感性,从而提升模型在复杂场景下的目标感知能力。
特征融合网络(Neck):在多尺度特征融合阶段,采用双向特征金字塔网络(bidirectional feature pyramid network,BiFPN)替代传统FPN+PAN结构,对主干网络输出的不同尺度特征进行加权融合。BiFPN通过双向跨层连接及可学习权重分配机制,实现高层语义信息与低层细节特征的自适应协同,从而增强模型对小尺度饮水目标的表达能力。
检测输出层(Head):融合后的多尺度特征输入检测输出层,完成饮水目标边界框回归与置信度判别,输出逐帧猪的饮水状态检测结果,为饮水事件判别模块提供基础输入。
饮水事件判别基于时序连续性,对视频序列逐帧提取饮水类别目标框,当检测到的饮水目标与上一帧存在重叠且类别一致时,判定为同一饮水事件的持续过程;当连续N帧未检测到饮水目标,则认为当前饮水事件结束。通过预试验参数标定,将N设定为10可有效减少误检及短时干扰对事件划分的不利影响。基于上述规则,将视频序列中的饮水行为划分为一组离散饮水事件E1, E2, ……, Ek
将视频数据按照固定时间窗口进行分段,以15 min作为统计窗口,统计每个时间窗口内的饮水事件数量,并定义该时间段内的饮水频率fdrink如式(11)所示。
$ {f}_{\text{drink}}=\frac{{N}_{\text{event}}}{\Delta t} $
通过PDDM模型计算出饮水频率,将其作为行为修正因子引入PTHM模型,用于动态调节血液对流项Qb与呼吸散热项Qrhl,构建饮水行为修正的猪体双节点热交换模型(drinking behavior-corrected pig two-node heat exchange model,D-PTHM),从而提升模型对环境变化的响应能力。
饮水行为会短时间内增加猪体血流量,并改变血流分布,从而影响体表到核心的热量传输。为反映这一非线性效应,对机理模型中的血液对流热量进行修改,如式(12)所示。
$ Q_{\text{b}}^{\text{adjusted}}={Q}_{\text{b}}\cdot \exp \left({C}_{\text{b}}\cdot {f}_{\text{drink}}\cdot \left({T}_{\text{c}}-{T}_{\text{air}}\right)\right) $
式中$ Q_{\text{b}}^{\text{adjusted}} $是修正后的血液对流项,W/m;Cb是皮肤血液对流项的修正系数,min/℃。
饮水行为通常伴随呼吸节律变化,尤其在热应激状态下,饮水可促使猪体加快呼吸以强化散热。由此对机理模型中的呼吸散热量进行修改,如式(13)所示。
$ Q_{\text{rhl}}^{\text{adjusted}}={Q}_{\text{rhl}}\cdot \exp \left({C}_{\text{rhl}}\cdot {f}_{\text{drink}}\cdot \left({T}_{\text{c}}-{T}_{\text{air}}\right)\right) $
式中$ Q_{\text{rhl}}^{\text{adjusted}} $是修正后的呼吸散热项,W/m2Crhl是呼吸散热项的修正系数,min/℃。
试验在Ubuntu 20.04系统下进行,硬件平台为 NVIDIA RTX 3090 GPU(24 GB显存)。软件环境包括Python 3.9、PyTorch 2.0以及MATLAB/Simulink,并配置 CUDA 11.8与cuDNN加速。其中,模型PDDM的训练与推理在PyTorch框架下完成,双节点猪体热交换模型及其修正模型的仿真计算在MATLAB/Simulink环境中实现。
饮水行为视频按照每10帧抽取1帧的固定比例进行抽帧,生成图像样本,并采用LabelImg软件进行人工标注。每张图像中可能包含多只猪,其中仅对处于饮水状态的目标进行标注,其余未饮水的猪作为背景处理。饮水行为数据集由6000张标注图像构成,按照7:2:1划分为训练集、验证集和测试集。
为评估猪体双节点体热交换模型的模拟性能与泛化能力,该研究分别在人工气候室与实际养殖场采集的数据构建模型训练集与测试数据集,以增强模型的泛化能力。采用交叉混合的方法,分别选取人工气候室试验数据的80%与养殖基地的试验猪舍数据的20%组成模型训练集,用于模型建立;选取人工气候室试验数据的20%与养殖基地的试验猪舍数据的80%组成模型测试集,用于模型性能验证。
为评估 PDDM 模型中猪的饮水行为目标感知模块的性能,采用目标检测领域常用评价指标构建模型性能评价体系,包括模型参数量、平均精度均值(mean average precision,mAP)、精确率(P)、召回率(R)。
其中,模型参数量用于表征模型规模与计算复杂度,以评估其轻量化程度及实际部署可行性,mAP用于综合衡量模型在不同检测阈值下对饮水目标的整体检测性能,PR分别反映模型预测结果的准确性及对饮水行为的检出能力,计算见式(14)~(16)所示。
$ \text{mAP}=\frac{1}{M}\displaystyle\sum\nolimits_{i=1}^{M}\left(\int\nolimits_{0}^{1}{P}_{i}(R)\text{d}R\right) $
$ P=\frac{\mathrm{TP}}{\mathrm{TP}+\mathrm{FP}} $
$ R=\frac{\mathrm{TP}}{\mathrm{TP}+\mathrm{FN}} $
式中Pi(R)为第i类目标以召回率R为自变量的精度函数,M表示目标类别数量,TP表示被正确识别的饮水行为样本数量,FP被误识别为饮水行为的样本数量,FN未被模型识别的饮水行为样本数量。
为定量评估双节点猪体热交换模型的模拟性能,采用决定系数(R-squared,R2)、平均绝对误差(mean absolute error,MAE)和均方根误差(root mean squared errorRMSE)作为评价指标,如式(17)~(19)所示。
$ {R}^{2}=1-\frac{\displaystyle\sum\nolimits_{j=1}^{m}{({{y}_{j}}-{{\hat{y}}_{j}})}^{2}}{\displaystyle\sum\nolimits_{j=1}^{m}{({{y}_{j}}-\overline{y})}^{2}} $
$ \text{MAE}=\frac{1}{m}\displaystyle\sum\nolimits_{j=1}^{m}\left| {y}_{j}-{\hat{y}}_{j}\right| $
$ \mathrm{RMSE}=\sqrt{\frac{1}{m}\displaystyle\sum\nolimits_{j=1}^{m}{({{y}_{j}}-{{\hat{y}}_{j}})}^{2}} $
式中yj为第j个样本的实测值,$ \hat{\mathrm{\mathit{y}}} $j为对应的模拟值,m为样本数量,$ \overline{\mathrm{\mathit{y}}} $为实测值的均值。
为评估猪的饮水行为识别模型PDDM的有效性,试验在相同训练条件与数据集划分下,将改进后的DCB-YOLO与SSD、RetinaNet、YOLOv8以及YOLOv11等主流目标检测算法进行对比,结果如表2所示。
DCB-YOLO平均精度均值、精确率与召回率分别为97.47%、96.89%和96.15%,优于 YOLOv11 及其他基线模型。尽管由于DCB-YOLO引入注意力机制与多尺度特征融合模块,模型大小略有增加(15.71 M),但与其他基准模型相比,其参数量仍然较小。因此,DCB-YOLO模型在复杂的猪舍环境下保持轻量化优势的同时,实现了高精度的饮水行为识别。
各模型的训练损失值与平均精度均值的变化曲线,如图7所示。相较于其他基线模型,DCB-YOLO模型的Loss曲线下降平滑,振荡幅度较小,mAP曲线在训练初期快速上升并较早进入平稳期,说明CoordAtt注意力机制增强了猪只饮水关键区域的特征提取能力,而BiFPN结构优化了多尺度特征融合,有效缓解了小目标及短时饮水动作检测中的特征丢失问题,提升了检测精度。
未引入饮水行为修正因子的双节点热交换机理模型PTHM模拟输出值与实测值对比如图8所示,模型模拟性能如表3所示。模型对直肠温度、心率和呼吸频率的模拟值与实测值的R2分别为0.673、0.685、0.615,MAE分别为0.320 ℃、7.020 bpm、0.916 bpm,RMSE为0.412 ℃、9.120 bpm、1.635 bpm。进一步分析可知,模拟曲线能够反映直肠温度、心率和呼吸频率随环境温度变化的总体规律,具备初步表征猪体的热平衡过程及生理响应的能力,但整体较为平滑,对局部波动响应不足。其原因在于,PTHM基于热平衡关系建立,能够描述猪体代谢产热及呼吸散热等热交换过程,但未考虑饮水等行为对机体热调节产生的短时动态影响。因此,本研究后续引入饮水行为修正因子,以提高模型模拟精度。
通过PDDM模型输出的饮水频率作为行为修正因子,动态修正热交换方程中的血液对流散热项与呼吸散热项。如图8 所示,与未引入行为修正的基础模型PTHM相比,融合饮水行为信息后的D-PTHM模型在直肠温度、心率和呼吸频率的动态模拟中,模拟值与实测值之间具有更高的一致性。如表3所示,优化后的猪体热交换机理模型D-PTHM,模拟性能明显提升,直肠温度、心率和呼吸频率的模拟值与实测值的R2分别为0.831、0.771、0.775,MAE分别为0.247 ℃、3.358 bpm、0.580 bpm,RMSE分别为0.332 ℃、4.053 bpm、0.747 bpm。引入饮水频率作为行为修正因子后,D-PTHM能够更准确地刻画直肠温度、心率及呼吸频率的动态变化过程,在整体幅值和局部波动特征上均与实测曲线更加接近,不仅验证了饮水行为作为猪体热应激状态外在表征的科学性,也为机理模型引入行为驱动的动态修正提供了有效技术路径。
与PTHM模型相比,融合机器视觉提取饮水行为特征来修正血液对流热量和呼吸散热量后的模型D-PTHM在直肠温度、心率和呼吸频率的模拟值与实测值的R2分别提升了23.5%、12.6%、26.0%,MAE分别降低了22.8%、52.2%、36.7%,RMSE 分别降低了19.4%、55.5%、54.3%,能够更精准地捕捉猪对环境变化的生理响应,反映猪体热平衡调节变化趋势。饮水行为的引入优化了PTHM对于主要生理参数的模拟结果,这也证实饮水行为是猪体热状态的重要外在行为表征之一。
1)基于生物学定律与热力学平衡方程构建的双节点热交换模型(pig two-node heat exchange model,PTHM),能够表征猪体的核心层-皮肤层-外界环境间的热平衡过程。模型输出的直肠温度、心率和呼吸频率的模拟值与实测值的R2分别为0.673、0.685、0.615,平均绝对误差分别为0.320 ℃、7.020 bpm、0.916 bpm,均方根误差分别为0.412 ℃、9.120 bpm和1.635 bpm,能够初步反映猪体热交换过程及其生理响应特征。
2)构建的生猪饮水识别模型(pig drink detection model,PDDM),实现了饮水行为精准监测与饮水频率计算。饮水行为检测模块 DCB-YOLO与其他基线模型相比具有轻量化(15.71 M)与检测精度高(mAP 97.47%)的优势,可为修正猪体双节热交换模型提供技术支撑。
3)融合饮水行为优化猪体双节点热交换机理模型中的血液对流项Qb与呼吸散热项Qrhl,大幅提升了模型精度。优化后的猪体热交换模型(drinking behavior-corrected pig two-node heat exchange model,D-PTHM)输出的直肠温度、心率和呼吸频率的模拟值与实测值的R2分别提升至0.831、0.771、0.775,平均绝对误差分别为0.247 ℃、3.358 bpm、0.580 bpm,均方根误差分别为0.332 ℃、4.053 bpm和0.747 bpm,表明饮水行为的引入能够提升机理模型对猪体热调节的模拟精度。
本研究构建的融合饮水行为检测的双节点体热交换模型,通过机器学习以行为数据驱动动态修正机理模型的经验参数(数据驱动+机理模型),为猪舍环境评价与精准调控提供了方法参考,未来可进一步纳入更多的行为特征,优化模型性能,拓展不同生长阶段猪的体热调节模拟。

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2026年第42卷第12期
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doi: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202601173
  • 接收时间:2026-01-20
  • 首发时间:2026-08-20
  • 出版时间:2026-06-30
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-20
  • 修回日期:2026-04-11
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    1东北农业大学智能科学与工程学院,哈尔滨 150030
    2瓦赫宁根大学农业生物系统工程组,瓦赫宁根,6700AA,荷兰
    3东北农业大学动物科技学院,哈尔滨 150030
    4农业农村部生猪养殖设施工程重点实验室,哈尔滨 150030
    5教育部北方寒区猪智能化繁育与养殖工程研究中心,哈尔滨 150030
    6加泰罗尼亚理工大学先进控制系统研究组,巴塞罗那 08028,西班牙
    7工业机器人与信息技术研究所,巴塞罗那 08028,西班牙
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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