Article(id=1297211670640746525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, issueId=1297211624738284246, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202603022, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1772553600000, receivedDateStr=2026-03-04, revisedDate=1778601600000, revisedDateStr=2026-05-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1787208963307, onlineDateStr=2026-08-20, pubDate=1782748800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1787208963307, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1787208963307, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1787208963307, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1297211624738284246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, year='2026', volume='42', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='396', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782748800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1787208952364, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1787212261177, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1297225503002357852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, issueId=1297211624738284246, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1297225503002357853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, issueId=1297211624738284246, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=21, endPage=30, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1297211670900793375, articleId=1297211670640746525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, language=EN, title=Vision positioning and motion control method for a needle-free pig injection robot, columnId=1297211670816907294, journalTitle=Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, columnName=Special Topics on Smart Animal-raising Technologies and Livestock Equipment(2): Smart Equipment and Environmental Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Immunization injection is of ten require d to prevent and control the diseases in pig farming. However, current needle injection still relies on manual labor in pig farms, leading to serious challenges, such as high risk of needle breakage, severe cross-infection, low efficiency, time-consuming, and labor-intensive operation, as well as missed or incorrect injections. In this study, a control system was proposed for vision-based positioning and motion in a needle-free injection robot under confined stall breeding scenarios. According to the workflow of swine immunization, the key components were selected to integrate the navigation system of the robot. Its parameters were then determined to improve the needle-free injection module. The motion range of the robotic arm was simulated using MATLAB. The rotation angles of its six axes were constrained to prevent collision between the robotic arm and confined stall. A precise localization was proposed for the needle-free injection site on pigs. The YOLOv8n framework was improved to solve the missed and false detections caused by blurred features of the tail root and susceptibility to dirt interference. The improved network was used to extract the tail root region from pig images. A point set of the hip muscle injection area was constructed for vertical injection. The least squares method (LSM) was applied to fit the surface point set, enabling accurate calculation of the injection point and posture. A control system was developed to accurately track the injection point in the needle-free injection robot, due to the random movement of pigs during operation. According to feeding system, the injection was divided into two phases: a pre-injection and an injection phase. In the pre-injection phase, the tail root position was continuously detected to perform visual servoing control of robotic arm, thereby tracking the injection point in real time. In the injection phase, the robot moved into the injection point, and then performed the injection, according to the last detected pose. The critical distance of phase transition was determined to be 15 cm using depth camera and triangulation. The robot operating system (ROS) was used to integrate navigation, visual detection, and robotic arm control algorithms, enabling the robot to follow a predetermined trajectory and then perform needle-free injection on pigs. Experiments were conducted at a pig farm in Qinhuangdao City, Hebei Province, China. The experimental results showed that the tail root detection algorithm achieved an accuracy of 95.8%, a recall of 93.5%, and a mean average precision (mAP) of 97.1%. The overall injection success rate of the robot was 93.3%, of which 95.2% were vertical injections. The maximum injection deviations in the X, Y, and Z axes were 2.9, 3.7, and 1.9 cm, respectively, corresponding to average deviations of 1.30, 1.91, and 0.59 cm. The injection accuracy was fully met the requirements of swine immunization. A closed-loop control system was realized from chassis navigation, visual recognition, dynamic tracking to precise triggering for the needle-free injection in real scenarios. The findings can also offer the technical and engineering reference for the large-scale intelligent farming.

, authors=Jianmin YUE1, Zhi LI1, 2, Yuliang ZHAO1, Jun ZHU1, Nan JIA1, Xue YAN3, Bin LI1, *, authorsList=Jianmin YUE, Zhi LI, Yuliang ZHAO, Jun ZHU, Nan JIA, Xue YAN, Bin LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Bin LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1297211675543887937, articleId=1297211670640746525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, language=CN, title=生猪无针注射机器人的视觉定位与运动控制方法, columnId=1297211670993068064, journalTitle=农业工程学报, columnName=智慧养殖技术与智能畜牧装备专题(2):智能装备与环境工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对猪场传统针头注射存在的断针风险高、交叉感染大、作业效率低等问题,该研究提出了一种面向限位栏养殖场景的生猪无针注射机器人视觉定位与运动控制方法。首先,根据生猪免疫注射作业流程和工作原理,进行关键部件选型;进一步,提出一种生猪无针注射部位精准定位方法,通过基于改进的YOLOv8n网络提取生猪图像中的尾根部位,构建髋骨肌肉注射区点集,利用最小二乘法拟合曲面点集实现机器人注射点位和注射姿态的准确计算;并开发无针注射机器人控制系统,基于ROS(robot operating system)集成导航移动、视觉检测、机械臂控制等算法,控制机器人沿着预定的轨迹,实现生猪的无针注射功能。在河北省秦皇岛市某生猪养殖场进行了无针注射试验。试验结果表明:所提出的尾根检测算法识别准确率为95.8%,召回率93.5%,平均精度均值97.1%;机器人注射成功率为93.3%,其中垂直注射占比95.2%,单头猪单次注射用时7.9s;XYZ轴方向最大注射偏差分别2.9、3.7、1.9 cm,平均偏差1.30、1.91、0.59 cm,注射精度满足生猪免疫注射作业要求。研究结果可为规模化生猪养殖的少人化、自动化、智能化提供技术参考。

, authors=岳健民1, 李植1, 2, 赵宇亮1, 朱君1, 贾楠1, 闫雪3, 李斌1, *, authorsList=岳健民, 李植, 赵宇亮, 朱君, 贾楠, 闫雪, 李斌, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李斌, authorNote=

岳健民,助理工程师,研究方向为畜禽养殖智能装备。Email:

, correspAuthorsNote=
李斌,博士,研究员,博士生导师,研究方向为畜禽养殖智能装备。Email:
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1.深感相机 2.固定架 3.机械臂 4.车轮 5.控制箱 6.工控机 7.电池 8.针筒 9.接近开关 10.注射器 11.控制器 12.惯导模块 13.激光雷达14. 相机

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注:连杆长度Di,cm;连杆转角αi,(°);连杆偏距di,cm。

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注:Op为相机原点;(uv)为图像点横纵坐标;Oi为视觉中心点;(cxcy)为视觉中心点横纵坐标;O为尾根中心点;fx、fy为横、纵向像素焦距横纵坐标;H为环带像素坐标集;Q1Q2Q3分别为第一、二、三类特征点集。

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注:q1q2q3分别为第一、二、三类特征点集中注射参考点。

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Detection results of pig tail roots using different algorithms

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型
Model
准确率
Precision/%
召回率
Recall/%
平均精度均值
Mean average
precision/%
帧速率
FPS/帧·s−1
内存量
Memory
consumption/
MB
YOLOv7-tiny83.281.786.4132.65.12
YOLOv8n87.586.690.2124.45.95
YOLOv9-t91.489.893.7105.37.68
MobileViT-YOLO89.688.191.568.716.32
改进YOLOv8n95.893.597.1118.19.87
), ArticleFig(id=1300032441956197288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211670640746525, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同算法对尾根的检测结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型
Model
准确率
Precision/%
召回率
Recall/%
平均精度均值
Mean average
precision/%
帧速率
FPS/帧·s−1
内存量
Memory
consumption/
MB
YOLOv7-tiny83.281.786.4132.65.12
YOLOv8n87.586.690.2124.45.95
YOLOv9-t91.489.893.7105.37.68
MobileViT-YOLO89.688.191.568.716.32
改进YOLOv8n95.893.597.1118.19.87
), ArticleFig(id=1300032442027500457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211670640746525, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Results of needle free injection test for pigs cm

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点位
Point
注射偏差均值
Mean injection deviation
最大值
Maximum value
最小值
Minimum value
q1q2q3
X1.301.281.322.90.1
Y1.911.881.843.70.1
Z0.590.470.741.90.1
), ArticleFig(id=1300032442140746666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211670640746525, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

生猪无针注射试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
点位
Point
注射偏差均值
Mean injection deviation
最大值
Maximum value
最小值
Minimum value
q1q2q3
X1.301.281.322.90.1
Y1.911.881.843.70.1
Z0.590.470.741.90.1
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生猪无针注射机器人的视觉定位与运动控制方法
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岳健民 1 , 李植 1, 2 , 赵宇亮 1 , 朱君 1 , 贾楠 1 , 闫雪 3 , 李斌 1, *
农业工程学报 | 智慧养殖技术与智能畜牧装备专题(2):智能装备与环境工程 2026,42(12): 21-30
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农业工程学报 |智慧养殖技术与智能畜牧装备专题(2):智能装备与环境工程 2026 , 42 (12) : 21 -30
生猪无针注射机器人的视觉定位与运动控制方法
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岳健民1 , 李植1, 2, 赵宇亮1, 朱君1, 贾楠1, 闫雪3, 李斌1, *
作者信息
  • 1北京市农林科学院智能装备技术研究中心,北京 100097
  • 2天津农学院工程技术学院,天津 300384
  • 3新希望六和股份有限公司,成都 610023
通讯作者:
李斌,博士,研究员,博士生导师,研究方向为畜禽养殖智能装备。Email:
作者简介:

岳健民,助理工程师,研究方向为畜禽养殖智能装备。Email:

Vision positioning and motion control method for a needle-free pig injection robot
Jianmin YUE1 , Zhi LI1, 2, Yuliang ZHAO1, Jun ZHU1, Nan JIA1, Xue YAN3, Bin LI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Intelligent Equipment Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
  • 2College of Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
  • 3New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd, Chengdu 610023, China
出版时间: 2026-06-30 doi: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202603022
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针对猪场传统针头注射存在的断针风险高、交叉感染大、作业效率低等问题,该研究提出了一种面向限位栏养殖场景的生猪无针注射机器人视觉定位与运动控制方法。首先,根据生猪免疫注射作业流程和工作原理,进行关键部件选型;进一步,提出一种生猪无针注射部位精准定位方法,通过基于改进的YOLOv8n网络提取生猪图像中的尾根部位,构建髋骨肌肉注射区点集,利用最小二乘法拟合曲面点集实现机器人注射点位和注射姿态的准确计算;并开发无针注射机器人控制系统,基于ROS(robot operating system)集成导航移动、视觉检测、机械臂控制等算法,控制机器人沿着预定的轨迹,实现生猪的无针注射功能。在河北省秦皇岛市某生猪养殖场进行了无针注射试验。试验结果表明:所提出的尾根检测算法识别准确率为95.8%,召回率93.5%,平均精度均值97.1%;机器人注射成功率为93.3%,其中垂直注射占比95.2%,单头猪单次注射用时7.9s;XYZ轴方向最大注射偏差分别2.9、3.7、1.9 cm,平均偏差1.30、1.91、0.59 cm,注射精度满足生猪免疫注射作业要求。研究结果可为规模化生猪养殖的少人化、自动化、智能化提供技术参考。

无针注射  /  视觉定位  /  伺服控制  /  机械臂  /  生猪

Immunization injection is of ten require d to prevent and control the diseases in pig farming. However, current needle injection still relies on manual labor in pig farms, leading to serious challenges, such as high risk of needle breakage, severe cross-infection, low efficiency, time-consuming, and labor-intensive operation, as well as missed or incorrect injections. In this study, a control system was proposed for vision-based positioning and motion in a needle-free injection robot under confined stall breeding scenarios. According to the workflow of swine immunization, the key components were selected to integrate the navigation system of the robot. Its parameters were then determined to improve the needle-free injection module. The motion range of the robotic arm was simulated using MATLAB. The rotation angles of its six axes were constrained to prevent collision between the robotic arm and confined stall. A precise localization was proposed for the needle-free injection site on pigs. The YOLOv8n framework was improved to solve the missed and false detections caused by blurred features of the tail root and susceptibility to dirt interference. The improved network was used to extract the tail root region from pig images. A point set of the hip muscle injection area was constructed for vertical injection. The least squares method (LSM) was applied to fit the surface point set, enabling accurate calculation of the injection point and posture. A control system was developed to accurately track the injection point in the needle-free injection robot, due to the random movement of pigs during operation. According to feeding system, the injection was divided into two phases: a pre-injection and an injection phase. In the pre-injection phase, the tail root position was continuously detected to perform visual servoing control of robotic arm, thereby tracking the injection point in real time. In the injection phase, the robot moved into the injection point, and then performed the injection, according to the last detected pose. The critical distance of phase transition was determined to be 15 cm using depth camera and triangulation. The robot operating system (ROS) was used to integrate navigation, visual detection, and robotic arm control algorithms, enabling the robot to follow a predetermined trajectory and then perform needle-free injection on pigs. Experiments were conducted at a pig farm in Qinhuangdao City, Hebei Province, China. The experimental results showed that the tail root detection algorithm achieved an accuracy of 95.8%, a recall of 93.5%, and a mean average precision (mAP) of 97.1%. The overall injection success rate of the robot was 93.3%, of which 95.2% were vertical injections. The maximum injection deviations in the X, Y, and Z axes were 2.9, 3.7, and 1.9 cm, respectively, corresponding to average deviations of 1.30, 1.91, and 0.59 cm. The injection accuracy was fully met the requirements of swine immunization. A closed-loop control system was realized from chassis navigation, visual recognition, dynamic tracking to precise triggering for the needle-free injection in real scenarios. The findings can also offer the technical and engineering reference for the large-scale intelligent farming.

needle-free injection  /  visual positioning  /  servo control  /  robotic arm  /  pigs
岳健民, 李植, 赵宇亮, 朱君, 贾楠, 闫雪, 李斌. 生猪无针注射机器人的视觉定位与运动控制方法. 农业工程学报, 2026 , 42 (12) : 21 -30 . DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202603022
Jianmin YUE, Zhi LI, Yuliang ZHAO, Jun ZHU, Nan JIA, Xue YAN, Bin LI. Vision positioning and motion control method for a needle-free pig injection robot[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2026 , 42 (12) : 21 -30 . DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202603022
中国是世界养猪第一大国,截止到2024年底,全国生猪出栏量达7.03亿头[1],占全球54.89%,规模猪场生猪疫病防控形势越发严峻[2]。定期注射免疫是养殖中疫病防控的重要环节,为提高免疫力和存活率,后备母猪配种前注射8次,经产母猪注射6次,育肥猪注射11次[3]。当前生猪注射仍依赖人工,存在针头断裂、费时费力、漏打误打等问题,已无法满足规模化的养殖需求,亟需研发适用于猪舍设施环境的无针注射机器人实现机器代人,为猪产业可持续发展提供技术支撑。
目前,生猪免疫主要分为环境消杀免疫和注射免疫[4]。在环境消杀免疫方面,陈嘉辉等[5]通过构建猪舍洗消机器人距离-阀门开度模型,调节喷头与待洗消点位间距离供液流量,可实现不同距离洗消点位的流量精准调节。赵文文等[6]运用视觉处理与识别进行生猪体温巡检,控制超声波雾化、紫外线辐射等进行舍内环境消杀。李嘉豪等[7]针对猪舍环境设计了环境感知机器人系统,采用卡尔曼滤波采集环境参数并基于模糊综合算法模型评定环境优劣,温度数据检测误差为0.19%。环境消杀免疫可通过呼吸道接触抗原,激发免疫减少应激,但无法确保每头生猪获得精准一致的疫苗计量,免疫失败概率高,而近年来机器人技术的显著进展[8],可较好替代人工在实际场景下的生产作业,已广泛应用于包装[9]、授粉[10-11]、抓取[12]、采摘[13-14]、分级[15]、扦插[16]等复杂作业中。在注射机器人方面,MEINDL等[17]结合SCARA机器人与控制方法,可在多输入/多输出动态系统下跟踪运动,实现自动心肌注射。LIU等[18]采用四自由度机器人,结合电磁跟踪系统和带电磁传感器的针头进行自由空间评估,用于腰部注射治疗的磁共振。ZHU等[19]通过扫描背侧手静脉拟合空间点云,根据针头计算分析针头入角和穿透力,确定穿刺机器人最佳针头插入角度。CHOI等[20]提出一种使用单目近红外视觉系统确定注射机器人注射点算法,确定适当注射点,用于血管深度估计。BALTER等[21]利用近红外和超声成像扫描并选择合适的注射部位,通过工作空间模拟和自由空间定位测试评估该设备的性能。上述研究在猪舍环境消杀免疫和人体医疗机器辅助注射中已广泛研究应用,但针对生猪无针注射免疫的自主式机器人系统及作业流程的装备缺乏,特别对移动式的研究方法缺少,对限位栏内精准注射随机移动生猪的控制方法不明确,且缺乏在实际环境下机器人整机作业效果验证。
针对上述问题,本文以限位栏中的生猪为研究对象,提出一种无针注射机器人视觉定位与运动控制方法,引入改进的YOLOv8n模型检测猪尾根部位并计算注射点和姿态,实现注射部位的精准检测,通过视觉伺服算法控制机械臂进行跟踪注射,并在猪舍验证机器人的作业效果。以期为规模猪场生猪注射免疫作业自动化设备的研发与应用提供参考。
生猪无针注射机器人主要由移动底盘、机械臂、控制器和无针注射模块等组成,整机结构如图1a所示。移动底盘采用后轮转向、前轮驱动,由两路带编码器的400W直流无刷电机驱动,配备弯型减速器和驱动器进行动力输出。移动底盘尺寸为800×520×650 mm,搭载48 V/60(A·h)磷酸铁锂电池,可保证8 h的续航作业能力,并能对外供电满足其他设备的用电需求。移动底盘的前端上方固定遨博AUBO-i5六轴协作机械臂。工控机、机械臂控制箱、单片机和边缘计算单元等控制器用于尾根信息处理、控制策略生成和信息呈现等,固定在平台内部。接近开关用于判断是否接触生猪,安装在气泵式无针注射器上形成无针注射模块,深感相机分辨率为640×480像素,采用眼在手上的方式和无针注射模块固定在机械臂末端,通过模块化的布局连接各传感器电路(图1b),最终形成无针注射机器人。
生猪无针注射机器人主要针对在限位栏养殖环境下的生猪进行作业,机器人的连续作业流程如图2所示。
作业开始前,激光雷达扫描猪舍环境传输至工控机进行扫描建图,工作人员在地图上对需要注射的生猪限位栏位置进行标记。作业时,机器人根据设定点依次导航至需要注射的限位栏,到达设定点后工控机控制机械臂逆向旋转,深感相机采集图像经过USB传输至边缘计算,通过部署的目标检测模型获取生猪尾根图像,对注射区域和垂直姿态进行定位计算,并通过ROS(robot operating system)的话题发布位置和姿态。工控机订阅到注射的话题后,控制机械臂进行移动注射。当无针注射模块接触到注射目标后,STM32获取传感器触发数量控制气泵式无针注射器进行无针注射,并通过USB-RS485连接方式与工控机通信,调整机械臂姿态完成注射,移动底盘继续前进,循环上述工作。
为满足猪舍移动需求,生猪无针注射机器人的导航系统基于激光雷达的自主导航方案,实现猪舍环境下针对需注射生猪限位栏的精准定位与路径规划。系统结构如图3所示,采用单线激光雷达作为核心传感器提供高精度距离信息,惯导模块提供车身姿态信息,光电传感器提供无法避让的障碍信息,相机提供图像信息,警示灯与显示器提供机器人状态信息。地图构建采用Gmapping SLAM算法,通过激光点云特征构建具有语义标签的二维栅格地图,导航时采用自适应蒙特卡洛实时定位。地图分辨率设置为0.05 m,实时更新频率为10 Hz。路径规划分为全局规划与局部规划两个层级。全局规划基于已知栅格地图,采用改进A*算法,以路径长度与平滑度为优化目标,生成从起点到注射目标生猪的最优路径。局部规划采用动态窗口法(dynamic window approach,DWA),实时避让障碍物。运动控制基于两轮差速模型,通过PID控制器调节左右轮转速,跟踪规划路径。控制周期为100 ms,最大线性速度设定为0.2 m/s,角速度限幅为±0.8 rad/s。
考虑到生猪运动的不确定性,注射器需具备灵活作业空间并降低触发条件,同时为满足机器人自动触碰注射的要求,针对现有注射器需人工按压的问题,对其进行自动化适配改进。改后的无针注射模块结构如图4所示,由单片机、5个接近开关、注射枪、针筒和弹簧组成。接触开关安装硅胶衬套缓冲接触,减少生猪皮肤划伤。同时,为保证注射时的稳固性和低损性,卡扣与弹簧置于枪体进液口内侧,支撑前端的机构滑动。在机械臂注射移动时,无针注射模块到达点位附近,开关触发数量若大于3个时触发注射动作,实现注射。
为实现生猪无针注射过程中对尾根区域的精准定位与稳定作业,本文试验采用的机械臂为AUBO-i5六自由度协作机械臂,最大工作半径886.5 mm,最大负载为5 kg,重复定位精度低于±0.02 mm,可满足无针注射的定位要求,工作速度最大3.4 m/s,六轴的关节转角范围为360°适用于猪舍限位栏内受限空间的灵活操作。机械臂控制箱通过EtherCAT总线与工控机通信,采用ROS驱动包实现关节轨迹规划与实时控制。
由于生猪限定在限位栏中,为减少注射时机械臂与限位栏的碰撞行为[22-23],本文采用D-H(denavit-hartenberg)参数建模仿真机械臂运动范围,参数连杆长度Di、连杆扭角αi和偏距di图5所示,关节转角θi的范围均为±360°。
通过Matlab Robotics Toolbox,根据D-H结构参数建立机械臂模型,采用蒙特卡洛法进行机械手工作空间分析,随机选取30000组关节空间向量,在每个轴的运动范围内进行大量随机采样,通过正向运动学函数得到机械臂末端中心点在空间中可到达位置[24],不断限制六轴的关节转角,使末端中心点能限制在猪舍限位栏大小范围内,生成的三维点云如图6所示。
图中圆点为机械臂末端中心点在空间中可到达位置,菱形标记为三轴的极值特征点,分别代表X、Y、Z三轴最远的可达位置。横向跨度(X:0.97 m,Y:1.07 m)表明可适配生猪限位栏,机械臂的注射范围不会接触栏体两侧;纵向跨度(Z:1.78 m)表明机械臂在竖直方向作业范围最大,有利于覆盖不同体型的生猪注射。机械臂最远可达距离1.22 m,满足限位栏内无针注射作业的空间需求。限制后的转角范围为
$ \begin{cases} 45{\text{°}}\leq {\theta }_{1}\leq 90{\text{°}},60{\text{°}}\leq {\theta }_{2}\leq 115{\text{°}}\\-60{\text{°}}\leq {\theta }_{3}\leq 45{\text{°}},-60{\text{°}}\leq {\theta }_{4}\leq 25{\text{°}}\\0{\text{°}}\leq {\theta }_{5}\leq 70{\text{°}},-25{\text{°}}\leq {\theta }_{6}\leq 25{\text{°}}\end{cases} $
在生猪无针注射作业中,精准定位注射点是保证免疫效果、降低动物应激的关键。髋骨部位远离重要脏器与骨骼,符合无针注射技术对皮下组织的给药要求,利于药液扩散与吸收。在限位栏养殖环境下,生猪尾部相对固定,为机器人视觉系统提供了稳定的检测目标。相比耳根、颈部等传统注射部位,尾部更易于暴露,且便于机械臂无针注射模块进行多角度注射。
数据集采集地点在秦皇岛市明霞养殖场,图像采集时间为2023年12月7—27日,拍摄对象为固定在限位栏中的长白猪。将Intel Realsense Depth Camera D405深感相机固定在机械臂上,与电脑连接使用。在拍摄过程中,深感相机在距离猪尾根0.3~0.6 m,离地高度0.6~1.1 m的范围内随机角度拍摄存储,生猪保持站立进食状态。为保证尾根识别检测准确性,在早中晚不同光照强度的时间段进行拍摄,光照强度分别在在117.4、198.6、84.2 lux。对采集的RGB图像数据采用Labelme工具标注,标签为tail(尾根),标注文件格式为txt文件,如图7所示。经统计,共获取有效尾根图像2574张。
猪舍环境昏暗,尾根附近脏污多,容易造成判断性特征缺失,同时尾根与纹理、肤色特征相似,导致模型难以准确识别。YOLO作为常用的目标检测典型算法,被广泛应用于实时检测任务中[25],其中YOLOv8采用CSPDarknet骨干网络和PAN-FPN特征金字塔,在保持轻量化的同时实现了多尺度特征高效融合。为减少环境与脏污对尾根检测模型的影响,高效提取与融合多尺度特征并提升检测精度,本文在YOLOv8n框架基础上[26-27]对网络结构进行改进,构建适配生猪尾根检测的改进模型。改进后的YOLOv8n网络结构如图8所示。
首先将频率自适应动态卷积(frequency adaptive dilated convolution,FADC)与C2f模块深度融合形成C2f-FADC模块,替换骨干网络(Backbone)和特征金字塔颈部(Neck)的所有原始C2f模块,原C2f模块在处理复杂频率信息时对高频噪声(如猪舍灰尘、尾根附着的粪便污渍)和低频语义特征的分离能力不足,易将脏污纹理误判为尾根本体特征,而FADC可通过自适应调整不同频率通道的权重,有效抑制高频噪声干扰并强化尾根本体的低频语义与边缘轮廓特征,融合后的模块提升了模型对复杂频率信息的解耦能力与多尺度特征表征能力,增强了对不同距离、不同姿态下尾根目标的感知鲁棒性,从特征提取源头解决尾根特征模糊、易受脏污干扰导致的漏检与误检问题;其次,采用简化空间金字塔池化快速模块(SimSPPF)替换原有的SPPF模块,原SPPF模块通过多次串行池化实现多尺度特征融合,存在大量重复计算与特征冗余,SimSPPF通过优化并行池化结构与特征拼接路径,在完整保留多尺度感受野融合能力的基础上剔除了冗余计算分支,保证检测精度的同时将推理速度维持在边缘计算设备可承载的范围内;最后,用Shape-IoU损失函数替换原有的CIoU损失函数,原CIoU损失仅考虑边界框的中心距离、宽高比与交并比,未充分关注目标的形状特征,对于猪尾根这类形状不规则的目标,易出现边界框定位偏移、尺度估计不准的问题,进而影响后续注射点坐标的计算精度,Shape-IoU在CIoU基础上引入了目标边界框的形状相似度度量项,同时综合考虑目标的几何位置关系、边框形状差异与尺度差异,能够更精准地约束预测框与真实框的匹配程度,改善了尾根目标因姿态形变、部分遮挡导致的边界框定位偏差问题。
为获取尾根图像与真实世界的坐标间映射关系,本文采用Intel RealSense的工具包进行图像配准,实现目标区域由像素坐标向世界坐标的转换,如图9所示。
世界坐标(XYZ)变换为
$ \left\{\begin{aligned}& X=\frac{\left(u-c_x\right)d\left(u,v\right)}{f_x} \\& Y=\frac{\left(v-c_y\right)d\left(u,v\right)}{f_y} \\ & Z=d\left(u,v\right)\end{aligned}\right. $
式中d(u,v)为图像点(u,v)深度,m。
本文选用的深感相机cx=318.237像素,cy=244.496像素,fx=594.49像素,fy=595.83像素。将相机的内参和像素坐标代入式中,即可获取每个像素点世界坐标系下的三维坐标。参考生猪髋骨臀部肌肉注射的临床经验[28],注射点选取尾根左右侧和顶部4~7 cm范围内,该区域肌肉组织丰富,适合无针注射操作。因此,本文在识别到猪尾根区域后,以其几何中心点O为坐标原点,以真实空间距离尾根70 mm为步长,根据空间欧式距离满足注射条件的环带像素坐标集为
$ 40\leq \sqrt{{\left({H}_{x}-{O}_{x}\right)}^{2}-{\left({H}_{y}-{O}_{y}\right)}^{2}-{\left({H}_{z}-{O}_{z}\right)}^{2}}\leq 70 $
式中HxHyHz分别为环带横、纵、深度坐标,mm;OxOyOz分别为尾根中心点横、纵、深度坐标,mm。
在环带像素特征坐标集中,分别提取与相机x轴正方向、负方向、y轴负方向相交的带状区域,每个区域的宽度为100 mm(沿该方向两侧各50 mm),从而获得三类特征点集
$ \begin{cases} -50\leq {Q}_{1x}\leq 50\text{,}{Q}_{1y}<0\\{Q}_{2x}<0\text{,}-50\leq {Q}_{2y}\leq 50\\0<{Q}_{3x}\text{,}-50\leq {Q}_{3y}\leq 50\end{cases} $
式中QjxQjy为第j(j=1,2,3)类特征点集横、纵坐标,mm
在三类特征点集中对像素坐标点取均值,得到3个注射参考点位置坐标为
$ \begin{aligned}\;& {q}_{jx}=\frac{\displaystyle\sum \nolimits_{i=1}^{n}{Q}_{j{{x}_{i}}}}{n}\\\;& {q}_{jy}=\frac{\displaystyle\sum \nolimits_{i=1}^{n}{Q}_{j{{y}_{i}}}}{n}\end{aligned} $
式中qjxqjy为第j类特征点集中注射参考点横纵坐标,mm;$ Q_{jx_i} $$ Q_{jy_i} $为第j类特征点集中第i个点横纵坐标,mm。
为增加成功率,在实际注射过程中,无针注射模块应垂直接触于注射点。本文基于预先获取的三类特征点集(Q1Q2Q3)的三维点云坐标数据,采用最小二乘法拟合接触区域各点集分布趋势的平面方程,可有效表征生猪在目标注射区域的局部表面形态(即注射平面),求解该平面的法向量即可确定实现垂直注射所需的空间姿态向量,如图10所示。
Q1为例,设该平面方程为
$ \mathit{z=a} _{ \mathrm{0}} \mathit{x} _{ \mathit{i} } \mathit{+a} _{ \mathrm{1}} \mathit{y} _{ \mathit{i} } \mathit{+a} _{ \mathrm{2}} $
式中a0a1a2为设定参数;xiyi为第i个注射特征点集横纵坐标,m。
Q1中有n个点,则第i个点(xiyizi)的误差项为
$ \mathit{v} _{ \mathit{i} } \mathit{=a} _{ \mathrm{0}} \mathit{x} _{ \mathit{i} } \mathit{+a} _{ \mathrm{1}} \mathit{y} _{ \mathit{i} } \mathit{+a} _{ \mathrm{2}} \mathit{-z} _{ \mathit{i} } $
令误差向量V=[v1vivn]T,平面待求参数a=[a1,a2,a3]TL=[z1zizn]T,系数矩阵F
$ {\boldsymbol{F}}=\left[\begin{matrix}{x}_{1} & {y}_{1} & 1\\{x}_{i} & {y}_{i} & 1\\{x}_{n} & {x}_{n} & 1\end{matrix}\right] $
则误差向量为
$ {{\boldsymbol{V}}={\boldsymbol{F}}a-L} $
根据最小二乘法满足总误差最小,令VTV最小,通过拉格朗日乘数法,自由极值求偏导为
$ \frac{\partial {{\boldsymbol{V}}}^{\text{T}}{\boldsymbol{V}}}{\partial a}=2{V}^{\text{T}}\frac{\partial V}{\partial a}={{\boldsymbol{V}}}^{\text{T}}{\boldsymbol{F}}=0 $
转置后FTV=0,带入误差向量可得FTFa=FTL,则所求平面参数a=FTF−1FTL。根据所求的法平面参数任取两个不共线向量便可得到法向量$ \overrightarrow{{\boldsymbol{n}}} $,令法向量过注射参考点位置并反向,即得到注射点的空间向量。
对随机运动目标的精准跟踪作业是机器人作业领域的技术难点[29]。在生猪注射作业时,也应考虑生猪行为的不确定性。为进一步提升成功率,本文应用两种主动约束策略[30]:一方面,采用生猪饲喂系统,在作业期间同步下料,诱导维持生猪处于进食状态。经验表明,处于进食状态的生猪其活动范围显著受限,运动幅度明显减小,整体状态相对稳定,可为注射作业创造有利条件。另一方面,针对生猪进食过程中仍可能存在的局部微小运动,本文采用预注射和注射的分段控制,如图11a所示,注射极限距离如图11b所示。
在预注射阶段,机器人通过深感相机实时检测待注射生猪尾根,计算注射点空间向量,控制机械臂不断接近注射点,如图12所示。在单次接近过程中,工控机首先在世界坐标系下计算无针注射模块与目标注射位姿的误差向量,将向量映射为基坐标系下的空间速度,通过雅可比矩阵计算输出六轴关节速度,并结合仿真的结果限定关节角度,实现单次的视觉伺服控制。工控机重复执行上述过程,实现注射点的视觉伺服跟踪。
在注射阶段,由于机械臂进一步接近生猪,相机因距离过近已无法有效识别尾根区域,因此,需计算尾根在检测图像中缺失的极限距离,小于该距离机械臂以预注射阶段相机最后检测计算出的位姿,向注射参考点q进行移动注射。深感相机D405的视场角为87°(水平)×58°(竖直),基于相机三角测量原理,尾根在图像中的像素高度与实际工作距离满足以下关系:
$ s=\frac{{f}_{y}\cdot l}{{h}_{y}} $
式中s为相机到尾根的实际工作距离,m;l为猪尾根的实际长度,m;hy为相机图像竖直方向分辨率,像素。
本文采用的D405相机竖直分辨率为480像素,猪尾根长度约8~10 cm,最大值取10.2 cm。将参数代入公式计算得12.64 cm。该距离为尾根刚好填满相机竖直视场时的临界距离,当工作距离小于12.64 cm时,尾根上下部分将超出图像边界,导致目标检测模型无法获取完整的尾根特征而识别失败。考虑到机械臂运动过程中相机可能存在±15°的倾斜角度(倾斜会使尾根在图像中的投影长度缩短,实际临界距离会进一步减小),以及生猪可能存在的前后小幅移动,本文在计算值基础上增加20%的安全余量,最终将预注射阶段转注射阶段的极限距离设置为15 cm,如图11b所示。
生猪注射过程包括3个步骤:移动、检测和注射。移动底盘根据限位栏位置进行导航移动,边缘计算器通过检测的尾根计算注射位姿,机械臂以设定的运动参数移动注射。本文将上述各部分与ROS结合[31],研发了一种生猪自主注射机器人视觉定位与运动控制系统,包括导航移动、视觉检测、机械臂控制,如图13所示。运动控制以ROS为系统框架进行各节点数据交互,传递控制信号。导航移动节点订阅限位栏位置坐标控制底盘导航移动,到达位置后向机械臂控制节点发布状态话题,调整机械臂姿态。视觉检测节点订阅深感相机发布的RGB图像,在相机坐标系中对齐深度图像提取注射点的深度值,计算并发布在机器人基底坐标中的特征点集和注射平面法向量。机械臂控制节点订阅位姿话题,控制机械臂朝目标位姿注射,完成后,调整机械臂姿态,导航移动节点状态更新,前往下一只猪进行注射。
为满足机器人部署和模型训练要求,选用的边缘计算模块和环境训练模型如下,边缘计算:NVIDIA Jetson Xavier NX套件,内置384个NVIDIA CUDA Cores、48个Tensor Cores、6块Carmel ARM CPU和2个NVIDIA深度学习加速器引擎,可支持数据采集、模型部署、多算法融合运算等功能。训练环境:Intel Core i9-10900X型号CPU,TITAN RTX型号GPU,Ubuntu 18.04操作系统,Python 3.9编程语言、Pytorch 1.2深度学习框架和Cuda 11.6版本加速计算。为保证对比试验的公平性,所有参与对比的模型均在完全相同的硬件环境和软件环境下完成训练。
模型训练时,首先对采集的2 574张数据集按照7:2:1的比例随机划分为训练集、验证集和测试集,训练集1802张、验证集515张、测试集257张。然后对整个数据集进行内部多维度数据增强处理,包括随机水平翻转、亮度±30%动态调整、高斯噪声模拟以及10%~30%随机遮挡模拟,以增强模型对猪舍复杂光照、脏污遮挡场景的泛化能力。训练过程中,batch size设置2,共迭代训练500个epoch,每批次处理18张图片,优化器选用AdamW,初始学习率设为0.01,最小学习率设为0.002,采用余弦退火学习率衰减策略,权重衰减系数设置为0.0005。
为验证实际作业效果,搭建具备智能饲喂设备的生猪限位栏,并于2023年12月7—27日,在秦皇岛市抚宁区留守营镇明霞养殖场开展试验,随机选取猪舍内养殖的12头4~5月龄的长白猪,限位栏尺寸为160 cm×90 cm×45 cm,选用改进后的YOLOv8n模型算法对生猪进行尾根识别,注射前需保持尾根清洁。
为验证机器人在实际猪舍环境中的作业性能,围绕尾根检测、注射作业和定位偏差三项指标开展性能试验。尾根检测试验采用准确率(%)、召回率(%)、平均精度均值(%)、每秒传输帧数(帧/s)和模型内存占用量(MB)作为衡量目标检测模型性能的指标,评价模型在复杂猪舍环境下的检测精度、实时性与轻量化水平。
注射作业试验考核机器人实际工作的整体执行能力,移动时以猪舍内固定结构的限位栏作为参考,在测试前以限位栏的纵向中心线与其后侧边界(即限位栏尾部横梁所在平面)的交点并偏移0.6 m为机器人导航目标点。该点位于栏位中轴线上,便于机器人从中线方向正对生猪尾根区域。机器人从导航起始点到生猪限位栏,控制机械臂对注射位置进行接触并导航至下一限位栏视为成功,每头生猪进行3次注射,一共进行5轮,记录成功次数、注射时间,并利用无针注射模块搭载的接近开关触发信号判断注射器是否与尾根表面实现垂直接触,评估作业流程可靠性。
为检验注射定位精度,定位偏差试验需要固定底盘位置,每头猪每个点重复执行5次,在接触时暂停机械臂,测量机器人基座坐标系下三处实际注射点的空间坐标,通过计算与理论注射点之间的三维空间定位偏差,评估注射作业精准度。
不同算法对尾根的检测试验结果如表1所示,与未改进YOLOv8n及其他主流轻量化检测模型相比,本文改进YOLOv8n模型在检测精度上实现了有效提升,同时保持了良好的实时性与部署可行性。
与未改进YOLOv8n相比,准确率从87.5%增加至95.8%,提高8.3个百分点;召回率从86.6%增加至93.5%,提高6.9个百分点;平均精度均值从90.2%增加至97.1%,提高6.9个百分点;每秒传输帧数小幅降低至118.1帧/s,模型内存占用量小幅增加至9.87 MB。与YOLOv7-tiny相比,本文模型准确率提高12.6个百分点,召回率提高11.8个百分点,平均精度均值提高10.7个百分点;与YOLOv9-t相比,准确率提高4.4个百分点,召回率提高3.7个百分点,平均精度均值提高3.4个百分点;与Transformer架构的MobileViT-YOLO相比,准确率提高6.2个百分点,召回率提高5.4个百分点,平均精度均值提高5.6个百分点,且模型内存占用量仅为其60.5%。检测效果如图14所示,图中检测框上方的数字表示该类别的置信度,图片下侧的数值表示检测时相机与尾根的距离。优化后的YOLOv8n在光线较差、尾根部分被脏污遮挡的场景下均能准确识别,未出现冗余检测或漏检情况。总体来说,改进的YOLOv8n网络在保证实时性与轻量化的前提下,有效提高了模型性能,显著增强了目标检测算法在猪舍复杂环境下的鲁棒性。
作业时,设定机器人移动速度为0.2 m/s,预注射阶段转注射阶段的极限距离设置为15 cm,机械臂旋转速度为0.8 rad/s,最大加速度为0.5 rad/s2进行试验,试验过程如图15所示。
本试验一共进行180次,成功注射168次,失败12次,平均成功率93.3%,其中垂直注射160次,垂直占比95.2%。当机械臂运动距离尾根为15cm时,尾根处于相机检测的极限区域,运动距离尾根为13 cm左右时,相机已无法有效识别尾根区域,极限距离设置合理,阶段切换时机器人运行稳定,机械臂未碰撞限位栏,系统间协同性良好。在注射失败的试验中,有3次因为在注射过程中生猪拉粪时将尾根翘起,导致识别失败;有9次由于生猪大幅运动,出现趴卧或注射点离限位栏过近等情况,导致注射失败。上述现象均在预期可控范围之内,属于典型动物自动化作业中的正常行为交互反馈。试验结果表明,当检测算法能够准确检测到目标,且目标在机械臂的工作范围内时,机器人可以顺利完成在猪舍内自主注射工作。
注射定位偏差试验如图16所示。试验结果见表2
由表2可得,X轴方向的最大偏差为2.9 cm,注射偏差均值为1.3 cm,Y轴方向的最大偏差为3.7 cm,注射偏差均值为1.91 cm,Z轴方向的最大偏差为1.9 cm,注射偏差均值为0.59 cm。定位偏差在允许范围内,符合注射作业规范要求。
1)针对生猪疫病防控自动化注射问题,为满足底盘通过性好、注射成功率高和机械臂碰撞概率低的作业要求,研制了一种生猪无针注射机器人视觉定位与运动控制系统,集成机器人的导航系统和无针注射模块,并通过仿真限制机械臂的活动范围,确定关节转角。
2)提出了一种生猪注射点检测和定位方法,以YOLOv8n为框架进行模型改进,解决尾根特征模糊、易受脏污干扰导致的漏检与误检问题,构建了髋骨注射区点集,结合点云处理计算了注射点法向量,能实现机器人垂直注射。
3)为解决作业时生猪随机运动导致注射点难以精准跟踪注射的问题,结合饲喂系统和分段控制,通过视觉伺服算法对注射点进行了跟踪,根据深感相机参数和三角测量原理得到阶段转化时的极限距离为15 cm,以ROS系统为平台对整机作业进行精准控制,实现了整机的运动控制。
4)以限位栏养殖下的生猪为作业对象,分别开展尾根检测、注射作业和注射偏差试验,结果表明:尾根检测准确率为95.8%,召回率93.5%,平均精度均值97.1%,注射作业成功率为93.3%,其中垂直注射占比95.2%,注射偏差XYZ轴方向最大偏差2.9、3.7、1.9 cm,注射偏差均值1.30、1.91、0.59 cm,符合注射作业规范要求。
本研究提出了一种面向限位栏养殖场景的生猪无针注射机器人视觉定位与运动控制方法,可为生猪智慧养殖少人化、自动化、智能化提供技术参考。此外,在同类研究对比方面,目前针对生猪养殖场景的疫苗注射机器人研究,主要集中于产品研发阶段,公开发表的学术研究论文极为有限,缺乏定量试验数据。本文实现了从底盘导航、视觉识别、动态追踪到精准触发的完整闭环控制,并在实际场景下完成了无针注射试验,具有工程参考价值。在后续的研究中,将对所提出尾根检测与控制跟踪算法进一步优化,并扩大模型的适用范围,以支持生猪无针注射机器人在实际场景中应用。

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2026年第42卷第12期
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doi: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202603022
  • 接收时间:2026-03-04
  • 首发时间:2026-08-20
  • 出版时间:2026-06-30
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  • 收稿日期:2026-03-04
  • 修回日期:2026-05-13
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    1北京市农林科学院智能装备技术研究中心,北京 100097
    2天津农学院工程技术学院,天津 300384
    3新希望六和股份有限公司,成都 610023

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李斌,博士,研究员,博士生导师,研究方向为畜禽养殖智能装备。Email:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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