Article(id=1297211649434342167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, issueId=1297211624738284246, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202510071, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1760284800000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-13, revisedDate=1764864000000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1787208958251, onlineDateStr=2026-08-20, pubDate=1782748800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1787208958251, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1787208958251, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1787208958251, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1297211624738284246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, year='2026', volume='42', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='396', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782748800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1787208952364, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1787212261177, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1297225503002357852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, issueId=1297211624738284246, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1297225503002357853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, issueId=1297211624738284246, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=134, endPage=143, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1297211649648251672, articleId=1297211649434342167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, language=EN, title=Safflower harvesting path planning based on harvest-point clustering and TR-RRT*, columnId=1297211625698779863, journalTitle=Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, columnName=Agricultural Mechanization and Equipment Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Robotic arms are often required for high picking efficiency, path planning, and path smoothness for safflower harvesting in unstructured environments. This study aims to introduce a picking area clustering and a Target redirecting rapidly-exploring random tree (TR-RRT*) path planning. Firstly, a roller end-effector was designed with an effective picking area of 5 cm × 20 cm, according to the spatial distribution of safflower seed balls under natural conditions. A picking point clustering was also developed to divide the working range of the robotic arm into multiple sub-areas. Each cluster was designed to cover 1-3 picking points. The end-effector was used to harvest 1-3 safflowers in a single operation. A goal redirecting, a goal-direct and deflection expansion, and an artificial potential field (APF) tangential escape force strategy were integrated into the bidirectional RRT* framework to improve the path search efficiency and obstacle avoidance. Among them, the goal redirecting strategy continuously updated the target points during expansion to rapidly connect paths within opportunity windows. The goal-directed and deflection expansion allowed both search trees to extend from the nodes closest to the goal, thus maximizing progress toward the target while deflecting to avoid obstacles. The tangential escape force strategy introduced a tangential component into the conventional artificial potential field, enabling smooth sliding along obstacle boundaries when approaching them. As such, the module effectively avoided the path oscillation and target unreachability in the conventional APF. In path optimization, a combination of a greedy jump-point strategy, interpolated curvature optimization, and B-spline curve fitting was applied to smoothly adjust the curvature of path nodes and then generate high-order continuous trajectories. An obstacle avoidance reconstruction was also introduced to prevent the trajectory penetration through obstacles for the continuous, collision-free, and smooth motion of the robotic arm. A comparison was made on the TR-RRT* and seven algorithms in the dense, small-obstacle environments. The results demonstrated that the superior performance was achieved in the complex obstacle environments, where the path lengths (3892.05mm) were shortened by 9.16% and 8.22%, compared with the IBI-P-RRT*(4284.44 mm) and BI-RRT*(4240.45 mm), respectively; While the average planning time (0.30 s) was only 7.94% of that of RRT*(3.78 s) and 69.77% of BI-RRT*(0.43 s), respectively. Additionally, the steering angles of BI-RRT*(37.51°) and BI-APF-RRT*(39.61°) were 1.22 and 1.29 times larger than those of the improved algorithm (30.63°), indicating significant improvement of the path smoothness. Statistical quantitative experiments were conducted for the algorithm in different obstacle environments. The optimal performance was achieved in both path length and time consumption under various environments. Moreover, the TR-RRT* algorithm successfully planned paths in narrow passage obstacle environments. The tendency of conventional APF was to avoid the local oscillations during path planning in such scenarios. Physical harvesting tests further validated the effectiveness of the clustering and TR-RRT* algorithm. The robotic arm took an average of 3.64 s to move from the initial position to the first target point, with an average transfer time of 3.12 s between tasks. The average positional error relative to the robotic arm's workspace was less than 0.9%, indicating the stable and efficient performance of safflower harvesting.

, authors=Longxiang YUAN1, 3, Yijiang ZHENG1, 2, Yun GE1, 2, 3, 4, *, Haifeng ZENG1, 3, 4, Zhixing WANG1, 2, Liwei YANG1, 4, authorsList=Longxiang YUAN, Yijiang ZHENG, Yun GE, Haifeng ZENG, Zhixing WANG, Liwei YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yun GE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1297211654043882293, articleId=1297211649434342167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, language=CN, title=基于采摘点聚类和TR-RRT*的红花采摘路径规划, columnId=1297211625841386201, journalTitle=农业工程学报, columnName=农业机械化与装备工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对红花采摘机械臂在非结构化环境中采摘效率低、路径规划速度慢及路径平滑性差等问题,该研究提出了一种基于采摘区域聚类划分方法和目标重定向快速探索随机树(target redirecting rapidly-exploring random tree sta,TR-RRT*)路径规划算法。首先,基于红花果球在自然状态下的空间分布特征,设计了有效采摘面积为5 cm×20 cm的对辊式末端执行器,并通过采摘点聚类将作业区域划分为多个子区域,确保每个聚类可覆盖1~3朵红花。在此基础上,在双向RRT*(Bidirectional-RRT*)框架中引入目标重定向策略、目标直达与偏转扩展策略以及人工势场切向逃逸力策略,以提升路径搜索效率与避障性能;进一步采用贪婪跳点策略、插值曲率优化与B样条曲线拟合,保障机械臂运动路径的连续与平滑。仿真结果表明,TR-RRT*算法在复杂障碍环境下具有明显优势:路径长度(3892.05 mm)较对比算法IBI-P-RRT*(4284.44 mm)(改进人工势场法引导的双向扩展随机树)与BI-RRT*(4240.45 mm)分别缩短9.16%与8.22%;平均规划时间(0.3 s)仅为RRT*(3.78 s)的7.94%与BI-RRT*(0.43 s)的69.77%,BI-RRT*与BI-APF-RRT*(人工势场法引导的双向扩展随机树)算法的转向角度(37.51°、39.61°)分别为本算法(30.63°)的1.22与1.29倍,表明路径平滑性得到明显改善。实际采摘试验进一步验证了所提红花采摘区域聚类方法与TR-RRT*算法的有效性,机械臂从初始位置至首个目标点耗时3.64 s,任务间平均转移时间为3.12 s,2种采摘的成功率分别为88.06%和84.92%,能够实现红花的稳定、高效采摘。

, authors=袁龙祥1, 3, 郑一江1, 2, 葛云1, 2, 3, 4, *, 曾海峰1, 3, 4, 王志兴1, 2, 杨立炜1, 4, authorsList=袁龙祥, 郑一江, 葛云, 曾海峰, 王志兴, 杨立炜, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=葛云, authorNote=

袁龙祥,研究方向为机械制造及其自动化。Email:

, correspAuthorsNote=
葛云,博士,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为红花采收机械及机器人技术。Email:
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袁龙祥,研究方向为机械制造及其自动化。Email:

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3现代农业机械兵团重点实验室,石河子 832000
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province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4Key Laboratory of Northwest Agricultural Equipment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shihezi 832000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1300032366441943991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211649434342167, companyId=1300032366416778165, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4农业农村部西北农业装备重点实验室,石河子 832000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1300032373832307689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211649434342167, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Test platform and data collection, figureFileSmall=gtm4HaGAP6eIiNUIeRJmpg==, figureFileBig=fPbH07Pt2kimtd0kqq4U3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1300032373903610858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211649434342167, language=CN, label=图1, caption=试验平台与数据采集, figureFileSmall=gtm4HaGAP6eIiNUIeRJmpg==, figureFileBig=fPbH07Pt2kimtd0kqq4U3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1300032374000079851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211649434342167, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Measurement of safflower plant size and fruit ball distribution, figureFileSmall=NwSZACVWjJsFr5Cma7+6+w==, figureFileBig=PCnCKMyTvnafd47M9o7orw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1300032374067188716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211649434342167, language=CN, label=图2, caption=红花植株尺寸与果球分布测量, figureFileSmall=NwSZACVWjJsFr5Cma7+6+w==, figureFileBig=PCnCKMyTvnafd47M9o7orw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1300032374121714669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211649434342167, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Structure of the counter-rolling end-effector, figureFileSmall=hk9rEA6CLDhkV4LOrHcMvg==, figureFileBig=Gs0ccSxGdVwRBTtqoZ/AXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1300032374184629230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211649434342167, language=CN, label=图3, caption=对辊式末端执行器结构, figureFileSmall=hk9rEA6CLDhkV4LOrHcMvg==, figureFileBig=Gs0ccSxGdVwRBTtqoZ/AXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1300032374264321007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211649434342167, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Analysis of the theoretical harvesting area, figureFileSmall=Lcu3Q8QS0k1T54V8gf4KyQ==, figureFileBig=mn6Zb22vIb/HgyLbkaKwBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1300032374344012784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211649434342167, language=CN, label=图4, caption=理论采摘范围分析

注:ω为对辊的旋转角速度,rad·s-1v为对辊向下运动的速度,m·s-1

, figureFileSmall=Lcu3Q8QS0k1T54V8gf4KyQ==, figureFileBig=mn6Zb22vIb/HgyLbkaKwBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1300032374415315953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211649434342167, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Safflower branch force and displacement phenomenon during the harvesting operation, figureFileSmall=y4TD+NoqDVmVhplZA6oUZQ==, figureFileBig=0V/ZJRXzyQVnlieXqYW+WQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1300032374511784946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211649434342167, language=CN, label=图5, caption=采摘作业时红花枝条受力与扰动现象

注:f为花丝与对辊间的摩擦力,N;FN为对辊对花丝的压力,N;F为花丝受到的合力,N。

, figureFileSmall=y4TD+NoqDVmVhplZA6oUZQ==, figureFileBig=0V/ZJRXzyQVnlieXqYW+WQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1300032374595671027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211649434342167, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Clustering process for harvest area division, figureFileSmall=I1UkIXViR3BGBcbXmHCCuQ==, figureFileBig=rZZJT5eRCkefgNc6TaPG3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1300032374679557108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211649434342167, language=CN, label=图6, caption=采摘区域聚类划分过程

注:红色点是未聚类采摘点;绿色点是完成聚类的采摘点;矩形框为末端执行器覆盖区域;黑色点为等效采摘点。

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注:x0xG分别为2棵树的起点坐标;xsxg为2棵树上相距最近的节点坐标;gsgg为重定向后连接2棵树的节点坐标;O为障碍物。

, figureFileSmall=bqZKkCKmzPylYhzJIjHmDw==, figureFileBig=moRPaO9yQ8MOo4y4iSU3Bg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1300032375031878649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211649434342167, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Direct target approach and deflection strategies, figureFileSmall=Z3sunXmSHNkG3yD3EDQlxA==, figureFileBig=87SZhNiawqGUCP7FZzlfzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1300032375132541946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211649434342167, language=CN, label=图9, caption=目标直达与偏转策略

注:xi1xi2为第1棵树扩展的节点坐标;xn为触发目标直达的节点坐标;$ \hat{\boldsymbol{v}} $为朝向目标点的单位向量;vsm为平滑避障的单位向量;xnew为新目标直达节点;dmin为节点到障碍物的最小距离。

, figureFileSmall=Z3sunXmSHNkG3yD3EDQlxA==, figureFileBig=87SZhNiawqGUCP7FZzlfzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1300032375203845115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211649434342167, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Schematic of obstacle-avoidance path reconstruction, figureFileSmall=B/QboQOAXIVGyyXoaZ+enw==, figureFileBig=VMoF0ICMQ0cUguxXuC/5nw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1300032375262565372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211649434342167, language=CN, label=图10, caption=避障路径重构示意图

注:p0p1p2为路径控制节点。

, figureFileSmall=B/QboQOAXIVGyyXoaZ+enw==, figureFileBig=VMoF0ICMQ0cUguxXuC/5nw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1300032375354840061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211649434342167, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Results of the 3D simulation test, figureFileSmall=gooYi9UPA/mO8/HDGvZaxw==, figureFileBig=ybULVTtVEq96L8RYu+7CoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1300032375417754622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211649434342167, language=CN, label=图11, caption=三维仿真试验结果, figureFileSmall=gooYi9UPA/mO8/HDGvZaxw==, figureFileBig=ybULVTtVEq96L8RYu+7CoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1300032375493252095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211649434342167, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Process of the simulated harvesting test, figureFileSmall=O6mjK8pgEZpWTe55yt+HJw==, figureFileBig=2MJq+T1MaUWDzd4LtKAvgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1300032375551972352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211649434342167, language=CN, label=图12, caption=模拟采摘试验过程, figureFileSmall=O6mjK8pgEZpWTe55yt+HJw==, figureFileBig=2MJq+T1MaUWDzd4LtKAvgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1300032375619080192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211649434342167, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Effectiveness of the simulated harvesting test, figureFileSmall=Z58GwbNS5dMQPRI7c/1KJg==, figureFileBig=Vl3yMYZ3vRJ24I+23LGKgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1300032375690383361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211649434342167, language=CN, label=图13, caption=模拟采摘试验效果, figureFileSmall=Z58GwbNS5dMQPRI7c/1KJg==, figureFileBig=Vl3yMYZ3vRJ24I+23LGKgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1300032375753297922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211649434342167, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Performance comparison of algorithms across different obstacle environments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
障碍物环境
Obstacle environment
算法
Algorithm
路径长度
Path length/mm
节点数
Number of nodes
迭代次数
Number of iterations
耗时
Computation time/s
转向角度
Turning angle/(°)
稀疏常规
障碍物环境
Sparse conventional
obstacles environment
BAI-RRT*4107.9262.0546.800.1835.04
BI-APF-RRT*4192.0671.7051.350.2038.00
BI-RRT*4250.7282.3551.150.1238.13
GB-RRT*4029.03167.45193.050.2124.40
IBI-P-RRT*4224.96113.8058.000.2037.13
RRT*3937.44481.35520.450.7125.23
TR-RRT*3834.4933.7020.850.0521.81
大障碍物环境
Large obstacles environment
BAI-RRT*4184.9468.9568.200.2036.50
BI-APF-RRT*4173.6073.1563.450.2135.03
BI-RRT*4216.1375.0558.200.1136.42
GB-RRT*4026.50198.00261.550.2724.85
IBI-P-RRT*4219.87129.5066.800.2535.21
RRT*4117.32452.40554.650.6929.42
TR-RRT*3950.9244.7530.550.0721.76
小障碍物环境
Small obstacles environment
BAI-RRT*4051.9761.2553.800.1934.51
BI-APF-RRT*4208.5574.9559.150.2238.33
BI-RRT*4220.3673.7555.300.1137.47
GB-RRT*4005.52242.90314.900.3625.17
IBI-P-RRT*4195.53154.7080.250.4435.62
RRT*4029.46571.35671.601.0229.09
TR-RRT*3925.4243.3527.000.0825.42
狭窄通道
障碍物环境
Narrow passage obstacles
environment
BAI-RRT*4686.77120.30188.600.5342.90
BI-RRT*4865.29107.85142.450.2644.58
GB-RRT*4729.44390.551040.550.6532.76
RRT*4752.03531.151168.300.8834.97
TR-RRT*4450.6075.8065.300.1737.39
), ArticleFig(id=1300032375824601091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211649434342167, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同障碍物环境算法性能比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
障碍物环境
Obstacle environment
算法
Algorithm
路径长度
Path length/mm
节点数
Number of nodes
迭代次数
Number of iterations
耗时
Computation time/s
转向角度
Turning angle/(°)
稀疏常规
障碍物环境
Sparse conventional
obstacles environment
BAI-RRT*4107.9262.0546.800.1835.04
BI-APF-RRT*4192.0671.7051.350.2038.00
BI-RRT*4250.7282.3551.150.1238.13
GB-RRT*4029.03167.45193.050.2124.40
IBI-P-RRT*4224.96113.8058.000.2037.13
RRT*3937.44481.35520.450.7125.23
TR-RRT*3834.4933.7020.850.0521.81
大障碍物环境
Large obstacles environment
BAI-RRT*4184.9468.9568.200.2036.50
BI-APF-RRT*4173.6073.1563.450.2135.03
BI-RRT*4216.1375.0558.200.1136.42
GB-RRT*4026.50198.00261.550.2724.85
IBI-P-RRT*4219.87129.5066.800.2535.21
RRT*4117.32452.40554.650.6929.42
TR-RRT*3950.9244.7530.550.0721.76
小障碍物环境
Small obstacles environment
BAI-RRT*4051.9761.2553.800.1934.51
BI-APF-RRT*4208.5574.9559.150.2238.33
BI-RRT*4220.3673.7555.300.1137.47
GB-RRT*4005.52242.90314.900.3625.17
IBI-P-RRT*4195.53154.7080.250.4435.62
RRT*4029.46571.35671.601.0229.09
TR-RRT*3925.4243.3527.000.0825.42
狭窄通道
障碍物环境
Narrow passage obstacles
environment
BAI-RRT*4686.77120.30188.600.5342.90
BI-RRT*4865.29107.85142.450.2644.58
GB-RRT*4729.44390.551040.550.6532.76
RRT*4752.03531.151168.300.8834.97
TR-RRT*4450.6075.8065.300.1737.39
), ArticleFig(id=1300032375912681476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211649434342167, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Results of the simulated harvesting test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验内容
Test content
指标Index试验编号Test No.均值
Mean value
12345678910
注:试验1为机械臂从初始位姿到执行第一次采摘任务;试验2为机械臂在各采摘任务间的转移。
Note: Test 1 corresponds to the manipulator moving from its initial pose to perform the first picking task; Test 2 corresponds to the transition of the manipulator between successive picking tasks.
1执行时间Execution time/s3.553.923.413.704.203.583.763.652.883.713.64
相对位置误差Relative position error/%0.950.770.810.910.880.820.770.850.930.860.86
采摘成功率Harvesting success rate/%90.0086.3687.5088.4689.2988.8989.4785.7186.9688.0088.06
2执行时间Execution time/s2.953.253.403.023.282.783.103.223.053.153.12
相对位置误差Relative position error/%0.720.830.690.780.810.760.740.850.700.800.77
采摘成功率Harvesting success rate/%85.0086.3683.3384.6285.7183.3384.2185.7186.9684.0084.92
), ArticleFig(id=1300032375971401733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211649434342167, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

模拟采摘试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验内容
Test content
指标Index试验编号Test No.均值
Mean value
12345678910
注:试验1为机械臂从初始位姿到执行第一次采摘任务;试验2为机械臂在各采摘任务间的转移。
Note: Test 1 corresponds to the manipulator moving from its initial pose to perform the first picking task; Test 2 corresponds to the transition of the manipulator between successive picking tasks.
1执行时间Execution time/s3.553.923.413.704.203.583.763.652.883.713.64
相对位置误差Relative position error/%0.950.770.810.910.880.820.770.850.930.860.86
采摘成功率Harvesting success rate/%90.0086.3687.5088.4689.2988.8989.4785.7186.9688.0088.06
2执行时间Execution time/s2.953.253.403.023.282.783.103.223.053.153.12
相对位置误差Relative position error/%0.720.830.690.780.810.760.740.850.700.800.77
采摘成功率Harvesting success rate/%85.0086.3683.3384.6285.7183.3384.2185.7186.9684.0084.92
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基于采摘点聚类和TR-RRT*的红花采摘路径规划
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袁龙祥 1, 3 , 郑一江 1, 2 , 葛云 1, 2, 3, 4, * , 曾海峰 1, 3, 4 , 王志兴 1, 2 , 杨立炜 1, 4
农业工程学报 | 农业机械化与装备工程 2026,42(12): 134-143
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农业工程学报 |农业机械化与装备工程 2026 , 42 (12) : 134 -143
基于采摘点聚类和TR-RRT*的红花采摘路径规划
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袁龙祥1, 3 , 郑一江1, 2, 葛云1, 2, 3, 4, * , 曾海峰1, 3, 4, 王志兴1, 2, 杨立炜1, 4
作者信息
  • 1石河子大学机械电气工程学院,石河子 832000
  • 2新疆兵团特色作物生产机械化工程实验室,石河子 832000
  • 3现代农业机械兵团重点实验室,石河子 832000
  • 4农业农村部西北农业装备重点实验室,石河子 832000
通讯作者:
葛云,博士,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为红花采收机械及机器人技术。Email:
作者简介:

袁龙祥,研究方向为机械制造及其自动化。Email:

Safflower harvesting path planning based on harvest-point clustering and TR-RRT*
Longxiang YUAN1, 3 , Yijiang ZHENG1, 2, Yun GE1, 2, 3, 4, * , Haifeng ZENG1, 3, 4, Zhixing WANG1, 2, Liwei YANG1, 4
Affiliations
  • 1College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
  • 2Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Mechanization Engineering Laboratory for Special Crop Production, Shihezi 832000, China
  • 3Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Machinery, Shihezi 832000, China
  • 4Key Laboratory of Northwest Agricultural Equipment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shihezi 832000, China
出版时间: 2026-06-30 doi: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202510071
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针对红花采摘机械臂在非结构化环境中采摘效率低、路径规划速度慢及路径平滑性差等问题,该研究提出了一种基于采摘区域聚类划分方法和目标重定向快速探索随机树(target redirecting rapidly-exploring random tree sta,TR-RRT*)路径规划算法。首先,基于红花果球在自然状态下的空间分布特征,设计了有效采摘面积为5 cm×20 cm的对辊式末端执行器,并通过采摘点聚类将作业区域划分为多个子区域,确保每个聚类可覆盖1~3朵红花。在此基础上,在双向RRT*(Bidirectional-RRT*)框架中引入目标重定向策略、目标直达与偏转扩展策略以及人工势场切向逃逸力策略,以提升路径搜索效率与避障性能;进一步采用贪婪跳点策略、插值曲率优化与B样条曲线拟合,保障机械臂运动路径的连续与平滑。仿真结果表明,TR-RRT*算法在复杂障碍环境下具有明显优势:路径长度(3892.05 mm)较对比算法IBI-P-RRT*(4284.44 mm)(改进人工势场法引导的双向扩展随机树)与BI-RRT*(4240.45 mm)分别缩短9.16%与8.22%;平均规划时间(0.3 s)仅为RRT*(3.78 s)的7.94%与BI-RRT*(0.43 s)的69.77%,BI-RRT*与BI-APF-RRT*(人工势场法引导的双向扩展随机树)算法的转向角度(37.51°、39.61°)分别为本算法(30.63°)的1.22与1.29倍,表明路径平滑性得到明显改善。实际采摘试验进一步验证了所提红花采摘区域聚类方法与TR-RRT*算法的有效性,机械臂从初始位置至首个目标点耗时3.64 s,任务间平均转移时间为3.12 s,2种采摘的成功率分别为88.06%和84.92%,能够实现红花的稳定、高效采摘。

红花  /  采摘  /  路径规划  /  聚类划分  /  改进RRT算法

Robotic arms are often required for high picking efficiency, path planning, and path smoothness for safflower harvesting in unstructured environments. This study aims to introduce a picking area clustering and a Target redirecting rapidly-exploring random tree (TR-RRT*) path planning. Firstly, a roller end-effector was designed with an effective picking area of 5 cm × 20 cm, according to the spatial distribution of safflower seed balls under natural conditions. A picking point clustering was also developed to divide the working range of the robotic arm into multiple sub-areas. Each cluster was designed to cover 1-3 picking points. The end-effector was used to harvest 1-3 safflowers in a single operation. A goal redirecting, a goal-direct and deflection expansion, and an artificial potential field (APF) tangential escape force strategy were integrated into the bidirectional RRT* framework to improve the path search efficiency and obstacle avoidance. Among them, the goal redirecting strategy continuously updated the target points during expansion to rapidly connect paths within opportunity windows. The goal-directed and deflection expansion allowed both search trees to extend from the nodes closest to the goal, thus maximizing progress toward the target while deflecting to avoid obstacles. The tangential escape force strategy introduced a tangential component into the conventional artificial potential field, enabling smooth sliding along obstacle boundaries when approaching them. As such, the module effectively avoided the path oscillation and target unreachability in the conventional APF. In path optimization, a combination of a greedy jump-point strategy, interpolated curvature optimization, and B-spline curve fitting was applied to smoothly adjust the curvature of path nodes and then generate high-order continuous trajectories. An obstacle avoidance reconstruction was also introduced to prevent the trajectory penetration through obstacles for the continuous, collision-free, and smooth motion of the robotic arm. A comparison was made on the TR-RRT* and seven algorithms in the dense, small-obstacle environments. The results demonstrated that the superior performance was achieved in the complex obstacle environments, where the path lengths (3892.05mm) were shortened by 9.16% and 8.22%, compared with the IBI-P-RRT*(4284.44 mm) and BI-RRT*(4240.45 mm), respectively; While the average planning time (0.30 s) was only 7.94% of that of RRT*(3.78 s) and 69.77% of BI-RRT*(0.43 s), respectively. Additionally, the steering angles of BI-RRT*(37.51°) and BI-APF-RRT*(39.61°) were 1.22 and 1.29 times larger than those of the improved algorithm (30.63°), indicating significant improvement of the path smoothness. Statistical quantitative experiments were conducted for the algorithm in different obstacle environments. The optimal performance was achieved in both path length and time consumption under various environments. Moreover, the TR-RRT* algorithm successfully planned paths in narrow passage obstacle environments. The tendency of conventional APF was to avoid the local oscillations during path planning in such scenarios. Physical harvesting tests further validated the effectiveness of the clustering and TR-RRT* algorithm. The robotic arm took an average of 3.64 s to move from the initial position to the first target point, with an average transfer time of 3.12 s between tasks. The average positional error relative to the robotic arm's workspace was less than 0.9%, indicating the stable and efficient performance of safflower harvesting.

safflower  /  harvesting  /  path planning  /  clustering partition  /  improved RRT algorithm
袁龙祥, 郑一江, 葛云, 曾海峰, 王志兴, 杨立炜. 基于采摘点聚类和TR-RRT*的红花采摘路径规划. 农业工程学报, 2026 , 42 (12) : 134 -143 . DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202510071
Longxiang YUAN, Yijiang ZHENG, Yun GE, Haifeng ZENG, Zhixing WANG, Liwei YANG. Safflower harvesting path planning based on harvest-point clustering and TR-RRT*[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2026 , 42 (12) : 134 -143 . DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202510071
红花作为高附加值经济作物,其果球在自然状态下分布较为密集,目前采摘作业仍主要依赖人工,效率低、成本高[1-4]。近年来,农业机器人技术迅速发展,现有智能化采摘方案多采用剪切式、拉拔式末端执行器进行逐朵采摘[5-6],未充分考虑红花密集生长的特性,单次采摘效率有限,未能充分发挥执行器的作业潜力。在路径规划方面,基于搜索的A*[7]、Dijkstra[8]等算法结构清晰,但计算开销大,难以适应高维复杂场景;基于学习的方法[9-10]虽具备良好适应性,却严重依赖训练数据,环境泛化能力有限,难以适用于非结构化环境。相比之下,基于采样的快速探索随机树(rapidly-exploring random tree)及其改进算法凭借对高维空间的高效探索能力,在农业采摘机械臂路径规划中展现出广泛应用前景。然而,经典RRT[11]与RRT*[7]算法仍存在收敛速度慢、路径冗余、平滑性不足等缺陷,在密集障碍或目标集中分布的场景中,其路径质量与规划效率难以满足大面积红花的采摘需求。
为提升机械臂在农业采摘中的实用性能,研究者提出了多种改进策略。例如,Informed-RRT*通过约束椭圆化采样空间提高收敛效率[12];APF-RRT系列算法引入人工势场引导采样过程[13-15]; RRT*-Connect [16]、BI-RRT*[17]等双向扩展方法则提升了全局搜索速度。然而,这些方法多应用在作业任务较少的果蔬类作物的采摘中[18],在面对复杂作物环境中不规则障碍和多目标区域时[19],往往难以在路径质量、平滑度与机械臂结构约束之间实现有效平衡。此外,现阶段红花的采摘路径规划研究多为对红花进行识别定位后,采用剪切式末端执行器进行红花逐朵剪切采摘的路径规划,未在规划环节融入末端执行器的实际作业范围与目标分布特征,缺乏机构—路径协同设计机制,限制了兼顾精准与高效采摘的实际效果。
针对上述问题,本文面向红花密集果球采摘的实际场景,采用作业范围更大的对辊式末端执行器,结合多目标同时采摘的末端执行器作业空间特性,提出对采摘点进行聚类划分,以实现单次作业可采摘1~3朵红花,提升采摘效率。进而,在双向RRT*算法框架基础上,提出一种融合目标重定向策略、目标直达与偏转扩展机制以及人工势场切向逃逸力的TR-RRT*算法,以增强探索方向性与动态避障能力;在双树连接阶段引入可连接节点对的动态搜索机制,提升对接效率并减少冗余采样;路径后处理阶段采用贪婪剪枝、插值优化与B样条拟合相结合的方式,确保路径连续平滑并满足机械臂运动约束,实现多花并采的稳定、高效采摘。
试验平台由xArm 6机械臂、末端执行器、Intel D435i深度相机和ROS控制系统组成(图1a),6自由度机械臂可灵活调整末端执行器采摘姿态,完成复杂环境下的多类采摘任务。相机垂直安装于机械臂末端,通过基于SBP-YOLOv8s-seg网络的红花采摘点识别方法[20]实时采集红花坐标点,通过坐标变换投影至二维平面,采集坐标效果如图1b所示。
为分析红花果球的空间分布规律,根据单株红花果球(图2a) 与田间簇生(图1b)的红花坐标可以确定红花果球空间分布较为均匀,如图2b所示坐标点数据处理后得到相邻两果球的距离均不超过10 cm。
目前红花采摘末端执行器主要有剪切式[21]、对辊式[22]等,其中剪切式为单朵依次剪切采摘红花,对辊式末端执行器的结构较为简单,且对辊长度可根据采摘需求灵活设计,参考文献[23]可知对辊直径为40 mm时采摘效果最佳,结合前述红花果球分布情况,设计对辊长度为200 mm,可实现同时采摘1~3朵红花,对辊式末端执行器结构如图3所示。
对辊式末端执行器工作时两辊相向旋转,形成一个有效作业空间,在采摘红花时,执行器由红花上方向下运动,完成有效作业空间内的红花丝采摘,如图4a所示,理论上,有效作业空间的边界为两对辊的下缘线与对辊截面两下顶点的连线,形成俯视视角下的40 mm ×200 mm矩形,如图4b所示。
但在实际作业时,两对辊的旋转运动和向下运动的合运动会带动处于有效范围外侧的红花进入到采摘空间,且两辊间存在间隙,因此对辊式末端执行器的实际有效作业空间的宽度会大于40 mm,如图5所示,通过试验可得,末端执行器实际作业范围为俯视视角下的50 mm ×200 mm的矩形。
为了有效规划红花采摘路径,本文提出了基于采摘点聚类的区域划分方法,如图6所示。首先,采集红花的三维坐标数据,并将其映射为二维平面进行处理。在划分过程中,考虑末端执行器的作业范围(50 mm × 200 mm的矩形),以确保路径规划的可执行性与目标区域能有效覆盖1~3朵红花。
将机械臂末端的初始位置设为坐标原点,从距离原点最近的红花坐标点开始,依次连接相邻的采摘点,并判断连线是否能被末端执行器的采摘矩形区域覆盖(如图6a所示),如果满足被矩形区域覆盖,从第二个点连接相邻较近的第三点,若该三点连线构成的三角形不能被矩形区域覆盖则退回上一步两点连线,直至采摘矩形内至少有一个采摘点,直到所有采摘点都被有效区域覆盖,最终,所有采摘点都被划分到多个有效区域内。在区域选择时,对于密集分布的采摘点,优先选择能够覆盖更多红花的区域,以提高采摘效率。
最后,确定每个区域的中心点作为等效采摘点,用于后续路径规划的目标点,确保末端执行器能够覆盖每个区域内的所有红花。如图6b所示,其中每个区域的中心点作为机械臂末端的路径点。在后续路径规划时,需要结合区域划分的方向和末端执行器的姿态,以确保路径的顺畅性和采摘效率。
图7为针对2和3朵红花的采摘区域划分结果。末端执行器的采摘姿态直接影响采摘效率和稳定性,为了提高采摘作业的精度,结合红花自然状态下果球的空间分布,设计了末端执行器的采摘姿态调整方法。
1)单朵红花采摘:末端执行器的作业方向应垂直于红花果球与茎秆的方向,以确保最佳采摘效果。在此情况下,末端执行器的工作范围能够精准覆盖单个红花,确保采摘操作的精确性与稳定性。
2)2朵红花采摘:当同时采摘2朵红花时,末端执行器的作业方向应沿着2朵红花的连线,且作业面积的中轴线应与2朵花连线重合。在此情况下,末端执行器的作业范围能够同时覆盖2朵红花,如图7b所示。
3)3朵红花采摘:根据3朵红花在空间中的分布情况,分为图7c所示两种情况:
直线分布:当3朵红花在XY方向上大致呈直线分布时,采摘位置应沿较远的两朵红花的连线进行采摘,确保覆盖两朵红花的最远端。
三角形分布:当3朵红花呈三角形分布时,采摘位置应平行于三角形最长边的中位线进行采摘,确保覆盖3朵红花的区域。
传统双向RRT*算法在高维复杂空间,特别是在充满障碍物的农田环境中,路径搜索效率低,且绕障和路径平滑性不足[24]。为解决这些问题,本文提出TR-RRT*算法。
传统双向RRT*算法是融合RRT*[17]的渐进最优性与双向搜索策略的经典路径规划方法。该算法通过从起始点与目标点并行构建两棵随机扩展树,并周期性地尝试将2棵树的最近节点进行连接,以快速构造初始路径。获得可行路径后,算法继续利用RRT*的重布线机制对路径进行优化,使其在采样次数趋于无穷时收敛到最优解。
为解决传统双向RRT*算法中2棵树独立扩展导致路径连通效率低和树形偏离的问题,本文引入目标重定向策略,使扩展目标能够根据2棵树之间的空间几何关系实时更新。具体方法是在每次迭代中,选择2棵树前沿上的一对最近节点$ ({x}_{s},{x}_{g}) $,并依据算法效率与实际问题尺度设定距离阈值dlow = 20 mm,dhigh = 400 mm,作为目标重定向“机会窗口”的阈值区间,下限值避免2棵树在非常接近时仍进行低效扩展,上限值控制重定向机制的触发频率,当两点连线的距离在该阈值区间内时,触发目标重定向。此时,节点不再朝着初始起点和终点扩展,而是通过生成一对局部子目标$ ({g}_{s},{g}_{g}) $,并根据以下2种方式进行随机选择拼合。
1)定向推进策略:在保证当前安全裕度的前提下,使两侧前沿按连线方向做对称靠拢。连线方向u和定向推进步长计算方式如下:
$ \boldsymbol{u}=\frac{{x}_{g}-{x}_{s}}{\parallel {x}_{g}-{x}_{s}\parallel } $
$ \begin{cases} {g}_{g}={x}_{g}-\Delta \boldsymbol{u}\\{g}_{s}={x}_{s}+\Delta \boldsymbol{u}\end{cases} $
式中Δu为在机会窗口内连接两树拼合节点的步长距离,mm。
2)中点会聚策略在狭窄通道或锯齿形障碍附近,为了稳定地将2棵树拉到同一“脊线”上,采用几何中心点作为目标:
$ m=\frac{1}{2}({x}_{s}+{x}_{g}) $
式中m为两节点连线中点位置坐标,mm。通过聚合系数σ∈(0,1),调整中点的靠近程度,使2棵树逐步向几何中心点 m 聚合:
$ \begin{cases} {g}_{s}=(1-\sigma ){x}_{s}+\sigma m\\{g}_{g}=(1-\sigma ){x}_{g}+\sigma m\end{cases} $
图8所示,目标重定向能在有限的短暂可联通窗口内,将两侧树稳定拉向同一拼合区域,从而缩短首次联通时间。作为一种局部软牵引,不改变采样分布与 RRT* 的连线和重布线准则,在保证可达性的同时提升连通成功率并改善路径稳定性与质量。
为了进一步提高路径规划效率并增加在短暂窗口内目标点快速拼合的概率,本文将“目标直达”与“智能偏转”策略整合为单一扩展。在每次迭代中,2棵搜索树交替推进,并始终从离目标最近的节点开始扩展,以最大化朝向目标的瞬时推进。设当前一侧树的节点集为$ T=\{{x}_{1},{x}_{2},...\} $,目标点位置为xG。首先选取节点$ x_{i t}=\operatorname{argmind}\left(x_{i}, x_{c}\right) $,计算当前距离$ {d}_{G}=d({x}_{n},{x}_{G}) $,并采用自适应步长$ {s}_{adp}=\min ({s}_{\max },k\cdot {d}_{G}) $,其中smax为最大基础步长,$ k\in (0,1) $为调整系数。再沿目标单位方向$ \hat{\boldsymbol{v}}=({x}_{G}- {x}_{n})/{d}_{G} $,生成目标直达节点x(0):
$ {x}_{{{}^{(0)}}}={x}_{n}+{s}_{adp}\hat{\boldsymbol{v}} $
当前距离$ {d}_{G} $小于步长时,直接朝目标点推进,避免额外的震荡和不必要的路径偏移。如图9a所示,这种方法能够确保路径快速且稳定地接近目标。
若直达候选路径因障碍物阻挡导致扩展失败,则进行智能偏转方向修正。具体方法为:在上一段已采用的方向$ \hat{\boldsymbol{v}} $和理想方向之间进行球面线性插值,插值参数为$ \delta \in (0,1) $,进而得到平滑方向$ {\boldsymbol{v}}_{sm} $和新目标直达节点$ {x}_{new} $
$ {\boldsymbol{v}}_{sm}=\delta \cdot \hat{\boldsymbol{v}}+(1-\delta ){\boldsymbol{v}}_{ideal} $
$ {x}_{new}={x}_{n}+{s}_{adp}{\boldsymbol{v}}_{sm} $
其中$ {\boldsymbol{v}}_{ideal} $ 为目标指向的理想单位方向。如图9b所示,该方法在障碍物阻挡情况下实现路径平滑修正,保证路径的连贯性和稳定性。在单位球面上平滑处理,可确保方向变化平滑并为后续重布线与样条平滑连续。与后处理平滑不同,本方法将方向平滑嵌入扩展决策,在节点生成阶段抑制高频角度波动,可提升相邻线段之间的方向一致性。
传统人工势场算法在靠近障碍物或目标点时,可能导致过大的引力或斥力,甚至在障碍物边界附近引力与斥力平衡,导致目标不可达[14]。为此,本文提出改进的切向逃逸力场策略,通过在传统人工势场中引入切向分量,当接近障碍边界时,沿法向排斥力的正交方向添加自适应角度偏转的切向引导,使引导沿边界滑移。结合目标重定向策略,改进后的引力函数包括目标吸引力$ {F}_{\text{attG}} $和随机引导吸引力$ {F}_{\text{attR}} $
$ \begin{cases} {F}_{\text{attG}}(x)=\dfrac{1}{2}{k}_{\text{goal}}{\boldsymbol{\rho }}^{2}\left(x,{x}_{G}\right)\\{F}_{\text{attR}}(x)=\dfrac{1}{2}{k}_{\text{rand}}{\boldsymbol{\rho }}^{2}\left(x,{x}_{R}\right)\end{cases} $
式中kgoalkrand为势场增益系数;x为当前接近障碍物的节点位置坐标;ρx, xG)、ρx, xR)分别表示当前节点到目标点和重定向节点的欧氏距离。
首先,依据当前节点位置x与障碍物几何轮廓的最近距离dobs、偏转上限φ0和衰减尺度,设定自适应偏转角为
$ \varphi ={\varphi }_{0}\min {\left(\frac{{d}_{\text{obs}}}{{D}_{0}},1\right)}_{\text+} $
其中$ \min {\left(.\right)}_{\text{+}} $表示取非负部分;dobsD0分别为当前节点与障碍物几何轮廓的最近和最远距离,mm;φ0=90°为最大偏转角。在接近障碍物的节点处,通过旋转轴$ \boldsymbol{u}=\hat{\boldsymbol{v}}\times {\boldsymbol{v}}_{sm} $和偏转角$ \varphi $构造切向逃逸力函数Ftan(x):
$ {F}_{\text{tan}}\text{(}x\text{)=}{k}_{\text{rot}}(\boldsymbol{n}(x)\times \boldsymbol{u}) $
其中n(x)为当前节点到障碍物最近表面远离障碍物方向向量;u为切向逃逸力偏转的旋转轴;krot为逃逸强度参数。
结合目标重定向策略,改进后的人工势场合力包括目标吸引力、经典人工势场的斥力以及切向逃逸力。在每次节点扩展过程中,通过将切向逃逸力引入APF,引导方向沿障碍物边界“滑移”,有效避免了传统APF中路径震荡和目标不可达的问题。最终,在节点x处叠加的合力函数Ftot(x)为
$ {F}_{\text{tot}}(x)={F}_{\text{attG}}(x)+{F}_{\text{attR}}(x)+{F}_{\text{rep}}(x)+{F}_{\text{tan}}(x) $
其中Ftotx)为改进切向逃逸力势场函数;Frepx)为经典人工势场斥力函数。
改进的双向RRT*算法在连通后获得的原始路径存在折点密集、转角尖锐和段长不均等问题,直接作为机械臂执行路径会导致轨迹不连续、时间参数化困难及关节加速度过大。为此,本文首先对桥接路径进行冗余点去除,采用贪婪跳点策略,检查无碰撞的直连线段并替换原路径。去除冗余点后,路径长度缩短,但可能存在曲率过大问题,因此对节点间距较大的长段进行均匀化插值处理(插值点数为1~3),获得分布更均匀的控制节点,以避免在后续B样条拟合过程中出现过拟合或穿透障碍物的问题。路径控制节点序列$ P=\{{p}_{1},{p}_{2},...,{p}_{{n}}\} $n表示控制节点个数,经过3次B样条拟合,得到具有连续性的平滑轨迹曲线P(t):
$ P(t)=\sum\limits_{i=1}^{{n}}{p}_{{i}}\cdot {B}_{{i},4}(t) $
其中Bi,4(t),t∈[1,n]为阶数k=4的三次B样条的基函数,满足递归关系:
$ {B}_{i,k}(t)=\frac{t-{t}_{i}}{{t}_{i+k-1}-{t}_{i}}{B}_{i,k-1}(t)+\frac{{t}_{i+k}-t}{{t}_{i+k}-{t}_{i+1}}{B}_{i+1,k-1}(t) $
三次B样条具备固有的连续性,确保路径几何平滑,且速度和加速度在整个路径上连续,提高了运动学可行性。然而,B样条的全局影响可能导致路径在某些段落穿越障碍物区域。为解决此问题,本文引入基于最小安全距离的避障重构机制,检查路径段与障碍物的最短欧氏距离是否满足如下关系:
$ D\left(S({p}_{j})\text{,}S({p}_{j+1})\right)\geq \alpha \cdot {d}_{\min } $
其中$ D(.) $为路径段$ \left({S}({p}_{\text{j}}),{S}({p}_{j+1})\right) $的欧式距离;α ∈(0,1)为安全冗余系数;dmin为设定的最小安全距离。若不满足则在穿透障碍物的两节点间进行中点插值,实现避障路径重构,如图10所示。
为了验证所提算法在三维路径规划中的效率和质量,将本文TR-RRT*与IBI-P-RRT*[25]、BAI-RRT*[26]、RRT*、BI-RRT*、GB-RRT*[27]、APF-RRT*、BI-APF-RRT*算法进行对比。评价指标包括路径长度、节点数量、迭代次数、耗时、节点扩展距离和转向角度。试验硬件和软件环境为NVIDIA RTX 4080 显卡、Intel i7-14600KF CPU、MATLAB 2024a。
试验在三维的非结构化地图上进行。三维地图的尺寸为2 000 mm×2 000 mm×2 000 mm,起点位于(−900, −900, −900)mm,目标点设在(900, 900, 900)mm,构建复杂非结构化障碍物环境,将本文算法与各对比算法分别在该环境中进行20次迭代测试,运行结果如图11所示。
计算三维地图中对比算法和本文改进算法的路径长度、节点数量、迭代次数、耗时、步长和转向角度,结果取平均值。分析表明,本文TR-RRT*算法平均路径长度为3892.05 mm,为各算法中最优,比IBI-P-RRT*(4284.44 mm)缩短9.16%,比BI-RRT*(4240.45 mm)缩短8.22%,平均规划耗时(0.30 s)仅为RRT*(3.78 s)算法的7.94%,为BI-RRT*(0.43 s)的69.77%,平均迭代次数(30.15)比RRT*算法(653.80)减少95.39%,比BI-RRT*(55.70)减少45.87%;平均节点数(43.40)比RRT*(556.55)减少92.20%,比IBI-P-RRT*(190.10)减少了77.17%,比BI-RRT*(73.15)减少40.67%;在路径平滑度方面,BI-RRT*和BI-APF-RRT*算法规划路径中的转向角度(37.51°、39.61°)分别是本文算法(30.63°)的1.22和1.29倍。
为了验证改进的TR-RRT*算法的可行性和稳定性,分别在稀疏常规障碍物、稀疏大障碍物、稠密小障碍物和狭窄通道障碍物环境的地图中进行算法模拟,将TR-RRT*算法与IBI-P-RRT*、BAI-RRT*、RRT*、BI-RRT*、GB-RRT*、BI-APF-RRT*进行对比。每种算法分别在4种障碍环境下运行20次,计算路径转向角度、迭代次数、节点拓展数量、路径长度和算法耗时平均值,试验结果如表1所示。
分析可知,本文算法的总体路径规划性能较对比算法均有明显提升。在平均路径长度上,本文算法(4040.36 mm)最优,比IBI-P-RRT*(4213.45 mm)缩短4.11%,比BI-RRT*(4388.13 mm)缩短7.93%,平均规划耗时(0.09 s)仅为RRT*(0.83 s)的11.21%,为BI-RRT*(0.15 s)的61.67%,平均迭代次数(35.93)比RRT*(728.75)减少95.07%,比BI-RRT*(76.78)减少53.2%,平均节点数(49.40)比IBI-P-RRT*(132.67)减少62.76%,比BI-RRT*(84.75)减少41.71%。在路径平滑度方面,IBI-P-RRT*和BI-APF-RRT*规划路径中的平均转向角度(35.99°、37.12°)分别是本文算法(26.60°)的1.35和1.40倍;尤其在狭窄通道障碍物环境中,TR-RRT*算法均可成功规划路径,解决了传统人工势场易陷入局部震荡、无法规划路径的问题,且路径长度、耗时均比对比算法优。
由于红花季节性采收期较短,田间难以完成多组重复、工况可控的系统性验证,为了验证改进的TR-RRT*算法在实际红花采摘作业中的应用效果,本文开展机械臂的田间模拟采摘过程试验。试验采用株距为10 cm、行距为30 cm的标准红花种植模式,将收获期的红花放置在试验台上,如图12所示。
试验使用的机械臂系统由 xArm6 机械臂(工作空间为762 mm)、 xArm 控制器和上位机3部分组成。xArm6 机械臂通过前面板与 xArm 控制器连接并锁紧,控制器接通电源后,上位机通过WiFi与以太网建立通信,并通过网线与 xArm 控制器连接,确保两端配置在同一网段。通过上位机中的 xArm Studio软件访问控制器的IP,实现指令下发与数据回传,从而实现计算机编程与机械臂控制。
采摘试验包括2类采摘任务,试验1为机械臂从初始位姿到执行第一次采摘任务,如图12a所示;试验2为机械臂在各采摘任务间的转移,如图12b所示。2个类别分别进行10次聚类采摘试验,每次聚类划分的总红花果球数为18~28个,机械臂执行时间为当前位置运动到下一位置的耗时,相对位置误差为绝对距离误差相对于机械臂工作空间的百分比,采摘成功率为成功采摘的红花果球数量与总果球的比值。
表2为模拟采摘试验结果,可以看出,改进TR-RRT*算法能够快速计算出最优路径。试验1中,机械臂平均仅需3.64 s即可到达目标,相对于工作空间的平均位置误差为0.86%,采摘成功率为88.06%;试验2中,机械臂平均仅需3.12 s即可到达目标,相对于工作空间的平均位置误差为0.77%,采摘成功率为84.92%。试验前后的红花植株情况如图13所示。在整个采摘过程中,机械臂未触碰到待采红花之外的其他植株。
针对非结构化环境下红花采摘机械臂采摘效率低、路径规划速度慢等问题,本研究提出了一种基于红花采摘点聚类划分与改进路径规划算法的方法,主要研究结论如下:
1)通过分析红花果球分布情况,将红花采摘点聚类划分为多个5 cm×20 cm的采摘区域,并分析针对2朵和3朵红花的末端执行器采摘姿态,实现末端执行器单次动作覆盖1~3朵红花的高效作业模式。
2)提出的TR-RRT*算法规划效率明显提升,综合4个环境的试验结果表明,该算法的平均规划耗时(0.09 s)仅为经典RRT*(0.83 s)的11.21%,为BI-RRT*(0.15 s)的61.67%;平均路径长度(4040.36 mm)比IBI-P-RRT*(4213.45 mm)缩短4.11%,比BI-RRT*(4388.13 mm)缩短7.93%;平均迭代次数(35.93)与节点数(49.40)分别比BI-RRT*(76.78、84.75)算法减少53.20%和41.71%,证明了其在复杂环境中具备高效的收敛与规划速度。
3)本文改进算法兼顾路径平滑度的改善,采用先冗余点去除、插值处理,然后B样条拟合并融合避障重构路径的路径优化方法,生成的采摘路径连续平滑且无碰撞,对比算法IBI-P-RRT*和BI-APF-RRT*的平均转向角度(35.99°、37.12°)分别为本算法(26.60°)的1.35和1.40倍。有效降低了机械臂运动过程中的抖动与碰撞风险。
4)模拟采摘试验中,本文提出的聚类采摘和路径规划方法有较好的鲁棒性,机械臂执行单次采摘路径平均时间在4 s以内,采摘成功率在84%以上,为红花采摘机器人高效作业提供了可行的技术方案。

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2026年第42卷第12期
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doi: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202510071
  • 接收时间:2025-10-13
  • 首发时间:2026-08-20
  • 出版时间:2026-06-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-13
  • 修回日期:2025-12-05
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    1石河子大学机械电气工程学院,石河子 832000
    2新疆兵团特色作物生产机械化工程实验室,石河子 832000
    3现代农业机械兵团重点实验室,石河子 832000
    4农业农村部西北农业装备重点实验室,石河子 832000

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葛云,博士,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为红花采收机械及机器人技术。Email:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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