Article(id=1297211758255567164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, issueId=1297211624738284246, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202603015, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1772380800000, receivedDateStr=2026-03-02, revisedDate=1778947200000, revisedDateStr=2026-05-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1787208984197, onlineDateStr=2026-08-20, pubDate=1782748800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1787208984197, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1787208984197, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1787208984197, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1297211624738284246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, year='2026', volume='42', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='396', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782748800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1787208952364, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1787212261177, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1297225503002357852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, issueId=1297211624738284246, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1297225503002357853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, issueId=1297211624738284246, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=60, endPage=72, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1297211759962648893, articleId=1297211758255567164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, language=EN, title=Optimizing the shoveling-throwing mechanism for litter surface manure in brooding chicken houses using NSGA-II algorithm, columnId=1297211670816907294, journalTitle=Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, columnName=Special Topics on Smart Animal-raising Technologies and Livestock Equipment(2): Smart Equipment and Environmental Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Surface litter manure can significantly increase the risk of diseases in broiler brooding houses, such as coccidiosis and colibacillosis. Indoor air quality can be deteriorated, due to the release of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and methane. However, existing double-crank shoveling-throwing mechanisms of surface manure cleaning have suffered from low efficiency, performance, and excessive vibration, because the key structural parameters are determined empirically without systematic multi-objective optimization. In this study, a multi-objective optimization was developed for the double-crank shoveling-throwing mechanism using an improved NSGA-II algorithm. Thereby, better performance was achieved to improve the shoveling efficiency, energy consumption, and stability. A kinematic and dynamic model of the double-crank shoveling-throwing mechanism was first established to reveal the influence of structural parameters on the shoveling trajectory and force behaviors. A coupled ADAMS-EDEM simulation model was then constructed to simulate the interaction between the mechanism and manure particles. As such, 60 sets of variable samples were generated after the optimal Latin hypercube sampling. A Gaussian process regression (GPR) surrogate model was constructed to map the relationship between six variables and the shovel throwing quality Q. The relative error between the prediction and simulation was 3.85%, indicating high prediction accuracy. An improved NSGA-II algorithm was proposed to overcome the limitations of the standard NSGA-II algorithm—namely, significant dimensional differences among the three objectives, highly nonlinear parameter-performance mapping, and discontinuous parameter space. Three improvements were introduced: (1) an adaptive normalization mechanism to eliminate dimensional effects; (2) a hybrid optimization framework with global search (NSGA-II) and local refinement (sequential quadratic programming, SQP) for the high convergence accuracy; and (3) an improved crowding distance and solution selection mechanism for the distribution uniformity of the Pareto front. The improved algorithm was compared with standard NSGA-II, NSGA-III, MOPSO, and MOEA/D, according to three performance indicators: Inverted Generational Distance (IGD), Spacing, and Hypervolume (HV). The results showed that the improved NSGA-II algorithm significantly outperformed the rest. Specifically, the IGD value decreased by 71%, 68%, and 64%, respectively, compared with standard NSGA-II, MOPSO, and MOEA/D. Spacing value decreased by 26%, compared with standard NSGA-II, whereas, the HV value increased by 16%. The better performance was achieved in the high convergence, more uniform distribution, and higher coverage of the true Pareto front. The optimal compromise solution was selected from the Pareto set using the entropy-weighted TOPSIS. The optimal parameters were recommended: l1=70.4 mm, l2=88.5 mm, l3=100.2 mm, l4=30.3 mm, b=99.7 mm, β=37.4°. A prototype was manufactured for the double-crank shoveling-throwing device, according to the optimal parameters. Field experiments were conducted in three repetitions in a brooding house in Zhouzhi County, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China, in December 2025. The experimental conditions were as follows: Litter layer with a thickness of 50–60 mm, chicken manure layer thickness of 10-20 mm, and manure moisture content of 30%–35%. The results demonstrated that the optimal mechanism improved shoveling efficiency by 138.24%, whereas the driving torque and the angular acceleration peak at the shovel end were reduced by 35.12%, and 35.60%, respectively. In addition, the residual rate of surface manure decreased from 18.45% to 8.13%, with a reduction of 55.99%, indicating significantly improved cleaning quality. A multi-objective optimization framework was provided for the double-crank shoveling-throwing mechanism using ADAMS-EDEM simulation, GPR surrogate modeling, and an improved NSGA-II algorithm. The dimensional differences and high nonlinearity were avoided for the low computational cost after engineering optimization. The improved NSGA-II algorithm demonstrated superior convergence and distribution performance, compared with mainstream multi-objective algorithms. The optimal mechanism was achieved to balance shoveling efficiency, energy consumption, and operational stability. The findings can offer a complete technical pathway to enhance the performance of hinge-type multi-bar mechanisms, particularly for manure cleaning equipment in the poultry industry.

, authors=Yaoyao ZHU1, Fengxin YAN1, *, Kaiwen XUE1, Shiying ZHANG1, Yuan GAO1, Saidqosim MUKHTOROV2, Honggang LI3, authorsList=Yaoyao ZHU, Fengxin YAN, Kaiwen XUE, Shiying ZHANG, Yuan GAO, Saidqosim MUKHTOROV, Honggang LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Fengxin YAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1297211764295364954, articleId=1297211758255567164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, language=CN, title=基于NSGA-II算法的育雏鸡舍垫料表层粪污铲抛机构优化方法, columnId=1297211670993068064, journalTitle=农业工程学报, columnName=智慧养殖技术与智能畜牧装备专题(2):智能装备与环境工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对肉鸡育雏舍内垫料表层粪污铲抛清理作业中,铲抛装置因关键结构参数依赖经验设计而存在效率低、振动大、性能不佳等问题,该研究通过开展双曲柄铲抛机构与粪污颗粒ADAMS-EDEM耦合仿真分析,建立基于最优拉丁超立方抽样法的设计变量—铲抛量高斯过程回归代理模型;针对优化问题中存在的目标函数量纲差异、结构参数与作业性能高度非线性映射、多目标协同冲突等问题,构建集自适应归一化机制、混合优化框架、最优解选择方法于一体的改进型NSGA-II(non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II)多目标优化遗传算法,求解所得铲抛机构参数的Pareto解集收敛且分布均匀。利用优化后的参数组合试制了双曲柄铲抛装置并开展了育雏舍内现场清收试验,结果表明:铲抛机构的铲抛效率提升138.24%,驱动力矩减小35.12%,抛铲末端角加速度峰值降低35.60%,表面粪层残留率下降55.99%,极大改善了整台装置的工作性能和动力学特性。该方法为铰链四杆机构设计参数的优化和农业机械中双曲柄装置的综合应用提供了新的理论参考。

, authors=朱瑶瑶1, 闫锋欣1, *, 薛凯文1, 张势盈1, 高源1, Saidqosim MUKHTOROV2, 李宏刚3, authorsList=朱瑶瑶, 闫锋欣, 薛凯文, 张势盈, 高源, Saidqosim MUKHTOROV, 李宏刚, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=闫锋欣, authorNote=

朱瑶瑶,研究方向为机械设计与理论。Email:

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闫锋欣,副教授,博士生导师,研究方向为智能农机装备理论与技术。Email:
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(in Chinese with English abstract), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1300032396594794579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211758255567164, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1300032396607377492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211758255567164, companyId=1300032396594794579, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Mechanical and Electrionic Engineering, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1300032396619960405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211758255567164, companyId=1300032396594794579, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1西北农林科技大学机械与电子工程学院,杨凌 712100)]), AuthorCompany(id=1300032396737400918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211758255567164, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1300032396745789527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211758255567164, companyId=1300032396737400918, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Institute of Economy and Trade of Tajik State University of Commerce in Khujand, Khujand 735700, Tajikistan), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1300032396758372440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211758255567164, companyId=1300032396737400918, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2塔吉克斯坦国立商业大学苦盏经济贸易学院,苦盏 735700)]), AuthorCompany(id=1300032396825481305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211758255567164, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1300032396833869914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211758255567164, companyId=1300032396825481305, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Engineering Equipment Department Jiangsu Lihua Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd., Changzhou 213168, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1300032396842258523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211758255567164, companyId=1300032396825481305, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3江苏立华食品集团股份有限公司工程设备部,常州 213168)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1300032401170780297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211758255567164, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Brooding chicken houses litter surface manure cleaning machine and its double-crank shoveling-throwing device, figureFileSmall=Hj7bLTrG7yhzo5I2aeOYTA==, figureFileBig=4breXXtHEy1I/4ubuqYorA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1300032401258860682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211758255567164, language=CN, label=图1, caption=育雏鸡舍垫料表层粪污清收机及其双曲柄铲抛装置, figureFileSmall=Hj7bLTrG7yhzo5I2aeOYTA==, figureFileBig=4breXXtHEy1I/4ubuqYorA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1300032401351135371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211758255567164, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Diagram of double-crank shoveling-throwing mechanism, figureFileSmall=zbOQFojffSn0DOjNUABaDA==, figureFileBig=oZXYdn6tRRGhQPrpm1uegw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1300032401414049932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211758255567164, language=CN, label=图2, caption=双曲柄铲抛机构简图

注:l1为主动曲柄长度,mm;l2为连杆长度,mm;l3为从动曲柄长度,mm;l4为机架长度,mm;l5为连接轴孔中心到铲面的长度,mm;l6为铲面EF宽度,mm;l7为铲面FG宽度,mm;b为铲面EG宽度,mm;φ1φ2φ3φ4φ5分别为l1l5y轴的负向夹角,°;β为抛铲板BF与铲面EG的夹角,(°);vm为机构前进速度,m·s−1ω1为主动曲柄转速,r·min−1ω3为从动曲柄转速,r·min−1。下同。

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注:ls1ls2ls3分别为AB杆、BC杆、CD杆质心到铰接点的距离,mm。

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注:Tq为驱动力矩,即机构作业过程中驱动力矩峰值,N·mm;Q为铲抛量,即机构作业时每秒清收的粪层质量,g·s−1amax为抛铲末端角加速度峰值,rad·s−2r为皮尔逊相关系数。

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注:O1O2O3为从Pareto最优解集中随机选取的3组解。下同

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Structural parameters of shoveling-throwing mechanism

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数
Parameter
数值Values
主动曲柄长度Driving crank length /mm80
机架Frame length /mm40
连杆Connecting rod length /mm90
从动曲柄Driven crank length /mm110
铲面宽度Shovel surface width /mm100
铲面与抛铲板间夹角
Angle between the shoveling surface and shoveling-throwing plate /(°)
40
), ArticleFig(id=1300032403653808294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211758255567164, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

铲抛机构结构参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数
Parameter
数值Values
主动曲柄长度Driving crank length /mm80
机架Frame length /mm40
连杆Connecting rod length /mm90
从动曲柄Driven crank length /mm110
铲面宽度Shovel surface width /mm100
铲面与抛铲板间夹角
Angle between the shoveling surface and shoveling-throwing plate /(°)
40
), ArticleFig(id=1300032403729305767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211758255567164, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of mechanism parameters before and after optimization

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数
Parameters
初始值
Initialization value
O1O2O3
l1/mm80.074.573.270.4
l2/mm90.099.699.588.5
l3/mm110.0100.4100.3100.2
l4/mm40.034.634.030.3
b/mm100.0106.8107.799.7
β/(°)40.039.140.037.4
), ArticleFig(id=1300032403829969064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211758255567164, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

机构参数优化前后对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数
Parameters
初始值
Initialization value
O1O2O3
l1/mm80.074.573.270.4
l2/mm90.099.699.588.5
l3/mm110.0100.4100.3100.2
l4/mm40.034.634.030.3
b/mm100.0106.8107.799.7
β/(°)40.039.140.037.4
), ArticleFig(id=1300032403930632361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211758255567164, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Comparison of comprehensive performance before and after optimization

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指标
Index
优化前
Before optimization
O1O2O3
Q/(g·s−1310.1738.8677.8705.2
Tq/(N·mm)359.5342.5299.1194.4
amax/(rad·s−2332.9450.4303.1208.5
), ArticleFig(id=1300032404014518442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211758255567164, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

综合性能优化前后对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标
Index
优化前
Before optimization
O1O2O3
Q/(g·s−1310.1738.8677.8705.2
Tq/(N·mm)359.5342.5299.1194.4
amax/(rad·s−2332.9450.4303.1208.5
), ArticleFig(id=1300032404085821611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211758255567164, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Performance comparison of algorithms

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算法
Algorithms
反世代距离
Inverted generational distance
IGD
间距
Spacing
SP
超体积
Hypervolume
HV
NSGA-II31.0017.420.12
NSGA-III22.5615.130.13
MOPSO28.7419.970.11
MOEA/D24.9114.550.13
改进NSGA-II
Improved NSGA-II
9.0712.100.14
), ArticleFig(id=1300032404169707692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211758255567164, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

算法性能对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法
Algorithms
反世代距离
Inverted generational distance
IGD
间距
Spacing
SP
超体积
Hypervolume
HV
NSGA-II31.0017.420.12
NSGA-III22.5615.130.13
MOPSO28.7419.970.11
MOEA/D24.9114.550.13
改进NSGA-II
Improved NSGA-II
9.0712.100.14
), ArticleFig(id=1300032404245205165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211758255567164, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Comparison of calculated and simulated values for indexes

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指标
Index
O1O2O3
CvSvCvSvCvSv
注:Cv为计算值;Sv为仿真值。
Note: Cv is the calculated value; Sv is the simulation value.
Q/(g·s−1738.8714.1677.8680.3705.2726.4
Tq/(N·mm)342.5368.6299.1326.4194.4227.8
amax/(rad·s−2450.4423.5303.1287.2208.5184.9
), ArticleFig(id=1300032404316508334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211758255567164, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

各指标计算值与仿真值对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标
Index
O1O2O3
CvSvCvSvCvSv
注:Cv为计算值;Sv为仿真值。
Note: Cv is the calculated value; Sv is the simulation value.
Q/(g·s−1738.8714.1677.8680.3705.2726.4
Tq/(N·mm)342.5368.6299.1326.4194.4227.8
amax/(rad·s−2450.4423.5303.1287.2208.5184.9
), ArticleFig(id=1300032404412977327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211758255567164, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Shoveling amount of surface manure before and after optimization

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工况
Working condition
铲抛量Shoveling amount/(g·s-1)
仿真试验
Simulated experiment
样机试验
Prototype experiment
相对误差
Relative error/ %
优化前Before optimization310.55285.208.89
优化后After optimization726.40679.466.46
), ArticleFig(id=1300032404484280496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211758255567164, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

优化前后表层粪污的铲抛量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况
Working condition
铲抛量Shoveling amount/(g·s-1)
仿真试验
Simulated experiment
样机试验
Prototype experiment
相对误差
Relative error/ %
优化前Before optimization310.55285.208.89
优化后After optimization726.40679.466.46
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基于NSGA-II算法的育雏鸡舍垫料表层粪污铲抛机构优化方法
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朱瑶瑶 1 , 闫锋欣 1, * , 薛凯文 1 , 张势盈 1 , 高源 1 , Saidqosim MUKHTOROV 2 , 李宏刚 3
农业工程学报 | 智慧养殖技术与智能畜牧装备专题(2):智能装备与环境工程 2026,42(12): 60-72
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农业工程学报 |智慧养殖技术与智能畜牧装备专题(2):智能装备与环境工程 2026 , 42 (12) : 60 -72
基于NSGA-II算法的育雏鸡舍垫料表层粪污铲抛机构优化方法
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朱瑶瑶1 , 闫锋欣1, * , 薛凯文1, 张势盈1, 高源1, Saidqosim MUKHTOROV2, 李宏刚3
作者信息
  • 1西北农林科技大学机械与电子工程学院,杨凌 712100
  • 2塔吉克斯坦国立商业大学苦盏经济贸易学院,苦盏 735700
  • 3江苏立华食品集团股份有限公司工程设备部,常州 213168
通讯作者:
闫锋欣,副教授,博士生导师,研究方向为智能农机装备理论与技术。Email:
作者简介:

朱瑶瑶,研究方向为机械设计与理论。Email:

Optimizing the shoveling-throwing mechanism for litter surface manure in brooding chicken houses using NSGA-II algorithm
Yaoyao ZHU1 , Fengxin YAN1, * , Kaiwen XUE1, Shiying ZHANG1, Yuan GAO1, Saidqosim MUKHTOROV2, Honggang LI3
Affiliations
  • 1College of Mechanical and Electrionic Engineering, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
  • 2Institute of Economy and Trade of Tajik State University of Commerce in Khujand, Khujand 735700, Tajikistan
  • 3Engineering Equipment Department Jiangsu Lihua Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd., Changzhou 213168, China
出版时间: 2026-06-30 doi: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202603015
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针对肉鸡育雏舍内垫料表层粪污铲抛清理作业中,铲抛装置因关键结构参数依赖经验设计而存在效率低、振动大、性能不佳等问题,该研究通过开展双曲柄铲抛机构与粪污颗粒ADAMS-EDEM耦合仿真分析,建立基于最优拉丁超立方抽样法的设计变量—铲抛量高斯过程回归代理模型;针对优化问题中存在的目标函数量纲差异、结构参数与作业性能高度非线性映射、多目标协同冲突等问题,构建集自适应归一化机制、混合优化框架、最优解选择方法于一体的改进型NSGA-II(non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II)多目标优化遗传算法,求解所得铲抛机构参数的Pareto解集收敛且分布均匀。利用优化后的参数组合试制了双曲柄铲抛装置并开展了育雏舍内现场清收试验,结果表明:铲抛机构的铲抛效率提升138.24%,驱动力矩减小35.12%,抛铲末端角加速度峰值降低35.60%,表面粪层残留率下降55.99%,极大改善了整台装置的工作性能和动力学特性。该方法为铰链四杆机构设计参数的优化和农业机械中双曲柄装置的综合应用提供了新的理论参考。

育雏鸡舍;垫料表层粪污  /  铲抛机构  /  ADAMS-EDEM耦合仿真  /  NSGA-II算法  /  多目标优化

Surface litter manure can significantly increase the risk of diseases in broiler brooding houses, such as coccidiosis and colibacillosis. Indoor air quality can be deteriorated, due to the release of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and methane. However, existing double-crank shoveling-throwing mechanisms of surface manure cleaning have suffered from low efficiency, performance, and excessive vibration, because the key structural parameters are determined empirically without systematic multi-objective optimization. In this study, a multi-objective optimization was developed for the double-crank shoveling-throwing mechanism using an improved NSGA-II algorithm. Thereby, better performance was achieved to improve the shoveling efficiency, energy consumption, and stability. A kinematic and dynamic model of the double-crank shoveling-throwing mechanism was first established to reveal the influence of structural parameters on the shoveling trajectory and force behaviors. A coupled ADAMS-EDEM simulation model was then constructed to simulate the interaction between the mechanism and manure particles. As such, 60 sets of variable samples were generated after the optimal Latin hypercube sampling. A Gaussian process regression (GPR) surrogate model was constructed to map the relationship between six variables and the shovel throwing quality Q. The relative error between the prediction and simulation was 3.85%, indicating high prediction accuracy. An improved NSGA-II algorithm was proposed to overcome the limitations of the standard NSGA-II algorithm—namely, significant dimensional differences among the three objectives, highly nonlinear parameter-performance mapping, and discontinuous parameter space. Three improvements were introduced: (1) an adaptive normalization mechanism to eliminate dimensional effects; (2) a hybrid optimization framework with global search (NSGA-II) and local refinement (sequential quadratic programming, SQP) for the high convergence accuracy; and (3) an improved crowding distance and solution selection mechanism for the distribution uniformity of the Pareto front. The improved algorithm was compared with standard NSGA-II, NSGA-III, MOPSO, and MOEA/D, according to three performance indicators: Inverted Generational Distance (IGD), Spacing, and Hypervolume (HV). The results showed that the improved NSGA-II algorithm significantly outperformed the rest. Specifically, the IGD value decreased by 71%, 68%, and 64%, respectively, compared with standard NSGA-II, MOPSO, and MOEA/D. Spacing value decreased by 26%, compared with standard NSGA-II, whereas, the HV value increased by 16%. The better performance was achieved in the high convergence, more uniform distribution, and higher coverage of the true Pareto front. The optimal compromise solution was selected from the Pareto set using the entropy-weighted TOPSIS. The optimal parameters were recommended: l1=70.4 mm, l2=88.5 mm, l3=100.2 mm, l4=30.3 mm, b=99.7 mm, β=37.4°. A prototype was manufactured for the double-crank shoveling-throwing device, according to the optimal parameters. Field experiments were conducted in three repetitions in a brooding house in Zhouzhi County, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China, in December 2025. The experimental conditions were as follows: Litter layer with a thickness of 50–60 mm, chicken manure layer thickness of 10-20 mm, and manure moisture content of 30%–35%. The results demonstrated that the optimal mechanism improved shoveling efficiency by 138.24%, whereas the driving torque and the angular acceleration peak at the shovel end were reduced by 35.12%, and 35.60%, respectively. In addition, the residual rate of surface manure decreased from 18.45% to 8.13%, with a reduction of 55.99%, indicating significantly improved cleaning quality. A multi-objective optimization framework was provided for the double-crank shoveling-throwing mechanism using ADAMS-EDEM simulation, GPR surrogate modeling, and an improved NSGA-II algorithm. The dimensional differences and high nonlinearity were avoided for the low computational cost after engineering optimization. The improved NSGA-II algorithm demonstrated superior convergence and distribution performance, compared with mainstream multi-objective algorithms. The optimal mechanism was achieved to balance shoveling efficiency, energy consumption, and operational stability. The findings can offer a complete technical pathway to enhance the performance of hinge-type multi-bar mechanisms, particularly for manure cleaning equipment in the poultry industry.

brooding chicken houses; litter surface manure  /  shoveling-throwing mechanism  /  ADAMS-EDEM coupled simulation  /  NSGA-II algorithm  /  multi-objective optimization
朱瑶瑶, 闫锋欣, 薛凯文, 张势盈, 高源, Saidqosim MUKHTOROV, 李宏刚. 基于NSGA-II算法的育雏鸡舍垫料表层粪污铲抛机构优化方法. 农业工程学报, 2026 , 42 (12) : 60 -72 . DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202603015
Yaoyao ZHU, Fengxin YAN, Kaiwen XUE, Shiying ZHANG, Yuan GAO, Saidqosim MUKHTOROV, Honggang LI. Optimizing the shoveling-throwing mechanism for litter surface manure in brooding chicken houses using NSGA-II algorithm[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2026 , 42 (12) : 60 -72 . DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202603015
慢速或中速地面平养肉鸡苗进场饲喂时,通常会采用先小区育雏再扩栏饲喂的模式[1-2]。鸡苗育雏期管理的好坏不仅会影响育成期鸡群的生长发育质量,还会影响整个生产周期饲料的转化率和鸡只的生产性能,一定程度上决定了养殖户的预期经济效益[3]。以大规模养殖的慢速黄羽肉鸡为例,育雏期约占总养殖周期90~120 d的1/4[4]。育雏期鸡苗饲料营养价值好、鸡粪含水率大、棚内温度高,极易将地面铺覆的厚砻糠垫料变成细菌病毒和舍内害虫潜伏的温床[5-6]
实际生产中,因适用清粪设备不足和人工成本限制,养殖户扩栏时主要采用抛撒新垫料遮掩、清理局部粪污的方式养至出栏。这种粗放处理方式不仅会显著增加舍内病虫害发生风险,还会让发酵产生的有害气体成为诱发鸡群呼吸道疾病的重要风险源[7-8]。因此,如何尽可能多地保留育雏小区的底层垫料、尽可能干净地清除表层粪污,已成为长周期高品质肉鸡养殖产业高质量发展亟需解决的重要科学问题。
目前,针对育雏小区垫料表层粪污清理装备的研究工作尚不多见。马泽峰等[9]率先研制了基于双曲柄机构的育雏期舍内垫料表层粪污清理机,借助双曲柄机构的急回特性,实现了“慢轻铲、快抛扔”的仿人工铲抛作业方式。然而,该装置在实际使用中作业效率为1.37 t/h、机构振动加速度为345.95 rad/s2,导致零部件松动频发,综合性能不佳等问题,其原因在于铲抛装置的关键结构参数依赖经验设计且缺乏系统性优化,使得双曲柄机构的理论优势未得到充分发挥。
本研究涉及的铲抛机构属于典型的铰链四杆机构,其运动轨迹丰富、运动形式多样在实际生产中有着广泛的应用[10-13]。然而,要使其各杆件拥有良好的力学性能、稳定的运动学特性、极佳的综合作业性能,往往需要在杆长、加速度和工作部件结构等多个目标间寻求优化与平衡[14-16]。相比于传统的多目标优化算法,智能优化求解算法可直接求解多目标问题并获得相应的最优解集,全局搜索能力较强[17-18]。其中,非支配排序遗传算法因可直接获得均匀分布的Pareto最优解集而应用广泛[19-20]。韩书葵等[21]利用NSGA(non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm)遗传算法优化了双曲柄捡拾机构的杆长条件,优化后机构的横向误差和纵向误差分别降低51.3%和60.8%;许涛等[22]采用目标函数法和NSGA-II算法优化了曲柄-滑道-弹齿滚筒式花生捡拾机构的参数条件,优化后漏捡高度与漏检区域面积减小至0;马文瑞等[23]使用NSGA-II算法求解了平面六杆旋翼无人机的起落架参数,优化后机构的最大驱动力矩减少58.7%,姿态调节稳定性和力学性能大幅提升。
然而,上述研究大多针对目标量纲较为接近或冲突相对较弱的多目标问题,且未涉及严格的运动规律约束。本研究针对的双曲柄铲抛机构的优化面临3大难题:1)目标函数涉及铲抛量、驱动力矩和角加速度峰值3个量纲差异显著的指标,若直接优化,容易出现单一目标支配全局搜索的问题;2)机构参数与作业性能之间存在高度非线性的映射关系,目标函数非线性程度高,参数空间极不连续;3)“慢铲—快抛”的实际作业运动特性和力学性能需要协同优化,其Pareto前沿预期为连续曲面。无论是采用传统多目标优化算法,还是标准NSGA-II算法求解该问题时,在收敛精度和种群多样性方面均存在较多局限[24-25]。针对算法求解不同问题时的局限性,张延安等[26]通过引入K-均值聚类算法、正态分布交叉算子和差分变异搜索策略,有效提升了NSGA-II算法的求解效率;张超等[27]通过改进带精英策略的快速NSGA-II算法,获得了高质量的悬臂式掘进机断面成型截割轨迹。由此可见,对标准NSGA-II算法进行改进,是提升复杂机构综合性能的重要途径。
为此,针对双曲柄铲抛机构的多目标优化难题,本文提出一种改进型NSGA-II算法。该算法引入自适应归一化机制来消除量纲差异影响,构建“全局搜索+局部精化”的混合优化框架以提升收敛精度,并通过改进拥挤度距离与解选择机制来增强解集分布的均匀性。开展耦合仿真和样机试验,分析优化后的机构在降低能耗、提升作业效率和运行平稳性方面的效果。
为最大程度地保留育雏区的地面垫料、尽可能干净地清除垫料表层的雏鸡粪污,研制了育雏鸡舍垫料表层粪污清收机(图1a),其双曲柄铲抛机构(图1b)可实现“慢轻铲、快抛扔”的仿人工作业效果,双曲柄机构的具体构成如图1c所示;铲抛机构的初始参数见表1
双曲柄铲抛机构由主动轴、固定轴、固定盘、主动盘、连接板、抛铲板及其上的抛铲共同组成。当主动盘作为主动曲柄匀速转动时,主动盘带动3个均匀分布的曲柄轴同步转动,继而带动连接板及抛铲绕固定轴非匀速转动。由于曲柄轴的旋转半径小于连接板的旋转半径,连接板末端的抛铲线速度大于曲柄轴线速度,故曲柄轴带动抛铲作急速回转运动,从而实现仿人工的“慢铲—快抛”的动作。
抛铲在运动过程中会经历3个阶段:1)铲入阶段,抛铲在曲柄带动下切入粪层,通过连接板的非匀速运动实现抛铲的“慢铲掘土”动作;2)抛扔阶段,随着曲柄轴的旋转,抛铲在连接板的驱动下加速提升,利用惯性将物料抛离铲面,完成“快铲抛扔”动作;3)复位阶段,抛铲返回初始位置,准备下一次的铲抛作业。
双曲柄铲抛机构简图如图2所示。设机架与主动曲柄的连接点为A,主动曲柄与连杆的连接点为B,连杆与从动曲柄的连接点为C,从动曲柄与机架的连接点为D,铲抛机构末端抛铲上的点分别为EFG,且G点为抛铲尖点。
采用复数矢量法对双曲柄铲抛机构进行运动学分析,由图2可知,机构各杆所构成的封闭矢量方程为
$ \vec{l}_1+\vec{l}_2=\vec{l}_3+\vec{l}_4 $
将封闭矢量方程转化为解析方程得抛铲上G点、E点的位移方程,见式(2)~(3)。
$ \left\{\begin{array}{l}x_{G}=x_{A}-l_{1} \sin \varphi_{1}-\left(l_{2}+l_{5}\right) \sin \varphi_{2}+l_{7} \sin \varphi_{3} \\y_{G}=y_{A}-l_{1} \cos \varphi_{1}-\left(l_{2}+l_{5}\right) \cos \varphi_{2}-l_{7} \cos \varphi_{5}\end{array}\right. $
$ \left\{\begin{array}{l}x_{E}=x_{A}-l_{1} \sin \varphi_{1}-\left(l_{2}+l_{5}\right) \sin \varphi_{2}-l_{6} \sin \varphi_{3} \\y_{E}=y_{A}-l_{1} \cos \varphi_{1}-\left(l_{2}+l_{5}\right) \cos \varphi_{2}+l_{6} \cos \varphi_{5}\end{array}\right. $
式中(xAyA)为主动盘中心坐标即A点坐标,mm;(xGyG)为抛铲端点坐标即G点坐标,mm;(xEyE)为抛铲尖点坐标即E点坐标,mm;由几何关系可知,φ5=β+φ2
将式(1)按矢量投影进行变换,可得:
$ \left\{\begin{array}{l}l_{1} \cos \varphi_{1}+l_{2} \cos \varphi_{2}=l_{3} \cos \varphi_{3} \\l_{1} \sin \varphi_{1}+l_{2} \sin \varphi_{2}=l_{3} \sin \varphi_{3}+l_{4}\end{array}\right. $
φ1确定后,由式(4)可求得未知量φ2φ3
$ \left\{\begin{array}{l}\varphi_{2}=\arcsin \dfrac{\varepsilon^{2}+l_{2}^{2}+\gamma^{2}-l_{3}^{2}}{2 l_{2} \sqrt{\varepsilon^{2}+\gamma^{2}}}-\arctan \frac{\gamma}{\varepsilon} \\\varphi_{3}=\arcsin \dfrac{\varepsilon^{2}+l_{3}^{2}+\gamma^{2}-l_{2}^{2}}{2 l_{4} \sqrt{\varepsilon^{2}+\gamma^{2}}}-\arctan \frac{\gamma}{\varepsilon}\end{array}\right. $
$ \begin{cases} \varepsilon ={l}_{1}\sin {\varphi }_{1}+{l}_{4}\\\gamma ={l}_{1}\cos {\varphi }_{1}\end{cases} $
将式(5)对时间t求导,可得BC杆、CD杆的角速度,即
$ \left\{\begin{array}{l}\omega_{2}=\dfrac{l_{1} \sin \left(\varphi_{3}-\varphi_{1}\right)}{l_{2} \sin \left(\varphi_{2}-\varphi_{3}\right)} \omega_{1} \\\omega_{3}=\dfrac{l_{1} \sin \left(\varphi_{2}-\varphi_{1}\right)}{l_{3} \sin \left(\varphi_{2}-\varphi_{3}\right)} \omega_{1}\end{array}\right. $
式中ω2ω3分别为BC杆、CD杆的角速度,rad/s;AD杆为机架,角度不会发生变化,因此ω4为零。
将式(6)对时间t再次求导,可得l2l3连杆的角加速度,即
$ \begin{cases}{ {a}_{2}=\frac{{l}_{1}{a}_{1}\sin ({\varphi }_{1}-{\varphi }_{3})+\omega _{1}^{2}{l}_{1}\cos ({\varphi }_{1}-{\varphi }_{3})+\omega _{2}^{2}{l}_{2}\cos ({\varphi }_{2}-{\varphi }_{3})}{{l}_{2}\sin ({\varphi }_{3}-{\varphi }_{2})}}\\{{a}_{3}=\frac{{l}_{1}{a}_{1}\sin ({\varphi }_{2}-{\varphi }_{1})+\omega _{1}^{2}{l}_{1}\cos ({\varphi }_{2}-{\varphi }_{1})+\omega _{2}^{2}{l}_{2}-\omega _{3}^{2}{l}_{3}\cos ({\varphi }_{2}-{\varphi }_{3})}{{l}_{3}\sin ({\varphi }_{3}-{\varphi }_{2})}}\end{cases} $
式中a1a2a3分别为AB杆、BC杆、CD杆的角加速度,rad/s2;由于AB杆(主动曲柄)为匀速转动,因此a1为零。
由于铲抛机构还具有前进速度,对抛铲尖处G点的位移方程式(2)求导可得,G点速度方程为
$ \left\{\begin{array}{l}\dot{x}_{G}=-\omega_{1} l_{1} \cos \varphi_{1}-\omega_{2}\left(l_{2}+l_{5}\right) \cos \varphi_{2}+\omega_{2} l_{7} \cos \varphi_{5}+v_{m} \\\dot{y}_{G}=\omega_{1} l_{1} \sin \varphi_{1}+\omega_{2}\left(l_{2}+l_{5}\right) \sin \varphi_{2}-\omega_{2} l_{7} \sin \varphi_{3}\end{array}\right. $
根据式(2)、式(3)、式(8),使用MATLAB绘制铲抛机构EG点运动轨迹,如图3所示。
图3可知,l1l2l3直接影响EG点的运动范围和轨迹形状。bβ影响EG点在铲抛机构铲入和抛出过程中的受力状态,从而影响轨迹的高度和形状。
图4所示,设原点在机架上D点处,x方向水平向左,y方向竖直向上。AB杆、BC杆、CD杆、AD杆的质量分别为m1m2m3m4
在某一瞬时,主动曲柄AB的角速度为ω1,初始相位角为φ1,则AB杆的质心坐标(xs1ys1)、BC杆的质心坐标(xs2ys2)、CD杆的质心坐标(xs3ys3)计算式如下:
$ \left\{\begin{array}{l}x_{s 1}=l_{s 1} \sin \varphi_{1} \\y_{s 1}=l_{s 1} \cos \varphi_{1}\end{array}\right. $
$ \left\{\begin{array}{l}x_{s 2}=l_{1} \sin \varphi_{1}+l_{s 2} \sin \varphi_{2} \\y_{s 2}=l_{4}-l_{1} \cos \varphi_{1}-l_{s 2} \cos \varphi_{2}\end{array}\right. $
$ \left\{\begin{array}{l}x_{s3}=l_3\sin\varphi_3-l_{s3}\sin\varphi_3 \\ y_{s3}=l_3\cos\varphi_3-l_{s3}\cos\varphi_3\end{array}\right. $
对式(10)~(12)进行求导,得到BC杆的质心加速度($ {\ddot{x}}_{s2},{\ddot{y}}_{s2} $)、CD杆的质心加速度($ {\ddot{x}}_{s3},{\ddot{y}}_{s3} $)计算式如下:
$ \left\{\begin{array}{l}\ddot{x}_{s2}=-\ddot{\varphi}_1l_1\sin\varphi_1-\ddot{\varphi}_2l_{s2}\sin\varphi_2 \\ \ddot{y}_{s2}=\ddot{\varphi}_1l_1\cos\varphi_1-\ddot{\varphi}_2l_{s2}\cos\varphi_2\end{array}\right. $
$ \left\{\begin{array}{l}\ddot{x}_{s 3}=-\ddot{\varphi}_{3} l_{3} \sin \varphi_{3}+\ddot{\varphi}_{3} l_{s 3} \sin \varphi_{3} \\\ddot{y}_{s 4}=-\ddot{\varphi}_{3} l_{3} \cos \varphi_{3}+\ddot{\varphi}_{3} l_{s 3} \cos \varphi_{3}\end{array}\right. $
双曲柄铲抛机构在运动过程中主动曲柄AB、从动曲柄CD均为定轴转动,连杆BC为平面运动。由柯尼希定理可知,主动曲柄AB的动能E1、连杆BC的动能E2、从动曲柄CD的动能E3、机构的总动能Ek计算式如下:
$ E_{1}=\frac{1}{2} J_{1} \dot{\varphi}_{1}^{2} $
$ E_{2}=\frac{1}{2}\left[m_{2}\left(\dot{x}_{s 2}^{2}+\dot{y}_{s 2}^{2}\right)+J_{2} \dot{\varphi}_{2}^{2}\right] $
$ E_{3}=\frac{1}{2} J_{3} \dot{\varphi}_{3}^{2} $
$ \begin{split}E_k= & \frac{1}{2}\left[J_1\dot{\varphi}_1^2+m_2(\dot{x}_{s2}^2+\dot{y}_{s2}^2)+J_2\dot{\varphi}_2^2+J_3\dot{\varphi}_3^2\right] \\ =&\frac{1}{2}\left[J_1\dot{\varphi}_1^2+m_2(\dot{\varphi}_1^2l_1^2+\dot{\varphi}_2^2l_2^2+2\dot{\varphi}_1l_1\dot{\varphi}_2l_{s2}\sin(\varphi_1+\varphi_2))\right]+ \\ &\frac{1}{2}\left(J_2\dot{\varphi}_2^2+J_3\dot{\varphi}_3^2\right) \\[-1pt]\end{split} $
式中$ \dot{\varphi}_1^{ }、\dot{\varphi}_2^{ }、\dot{\varphi}_3^{ } $分别为对应角度对时间的一阶导数,J1、J2、J3分别为AB杆、BC杆、CD杆的转动惯量,kg·m2
假设x轴为零势能基准面,则主动曲柄AB的势能U1、连杆BC的势能U2、从动曲柄CD的势能U3、机构的总势能Uz计算式如下:
$ {U}_{1}={m}_{1}g{l}_{s1}\sin {\varphi }_{1} $
$ {U}_{2}={m}_{2}g({l}_{1}\sin {\varphi }_{1}+{l}_{s2}\sin {\varphi }_{2}) $
$ {U}_{3}={m}_{3}g{l}_{s3}\sin {\varphi }_{3} $
$ {U}_{z}={m}_{1}g{l}_{s1}\sin {\varphi }_{1}+{m}_{2}g({l}_{1}\sin {\varphi }_{1}+{l}_{s2}\sin {\varphi }_{2})+{m}_{3}g{l}_{s3}\sin {\varphi }_{3} $
根据虚功原理,可得出铲抛机构的虚功δW与虚位移δφ之间的关系为
$ \delta W=Q\mathit{_{Fi}}\delta\varphi=\delta\varphi T_q $
式中i=1,2,3……NQFi为广义力;Tq为驱动力矩,N·mm。
对于具有完整理想约束的系统,N个广义坐标的拉格朗日动力学方程,可表达为
$ \frac{\text{d}}{\text{d}t}\left(\frac{\partial {E}_{k}}{\partial {\dot{\varphi }}_{i}}\right)-\frac{\partial {E}_{k}}{\partial {\varphi }_{i}}+\frac{\partial {U}_{z}}{\partial {\varphi }_{i}}={Q}_{Fi} $
对式(18)求偏导,则有:
$ \begin{split}\frac{\partial {E}_{k}}{\partial \dot{\varphi }}=&{J}_{1}{\dot{\varphi }}_{1}+{m}_{2}(\dot{x}_{s2}^{2}+\dot{y}_{s2}^{2})+{J}_{2}\dot{\varphi }_{2}^{2}+{J}_{3}\dot{\varphi }_{3}^{2}\\=&{J}_{1}{\dot{\varphi }}_{1}+{m}_{2}({\dot{\varphi }}_{1}l_{1}^{2}+{\dot{\varphi }}_{2}l_{2}^{2}+({\dot{\varphi }}_{1}+{\dot{\varphi }}_{2}){l}_{1}{l}_{\mathrm{s}2}\sin ({\varphi }_{1}+{\varphi }_{2}))+\\& {J}_{2}{\dot{\varphi }}_{2}+{J}_{3}{\dot{\varphi }}_{3}\\[-1pt]\end{split} $
$ \frac{\partial {E}_{\dot{k}}}{\partial {\varphi }_{i}}={m}_{2}{\dot{\varphi }}_{1}{\dot{\varphi }}_{2}{l}_{1}{l}_{s2}({\dot{\varphi }}_{1}+{\dot{\varphi }}_{2})\cos ({\varphi }_{1}+{\varphi }_{2}) $
$ \begin{split}\frac{\text{d}}{\text{d}t}\left(\frac{\partial {E}_{k}}{\partial {\dot{\varphi }}_{i}}\right)=&{m}_{2}\left[{\ddot{\varphi }}_{2}l_{2}^{2}+{\ddot{\varphi }}_{2}{l}_{1}{l}_{s2}\sin ({\varphi }_{1}+{\varphi }_{2})\right]+\\& {m}_{2}({{\dot{\varphi }}_{1}}+{{\dot{\varphi }}_{2}})^{2}{l}_{1}{l}_{s2}\cos ({\varphi }_{1}+{\varphi }_{2})+ {J}_{2}{\ddot{\varphi }}_{2}+{J}_{3}{\ddot{\varphi }}_{3}\end{split} $
式中$ \ddot{\varphi}_1、\ddot{\varphi}_2、\ddot{\varphi}_3 $分别为对应角度对时间的二阶导数。
对式(22)求偏导,则有:
$ \frac{\partial U_z}{\partial\varphi_i}=\dot{\varphi}_1m_1gl_{s1}\cos\varphi_1+m_2g(\dot{\varphi}_1l_1\cos\varphi_1+\dot{\varphi}_2l_{s2}\cos\varphi_2) $
将式(25)~(28)代入式(24),可得双曲柄铲抛机构的动力学模型为
$ \begin{aligned}T_q & =\frac{\text{d}}{\text{d}t}\left(\frac{\partial E_k}{\partial\dot{\varphi}_i}\right)-\frac{\partial E_{\dot{k}}}{\partial\varphi_i}+\frac{\partial U_p}{\partial\varphi_i} \\ \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, & =\, \, m_2\left[\ddot{\varphi}_2l_2^2+\ddot{\varphi}_2l_1l_{s2}\sin(\varphi_1+\varphi_2)\right]+ \\ & \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, m_2\left[(\dot{\varphi}_1+\dot{\varphi}_2)^2l_1l_{s2}\cos(\varphi_1+\varphi_2)\right]+ \\ & \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, J_2\ddot{\varphi}_2+J_3\ddot{\varphi}_3-m_2\dot{\varphi}_1\dot{\varphi}_2l_1l_{s2}(\dot{\varphi}_1+\dot{\varphi}_2)\cos(\varphi_1+\varphi_2)+ \\ & \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \dot{\varphi}_1m_1gl_{s1}\cos\varphi_1+m_2g(\dot{\varphi}_1l_1\cos\varphi_1+\dot{\varphi}_2l_{s2}\cos\varphi_2)\end{aligned} $
双曲柄铲抛机构在进行作业时,抛铲的铲面是主要的触土部件,其铲面宽度和铲面倾角是影响铲抛量的重要因素。双曲柄铲抛机构的作业过程涉及动态机械系统和颗粒物料相互作用,单一仿真软件难以实现全部仿真分析工作。为便于后续优化工作,降低优化成本,节省求解时间,本研究将采用多体动力学软件ADAMS和离散元软件EDEM进行耦合仿真试验。
为节约优化时间及成本,在EDEM和ADAMS软件中,建立双曲柄铲抛机构、导流壳、料箱的三维模型如图5a所示,其中双曲柄铲抛机构为主要工作部件,导流壳主要用于引导铲抛作业过程中的粪污抛射流,料箱用于收集向后抛的粪污。
EDEM中物料特性参数参考课题组前期标定结果,该参数能够准确反映育雏鸡舍表面粪层的物理特性[9]。将鸡粪-砻糠的槽体模型设置为500 mm×600 mm×120 mm,其中80 mm的厚度为砻糠层,40 mm的厚度为鸡粪层。在虚拟平面2处创建砻糠颗粒工厂,由砻糠层所占体积得出所需砻糠颗粒总数量为5572个,生成砻糠颗粒的开始时间为1×10−12 s,生成速率为10000个/s。在虚拟平面1处创建鸡粪颗粒工厂,由鸡粪层所占体积,得出所需鸡粪颗粒总数量为3000个,生成鸡粪颗粒的开始时间为0.7 s,生成速率为10000个/ s。仿真总时长设置为5 s,步长设置为1×10−5 s,网格尺寸设置为3倍颗粒最小半径3 Rmin。
在ADAMS模型中,定义各部件的材料类型为steel,密度为7801 kg/m3,杨氏模量为2.07×1011 Pa,泊松比为0.29。在各部件的质心点上添加GFORCE,主要用于传递力和扭矩;为确保EDEM中计算的接触力能够实时施加到ADAMS中的几何体上,修改GFORCE的定义为子程序,用户参数设为0.0,程序改为ACSI_ADAMS::[28]。随后根据各部件间的接触在机构上各铰接处添加运动副,运动副主要有固定副、旋转副、圆柱副,并对主动轴盘与固定轴盘间的旋转副添加驱动。根据实际设计要求,将主动曲柄转速设置为120 r/min,配置完成两软件间耦合接口后,开展仿真试验,耦合仿真铲抛工作状态如图5b所示。
为阐明双曲柄铲抛机构主要结构参数对作业性能的影响规律,采用最优拉丁超立方试验设计法,在设计变量取值范围内生成60组采样点。以铲抛机构的主动曲柄长度l1、连杆长度l2、从动曲柄长度l3、机架长度l4、铲面宽度b、抛铲板与铲面的夹角β为设计变量,以铲抛机构的铲抛量Q、驱动力矩Tq、抛铲末端角加速度峰值amax为响应指标,开展ADAMS-EDEM耦合仿真试验。
基于60组耦合仿真试验数据,使用MATLAB计算各变量间的皮尔逊相关系数,绘制相关性热力图,如图6所示。皮尔逊相关系数的绝对值越接近1,表示线性相关越强。从图中可以看出,设计变量间的相关系数绝对值均低于0.20,表明各设计变量间的相关性极弱[29]
驱动力矩Tq与多个结构参数存在不同程度的相关性,表明驱动力矩对机构几何尺寸的变化较为敏感。其中:1)l4Tq的相关系数为0.66,呈强相关,说明机架长度的增加会明显增大传动系统的驱动力矩,这也与连杆姿态变化会导致力学不利角度增多的常识相一致;2)amaxTq的相关系数为0.79,呈强相关,表明机构受瞬态动力学的影响极为明显;3)bTq的相关系数为−0.41,呈中度负相关,说明较宽的铲面会使抛铲的受力更为均匀,从而减小驱动力矩的需求。
抛铲末端角加速度峰值amax表征机构运动的平稳性和动态冲击水平:l4amax的相关系数为0.81,呈极强相关,说明机架长度对系统动态特性的影响最为突出;l3amax的相关系数为−0.46,呈中度相关;bβ与amax均为呈弱相关;表明动态冲击主要由机架和从动曲柄的几何形态决定,而非抛铲结构参数的变化。铲抛量Q受抛铲结构参数的影响较大:bQ的相关系数为0.68,呈强相关,表明较宽的铲面能够大幅提升机构的有效作业量;βQ的相关系数为0.16,呈极弱相关,表明抛铲板与铲面的夹角对铲抛量的线性影响极小。
铲抛作业中,影响铲抛量等性能指标的因素较多,且试验与仿真计算的成本较高。为此,基于现有样本数据并构建其代理模型,以建立输入参数与铲抛量之间的数学映射关系。
为实现铲抛机构关键结构参数与铲抛量关系的快速预测,基于最优拉丁超立方抽样获得的60组耦合仿真样本数据,采用高斯过程回归(Gaussian process regression, GPR)方法建立代理模型[30]。与传统回归方法相比,GPR具有良好的非线性拟合能力,且在小样本条件下能提供预测不确定性估计,适用于本研究试验数据有限、结构与性能关系复杂的场景。
在函数空间上引入高斯分布假设,即
$ y(\boldsymbol{x})\sim \mathcal{G}\mathcal{P}\left(m(\boldsymbol{x}),k(\boldsymbol{x},{\boldsymbol{x}}^{\prime})\right) $
式中$ \boldsymbol{x}={[{{l}_{1}},{{l}_{2}},{{l}_{3}},{{l}_{4}},b,\beta ]}^{\text{T}} $为输入变量,分别代表机构的各杆长度参数、铲面宽度及铲面与抛铲板间的夹角;m(x)为均值函数,采用常数均值;$ k(\boldsymbol{x},{\boldsymbol{x}}^{\prime}) $为核函数,选用自适应长度尺度的平方指数核函数,即
$ k({\boldsymbol{x}}_{\boldsymbol{i}},{\boldsymbol{x}}_{j})=\sigma _{f}^{2}\exp \left(-\frac{1}{2}\sum \limits_{d=1}^{6}\frac{{({{x}_{i,d}}-{{x}_{j,d}})}^{2}}{L_{d}^{2}}\right)+\sigma _{n}^{2}{\delta }_{ij} $
式中Ld为第d维输入变量的特征长度尺度,$ \sigma _{f}^{2} $为信号方差,$ \sigma _{n}^{2} $为噪声方差,$ {\delta }_{ij} $为Kronecker δ函数,xi,dxj,d分别为第ij个样本输入变量第d维特征参数。
基于仿真试验测得的铲抛量数据,利用MATLAB中的fitrgp()函数进行模型训练。输入变量为6个几何结构参数,输出变量为铲抛量。为避免模型过拟合并提升泛化性能,训练过程中采用5折交叉验证法对模型进行评估[31-32]
模型训练得到各输入变量的特征长度尺度:L1=15.432、L2=8.216、L3=20.551、L4=11.273、L5=9.842和L6=12.601,信号标准差$ {\sigma }_{f} $=75.6,噪声标准差$ {\sigma }_{n} $=12.3,表明模型能够有效从输入中提取确定性映射,观测噪声水平较低,过拟合风险可控。交叉验证结果显示,该高斯过程回归代理模型在测试集上的均方根误差RMSE=4.1728 g,决定系数R2=0.9889,表明模型具有较高的预测精度。综上,所建立的代理模型能够准确刻画结构参数与铲抛量间的复杂非线性映射关系,并具备良好的泛化能力。
为验证代理模型的准确性,随机选取一组结构参数。选定l1=82.5 mm、l2=92.1 mm、l3=110.3 mm、l4=38.5 mm,b=110.0 mm,β=40°,分别利用高斯过程回归代理模型和耦合仿真模型计算铲抛量。代理模型的预测值为652.8 g/s,而耦合仿真模型的结果为628.6 g/s,二者绝对偏差为24.2 g/s,相对误差为3.85%。结果表明,所建立的代理模型能够满足参数优化的需求。
双曲柄铲抛机构的各杆长度、铲面宽度及铲面与抛铲板的夹角会直接影响其作业性能,因此,将上述参数作为设计变量x,则有:
$ \boldsymbol{x}={({{l}_{1}},{{l}_{2}},{{l}_{3}},{{l}_{4}},b,\beta )}^{\text{T}}={({{x}_{1}},{{x}_{2}},{{x}_{3}},{{x}_{4}},{{x}_{5}},{{x}_{6}})}^{\text{T}} $
以双曲柄铲抛机构高效作业、低能耗、低振动为优化目标,选取驱动力矩Tq、抛铲末端角加速度峰值amax、铲抛质量Q作为目标函数。
1)最小化能耗f1(x)
机构的能耗与各杆的长度有关,通常用工作周期Tc内驱动力矩的均方根值表示:
$ {f}_{1}(x)=\min ({T}_{q})=\min \sqrt{\frac{1}{{T}_{c}}\int \nolimits_{0}^{{T}_{\text{c}}}{M}^{2}(t)\text{d}t} $
2)最小化机构振动f2(x)
以机构抛铲末端角加速度峰值作为振动量的评价指标:
$ {f}_{2}(x)=\min \left.{\left| a\right.}_{\max }\right| $
3)最大化铲抛量f3(x)
单位时间内抛送的粪层质量与铲面宽度、抛铲板与铲面的夹角有关,可表示为
$ {f}_{3}(x)=\max (Q)=\psi ({l}_{1},{l}_{2},{l}_{3},{l}_{4},b,\beta ) $
式中$ \psi $表示铲抛量与设计变量之间的函数。
1)双曲柄机构的存在条件
根据双曲柄机构存在的条件约束,须确保机构中最短杆为机架,且最短杆lmin与最长杆lmax的杆长之和要小于等于其余两杆长度(分别设为PN)之和:
$ \begin{cases} {l}_{4} \lt {l}_{1},{l}_{2} \lt {l}_{{{}_{3}}}\\{l}_{\max }+{l}_{{{}_{\min }}}\leq P+N\\60\leq {l}_{1}\leq 100\\70\leq {l}_{2}\leq 110\\90\leq {l}_{3}\leq 130\\20\leq {l}_{4}\leq 60\end{cases} $
2)传动角约束
传动角过小会引发机构传力效率的不足,为了保证机构具有良好的传力性能,最小传动角最好要大于等于40°~50°,由机构急回特性推出机构最小传动角$ {\gamma }_{\min } $
$ \begin{cases} {\gamma }_{\min }=\begin{cases} {180}^{\circ }-\delta (\delta \gt {90}^{\circ })\\\delta (\delta \leq {90}^{\circ })\\\geq 40^{\circ}\sim 50{^{\circ}}\end{cases}\\{\delta }_{\max }={\mathrm{arc}}\cos \sqrt{\dfrac{l_{2}^{2}+l_{3}^{2}-{({{l}_{1}}+{{l}_{4}})}^{2}}{2{l}_{2}{l}_{3}}}\\{\delta }_{\min }={\mathrm{arc}}\cos \sqrt{\dfrac{l_{2}^{2}+l_{3}^{2}-{({{l}_{1}}-{{l}_{4}})}^{2}}{2{l}_{2}{l}_{3}}}\end{cases} $
式中δ为连杆BC与从动曲柄CD的夹角∠BCD;δmax为主动曲柄AB与机架AD共线时,BD长度最长时∠BCD;δmin为主动曲柄AB与机架AD共线时,BD长度最短时∠BCD。
3)入土角
通过运动学分析,提取E、G点轨迹方程。当G点首次低于粪层表面时,EG两点连线与水平面的夹角即为入土角。由于入土角的大小会影响抛铲切入物料时所受的阻力,从而影响铲切到粪污的质量。一般来说,入土角的大小α为19°~26°。
4)抛射角
抛射角直接决定抛铲的抛撒距离和效果。机构作业时,当抛铲角加速度达到最大,作业状态会由“铲”变为“抛”,提取此刻抛铲速度与水平方向的夹角即为抛射角。合理的抛射角可确保机构在“铲”阶段转为“抛”时提供足够的角加速度,实现快抛的动作,充分发挥机构的急回特性优势。根据抛掷距离范围,可求得抛射角θ0为21°~45°。
由2.1、2.2及3.3节分析可知,双曲柄铲抛机构是一个典型的多体动力学系统,其性能由多个几何结构参数和运动学参数共同决定。双曲柄铲抛机构的优化问题是多目标非线性规划优化设计问题,呈现出目标函数非线性高、参数空间连续、Pareto前沿预期为连续曲面等特点。若使用传统优化方法,易在求解过程中陷入局部最优解的情况,无法满足实际工程需要。
NSGA-II遗传算法可处理连续变量和高度非线性的全局优化问题。但在双曲柄铲抛机构的几何与运动学优化过程中,标准NSGA-II算法仍存在一定局限性:1)各目标量纲差异显著,数值跨度较大,直接优化易导致某一目标对搜索过程的支配作用,造成结果失衡;2)标准NSGA-II算法在复杂非线性模型中收敛速度偏慢,甚至可能停留在局部最优;3)尽管算法利用拥挤度距离维持解集的多样性,但在高维目标条件下易出现解集分布不均匀等问题,会忽略部分潜在的优解区域;4)算法主要依赖全局搜索,缺乏局部精细优化,导致部分解未能逼近真实最优。
针对上述问题,对标准NSGA-II算法进行改进,改进后的NSGA-II算法求解流程如图7所示。
1)引入自适应归一化与参考点机制
在多目标优化问题中,各目标的数量级差异导致不同目标在优化过程中的贡献不均衡。为消除尺度效应影响,引入自适应归一化机制,并设定参考点作为目标函数的基准,基准参考点zref
$ {\boldsymbol{z}}^{ref}=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}\max (Q), & \min ({a}_{\max }), & \min ({T}_{q})\end{array}\right] $
在此基础上,3个目标函数通过归一化方式进行转换,以保证不同目标处于同一量纲范围内。归一化后3个目标函数分别为
$ f_1=-\frac{Q-z_1^{ref}}{z_1^{ref}},\ \ f_2=-\frac{a_{\mathrm{max}}-z_2^{ref}}{z_2^{ref}},\ \ f_3=\frac{T_q-z_3^{ref}}{z_3^{ref}}$
式中$ z_1^{ref} $为基准参考点的第一个分量,即max(Q)$ _{ }^{ }z_2^{ref} $为基准参考点的第二个分量,即min(amax);$ _{ }^{ }z_3^{ref} $为基准参考点的第三个分量,即min(Tq)。
2)搭建混合优化框架
标准的NSGA-II算法仅依赖遗传操作,收敛速度有限。为此,提出一种混合优化框架,分为两个阶段:第一阶段为全局搜索,利用NSGA-II算法完成解空间的全局探索,获取分布良好的非支配解集;第二阶段为局部精化,采用SQP局部搜索方法对所有非支配解进行精化修正,以兼顾全局性和局部性。
局部搜索目标函数采用加权和的形式,即
$ F(x)={w}_{1}{f}_{1}(x)+{w}_{2}{f}_{2}(x)+{w}_{3}{f}_{3}(x) $
式中$ {w}_{1}、{w}_{2}、{w}_{3} $为权重系数,分别取0.2、0.3、0.5。
3)为量化第i个非支配解与理想解的拥挤度距离,并综合考虑3个优化目标的偏差,提出改进的拥挤度距离计算模型为
$ {d}_{i}=\sqrt{{w}_{1}{\left(\frac{{Q}_{i}-{Q}^{*}}{{Q}^{*}}\right)}^{2}+{w}_{2}{\left(\frac{{a}_{\max ,i}-{a}^{*}}{{a}^{*}}\right)}^{2}+{w}_{3}{\left(\frac{{T}_{q,i}-{T}^{*}}{{T}^{*}}\right)}^{2}} $
式中di为第i个解的改进拥挤度距离;$ (Q^*,\ a^*,\ T^*) $为理想点坐标;(Qi,amax,i,Tq,i)为第i个解的(Q,amax,Tq)坐标。
由于设计变量数为6,优化目标数为3,综合考虑设置种群规模大小为100,交叉概率为0.8,迭代次数为200,既能保证良好的局部搜索能力,又可避免“早熟”。利用MATLAB软件求解,并采用熵权TOPSIS法,对所得的各解进行优劣性排序:以Q为正向指标,Tqamax为负向指标,进行归一化处理;引入熵值法,求得Tq的权重为0.7182,amax的权重为0.1807,指标Q的权重为0.1011;以各指标最佳值为正理想解,最差值为负理想解,通过计算每个解与正、负理想解的欧氏距离,获得相对贴近度并根据其排序,结果如图8所示。
随着铲抛量Q减小,角加速度峰值呈现出降低趋势,但驱动力矩却增大,这表明3个目标之间存在冲突关系。
Pareto最优解集由诸多离散点组成,每个点对应一组满足铲抛性能要求的机构参数。从中选取3组具有典型物理特性的代表解O1O2O3,将3组解对应的机构参数与优化前的机构参数进行对比,如表2所示。
将优化前铲抛机构的各项指标与优化后O1O2O3 共3组结果进行对比,如表3所示。
由表3可知:1)O1组为作业效率优先型解,与优化前相比,其铲抛量提升138.25%,驱动力矩降低4.73%,但角加速度峰值却增加35.30%,表明双曲柄机构在提高作业效率时,会不可避免引发更剧烈的动力学响应,体现了高性能输出与和运行平稳性之间的冲突关系。2)O2组为均衡型解,与优化前相比,铲抛量增加118.57%,驱动力矩降低16.80%,角加速度峰值减小8.95%。表明O2组在提升作业效率的同时,可以实现能耗、振动的协同,优化后的杆长参数改善了机构的传力特性。3)O3组为最优决策解,与优化前相比,铲抛量大幅提升127.41%,驱动力矩降低45.92%,抛铲末端角加速度峰值减小37.37%,说明多目标优化算法能够在各目标之间取得最佳平衡,实现协同优化。经熵权TOPSIS法评价分析得,O3组解在100组Pareto解中排序为第一,是在3个相互冲突的目标间取得最佳折衷的工程适用解。
反世代距离(IGD)、间距(SP)和超体积(HV)等指标通常用于评估Pareto前沿解集的质量[33-34]。为此,分别采用标准NSGA-II、NSGA-III、MOPSO、MOEA/D和本文改进的NSGA-II算法对上述优化问题进行求解,以验证改进算法的有效性,结果如表4所示。
表4可知,改进NSGA-II算法的IGD值较标准NSGA-II、NSGA-III、MOPSO和MOEA/D算法分别降低71%、60%、68%、64%,表明改进算法的解集更接近真实Pareto前沿,收敛性能更好。同时,改进算法的SP值最小,说明解集在Pareto前沿上的分布更为均匀。HV值较标准NSGA-II提升16%,且优于其他算法,表明改进算法在收敛性与多样性的综合表现上最佳,覆盖的目标空间更广。综上,本文提出的改进型NSGA-II算法在求解双曲柄铲抛机构的多目标优化问题时具有明显优势。
改进的NSGA-II算法求解效果表明,引入的自适应归一化机制消除了目标函数的量纲差异,保证了多目标优化过程的公平性;提出的全局搜索加局部精化的混合优化框架,提升了求解的收敛精度和效率;改进的拥挤度距离与解选择机制,改善了解集分布的均匀性,使优化结果更贴合实际工程需求。
为进一步验证改进的NSGA-II算法优化的有效性,基于ADAMS和EDEM软件搭建的铲抛机构的耦合仿真模型,取优化后O1O2O3 3组机构参数分别仿真,将仿真结果与算法求解结果对比,如表5所示。
表5可知,基于改进型NSGA-II算法求解得到的铲抛量、驱动力矩、抛铲末端角加速度峰值与ADAMS-EDEM耦合仿真得到的结果较为一致。3组计算值与仿真值的误差均保持在15%的范围内。Q的误差主要源于优化过程中采用的高斯过程回归代理模型对耦合仿真结果的统计近似。Tqamax的误差则反映了运动学和动力学解析模型忽略铰链摩擦及弹性变形等与多体动力学仿真之间的系统偏差。
相较于O1O2两组,O3组的3个指标实现了同步优化。根据O3组的结构参数试制了双曲柄铲抛机构的零部件,并保持机架、驱动系统和提升装置等不变。试验时,分别将优化前后的双曲柄铲抛机构通过轴承座和固定座安装在机架前端,并对整机进行装配与调试,实现“一组机架,两套机构”的可切换对比试验模式。优化前后铲抛机构如图9所示。
双曲柄铲抛机构优化效果验证试验于2025年12月初在陕西省西安市周至县广济镇斜里村养鸡场进行,舍内垫料粪层的总厚度约为7 cm,其中,表层板结粪层约为1~2 cm,底层砻糠层约为5~6 cm;粪层密度为0.60 g/cm3,砻糠层密度为0.24 g/cm3。为实现3项指标的同步精准测量,搭建了如图10所示的综合测试系统。在电机输出轴安装RS485高精度应变片数据采集仪,在铲臂末端安装IM948角加速度传感器,并在清理机出料口放置收集袋。在育雏舍内选取表层粪污干湿程度、厚度近似的区域,划出6个长2 m、宽1.2 m的试验小区。
通过ADAMS-EDEM耦合仿真分析主动曲柄转速对双曲柄铲抛机构性能的影响,确定该机构最佳转速为120 r/min;转速高于该值时,机构振动增大;低于该值时,铲抛效率明显不足。同时,依据整机的设计要求与前期预试验结果,确定行走速度为0.1 m/s,该速度下铲抛量与抛送距离达到最佳平衡。
启动电机,沿试验小区长度方向进行匀速清收作业,待样机运行稳定后使用秒表记录样机在该小区的有效纯作业时间ta1。完成单个试验小区的清收后,对收集袋中粪污进行称重,记为Ms;铲抛量Q为机构作业时每秒清收的粪层质量,则有:
$ Q={M}_{s}/{t}_{a1} $
人工铲除干燥垫料以上的所有残留粪污,收集称重,记为Mc,则粪污残留率为
$ \eta ={M}_{c}/\left({M}_{c}+{M}_{s}\right)\times 100\text{%} $
每次试验结束后,更换至粪层状态相近的下一试验小区,在相同的转速设定下重复试验。完成3次重复试验后,更换装配优化后的铲抛机构,重复上述操作,在剩余3个试验小区内开展试验。
提取一个完整运动周期内所采集的铲臂末端加速度数据和电机输出轴扭矩数据,重复3个周期取平均值。对双曲柄铲抛机构优化前后的角加速度和驱动力矩原始数据进行滤波处理,如图11所示,信号的平滑度明显提升。
原始数据中t=0.26 s时最大噪声幅值达71.1 rad/s2,滤波后降至9.1 rad/s2。滤波效果的量化评估显示,均方根误差从滤波前的18.7 rad/s2降至滤波后的5.3 rad/s2,主要运动特征峰值的保持率达94.1%。原始驱动力矩数据中存在明显的随机波动和周期性干扰,滤波后信号的变化趋势更为清晰。噪声标准差降至8.7 N·mm,幅度超过50.0 N·mm的脉冲干扰被完全消除,滤波后信号与原始信号的相位差小于0.02 s。
双曲柄铲抛机构优化前和优化后的驱动力矩变化曲线如图12所示。优化前,机构的驱动力矩峰值实测为418.3 N·mm,仿真值为359.5 N·mm。优化后机构的驱动力矩峰值实测为271.4 N·mm,仿真值为227.8 N·mm。整个工作周期内,仿真信号与实测信号在相位和波形上基本吻合,仅在峰值段实测值略高于仿真值。该偏差可能主要是来自铲抛机构实物中所存在的构件配合间隙、摩擦阻尼以及装配误差等制造因素,而这些非线性因素在理想化的仿真模型中难以完全复现。
过大的驱动力矩往往会引起较高的能量消耗,并增加动力系统负荷。优化后驱动力矩的峰值降低35.12%,直接反映出机构力学性能的改善。驱动力矩的显著下降表明,优化后的机构在完成同等作业量时,所需输入的力矩更小,说明多目标模型在兼顾结构合理性的同时,实现了功耗最小化的目标。
双曲柄铲抛机构优化前和优化后的抛铲末端角加速度变化曲线如图13所示。优化前,机构的抛铲末端角加速度峰值实测为367.1 rad/s2,仿真值为332.9 rad/s2。优化后,机构的角加速度峰值实测为236.4 rad/s2,仿真为208.5 rad/s2。抛铲末端角加速度峰值降低35.60%,表明机构在运动过程中惯性冲击减弱,传动的平稳性得到改善。从图中可看出,仿真曲线的峰值、谷值及整体趋势与实测曲线高度一致。实测值在峰值段略高于仿真值,可能源于构件的装配间隙和摩擦等因素,说明机构的动力学模型较为准确。
过大的角加速度往往会引起较为强烈的振动和冲击,加速零部件磨损,降低设备的寿命。优化后角加速度峰值的降低,直接反映出机构动态特性的优化,说明多目标优化模型在兼顾铲抛量的同时,能够实现机构振动最小化的目标。
优化后的双曲柄铲抛机构在现场作业过程中,抛铲切入垫料表层粪污时动作平稳,无明显卡滞或跳起现象;粪污被连续、均匀地抛送至后方出料口。清收后垫料表面未见明显粪污残留,且垫料有所保留,如图14所示。现场观察表明,优化后的铲抛机构在“慢轻铲、快抛扔”动作协调性上优于原机构,且冲击噪声明显降低,整机运行更加平稳。
基于ADAMS软件和EDEM软件建立铲抛机构的仿真模型,在EDEM后处理模块中建立质量监测单元,统计作业结束时料箱中表层鸡粪的重量。同时,利用试制样机对铲抛机构开展优化前后的铲抛量对比试验,结果如表6所示。
可以看出,耦合仿真与样机试验结果趋势较为一致,相对误差小于10%,表明所建立的耦合模型具有较高的可靠性,能够有效预测实际作业性能。样机试验结果略低于仿真结果,正与实际物料与仿真设置的物料参数间存在差异的真实情况相一致。优化后的机构铲抛性能得到大幅提升,铲抛量提升138.24%,说明在兼顾能耗与稳定性的同时,优化后的机构参数确实能够进一步增强作业的整体效率。优化前表层粪污残留率为18.45%,优化后残留率降为8.13%,降幅为55.99%,表明优化后的铲抛机构综合性能更优。
本文所建立的优化模型及验证结果基于课题组前期的粪污含水率30%~35%、厚度为10 mm的粪层-砻糠模型。对于垫料类型、粪污含水率及表面粪层厚度等变化因素对优化结果的影响,尚需进一步开展系统性的试验验证工作。为切实提升该方法的工程适用性,未来的研究工作可面向典型养殖工况,深入开展多工况条件下的离散元模型参数标定及优化模型的泛化能力。
1)建立了育雏鸡舍垫料表层粪污双曲柄铲抛机构的运动学和动力学模型;基于ADAMS-EDEM耦合仿真模型和最优拉丁超立方体试验设计法,构建了设计变量与铲抛量之间的高斯过程回归代理预测模型,预测值与仿真值的相对误差为3.85%,预测精度较好。
2)针对双曲柄铲抛机构多目标优化时存在的量纲差异、收敛慢和解集分布不均等问题,引入自适应归一化、混合优化框架及改进选择机制,改进标准NSGA-II算法。与标准NSGA-II、NSGA-III、MOPSO及MOEA/D算法相比,改进算法在IGD指标上分别降低71%、60%、68%和64%;间距值最小;超体积值较标准NSGA-II提升16%,且优于其余3种算法,综合求解性能最佳。
3)选取最优决策解O3组参数试制了双曲柄铲抛机构样机,其中主动曲柄长度l1=70.4 mm、连杆长度l2=88.5 mm、从动曲柄长度l3=100.2 mm、机架长度l4=30.3 mm、铲面宽度b=99.7 mm、抛铲板与铲面夹角β=37.4°。现场试验结果表明,优化后机构的铲抛效率提高138.24%,驱动力矩减小35.12%,抛铲末端角加速度峰值减小35.60%,表面粪层残留率下降55.99%。优化后的铲抛机构的综合性能更好,铲抛效率更高,能耗更低,振动更小,也充分证明改进型NSGA-II算法能够为农机装备结构参数多目标优化重要问题求解提供理论指导和技术支撑。

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2026年第42卷第12期
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doi: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202603015
  • 接收时间:2026-03-02
  • 首发时间:2026-08-20
  • 出版时间:2026-06-30
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  • 收稿日期:2026-03-02
  • 修回日期:2026-05-17
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    1西北农林科技大学机械与电子工程学院,杨凌 712100
    2塔吉克斯坦国立商业大学苦盏经济贸易学院,苦盏 735700
    3江苏立华食品集团股份有限公司工程设备部,常州 213168

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闫锋欣,副教授,博士生导师,研究方向为智能农机装备理论与技术。Email:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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