Article(id=1297211816208257112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, issueId=1297211624738284246, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202601285, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1769702400000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-30, revisedDate=1773590400000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1787208998013, onlineDateStr=2026-08-20, pubDate=1782748800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1787208998013, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1787208998013, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1787208998013, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1297211624738284246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, year='2026', volume='42', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='396', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782748800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1787208952364, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1787212261177, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1297225503002357852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, issueId=1297211624738284246, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1297225503002357853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, issueId=1297211624738284246, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=335, endPage=346, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1297211816497664089, articleId=1297211816208257112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, language=EN, title=Research progress in full-chain monitoring and process control of microplastics in agro-food systems, columnId=1297211746972885671, journalTitle=Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, columnName=Agricultural Produce Processing Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Microplastics can enter agro-food systems via multiple pathways, including agricultural production, environmental transport, post-harvest handling, processing, packaging, and distribution. Major sources can be attributed to the residue, weathering, fragmentation, and secondary breakdown of agricultural plastics, such as mulching films, greenhouse covers, irrigation tapes, pipes, nets, and food-contact materials. Particles can be redistributed through irrigation water, surface runoff, soil dust resuspension, atmospheric deposition, and the agricultural application of compost or sewage sludge. Additional contamination can also cause from abrasion, shedding, and migration of processing equipment, filtration media, packaging materials, and storage interfaces. Together, these pathways can pose a great challenge to the multi-source, multi-stage, and cross-media exposure pattern, leading to difficult-to-source identification, risk interpretation, and food safety. This review aims to focus on microplastic monitoring, assessment, and process control in the agro-food chain. Major source categories and contamination pathways were summarized in crop production, animal production, and processing environments, and then examined the reported occurrence in plant-derived foods, animal-derived foods, and processed products. Available studies showed that microplastics were widely detected in vegetables, fruits, cereals, shellfish, fish, meat products, bottled water, salt, sugar, honey, beer, and liquid milk. But reported concentrations varied substantially over studies, leading to orders of magnitude. Such heterogeneity was strongly influenced by commodity differences and regional context, method factors, including particle-size thresholds, reporting metrics with particle number or mass, pretreatment intensity, recovery correction, blank control, confirmation criteria, and sampling contexts, such as washing, peeling, retail cutting, cooking, and packaging. Direct comparison was limited for the quantitative interpretation, especially when trophic transfer coexisted with process-related contamination. Therefore, current occurrence data were more useful to identify high-concern commodities, high-concern links, and major uncertainty sources, compared with the cross-study ranking under heterogeneous analytical conditions. Analytical challenges were further highlighted under complex agro-food matrices rich in lipids, proteins, polysaccharides, pigments, and inorganic particulates, where microplastics often occurred at trace levels over broad size ranges. Practical bottlenecks were closely related to matrix removal, polymer preservation, particle loss control, and procedural contamination prevention. Pretreatment strategies, including chemical digestion, enzymatic digestion, density separation, and membrane filtration, were compared from the perspective of matrix applicability, polymer compatibility, recovery performance, and quality-control requirements. Chemical digestion provided effective organic matter removal, but caused damage to polymers under strong acidic or oxidative conditions. Enzymatic digestion offered milder treatment and better polymer preservation but remained constrained by cost, duration, and reagent background. Density separation was used for enrichment efficiency, but it was required for the selection of separation media and recovery validation, especially for small particles and high-density polymers. Membrane filtration functioned as a concentration step as a critical interface affecting optical imaging, verification, and background interference. Verification workflows were reviewed over microscopy and fluorescence imaging, vibrational spectroscopy, thermal analysis, and emerging high-throughput platforms. Among them, microscopy and fluorescence staining supported rapid morphological screening, but visual identification alone remained vulnerable to false positives and operator subjectivity. Micro-FTIR and micro-Raman spectroscopy provided for chemical identification central to polymer at the particle level, yet they were constrained by throughput, diffraction limits, fluorescence interference, and spectral-library dependence. Thermal evaluations, such as Py-GC/MS and TED-GC/MS, were mass-based quantification of visually undetectable particles, but their performance in food matrices remained sensitive to marker interference, calibration strategy, and background decomposition products. Emerging techniques, including laser direct infrared imaging, optical photothermal infrared spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy infrared spectroscopy, hyperspectral imaging, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, and portable sensing systems, were expected to improve throughput, particle-size coverage, and field-oriented monitoring, although their broader application still depended on scenario adaptation and quality. Artificial intelligence was reviewed as an auxiliary tool for high-throughput screening, spectral interpretation, and multimodal data integration. Image-based models were used to improve particle localization, counting, and morphological characterization in fluorescence and microscopic datasets. While machine learning and deep-learning were supported spectral denoising, feature extraction, data matching, and multimodal fusion over imaging, FTIR, and Raman data. Their practical value depended on transparent training datasets, reproducible preprocessing pipelines, external validation over matrices and devices, drift monitoring, reject-option strategies, and alignment with conventional analytical indicators, such as recovery, blank correction, repeatability, detection limits, and particle-size-specific performance. As such, artificial intelligence was better supported by standardized monitoring and data interpretation rather than a substitute for chemical verification. Furthermore, a flux accounting perspective was introduced to link endpoint measurements with process control. Input and output fluxes of the individual unit were defined to quantify the removal efficiency and net introduction. This framework was used to identify critical control points and then evaluate mitigation options. Source reduction, process interception, and terminal were selected as complementary controls. Priority measures included the life cycle of agricultural plastics, fragmentation-prone inputs, water purification, control of sludge and compost application, high-friction processing interfaces, and standardized sampling, pretreatment, reporting, and quality-control requirements. Safety thresholds were required for microplastics in agro-food products, covering precautionary and prioritizing comparable data generation, critical control points, and controllable exposure reduction over the full chain. Overall, the microplastics in agro-food systems can be expected to move from isolated endpoints toward integrated monitoring, process evaluation, and process-oriented detection.

, authors=Ya ZHAO1, 2, 3, Wei WANG1, *, Qi ZHANG2, 4, Liangxiao ZHANG2, 4, Xiao WANG3, Wen ZHANG2, Jun JIANG2, Jin MAO2, 4, *, Peiwu LI2, 3, 4, *, authorsList=Ya ZHAO, Wei WANG, Qi ZHANG, Liangxiao ZHANG, Xiao WANG, Wen ZHANG, Jun JIANG, Jin MAO, Peiwu LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wei WANG, Jin MAO, Peiwu LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1297211818930360412, articleId=1297211816208257112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, language=CN, title=农产品微塑料全链条监测与过程控制研究进展, columnId=1297211747186795177, journalTitle=农业工程学报, columnName=农产品加工工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

微塑料通过农业生产投入品残留、环境介质迁移及加工包装材料释放等多渠道进入农产品生产全链条,具有多路径、跨媒介的暴露特征,严重危害农产品质量安全。面向农业生产场景的在线监测与过程控制需求,该文以微塑料来源解析、暴露特征、监测技术及风险管控为核心框架,系统梳理了全链条污染路径与暴露特征,分析了样品前处理及确证分析等关键技术的研究进展,概括了复杂基质条件下的主要技术瓶颈,并对标准化监测、智能化解析及面向过程控制的发展方向进行了讨论。重点总结了人工智能在目标检测与图像分割、光谱自动解谱与多模态融合中的应用现状,并进一步引入基于工艺通量衡算的去除效率与关键控制点识别思路,展望了以源头消减及过程阻控为核心的防控策略,为微塑料在线监测预警、工艺优化与减排评估提供支撑。

, authors=赵亚1, 2, 3, 王伟1, *, 张奇2, 4, 张良晓2, 4, 王晓3, 张文2, 姜俊2, 毛劲2, 4, *, 李培武2, 3, 4, *, authorsList=赵亚, 王伟, 张奇, 张良晓, 王晓, 张文, 姜俊, 毛劲, 李培武, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王伟, 毛劲, 李培武, authorNote=

赵亚,博士,研究方向为农产品质量安全。Email:

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王伟,教授,研究方向为农产品无损检测。Email:
毛劲,研究员,研究方向为食品质量安全。Email:
李培武,中国工程院院士,研究方向为农产品质量安全。Email:
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Exploring the hazards of microplastics to humans and methods of control[J]. China Rubber/Plastics Technology And Equipment, 2025, 51(7): 4-8. 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Material characteristics, typical applications, and contamination pathways of common microplastics in agro-food products

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
降解行为
Degradation behavior
塑料种类
Polymer type
典型用途
Typical applications
典型形态
Typical forms
污染途径
Contamination pathways
可降解
Biodegradable
聚乳酸 PLA包装、一次性制品、农用地膜薄膜、碎片包装摩擦释放;农用地膜老化碎化
聚己内酯 PCL医用材料、胶黏剂、改性材料碎片、颗粒接触材料磨损;加工环节转移
聚丁二酸丁二醇酯 PBS包装薄膜、餐具、部分农用薄膜、碎片包装摩擦;薄膜磨损老化
不可降解
Non-biodegradable
聚乙烯 PE农用地膜、包装薄膜、容器薄膜、碎片农用地膜老化碎化;包装摩擦释放
聚丙烯 PP食品包装、无纺布制品、日用品纤维、碎片无纺布、滤材脱落;包装摩擦释放
聚苯乙烯 PS发泡制品、一次性餐盒泡沫、碎片发泡破碎颗粒;环境沉降
聚氯乙烯 PVC管材、薄膜、电缆护套碎片用水系统输入;材料老化磨损
聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯PET饮料瓶、食品包装、聚酯纤维纤维、碎片纤维脱落与沉降;包装摩擦释放
聚酰胺 PA尼龙纤维、渔网绳索、设备零部件纤维渔具、网箱磨损;纤维脱落
), ArticleFig(id=1299828298868093098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211816208257112, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

农产品中常见微塑料的材料特征、典型用途与污染途径

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
降解行为
Degradation behavior
塑料种类
Polymer type
典型用途
Typical applications
典型形态
Typical forms
污染途径
Contamination pathways
可降解
Biodegradable
聚乳酸 PLA包装、一次性制品、农用地膜薄膜、碎片包装摩擦释放;农用地膜老化碎化
聚己内酯 PCL医用材料、胶黏剂、改性材料碎片、颗粒接触材料磨损;加工环节转移
聚丁二酸丁二醇酯 PBS包装薄膜、餐具、部分农用薄膜、碎片包装摩擦;薄膜磨损老化
不可降解
Non-biodegradable
聚乙烯 PE农用地膜、包装薄膜、容器薄膜、碎片农用地膜老化碎化;包装摩擦释放
聚丙烯 PP食品包装、无纺布制品、日用品纤维、碎片无纺布、滤材脱落;包装摩擦释放
聚苯乙烯 PS发泡制品、一次性餐盒泡沫、碎片发泡破碎颗粒;环境沉降
聚氯乙烯 PVC管材、薄膜、电缆护套碎片用水系统输入;材料老化磨损
聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯PET饮料瓶、食品包装、聚酯纤维纤维、碎片纤维脱落与沉降;包装摩擦释放
聚酰胺 PA尼龙纤维、渔网绳索、设备零部件纤维渔具、网箱磨损;纤维脱落
), ArticleFig(id=1299828298947784875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211816208257112, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Microplastic exposure levels in agricultural products and foods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
食品类别
Food category
代表样品
Representative samples
地区与样品情景
Region and sampling context
粒径阈值
Size threshold
计量单位
Measurement unit
检出水平
Reported concentration
参考文献
Reference
植物源农产品
Plant-derived agricultural products
果蔬(苹果、梨、胡萝卜、生菜等)意大利零售样品<10 μm颗粒/g水果总体高于蔬菜,苹果2.23×105;胡萝卜9.78×104;生菜5.21×104[34]
果蔬(番茄、苹果、梨、黄瓜、洋葱等)土耳其市售样品>100 μm颗粒/g平均2.90±1.60,番茄最高3.63±1.39[35]
大米、速食米澳大利亚市售,清洗与速食加工mg/100 g未清洗3.7±1.4;清洗后2.8±0.3;微波(预煮)速食米饭13.3±2.5[36]
动物源食品与水产品Animal-derived foods and aquatic products双壳贝类(贻贝、牡蛎)欧洲养殖贝类<5 mm颗粒/g
(湿重)
贻贝 0.36±0.07;牡蛎 0.47±0.16[37]
禽肉与鱼肉中东市售分切处理样品<5 mm颗粒/g鸡肉0.03±0.04~1.19±0.72;
鱼肉0.014±0.024~2.6±2.8
[38]
鸡胸肉、裹粉虾等16类常见蛋白类食品美国零售样品≥45 μm颗粒/份平均74±220;鸡胸肉2±2;
裹粉虾370±580
[39]
加工食品与饮品Processed foods and beverages瓶装水多国多品牌瓶装水6.5~100 μm颗粒/L平均约325[40]
矿泉水一次性PET及玻璃瓶≥1 μm颗粒/L一次性 PET:2649±2857
玻璃瓶:6292±10521
[41]
食盐中国海盐、湖盐、岩盐等<5 mm颗粒/kg海盐550~681;湖盐43~364;
岩盐7~204
[42]
海盐孟加拉国商业海盐<5 mm颗粒/kg平均约2676[43]
食盐与食用糖伊朗市售样品颗粒/kg盐151.3±61.8;糖226±99.5[44]
蜂蜜土耳其商业样品<5 mm颗粒/kg平均314±353(范围0~1280[45]
), ArticleFig(id=1299828299027476652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211816208257112, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

农产品及食品中微塑料暴露水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
食品类别
Food category
代表样品
Representative samples
地区与样品情景
Region and sampling context
粒径阈值
Size threshold
计量单位
Measurement unit
检出水平
Reported concentration
参考文献
Reference
植物源农产品
Plant-derived agricultural products
果蔬(苹果、梨、胡萝卜、生菜等)意大利零售样品<10 μm颗粒/g水果总体高于蔬菜,苹果2.23×105;胡萝卜9.78×104;生菜5.21×104[34]
果蔬(番茄、苹果、梨、黄瓜、洋葱等)土耳其市售样品>100 μm颗粒/g平均2.90±1.60,番茄最高3.63±1.39[35]
大米、速食米澳大利亚市售,清洗与速食加工mg/100 g未清洗3.7±1.4;清洗后2.8±0.3;微波(预煮)速食米饭13.3±2.5[36]
动物源食品与水产品Animal-derived foods and aquatic products双壳贝类(贻贝、牡蛎)欧洲养殖贝类<5 mm颗粒/g
(湿重)
贻贝 0.36±0.07;牡蛎 0.47±0.16[37]
禽肉与鱼肉中东市售分切处理样品<5 mm颗粒/g鸡肉0.03±0.04~1.19±0.72;
鱼肉0.014±0.024~2.6±2.8
[38]
鸡胸肉、裹粉虾等16类常见蛋白类食品美国零售样品≥45 μm颗粒/份平均74±220;鸡胸肉2±2;
裹粉虾370±580
[39]
加工食品与饮品Processed foods and beverages瓶装水多国多品牌瓶装水6.5~100 μm颗粒/L平均约325[40]
矿泉水一次性PET及玻璃瓶≥1 μm颗粒/L一次性 PET:2649±2857
玻璃瓶:6292±10521
[41]
食盐中国海盐、湖盐、岩盐等<5 mm颗粒/kg海盐550~681;湖盐43~364;
岩盐7~204
[42]
海盐孟加拉国商业海盐<5 mm颗粒/kg平均约2676[43]
食盐与食用糖伊朗市售样品颗粒/kg盐151.3±61.8;糖226±99.5[44]
蜂蜜土耳其商业样品<5 mm颗粒/kg平均314±353(范围0~1280[45]
), ArticleFig(id=1299828299094585517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211816208257112, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Performance comparison of key steps and methods for microplastics detection in agricultural products and foods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理环节
Processing stage
方法
Method
适用样品或场景
Applicable samples or
scenarios
检出限
Limit of detection
优点
Advantages
缺点
Disadvantages
参考文献
Reference
前处理
Pretreatment
酸消解高蛋白、高脂样品高效除杂、操作简便聚合物损伤、谱图失真[53]
碱消解双壳类、水产、肉制品成本低、应用广反应条件不易控制、结构破坏[54]
氧化消解植物源、加工食品条件温和、适用性强氧化剂残留、副产物干扰[98]
酶消解高脂高蛋白复杂基质温和、聚合物完整性更好成本高、耗时长、酶制剂本底干扰[55]
密度分离沉积物、谷物粉体等有效去除无机背景介质昂贵易腐蚀、小粒径易损失[56-57,59]
膜过滤液体样品标准化高、易衔接光谱滤膜背景干扰、易堵塞[63,65]
识别检测
Identification and
detection
光学显微镜形态学初筛>100 μm低成本、快速初筛假阳性高、无法定性[66]
荧光染色结合显微成像形态学增强初筛~2 μm高通量、可视化强选择性差、需光谱确证[67]
荧光成像结合机器学习智能化初筛提升一致性、自动化依赖训练集、泛化受限[81]
μ-FTIR化学指纹确证>10 μm化学指纹明确、定性金标准受衍射极限限制、漏检微粒[83,87]
μ-Raman化学指纹确证<1 μm高分辨、亚微米检测荧光干扰强、耗时久[56,89]
Py-GC/MS定性定量无需形貌识别、质量定量基质同源干扰、依赖标志物[70,71]
O-PTIR微纳尺度表征~0.8 μm突破衍射极限、亚微米成像设备昂贵、通量低[76]
HSI现场在线筛查~100 μm适合现场与批量筛查分辨率低、模型需场景化标定[78]
LDIR现场快速识别≥25 µm自动化、通量高基质依赖、抗干扰弱[74,75]
SERS现场快速识别快速、非破坏定量缺失、基底难控[79,80]
), ArticleFig(id=1299828299170082990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211816208257112, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

农产品及食品中微塑料检测关键环节与方法的性能比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理环节
Processing stage
方法
Method
适用样品或场景
Applicable samples or
scenarios
检出限
Limit of detection
优点
Advantages
缺点
Disadvantages
参考文献
Reference
前处理
Pretreatment
酸消解高蛋白、高脂样品高效除杂、操作简便聚合物损伤、谱图失真[53]
碱消解双壳类、水产、肉制品成本低、应用广反应条件不易控制、结构破坏[54]
氧化消解植物源、加工食品条件温和、适用性强氧化剂残留、副产物干扰[98]
酶消解高脂高蛋白复杂基质温和、聚合物完整性更好成本高、耗时长、酶制剂本底干扰[55]
密度分离沉积物、谷物粉体等有效去除无机背景介质昂贵易腐蚀、小粒径易损失[56-57,59]
膜过滤液体样品标准化高、易衔接光谱滤膜背景干扰、易堵塞[63,65]
识别检测
Identification and
detection
光学显微镜形态学初筛>100 μm低成本、快速初筛假阳性高、无法定性[66]
荧光染色结合显微成像形态学增强初筛~2 μm高通量、可视化强选择性差、需光谱确证[67]
荧光成像结合机器学习智能化初筛提升一致性、自动化依赖训练集、泛化受限[81]
μ-FTIR化学指纹确证>10 μm化学指纹明确、定性金标准受衍射极限限制、漏检微粒[83,87]
μ-Raman化学指纹确证<1 μm高分辨、亚微米检测荧光干扰强、耗时久[56,89]
Py-GC/MS定性定量无需形貌识别、质量定量基质同源干扰、依赖标志物[70,71]
O-PTIR微纳尺度表征~0.8 μm突破衍射极限、亚微米成像设备昂贵、通量低[76]
HSI现场在线筛查~100 μm适合现场与批量筛查分辨率低、模型需场景化标定[78]
LDIR现场快速识别≥25 µm自动化、通量高基质依赖、抗干扰弱[74,75]
SERS现场快速识别快速、非破坏定量缺失、基底难控[79,80]
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农产品微塑料全链条监测与过程控制研究进展
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赵亚 1, 2, 3 , 王伟 1, * , 张奇 2, 4 , 张良晓 2, 4 , 王晓 3 , 张文 2 , 姜俊 2 , 毛劲 2, 4, * , 李培武 2, 3, 4, *
农业工程学报 | 农产品加工工程 2026,42(12): 335-346
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农业工程学报 |农产品加工工程 2026 , 42 (12) : 335 -346
农产品微塑料全链条监测与过程控制研究进展
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赵亚1, 2, 3 , 王伟1, * , 张奇2, 4, 张良晓2, 4, 王晓3, 张文2, 姜俊2, 毛劲2, 4, * , 李培武2, 3, 4, *
作者信息
  • 1中国农业大学工学院,北京 100083
  • 2国家农业检测基准实验室(生物毒素),农业农村部生物毒素检测重点实验室,农业农村部油料产品质量安全风险评估实验室,中国农业科学院油料作物研究所,武汉 430062
  • 3湘湖实验室,杭州 311231
  • 4湖北洪山实验室,武汉 430070
通讯作者:
王伟,教授,研究方向为农产品无损检测。Email:
毛劲,研究员,研究方向为食品质量安全。Email:
李培武,中国工程院院士,研究方向为农产品质量安全。Email:
作者简介:

赵亚,博士,研究方向为农产品质量安全。Email:

Research progress in full-chain monitoring and process control of microplastics in agro-food systems
Ya ZHAO1, 2, 3 , Wei WANG1, * , Qi ZHANG2, 4, Liangxiao ZHANG2, 4, Xiao WANG3, Wen ZHANG2, Jun JIANG2, Jin MAO2, 4, * , Peiwu LI2, 3, 4, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
  • 2National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing (Biotoxin), Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseed Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
  • 3Xianghu Laboratory, Hangzhou 311231, China
  • 4Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
出版时间: 2026-06-30 doi: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202601285
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微塑料通过农业生产投入品残留、环境介质迁移及加工包装材料释放等多渠道进入农产品生产全链条,具有多路径、跨媒介的暴露特征,严重危害农产品质量安全。面向农业生产场景的在线监测与过程控制需求,该文以微塑料来源解析、暴露特征、监测技术及风险管控为核心框架,系统梳理了全链条污染路径与暴露特征,分析了样品前处理及确证分析等关键技术的研究进展,概括了复杂基质条件下的主要技术瓶颈,并对标准化监测、智能化解析及面向过程控制的发展方向进行了讨论。重点总结了人工智能在目标检测与图像分割、光谱自动解谱与多模态融合中的应用现状,并进一步引入基于工艺通量衡算的去除效率与关键控制点识别思路,展望了以源头消减及过程阻控为核心的防控策略,为微塑料在线监测预警、工艺优化与减排评估提供支撑。

农产品全链条  /  微塑料污染  /  暴露评估  /  标准化监测  /  过程控制与消减

Microplastics can enter agro-food systems via multiple pathways, including agricultural production, environmental transport, post-harvest handling, processing, packaging, and distribution. Major sources can be attributed to the residue, weathering, fragmentation, and secondary breakdown of agricultural plastics, such as mulching films, greenhouse covers, irrigation tapes, pipes, nets, and food-contact materials. Particles can be redistributed through irrigation water, surface runoff, soil dust resuspension, atmospheric deposition, and the agricultural application of compost or sewage sludge. Additional contamination can also cause from abrasion, shedding, and migration of processing equipment, filtration media, packaging materials, and storage interfaces. Together, these pathways can pose a great challenge to the multi-source, multi-stage, and cross-media exposure pattern, leading to difficult-to-source identification, risk interpretation, and food safety. This review aims to focus on microplastic monitoring, assessment, and process control in the agro-food chain. Major source categories and contamination pathways were summarized in crop production, animal production, and processing environments, and then examined the reported occurrence in plant-derived foods, animal-derived foods, and processed products. Available studies showed that microplastics were widely detected in vegetables, fruits, cereals, shellfish, fish, meat products, bottled water, salt, sugar, honey, beer, and liquid milk. But reported concentrations varied substantially over studies, leading to orders of magnitude. Such heterogeneity was strongly influenced by commodity differences and regional context, method factors, including particle-size thresholds, reporting metrics with particle number or mass, pretreatment intensity, recovery correction, blank control, confirmation criteria, and sampling contexts, such as washing, peeling, retail cutting, cooking, and packaging. Direct comparison was limited for the quantitative interpretation, especially when trophic transfer coexisted with process-related contamination. Therefore, current occurrence data were more useful to identify high-concern commodities, high-concern links, and major uncertainty sources, compared with the cross-study ranking under heterogeneous analytical conditions. Analytical challenges were further highlighted under complex agro-food matrices rich in lipids, proteins, polysaccharides, pigments, and inorganic particulates, where microplastics often occurred at trace levels over broad size ranges. Practical bottlenecks were closely related to matrix removal, polymer preservation, particle loss control, and procedural contamination prevention. Pretreatment strategies, including chemical digestion, enzymatic digestion, density separation, and membrane filtration, were compared from the perspective of matrix applicability, polymer compatibility, recovery performance, and quality-control requirements. Chemical digestion provided effective organic matter removal, but caused damage to polymers under strong acidic or oxidative conditions. Enzymatic digestion offered milder treatment and better polymer preservation but remained constrained by cost, duration, and reagent background. Density separation was used for enrichment efficiency, but it was required for the selection of separation media and recovery validation, especially for small particles and high-density polymers. Membrane filtration functioned as a concentration step as a critical interface affecting optical imaging, verification, and background interference. Verification workflows were reviewed over microscopy and fluorescence imaging, vibrational spectroscopy, thermal analysis, and emerging high-throughput platforms. Among them, microscopy and fluorescence staining supported rapid morphological screening, but visual identification alone remained vulnerable to false positives and operator subjectivity. Micro-FTIR and micro-Raman spectroscopy provided for chemical identification central to polymer at the particle level, yet they were constrained by throughput, diffraction limits, fluorescence interference, and spectral-library dependence. Thermal evaluations, such as Py-GC/MS and TED-GC/MS, were mass-based quantification of visually undetectable particles, but their performance in food matrices remained sensitive to marker interference, calibration strategy, and background decomposition products. Emerging techniques, including laser direct infrared imaging, optical photothermal infrared spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy infrared spectroscopy, hyperspectral imaging, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, and portable sensing systems, were expected to improve throughput, particle-size coverage, and field-oriented monitoring, although their broader application still depended on scenario adaptation and quality. Artificial intelligence was reviewed as an auxiliary tool for high-throughput screening, spectral interpretation, and multimodal data integration. Image-based models were used to improve particle localization, counting, and morphological characterization in fluorescence and microscopic datasets. While machine learning and deep-learning were supported spectral denoising, feature extraction, data matching, and multimodal fusion over imaging, FTIR, and Raman data. Their practical value depended on transparent training datasets, reproducible preprocessing pipelines, external validation over matrices and devices, drift monitoring, reject-option strategies, and alignment with conventional analytical indicators, such as recovery, blank correction, repeatability, detection limits, and particle-size-specific performance. As such, artificial intelligence was better supported by standardized monitoring and data interpretation rather than a substitute for chemical verification. Furthermore, a flux accounting perspective was introduced to link endpoint measurements with process control. Input and output fluxes of the individual unit were defined to quantify the removal efficiency and net introduction. This framework was used to identify critical control points and then evaluate mitigation options. Source reduction, process interception, and terminal were selected as complementary controls. Priority measures included the life cycle of agricultural plastics, fragmentation-prone inputs, water purification, control of sludge and compost application, high-friction processing interfaces, and standardized sampling, pretreatment, reporting, and quality-control requirements. Safety thresholds were required for microplastics in agro-food products, covering precautionary and prioritizing comparable data generation, critical control points, and controllable exposure reduction over the full chain. Overall, the microplastics in agro-food systems can be expected to move from isolated endpoints toward integrated monitoring, process evaluation, and process-oriented detection.

agro-food chain  /  microplastic contamination  /  exposure assessment  /  standardized monitoring  /  process control and mitigation
赵亚, 王伟, 张奇, 张良晓, 王晓, 张文, 姜俊, 毛劲, 李培武. 农产品微塑料全链条监测与过程控制研究进展. 农业工程学报, 2026 , 42 (12) : 335 -346 . DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202601285
Ya ZHAO, Wei WANG, Qi ZHANG, Liangxiao ZHANG, Xiao WANG, Wen ZHANG, Jun JIANG, Jin MAO, Peiwu LI. Research progress in full-chain monitoring and process control of microplastics in agro-food systems[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2026 , 42 (12) : 335 -346 . DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202601285
塑料制品在现代农业生产和农产品加工储运中应用广泛。根据联合国粮农组织(FAO)2019年数据测算显示,塑料在种植与畜牧生产环节的使用量约1250万t,食品包装环节高达3700万t[1]。受磨损老化、残膜回收处置不足及环境风化等因素影响,塑料易残留累积并逐渐碎化形成微塑料[2]。微塑料可经土壤、灌溉水与大气沉降等进入农业环境,也可通过作物表面附着、植物内化与组织转运、畜禽水产摄食以及加工与包装接触材料迁移等多种途径进入农产品及其制品[3-4]。农业生产、加工、流通全链条已成为微塑料输入与人群膳食暴露的重要场景。
农产品体系中的微塑料污染具有显著的过程性工程特征。除环境介质与生产投入品的外源输入外,加工环节的设备磨损、过滤膜材本底释放及包装界面迁移等过程性引入同样关键。依赖终端检出难以区分环境输入与过程引入的贡献,也难以为工艺改造与优化提供依据。然而,尽管针对微塑料的研究不断增加,仍缺乏面向农产品全链条的系统性分析,难以直接支撑过程控制与工艺优化[5-6]。生产端输入、加工迁移与终端检出的研究多呈碎片化,情景与尺度不一致[7];不同农产品基质在前处理、回收率、粒径检出限与计量口径方面缺乏统一标准,数据异质性大、可比性不足;去除与减排措施多停留于概念与经验层面,缺乏针对关键生产与加工环节的可量化评估方法与控制策略[8]。因此,亟需构建“通量核算—关键控制点(critical control point, CCP)识别—减排评价”的工程化方法体系,通过单元过程输入与输出通量衡算量化去除效率与过程引入量,为工艺参数优化提供可验证依据。同时,为满足现场与在线监测的高通量与时效性需求,可利用人工智能建立智能检测与数据解析体系支撑高通量、低人工、可复现的监测输出,将实验室确证前移到过程筛查与预警环节。
本文围绕农产品全链条中微塑料监测评估与过程控制这一核心问题,系统梳理了微塑料的来源、暴露和检测方法,重点讨论复杂基质条件下的标准化监测、人工智能辅助解析以及面向过程控制的通量核算与关键控制点识别,以期为农产品全链条微塑料的监测与防控提供参考。
为系统梳理农产品全链条中微塑料的来源输入、暴露表征、监测识别与过程控制问题,本文立足农业生产、加工与流通相互衔接的全过程,从来源与污染路径、暴露现状、监测方法与过程评价以及削减与防控策略4个层面展开分析,形成贯通以污染输入、暴露评估、技术支撑与过程控制的分析框架。总体分析框架如图1所示,首先从生产端环境输入、生物摄入、系统内源释放及加工包装界面迁移等方面归纳微塑料的主要来源与污染路径;其次围绕植物源农产品、动物源食品及加工食品中的暴露水平与差异特征,总结影响结果可比性的主要因素;进一步结合复杂农产品基质特征,讨论前处理、识别确证、人工智能辅助解析及面向过程控制的通量核算与关键控制点识别等关键技术环节;最后在此基础上分析源头减量、过程阻控与终端标准化管理等防控路径。
微塑料通常指粒径小于5 mm的塑料颗粒污染物,在农产品体系中常以碎片、纤维、薄膜、颗粒及泡沫等形态存在[9-10]。根据生产途径可将其分为初级微塑料和次级微塑料[11]。农业与农产品体系中常见的微塑料主要包括聚乙烯(polyethylene, PE)、聚丙烯(polypropylene, PP)、聚苯乙烯(polystyrene, PS)、聚氯乙烯(polyvinyl chloride, PVC)和聚酰胺(polyamide, PA)等耐久性聚合物[12-14]。与其他污染物相比,微塑料的可检出粒径下限高度依赖分析方法与前处理流程,不同研究对粒径范围的界定差异影响数据可比性与结论一致性,是当前农产品体系微塑料监测标准化过程中亟待解决的关键问题之一[15]
农业生产环节的塑料投入与环境介质输入是农产品体系中微塑料的重要来源,且具有持续、低剂量、多源叠加的特征[16]。农用地膜、棚膜、滴灌带等农业塑料在紫外辐照、温湿交替及耕作摩擦剪切作用下老化破碎,形成以薄膜与碎片为主的持续输入源,并优先累积于耕作层与地表界面[17]。污泥、堆肥及有机肥料等固体改良物的资源化利用可将纤维与颗粒态微塑料引入农田,且常伴随复杂有机基质输入,使后续监测易受到共分离干扰物影响[18]。灌溉水与地表径流,特别是再生水利用,将水体中的微塑料迁移至耕作层,污染程度受水源类型、人类活动及季节径流影响[19]。此外,大气干湿沉降与风尘再悬浮可将纺织纤维与塑料碎屑持续迁移扩散至农田表层与作物冠层,不仅加剧了其空间分布的异质性,也对样品采集与前处理过程中外源性污染的控制带来挑战[20-21]
农作物中微塑料的污染主要包括表面附着与内化迁移两种途径[22],但二者在可控性与风险特征上差异显著[23]。表面附着的微塑料主要来自大气沉降、灌溉水及土壤扬尘,以外源形式附着于作物表面,可通过清洗、去皮等加工方式部分去除,但其去除效果受微塑料形态、作物表面结构及加工方式的影响[24]。内化与迁移则指微塑料经根系吸收并向上转运的过程,在特定条件下,小粒径微塑料可进入植株体内并发生跨组织转运,但该过程受粒径、浓度、土壤性质、植物生理状态及暴露时间等多因素调控,且田间实际迁移通量、组织分布及归趋仍需在方法统一、对照严格的条件下进一步系统验证[25]
畜禽与水产系统中微塑料的输入呈现多源叠加特征,兼具外源输入与内源性持续释放[26]。饲料原料在加工、包装与储运环节可能引入外源微塑料,使其随饲料进入养殖环节[27]。饮用水及开放养殖水体作为直接暴露介质,是畜禽饮水与水产动物摄入微塑料的主要途径[23,28]。网箱、管道、浮球等塑料设施与渔具在长期使用过程中受机械磨损、光老化与水动力作用影响,可持续释放不同粒径塑料颗粒,形成系统内源性输入[29]。此外,在开放型养殖环境中,大气沉降也可能将悬浮微塑料输送至水体与养殖区域,加剧了外源污染的累积负荷[30]。当前研究对微塑料的检测主要集中于消化道内容物与排泄物,肌肉、乳、蛋等可食组织中检出结果的可靠性受限于方法检出限、前处理回收率及试验过程污染控制等因素[15]
加工与包装环节因其流程相对封闭、接触界面明确、材料可替代性强等特点,是微塑料防控中设置关键控制点的重点环节。其污染主要包括三类过程性来源:加工设备与接触部件因机械作用产生的磨损性释放[31];过滤、膜分离等工艺中聚合物材料因运行磨损或清洗不当形成的本底释放[32];各类包装材料在热、光、机械力作用下发生的界面迁移与颗粒释放[33]。已有研究初步识别了来源特征,但其释放动力学机制、物理化学形态的演变规律,以及在复杂食品基质中的迁移转化与最终归趋仍不清晰。
因此,农产品体系中的微塑料来源可概括为生产端环境输入、生物摄入与系统内源释放以及加工与包装界面迁移。表1系统归纳了主要微塑料类型、用途及其在农产品体系中的来源与进入途径。值得注意的是,不同来源微塑料的形态与粒径分布差异显著,而当前检测方法在粒径下限与前处理回收率等方面尚不统一,导致数据异质性大、可比性不足。因此,需从暴露路径解析与方法标准化两方面构建可跨研究对比的监测与评估框架。
蔬菜、水果及谷物中普遍存在微塑料,但其检出水平在不同研究中差异显著,主要受检测粒径范围、加工工艺及是否涵盖纳米级颗粒等因素影响。CONTI等[34]首次从膳食风险评估角度系统评估了可食用果蔬中小于10 μm的塑料颗粒含量,发现水果的总体污染水平高于蔬菜。而AYDIN等[35]对土耳其市售常见果蔬的研究显示微塑料平均含量仅为(2.90±1.60)颗粒/g,表明当前研究在检测方法、可检出粒径范围及计量标准方面存在差异。在谷物研究中,以大米为例,烹饪前清洗可减少20%~40%的微塑料污染,预煮速食米中的微塑料含量约为生米的4倍,加工与预处理方式显著影响微塑料暴露水平[36]
动物源食品中微塑料污染研究主要集中于水产品与畜禽肉类,其污染特征因生物摄食方式、可食组织类型及加工环节呈现显著差异。贝类作为滤食性生物的典型代表,其整体软组织均可被食用,是微塑料污染的重要研究对象。CAUWENBERGHE等[37]研究推算欧洲地区贝类消费者的年暴露量可达11 000颗粒/a。对于以肌肉组织为主要食用部位的鱼类与禽肉,微塑料污染水平不仅与养殖或捕捞环境相关,屠宰、分割及加工过程也会引入过程性污染[38]。为增强不同研究间的可比性,MILNE等[39]通过统一检测粒径(≥45 μm)与计量单位,系统评估了16种蛋白类食品中的微塑料差异,发现不同食品的污染水平差异显著,该研究还指出,成人通过此类食品的年均摄入量超过11 000颗粒,极端情况下可达3.8×106颗粒,且深加工食品的污染水平普遍高于初加工产品。
加工食品与饮品中微塑料的污染水平与产品类型、加工工艺及包装材料密切相关,是反映人群日常暴露的重要介质。包装饮用水的污染特征尤为典型,MASON等[40]研究发现,瓶装水中微塑料平均含量为325颗粒/L。当检测粒径下限降低时,微塑料检出水平呈现进一步升高趋势,且包装材质的影响更为显著[41]。在调味品中,微塑料污染呈现明显的地域与种类差异。中国海盐中的微塑料含量通常高于湖盐和岩盐,孟加拉国海盐中微塑料含量高达约2676颗粒/kg[42-43]。此外,食用糖与32份蜂蜜中微塑料含量分别为(226.0±99.5)颗粒/kg和(314±353)颗粒/kg[44-45]。其他常见饮品中也有微塑料检出,啤酒的污染水平可达(28.00±5.29)颗粒/L,液态奶为(3~11)颗粒/L [46-47]。加工食品中微塑料污染呈现高度离散性,其差异既源于产品本身及包装界面,也受检测方法与粒径范围影响,进一步显示了在统一方法框架下进行微塑料评估的重要性。
农产品及食品中微塑料暴露具有广泛检出但量化高度离散的特征,不同检测结果横跨多个数量级。表2汇总了典型样品在不同地区情景下的粒径阈值、计量单位与检出水平,系统展示了现有暴露研究的报告范围、离散特征及其主要方法学差异。由表2可知,暴露差异除反映真实的环境输入与加工迁移外,还明显受到粒径下限、计量口径、回收率校正与空白控制等方法学设定的影响。
当前农产品中微塑料暴露研究呈现“广泛检出,但量化结果异质性高”的特点,除区域及种类影响外,其差异主要与粒径阈值、计量口径与样品情景三类不确定性因素相关[48-51]。首先,粒径检测下限直接决定可统计颗粒范围,显著影响检出结果。例如,在植物源性农产品研究中,AYDIN等[35]在>100 μm粒径范围测得含量约为1~4颗粒/g,而CONTI等[34]将检测下限降低至<10 μm后,检出水平跃升至104~105颗粒/g。瓶装水研究也呈现类似趋势,检测下限从6.5 μm降至1.0 μm可使检出结果从数百升至数千,表明粒径阈值的微小调整即可导致暴露评估结果发生数量级变化[40-41]。其次,计量口径的不统一限制了数据的可比性。当前研究分别采用颗粒数浓度(颗粒/g、颗粒/L、颗粒/份)或质量浓度(mg/100 g、mg/份),两者因颗粒形态与密度差异缺乏稳定的换算关系,限制了跨研究比较。此外,样品情景差异会引入供应链环节的过程性输入,砧板切割、瓶盖磨损等加工与包装环节均可能增加终端产品的微塑料负荷,进一步放大可比性差异[38]。以上分析表明,当前暴露数据难以可靠比较的根本原因在于缺乏统一的对比方法与质控标准。因此,需进一步从监测方法层面出发,系统讨论复杂基质条件下的前处理、确证分析与质量控制,明确不同方法的适用范围及其对结果可比性的影响。
消解是去除蛋白质、脂类与多糖等有机干扰物的关键步骤,尤其适用于肉制品、乳制品、水产品等高脂高蛋白农产品[52]。目前常用的方法包括酸消解、碱消解、氧化消解和酶消解。强酸或强氧化条件虽可彻底去除有机质,但易损伤聚合物结构,影响后续检测准确性。SIPPS等[53]研究发现,硝酸处理导致尼龙–66、聚甲醛、聚氨酯等聚合物质量损失超过90%,且显著降低其傅里叶变换红外光谱识别的准确率。碱消解应用广泛,但其安全性高度依赖温度控制。THIELE等[54]在双壳类样品中指出,60 ℃的KOH处理会破坏再生纤维素。相比之下,酶消解条件温和,对塑料损伤小,但成本较高、耗时较长。因此,联合消解策略逐渐受到重视。胃蛋白酶水解联合温和碱解方法,在37 ℃下可高效去除海产品中98%的基质,对多数常见塑料的回收率≥88%,且对聚合物光谱特征影响较小,为复杂生物基质的处理提供了参考[55]
密度分离是一种通过密度差异富集塑料并去除无机背景杂质的方法,其有效性取决于所选介质的密度。常见塑料的密度分布范围宽泛,低密度PE、PP为0.9~0.96 g/cm3,高密度PET、PVC大于1.3 g/cm3。大量研究指出,单一低密度介质对高密度聚合物回收效率有限,针对目标聚合物的特定密度范围筛选与优化分离介质,是提升分离效率的关键[56]。然而,高密度介质虽可扩大聚合物的覆盖范围,却存在腐蚀性强、成本高及废液处理难等问题。IMHOF等[57]建立的ZnCl2分离体系能够有效提取宽密度范围的塑料,但对操作安全与空白控制要求更高。针对这些问题,RODRIGUES等[58]进一步探索了ZnCl2溶液的回收与循环利用,在维持分离效率的同时降低了环境影响与成本,但同样需要建立严格的空白体系与再利用过程的质量控制。此外,密度分离的效率不仅取决于介质本身,还与沉降时间、离心条件及颗粒粒径密切相关[59]。因此,在实际应用中,应针对目标农产品基质开展分聚合物、分粒径的加标回收试验,系统评估并校正该环节可能引入的偏差,提升检测结果的可比性与可靠性。
膜过滤可截留、富集微塑料,并作为后续显微与光谱分析的标准样品载体。滤膜的孔径、材质及光学特性直接决定方法的检测粒径下限、识别准确度与检测通量[60]。孔径应小于目标颗粒粒径下限,但孔径过小会降低过滤效率并增加滤膜堵塞风险。高浓度样品可采用分级过滤策略平衡通量与粒径覆盖范围[61]。不同材质滤膜的光谱本底与光学特性同样影响分析结果的准确性[62]。研究表明,在拉曼光谱分析中,铝镀层PC膜可显著降低拉曼背景干扰,纤维素类膜材则易产生谱带干扰[41,63];在红外光谱分析中,硅基滤膜在4000~600 cm−1波段具有良好透光性,可更完整保留聚合物的特征光谱信息[64]。同时,滤膜表面的平整度与自发荧光水平也会影响成像质量与计数准确性。CARTER等[65]系统比较了多种滤膜的成像效果,PTFE膜自发荧光强且表面易产生褶皱,容易导致成像伪影,干扰颗粒识别,而金属镀层PC膜能提供更高的光学对比度与分辨率,提高检测准确度。需要注意的是,在实际应用中滤膜本身可能成为潜在污染源或引入误判风险,需设置滤膜空白试验控制干扰。
农产品中复杂的有机基质与矿物成分在显微镜下的形态与微塑料相似,仅依靠形貌观察易导致误判,无法确证聚合物。LENZ等[66]利用拉曼光谱验证发现,显微目视筛查的微塑料准确率仅为68%,且粒径<100 μm颗粒的误判率更高。为提升筛查的准确度,MAES等[67]利用尼罗红(NR)荧光染色技术将检测下限降低至微米级别,但SHIM等[68]指出该方法受材料特异性限制,PVC、PA等材料染色效率较低,无法替代化学分析。因此,显微镜与成像技术可以作为高通量形态学初筛工具,快速识别与统计疑似颗粒,生成高概率疑似目标清单,为后续确证分析提供优先序列。
基于分子振动能级的傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FTIR)与拉曼光谱(Raman)能够提供微塑料的化学指纹信息。其中,结合显微成像技术的μ-FTIR与μ-Raman突破了空间分辨率限制,可实现单颗粒级化学确证。μ-FTIR基于分子偶极矩变化,适用于中、大粒径微塑料的高通量统计识别;μ-Raman依赖分子极化率变化,空间分辨率更高,但易受荧光背景干扰[56]。有研究指出,当微塑料粒径<20 μm时,FTIR成像的漏检率达35%[69]。因此,在农产品微塑料检测中,可以采用粒径分级策略,根据目标颗粒的粒径范围选择分析方法,兼顾检测效率与数据准确性,避免因技术局限导致的粒径分布失真及聚合物组成误判。
热分析法通过识别聚合物特征裂解标志物,突破传统显微分析对颗粒可见性的依赖,实现对小粒径微塑料的精准定量。然而,在食品与农产品等高有机背景体系中,复杂基质的裂解产物与目标聚合物标志物的同源干扰影响定量准确性[16]。以聚烯烃类聚合物为例,RAUERT等[70]在牛奶、鸡蛋等中高脂食品中证实脂肪裂解产物与聚乙烯标志物信号高度相似,经酶解降脂联合加压液体萃取处理后,方法检出限显著降低,表明前处理可有效提升方法灵敏度。但在特定生物基质条件下,热裂解-气相色谱质谱联用技术(pyrolysis–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry,Py-GC/MS)对聚乙烯与聚氯乙烯的适用性有限,常规前处理难以完全去除背景信号干扰[71]。此外,RIBEIRO等[72]将其早期研究中沙丁鱼最高总塑料质量浓度由0.3 mg/g更正为2.9 mg/g,表明热分析结果对标志物选择、定量离子判定及校准方式等高度敏感。在检测效率方面,热脱附-气相色谱质谱联用技术(thermal extraction desorption–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry,TED-GC/MS)凭借高通量优势在复杂样品快速筛查中应用广泛,但其检测性能仍受基质效应限制[73]
传统的显微成像、光谱确证、热分析定量等方法虽已满足多数农产品中微塑料的分析需求,但在分辨能力、检测通量及现场时效性等方面仍然存在不足。高通量化学成像平台、亚微米及纳米尺度光谱表征、现场快速传感等新兴技术正在推动检测从实验室逐粒确证向批量识别与场景化部署转变。激光红外成像系统(laser direct infrared imaging, LDIR)通过量子级联激光实现快速红外化学成像与自动化识别,显著提升批量确证效率[74],并已用于富脂复杂基质(如橄榄油)的大规模监测[75]。光学光热红外光谱(optical photothermal infrared spectroscopy, O-PTIR)与原子力显微镜红外光谱(atomic force microscopy–infrared spectroscopy, AFM-IR)等突破了光学衍射极限,可为微纳尺度颗粒提供更可靠的指纹证据链[76-77]。在现场监管与过程监测方面,高光谱成像(hyperspectral imaging, HSI)、表面增强拉曼(surface-enhanced raman scattering, SERS)与便携式装置可将检测前移至生产与加工场景[78-80]。需要注意的是,这些新兴装备的工程可用性不仅取决于硬件性能,更依赖于算法模型的外部验证、漂移控制与质控规则的体系化建设。
在显微成像与NR荧光成像技术中,AI主要聚焦于疑似颗粒的定位、计数与形态表征。其中,目标检测模型适用于大规模样本的快速筛查,而实例分割模型则能进一步精确提取颗粒边界,量化粒径分布并统计纤维、碎片或薄膜等形态学指标。MEYERS等[81]利用荧光图像的RGB特征构建机器学习模型,颗粒来源判别准确率达95.8%,聚合物类型识别准确率为88.1%。PARK等[82]进一步开发深度学习分割模型MP-Net,在加标图像验证中计数恢复率约107.8%±9.2%。但其在真实场景下的泛化能力仍受限于训练数据的分布偏差与标注策略的一致性[83]。此外,结合YOLO等目标检测模型的手机显微与便携式成像技术在现场检测中应用广泛。RERMBORIRAK等[84]将尼罗红荧光染色与YOLOv8深度学习模型结合,建立了低成本便携式微塑料检测系统,识别准确率为94.8%,与FTIR方法相比,成本降低了77.3%,且图像识别时间仅为19 s。也有研究将手机显微成像与深度学习结合,对盐、茶包等样品识别准确率达98%[85]。但在实际应用中,仍需重点解决跨场景光照变化、背景噪声干扰及基质异质性引起的性能漂移问题,并建立标准化的图像采集规范与现场质控体系。
光谱分析方法的智能化发展可概括为:从建立可复现的自动化分析流程,到构建开源社区生态保障跨实验室一致性,到进一步利用AI驱动的数据质量优化与多模态融合决策实现复杂背景下的高鲁棒性识别。在微塑料分析中,PRIMPKE等[86]针对FPA-μFTIR成像,构建了从光谱匹配到图像分割与颗粒计数的自动化流程,并提出面向自动识别的参考谱库设计原则[87],推动海量成像光谱数据由人工比谱向标准化、可复现的批量解析转变。但在跨实验室层面,微塑料光谱识别仍长期受限于参考谱库与分析软件的共享不足以及不可追溯等问题,制约了结果的可比性与可复现性。COWGER等[88]通过开发开源平台Open Specy并建立社区共享谱库,在一定程度上缓解了上述瓶颈。随着深度学习的发展,有研究利用自编码神经网络对原始谱图进行去噪与校正,从数据源头提升了高通量检测的可靠性[89]。进一步地,LI等[90]构建了ATR-FTIR与Raman多模态深度学习融合模型,在不同介质中微塑料的识别准确率均>98%。需要注意的是,在农产品复杂基质检测中,模型的高准确率必须以质控信息的可复现性为前提,应明确谱库版本、预处理参数、判别阈值及对低信噪比谱图的拒识策略,以避免模型在不同实验室或仪器间产生不可解释的系统性差异。
在真实生产与加工场景中,单一检测模态往往难以兼顾高通量筛选与定性确证的双重需求。采用分级证据链可以有效解决这一问题。通过图像处理技术进行初筛定位,再结合光谱或热分析进行确证,并利用多模态融合技术提升系统在干扰背景下的鲁棒性[91]。多模态融合不仅能提升识别性能,还可以提供面向过程控制的可信度参数[92]。可通过设定置信度阈值来平衡误报与漏报风险;在训练数据覆盖不足时引入分布外检测机制,防止模型对未知基质或新型聚合物产生高置信度误判[93];同时借助Grad-CAM可视化或SHAP特征分析方法解析模型决策依据[94-95]。在体系构建层面,不确定性评估需与采样策略、空白对照及加标回收体系深度结合。当模型置信度下降或异常样本增多时,触发严格的抽检与排查,从而将智能分析结果转化为可落地、可执行的质量控制措施。
AI模型能否有效应用于实际生产监测,取决于其是否具备完善的外部验证与质控体系,而非仅限于单一实验室内的测试指标。系统化的验证流程至少需覆盖跨基质、跨设备与跨实验室三类外推场景,全面考察模型在高脂、高蛋白等复杂基质背景及不同仪器条件下的泛化能力[88]。评价指标除常规的F1分数、平均精度均值(mean average precision,mAP)和交并比(intersection over union,IoU)外,更应与检测方法学的核心指标深度关联,包括检出限、定量限、回收率、相对标准偏差及空白校正规则,并明确不同粒径的性能参数,避免整体平均指标掩盖小粒径段的系统性偏差。此外,针对长周期监测中常见的模型漂移问题,需充分考虑由环境变化或硬件老化导致的数据分布偏移[96]。因此,应采用模型版本控制结合定期校准的维护策略,通过设置常驻质控点和空白样本来监控输出稳定性,并在发现异常偏移时及时启动模型迭代或参数修正,从而保证长期监测数据的准确性与可比性。
面向生产过程的实时监管,构建包含采集、推理与管理的云边端协同架构是实现智能化监测的关键。该架构在前端利用高光谱、便携拉曼光谱或手机显微组件获取原始数据[78-80],在边缘端完成颗粒的快速定位与属性初筛,并最终在云端实现模型迭代、质控管理及多源数据汇总。在此基础上,进一步将AI检测系统与过滤压差、流量、转速或温度等加工工艺参数进行关联分析,可将算法输出转化为过程控制指标,用于支持通量变化的实时监测与关键控制点识别[97]。例如,当特定工序前后的微塑料丰度或形态结构发生突变时,系统可即时提示该单元存在潜在的污染引入源或拦截失效风险,从而为材料替换、参数优化与设备维护提供科学依据。
综上所述,微塑料检测的重点已由定性检出能力的验证,转向在复杂基质与真实场景下实现高通量、低成本的稳定筛查与过程监测。表3对前处理与识别检测的关键方法进行了比较,概括其适用场景、检出限、优势与局限,可作为不同基质条件下方法组合与分级确证策略的参考依据。此外,人工智能的应用不应仅是计数工具的替代,而应构建一套贯穿任务、数据、模型、验证至部署全流程的闭环体系。在任务端明确计数、形态及组分等输出目标,在数据端保障标注与质控的可追溯性,在模型端提升多模态识别的鲁棒性,同时在验证端通过跨基质与跨实验室测试确立外部有效性。最终,通过与在线装备和边缘计算节点的集成部署,实现对加工过程风险的实时预警与关键节点的精准识别。
上述前处理、识别确证及人工智能辅助解析,主要解决了复杂农产品基质中微塑料的检出与确证问题,但终端浓度或颗粒数结果仍难以直接用于加工过程中的污染定位与工艺优化。对于农业生产和农产品加工场景,需将检测结果转化为能够反映过程比较和工程判断的评价指标。
通量衡算策略可将不同工艺单元的拦截效果和引入风险统一纳入可量化的指标体系,突破传统终端检测无法精确定位过程污染源的局限,为后续过程阻控和工艺优化提供定量依据[99]。具体方法如下:
1)通量定义与衡算边界
以单元过程 i 为评价对象,在其边界处定义输入通量 $ {F}_{\text{in},i} $与输出通量 $ {F}_{\text{out},i} $。通量既可采用计数通量(颗粒/h)也可采用质量通量(mg/h),需与监测手段及监管口径保持一致。液相流体的通量可由浓度与流量计算:
$ F_{\text{in},i}=C_{\text{in},i}\cdot Q_i $
$ F_{\text{out},i}=C_{\text{out},i}\ \cdot Q_i $
其中$ {C}_{\text{in},i} $$ {C}_{\text{out},i} $ 分别为单元 $ i $ 输入和输出的浓度,采用计数口径时,单位为颗粒/L;采用质量口径时,单位为mg/L。$ {Q}_{i} $ 为体积流量,单位为L/h。
固体或半固体样品则由单位质量浓度与物料通量换算:
$ F=C\cdot M $
其中 $ F $ 为微塑料通量,颗粒/h或mg/h;$ C $ 为单位质量浓度,颗粒/kg或颗粒/g;$ M $ 为质量流率,kg/h。通过通量衡算,可以定量评估每个工艺单元的处理效果,为工艺优化与污染控制提供数据支撑。
2)去除效率与引入量
在统一的通量口径下,单元过程 i 的去除效率$ {\eta }_{i} $或净引入量 $ \text{Δ}{F}_{i} $分别为:
$ {\eta }_{i}=\frac{{F}_{\text{in},i}-{F}_{\text{out},i}}{{F}_{\text{in},i}} $
$ \text{Δ}{F}_{i}={F}_{\text{out},i}-{F}_{\text{in},i} $
去除效率表征单元的净拦截能力,净引入通量用于直接识别污染源[100-101]。当$ \text{Δ}{F}_{i}> 0 $时,表明该单元存在内源性释放或外源性污染引入,如设备磨损、过滤膜材脱落、包装界面迁移等;当 $ \text{Δ}{F}_{i}< 0 $时,表明该单元对微塑料具有净拦截作用;$ \left|\bigtriangleup F_i\right| $ 则反映其对全流程通量变化的贡献强度。
为避免总量平均指标掩盖小粒径段或特定聚合物的差异,在工程评价中应采用分粒径、分形态及分聚合物的通量向量进行独立衡算,对高风险微细颗粒进行精准管控。
3)CCP判据与优化顺序
CCP的识别可以转化为对污染引入和拦截控制两类单元的优先排序问题[102]。污染引入型CCP主要关注 $ \text{Δ}{F}_{i}> 0 $$ \left|\bigtriangleup F_i\right| $ 最大的单元,用于锁定可能的污染源;拦截控制型CCP则聚焦于去除效率 $ {\eta }_{i} $ 最大或对末端输出通量贡献最大的单元,用于识别关键截留单元。为了增强决策的可解释性,可进一步将单元贡献归一化到系统尺度,量化每个单元对总去除效果的贡献,形成CCP清单,指导具体的工艺优化与改进。
此外,仅依靠通量变化或去除效率评价减排效果不足以全面支撑工艺的比选与长期管理。需构建综合评价框架,通过能耗与碳足迹、成本分析、设备维护需求、二次污染风险评估以及废弃物去向的风险分析,实现不同工艺或操作参数下的效果—代价—风险三元综合评价,为微塑料治理工艺的优化提供科学依据[103]
源头控制的关键在于减少原材料的微塑料释放与持续性污染。需关注农业投入品的全生命周期管理,包括农膜、滴灌带等高分子材料的稳定性提升及回收体系的完善[104]。提高农膜等农业材料的抗老化性能与环境友好性,减少因风化、紫外线等环境因素引起的微塑料碎化。针对生物降解材料,应基于其实际环境降解动力学建立严格的降解动力学与残留评价标准,避免微细颗粒在土壤中持续累积。此外,还需严控污泥堆肥等有机固废的农用标准,阻断微塑料由城镇废弃物处理系统向农业生态系统的跨介质转移。
过程拦截与消减层面的核心是构建流体深度净化与加工界面阻控协同的双重防御体系。在流体净化方面,应确立以物理截留为主、新兴技术为辅的梯级净化策略。物理阻隔效能主要取决于工艺单元组合及目标粒径分布[105]。SARKAR等[106]的研究证实,脉冲澄清与砂滤单元对恒河原水中微塑料的累计去除率分别为63%与85%。多级处理工艺可显著提高微塑料的整体去除水平[107]。相比之下,吸附与降解等新兴技术的适用性有限[108]。改性生物炭等吸附材料虽可作为流体净化的辅助方法,但存在吸附饱和后的耗材处置难题,存在较高的二次释放风险[109];光催化及酶促降解等技术受限于严格的反应条件及副产物控制,当前应定位为高浓度废水或污泥的特定治理方案,而非农产品加工的常规方法[110-111]。此外,在流体净化的同时,还应加强污泥端的去向管理,防止微塑料的跨介质转移风险[103]
在加工环节,固相界面控制应聚焦于内源性释放的溯源阻断。首先,应评估高剪切与摩擦密集型单元的磨损风险。针对机械切割、搅拌及自动化输送等工序,重点监测传送带、密封件等关键部件在长期机械负荷下的磨损特性。研究表明,设备部件因摩擦脱落产生的微细颗粒,已成为食品加工中不可忽视的二次污染源[112]。其次,应严格管控过滤介质与包装材料的本底污染及迁移行为。一方面,需评估过滤膜材的稳定性,防止因膜丝老化脱落引发的次生污染;另一方面,针对包装材料,应模拟真实场景开展迁移试验,解析温度、接触时间及机械扰动对颗粒释放动力学的影响。HERNANDEZ等[113]证实,高温冲泡(95 ℃)引发的热效应是诱导塑料茶包释放百亿级微纳颗粒的关键驱动力。因此,过程阻控的重点是技术的优化,通过升级耐磨材料、优化热加工参数及改进过滤介质等,最大程度消减内源性微塑料的生成与释放。
终端管理应推动管控模式由末端检出向全过程精准质控转变[114]。鉴于风险阈值的不确定性,现阶段应遵循预防为主的管控原则,聚焦于提升数据可比性与过程可解释性。首先需提高检测方法标准化,通过统一采样规范、明确粒径检出限与统计口径,并建立涵盖空白校正、加标回收及谱库管理的质控闭环,确保证据链的可追溯性。其次应建立以消解残留为导向的操作规范,固化特定基质的前处理与确证流程以降低系统偏差。更重要的是,终端监测指标应实现从静态浓度向动态通量的维度升级。在统一的计量口径下,将污染物浓度与物料流变参数进行时空耦合,构建可支撑工艺单元量化比较与关键控制点识别的评价体系。在此基础上,通过引入工艺通量衡算模型,可实现对各单元净截留效能与净引入负荷的精准解析。
总体而言,微塑料治理应由末端治理转向过程控制。通过源头减量降低背景负荷,利用工艺阻控减少内源释放与迁移输入,在此基础上,可依托前述工艺通量衡算框架,对各单元净截留效能与净引入负荷进行定量解析,锁定关键控制点并指导工艺优化与运行维护,实现可比较、可复核的持续减排。
农产品微塑料污染主要源于环境、养殖、设施磨损及加工包装界面迁移等多重路径,具有贯穿环境介质、生物载体、加工过程及终端消费的多源暴露特征。然而,由于粒径阈值、计量口径、回收率校正及过程质控标准不统一,导致不同研究间暴露水平存在数量级差异,无法精准对微塑料迁移、加工过程输入负荷与来源贡献进行定量解析。现有检测技术虽可满足多数农产品检测需求,但复杂基质中小粒径颗粒的提取损失与确证受限仍是关键瓶颈。且人工智能技术的工程应用效能受限于真实情景下的泛化能力,其可靠性取决于外部验证与漂移控制体系。在消减与防控方面,由于微塑料的毒理阈值与健康效应仍不明晰,治理遵循源头减量、过程阻控与标准化监测的策略。在可追溯环节优先设置关键控制点,同时引入以输入及输出通量为核心的衡算框架,实现可比较、可复核的工程化减排与过程控制。当前中国及国际尚未建立针对农产品及食品中微塑料的统一限量标准或公认的安全阈值。鉴于现有毒理学证据、暴露评估方法和数据可比性仍存在明显不足,现阶段更适宜遵循预防性原则,通过标准化监测、过程阻控与关键控制点管理尽可能降低暴露水平,并为后续阈值建立提供基础数据支撑。
为实现农产品微塑料治理由终端检出向过程控制转变,未来研究应聚焦于方法学标准化、工程化评价与系统化治理3个维度展开。首先,在方法学层面应确立以数据可比性与可追溯性为核心的标准体系,完善采样规范、防污染措施及空白加标质控流程,明确复杂基质下的粒径检出限、分段统计口径与不确定度规则;同时推动光谱参考谱库的管理与共享,并将人工智能模型的外部验证、漂移监测及拒识策略纳入标准化框架,确保算法输出与回收率、重复性等核心分析指标实现同口径对齐。其次,在过程工程层面应构建涵盖通量监测、衡算及关键控制点识别的评价体系,在此基础上将在线筛查装备与分级证据链策略深度嵌入工艺流程,服务于工艺组合优化、参数设定及维护策略制定,从而将定性措施转化为可比较且可复核的工程决策依据。最后,在系统治理层面需进一步耦合通量数据、工艺参数与设备状态信息,发展面向关键工艺链的数字孪生与过程控制技术,通过实现异常识别、风险预警与来源定位的联动,并与批次追溯及监管信息系统深度对接,构建集监测、评估、预警与追溯于一体的闭环机制,推动微塑料管控从单点检测升级为覆盖全链条的持续优化与风险管理体系。

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2026年第42卷第12期
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doi: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202601285
  • 接收时间:2026-01-30
  • 首发时间:2026-08-20
  • 出版时间:2026-06-30
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-30
  • 修回日期:2026-03-16
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    1中国农业大学工学院,北京 100083
    2国家农业检测基准实验室(生物毒素),农业农村部生物毒素检测重点实验室,农业农村部油料产品质量安全风险评估实验室,中国农业科学院油料作物研究所,武汉 430062
    3湘湖实验室,杭州 311231
    4湖北洪山实验室,武汉 430070

通讯作者:

王伟,教授,研究方向为农产品无损检测。Email:
毛劲,研究员,研究方向为食品质量安全。Email:
李培武,中国工程院院士,研究方向为农产品质量安全。Email:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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