Article(id=1297211715779851218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, issueId=1297211624738284246, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202601268, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1769356800000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-26, revisedDate=1773244800000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1787208974069, onlineDateStr=2026-08-20, pubDate=1782748800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1787208974069, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1787208974069, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1787208974069, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1297211624738284246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, year='2026', volume='42', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='396', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782748800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1787208952364, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1787212261177, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1297225503002357852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, issueId=1297211624738284246, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1297225503002357853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, issueId=1297211624738284246, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=10, endPage=20, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1297211715989566419, articleId=1297211715779851218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, language=EN, title=Design and experiment of supplementary feeding pusher robot for cowshed based on DEM-MBD, columnId=1297211670816907294, journalTitle=Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, columnName=Special Topics on Smart Animal-raising Technologies and Livestock Equipment(2): Smart Equipment and Environmental Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the feed arching phenomenon that occurs during the feeding process of beef cattle and to satisfy the individualized feeding requirements of beef cattle, a roller-brush type supplementary feeding and pushing robot was designed in this study, which consists of a roller-brush pushing device, a screw-type supplementary feeding device, and an Ackermann chassis. The structural design of the feeding screw and the pushing roller brush was completed, and the motion behavior of feed particles was analyzed. In order to investigate the influence of the motion parameters of the supplementary feeding and pushing robot on the feeding and pushing performance, a simulation analysis of the robot’s motion process was carried out based on the EDEM-RecurDyn coupling method. First, the contact parameters among total mixed ration (TMR) particles as well as between the feed and the mechanical components were determined. Subsequently, dynamic models of the supplementary feeding device and the pushing device were respectively constructed in RecurDyn, and a flexible mesh was generated for the roller brush. Finally, a feed particle model was built in the EDEM software, and the device models were imported to complete the coupled simulation. In the study of feeding performance, the screw rotation speed and the robot’s travelling speed were taken as experimental factors, while feeding uniformity and feeding efficiency were used as evaluation indicators. In the study of pushing performance, the roller brush rotation speed, the roller brush deflection angle, and the robot’s travelling speed were taken as experimental factors, and the pushing rate and pushing efficiency were used as evaluation indicators. Single-factor and orthogonal experimental methods were adopted for the simulation tests. The simulation results showed that when the screw rotation speed of the supplementary feeding and pushing robot was 160 r/min, the robot travelling speed was 0.68 m/s, the roller brush rotation speed was 450 r/min, and the roller brush deflection angle was 40°, the feeding uniformity exceeded 96%, the feeding efficiency reached 120.6 kg/min, the pushing rate was 98.25%, and the pushing efficiency was 418.94 kg/min. Prototype tests were carried out under these optimal parameters, and the obtained results were as follows: feeding uniformity greater than 93%, feeding efficiency of 135.8 kg/min, pushing rate of 97.90%, and pushing efficiency of 311.90 kg/min. The designed robot exhibits good working performance and can meet the auxiliary feeding requirements of small- and medium-scale cattle barns.

, authors=Wenjie ZHAO1, 2, Xiaozhe WU1, 2, Liang ZHAI1, 2, Hengxu ZHU1, 2, Hongming ZHANG3, Pengpeng SUN3, Tianben WANG3, Wei LI1, 2, *, authorsList=Wenjie ZHAO, Xiaozhe WU, Liang ZHAI, Hengxu ZHU, Hongming ZHANG, Pengpeng SUN, Tianben WANG, Wei LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wei LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1297211721035314168, articleId=1297211715779851218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, language=CN, title=基于DEM-MBD的肉牛补饲推料机器人研制, columnId=1297211670993068064, journalTitle=农业工程学报, columnName=智慧养殖技术与智能畜牧装备专题(2):智能装备与环境工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对肉牛进食过程中的拱料现象,满足肉牛的个性化进食需求,该研究设计了一款滚刷式补饲推料机器人。为探究补饲推料机器人运动参数对补饲和推料效果的影响,基于EDEM-RecurDyn耦合方法对补饲推料机器人的运动过程进行仿真分析,确定了全混合日粮饲料间、饲料与装置间的接触参数。在补饲性能分析中以螺旋转速和整机行进速度为试验因素,以补饲均匀性和补饲效率为评价指标,在推料性能分析中以滚刷转速、滚刷偏角和整机行进速度为试验因素,以推料率和推料效率作为评价指标,采用单因素与正交试验方法进行仿真分析。试验结果表明:当补饲推料机螺旋轴转速为160 r/min、整机行进速度为0.68 m/s、滚刷转速为450 r/min和滚刷偏角为40°时,补饲均匀性大于96%,补饲效率为120.6 kg/min,推料率为98.25%,推送效率为418.94 kg/min。在此最优参数条件下进行样机试验,得到的结果为:补饲均匀性大于93%,补饲效率为135.8 kg/min,推料率为97.90%,推送效率为311.90 kg/min,所设计的机器人工作性能良好,能够满足中小规模牛舍的辅助饲喂需求。

, authors=赵文杰1, 2, 武小喆1, 2, 翟亮1, 2, 朱恒旭1, 2, 张宏鸣3, 孙朋朋3, 王天本3, 李卫1, 2, *, authorsList=赵文杰, 武小喆, 翟亮, 朱恒旭, 张宏鸣, 孙朋朋, 王天本, 李卫, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李卫, authorNote=

赵文杰,研究方向为现代农业装备与技术。Email:

, correspAuthorsNote=
李卫,博士,副教授,研究方向为现代农业装备与技术。Email:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026 农业工程学报编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=+drkQI37v+Wnq6w+wwk4Hg==, magXml=41/HNytTNtUx7dy/bfvtJg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=GKeiiQYXL5HOFxoowoknDw==, pdfFileSize=4625885, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=lLBlsJyN3qQYiymXBmltHg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=c/UtvWVbo1ns4ETvZAeozQ==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1300032371252818907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211715779851218, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=zwj825320@nwafu.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1300032371563197406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211715779851218, authorId=1300032371252818907, language=EN, stringName=Wenjie ZHAO, firstName=Wenjie, middleName=null, lastName=ZHAO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
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赵文杰,研究方向为现代农业装备与技术。Email:

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1.料仓 2.下料螺旋 3.减速电机 4.链轮组 5.底盘 6.连接架 7.刮板 8.清扫滚刷 9.防护罩 10.激光雷达 11.双目相机

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1.清扫滚刷 2.防尘罩 3.刮板 4.高度调节推杆 5.连接架 6.角度调节推杆

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注:δ为质点m所在位置的螺旋升角,(°);N为螺旋叶片对质点的法向推力,N;F为质点m受到的合力,NFz为质点所受的轴向分力,N;Ft为质点所受的周向分力,N;vsc为质点m的实际运动速度,m·s-1vz为轴向分速度,m·s-1vt为周向分速度,m·s-1vn为质点m沿螺旋面法线方向的速度,m·s-1

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注:αT为刷毛切线方向与地面的夹角,(°);β为滚刷作业时的偏角,(°)。

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1300032382237700147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211715779851218, language=CN, label=图18, caption=补饲作业效果对比, figureFileSmall=6mFi3mjMQhpl+FzMXVvxGA==, figureFileBig=wONuZ9T3fPWzihA7MGmxPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1300032382296420404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211715779851218, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Main technical parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 Parameters数值 Values
长×宽×高 Length×width×height/mm2 150×1 000×1 300
整机质量 Total mass/kg570
行驶速度 Travel speed/(m·s−1)0~2.3
转弯半径 Turning radius/m2.42
料仓储料量 Hopper storage quantity/m31.31
下料电机额定功率
Rated power of the feeding motor/W
600
滚刷电机额定功率
Rated power of the roller brush motor/W
400
蓄电池电压 Battery voltage/V48
), ArticleFig(id=1300032382376112181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211715779851218, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

主要技术参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 Parameters数值 Values
长×宽×高 Length×width×height/mm2 150×1 000×1 300
整机质量 Total mass/kg570
行驶速度 Travel speed/(m·s−1)0~2.3
转弯半径 Turning radius/m2.42
料仓储料量 Hopper storage quantity/m31.31
下料电机额定功率
Rated power of the feeding motor/W
600
滚刷电机额定功率
Rated power of the roller brush motor/W
400
蓄电池电压 Battery voltage/V48
), ArticleFig(id=1300032382439026742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211715779851218, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Roller brush structural parameters

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参数 Parameters数值 Values
滚刷长度 Roller brush length/mm1020
刷毛长度 Bristle length/mm112
滚筒直径 Drum diameter/mm110
刷槽数 Number of bristle grooves/个6
), ArticleFig(id=1300032382514524215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211715779851218, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

滚刷结构参数

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参数 Parameters数值 Values
滚刷长度 Roller brush length/mm1020
刷毛长度 Bristle length/mm112
滚筒直径 Drum diameter/mm110
刷槽数 Number of bristle grooves/个6
), ArticleFig(id=1300032382585827384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211715779851218, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Simulation test on the angle of repose of feed pellets

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
颗粒
类型
Particle type
与钢的动摩
擦系数
Kinetic friction
coefficient
against steel
与钢的恢复
系数
Coefficient of
restitution
against steel
表面能
Surface
energy/
(J·m−2)
虚拟堆积角
Virtual angle
of repose/(°)
相对误差
Relative error/%
青贮0.170.430.1236.610.76
燕麦草0.130.390.0439.622.74
玉米
粉碎物
0.090.380.0336.202.67
), ArticleFig(id=1300032382661324857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211715779851218, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

饲料颗粒堆积角仿真试验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
颗粒
类型
Particle type
与钢的动摩
擦系数
Kinetic friction
coefficient
against steel
与钢的恢复
系数
Coefficient of
restitution
against steel
表面能
Surface
energy/
(J·m−2)
虚拟堆积角
Virtual angle
of repose/(°)
相对误差
Relative error/%
青贮0.170.430.1236.610.76
燕麦草0.130.390.0439.622.74
玉米
粉碎物
0.090.380.0336.202.67
), ArticleFig(id=1300032382757793850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211715779851218, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Discrete element simulation parameters

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对象Object参数Parameter数值Value
青贮饲料
Silage
泊松比0.38
剪切模量/Pa3.08×107
密度/(kg·m−3627.83
玉米
Corn
泊松比0.438
剪切模量/Pa1.37×108
密度/(kg·m−31250.23
燕麦草
Oat grass
泊松比0.4
剪切模量/Pa1.7×106
密度/(kg·m−3272.30
青贮-青贮
Silage-silage
恢复系数0.30
静摩擦系数0.60
滚动摩擦系数0.20
青贮-玉米
Silage-corn
恢复系数0.25
静摩擦系数0.53
滚动摩擦系数0.22
青贮-燕麦草
Silage-oat grass
恢复系数0.33
静摩擦系数0.68
滚动摩擦系数0.20
青贮-钢
Silage-steel
恢复系数0.43
静摩擦系数0.62
滚动摩擦系数0.17
青贮-尼龙
Silage-nylon
恢复系数0.17
静摩擦系数0.50
滚动摩擦系数0.20
玉米-玉米
Corn-corn
恢复系数0.18
静摩擦系数0.56
滚动摩擦系数0.18
玉米-燕麦草
Corn-oat grass
恢复系数0.26
静摩擦系数0.41
滚动摩擦系数0.30
玉米-钢
Corn-steel
恢复系数0.38
静摩擦系数0.43
滚动摩擦系数0.19
玉米-尼龙
Corn-nylon
恢复系数0.50
静摩擦系数0.50
滚动摩擦系数0.09
燕麦草-燕麦草
Oat grass-oat grass
恢复系数0.30
静摩擦系数0.65
滚动摩擦系数0.24
燕麦草-钢
Oat grass-steel
恢复系数0.39
静摩擦系数0.52
滚动摩擦系数0.13
燕麦草-尼龙
Oat grass-nylon
恢复系数0.27
静摩擦系数0.45
滚动摩擦系数0.07
), ArticleFig(id=1300032382833291323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211715779851218, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

离散元仿真参数

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对象Object参数Parameter数值Value
青贮饲料
Silage
泊松比0.38
剪切模量/Pa3.08×107
密度/(kg·m−3627.83
玉米
Corn
泊松比0.438
剪切模量/Pa1.37×108
密度/(kg·m−31250.23
燕麦草
Oat grass
泊松比0.4
剪切模量/Pa1.7×106
密度/(kg·m−3272.30
青贮-青贮
Silage-silage
恢复系数0.30
静摩擦系数0.60
滚动摩擦系数0.20
青贮-玉米
Silage-corn
恢复系数0.25
静摩擦系数0.53
滚动摩擦系数0.22
青贮-燕麦草
Silage-oat grass
恢复系数0.33
静摩擦系数0.68
滚动摩擦系数0.20
青贮-钢
Silage-steel
恢复系数0.43
静摩擦系数0.62
滚动摩擦系数0.17
青贮-尼龙
Silage-nylon
恢复系数0.17
静摩擦系数0.50
滚动摩擦系数0.20
玉米-玉米
Corn-corn
恢复系数0.18
静摩擦系数0.56
滚动摩擦系数0.18
玉米-燕麦草
Corn-oat grass
恢复系数0.26
静摩擦系数0.41
滚动摩擦系数0.30
玉米-钢
Corn-steel
恢复系数0.38
静摩擦系数0.43
滚动摩擦系数0.19
玉米-尼龙
Corn-nylon
恢复系数0.50
静摩擦系数0.50
滚动摩擦系数0.09
燕麦草-燕麦草
Oat grass-oat grass
恢复系数0.30
静摩擦系数0.65
滚动摩擦系数0.24
燕麦草-钢
Oat grass-steel
恢复系数0.39
静摩擦系数0.52
滚动摩擦系数0.13
燕麦草-尼龙
Oat grass-nylon
恢复系数0.27
静摩擦系数0.45
滚动摩擦系数0.07
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Single factor test level

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水平
Level
滚刷偏角
Brush deflection
angle A/(°)
滚刷转速
Brush rolling
speed B/(r·min−1)
行进速度
Moving speed C/
(m·s−1)
1101500.2
2203000.4
3304500.6
4406000.8
5507501.0
), ArticleFig(id=1300032383009452093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211715779851218, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

单因素试验水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平
Level
滚刷偏角
Brush deflection
angle A/(°)
滚刷转速
Brush rolling
speed B/(r·min−1)
行进速度
Moving speed C/
(m·s−1)
1101500.2
2203000.4
3304500.6
4406000.8
5507501.0
), ArticleFig(id=1300032383080755262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211715779851218, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Orthogonal test factor codes and levels

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编码CodeA/(°)B/(r·min−1)C/(m·s−1)
-1304500.4
0356000.6
1407500.8
), ArticleFig(id=1300032383160447039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211715779851218, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

正交试验因素编码及水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编码CodeA/(°)B/(r·min−1)C/(m·s−1)
-1304500.4
0356000.6
1407500.8
), ArticleFig(id=1300032383219167296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211715779851218, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Box-Behnken test results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号
No.
A/(°)B/(r·min−1)C/(m·s−1)y1/%y2/
(kg·min−1)
1304500.694.74348.47
2404500.699.14381.58
3307500.696.35347.37
4407500.698.44385.98
5306000.495.58229.72
6406000.497.99264.33
7306000.893.73421.09
8406000.896.05468.03
9354500.896.48254.41
10357500.497.56242.04
11355400.894.62441.55
12357500.895.25447.65
13356000.697.73352.29
14356000.697.84349.4
15356000.698.00353.46
16356000.697.90352.64
17356000.697.37349.10
), ArticleFig(id=1300032383303053377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211715779851218, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

Box-Behnken试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号
No.
A/(°)B/(r·min−1)C/(m·s−1)y1/%y2/
(kg·min−1)
1304500.694.74348.47
2404500.699.14381.58
3307500.696.35347.37
4407500.698.44385.98
5306000.495.58229.72
6406000.497.99264.33
7306000.893.73421.09
8406000.896.05468.03
9354500.896.48254.41
10357500.497.56242.04
11355400.894.62441.55
12357500.895.25447.65
13356000.697.73352.29
14356000.697.84349.4
15356000.698.00353.46
16356000.697.90352.64
17356000.697.37349.10
), ArticleFig(id=1300032383412105282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211715779851218, language=EN, label=Tab.8, caption=

Pushing rate analysis of variance results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变异来源
Variation
source
平方和
Sum of
squares
自由度
Degree of
freedom
均方
Mean square
FP
注:极显著(P < 0.01);显著(0.01 < P < 0.05)。下同。
Note: Extremely significant (P < 0.01); significant (0.01 < P < 0.05). The same below.
模型Model37.5094.1740.42< 0.0001
A15.74115.74152.66<0.01
B0.8610.868.320.02
C7.9217.9276.84< 0.01
AB1.3311.3312.94<0.01
AC0.00210.0020.01960.89
BC0.0510.050.49110.51
A20.5810.585.600.05
B20.2210.222.170.18
C210.25110.2599.44< 0.01
残差 Residual0.7270.10
失拟差
Lack of fit
0.4930.162.740.18
误差 Error0.2440.06
总和 Total38.2216
), ArticleFig(id=1300032383512768579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211715779851218, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

推料率方差分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变异来源
Variation
source
平方和
Sum of
squares
自由度
Degree of
freedom
均方
Mean square
FP
注:极显著(P < 0.01);显著(0.01 < P < 0.05)。下同。
Note: Extremely significant (P < 0.01); significant (0.01 < P < 0.05). The same below.
模型Model37.5094.1740.42< 0.0001
A15.74115.74152.66<0.01
B0.8610.868.320.02
C7.9217.9276.84< 0.01
AB1.3311.3312.94<0.01
AC0.00210.0020.01960.89
BC0.0510.050.49110.51
A20.5810.585.600.05
B20.2210.222.170.18
C210.25110.2599.44< 0.01
残差 Residual0.7270.10
失拟差
Lack of fit
0.4930.162.740.18
误差 Error0.2440.06
总和 Total38.2216
), ArticleFig(id=1300032383600848964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211715779851218, language=EN, label=Tab.9, caption=

Pushing efficiency analysis of variance results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变异来源
Variation
source
平方和
Sum of
squares
自由度
Degree of
freedom
均方
Mean square
FP
模型Model8.17×10491.3×1051586.17< 0.01
A2936.4612936.46513.11< 0.01
B1.1011.100.190.67
C7.76×10417.76×1041.37×104< 0.01
AB7.5617.567.560.29
AC38.01138.016.640.04
BC85.29185.2914.90<0.01
A2201.981201.9835.29<0.01
B2239.761239.7641.89<0.01
C2659.111659.11115.17< 0.01
残差 Residual40.0675.72
失拟差
Lack of fit
24.2038.072.030.25
误差 Error15.8643.97
18.17×10416
), ArticleFig(id=1300032383697317957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211715779851218, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

推料效率方差分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变异来源
Variation
source
平方和
Sum of
squares
自由度
Degree of
freedom
均方
Mean square
FP
模型Model8.17×10491.3×1051586.17< 0.01
A2936.4612936.46513.11< 0.01
B1.1011.100.190.67
C7.76×10417.76×1041.37×104< 0.01
AB7.5617.567.560.29
AC38.01138.016.640.04
BC85.29185.2914.90<0.01
A2201.981201.9835.29<0.01
B2239.761239.7641.89<0.01
C2659.111659.11115.17< 0.01
残差 Residual40.0675.72
失拟差
Lack of fit
24.2038.072.030.25
误差 Error15.8643.97
18.17×10416
), ArticleFig(id=1300032383793786950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211715779851218, language=EN, label=Tab.10, caption=

Feed pushing test statistical results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号No.饲料总质量
Total feed mass/kg
未推回饲料质量
Unreturned feed mass/kg
y1/%y2/(kg·min−1)
1
2
3
79.222.0697.40321.32
75.101.5497.95304.61
76.371.2798.34309.76
均值
Average
76.901.6297.90311.90
), ArticleFig(id=1300032383873478727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211715779851218, language=CN, label=表10, caption=

推料试验统计结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号No.饲料总质量
Total feed mass/kg
未推回饲料质量
Unreturned feed mass/kg
y1/%y2/(kg·min−1)
1
2
3
79.222.0697.40321.32
75.101.5497.95304.61
76.371.2798.34309.76
均值
Average
76.901.6297.90311.90
), ArticleFig(id=1300032383969947720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211715779851218, language=EN, label=Tab.11, caption=

Supplementary feeding statistics results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号
No.
每米内饲料质量
Feed mass per
meter/kg
平均值
Average/kg
标准差
Standard deviation
y3/
(kg·min−1)
y4/%
134.373.4370.22139.293.60
231.563.1560.16127.294.90
334.853.4850.29141.091.68
均值
Average
33.593.3590.22135.893.39
), ArticleFig(id=1300032384032862281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211715779851218, language=CN, label=表11, caption=

补饲试验统计结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号
No.
每米内饲料质量
Feed mass per
meter/kg
平均值
Average/kg
标准差
Standard deviation
y3/
(kg·min−1)
y4/%
134.373.4370.22139.293.60
231.563.1560.16127.294.90
334.853.4850.29141.091.68
均值
Average
33.593.3590.22135.893.39
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基于DEM-MBD的肉牛补饲推料机器人研制
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赵文杰 1, 2 , 武小喆 1, 2 , 翟亮 1, 2 , 朱恒旭 1, 2 , 张宏鸣 3 , 孙朋朋 3 , 王天本 3 , 李卫 1, 2, *
农业工程学报 | 智慧养殖技术与智能畜牧装备专题(2):智能装备与环境工程 2026,42(12): 10-20
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农业工程学报 |智慧养殖技术与智能畜牧装备专题(2):智能装备与环境工程 2026 , 42 (12) : 10 -20
基于DEM-MBD的肉牛补饲推料机器人研制
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赵文杰1, 2 , 武小喆1, 2, 翟亮1, 2, 朱恒旭1, 2, 张宏鸣3, 孙朋朋3, 王天本3, 李卫1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1西北农林科技大学机械与电子工程学院,杨凌 712100
  • 2陕西省农业装备工程技术研究中心,杨凌 712100
  • 3西北农林科技大学信息工程学院,杨凌 712100
通讯作者:
李卫,博士,副教授,研究方向为现代农业装备与技术。Email:
作者简介:

赵文杰,研究方向为现代农业装备与技术。Email:

Design and experiment of supplementary feeding pusher robot for cowshed based on DEM-MBD
Wenjie ZHAO1, 2 , Xiaozhe WU1, 2, Liang ZHAI1, 2, Hengxu ZHU1, 2, Hongming ZHANG3, Pengpeng SUN3, Tianben WANG3, Wei LI1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
  • 2Shaanxi Engineering Technology Research Center for Agricultural Equipment, Yangling 712100, China
  • 3College of Information Engineering, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
出版时间: 2026-06-30 doi: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202601268
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针对肉牛进食过程中的拱料现象,满足肉牛的个性化进食需求,该研究设计了一款滚刷式补饲推料机器人。为探究补饲推料机器人运动参数对补饲和推料效果的影响,基于EDEM-RecurDyn耦合方法对补饲推料机器人的运动过程进行仿真分析,确定了全混合日粮饲料间、饲料与装置间的接触参数。在补饲性能分析中以螺旋转速和整机行进速度为试验因素,以补饲均匀性和补饲效率为评价指标,在推料性能分析中以滚刷转速、滚刷偏角和整机行进速度为试验因素,以推料率和推料效率作为评价指标,采用单因素与正交试验方法进行仿真分析。试验结果表明:当补饲推料机螺旋轴转速为160 r/min、整机行进速度为0.68 m/s、滚刷转速为450 r/min和滚刷偏角为40°时,补饲均匀性大于96%,补饲效率为120.6 kg/min,推料率为98.25%,推送效率为418.94 kg/min。在此最优参数条件下进行样机试验,得到的结果为:补饲均匀性大于93%,补饲效率为135.8 kg/min,推料率为97.90%,推送效率为311.90 kg/min,所设计的机器人工作性能良好,能够满足中小规模牛舍的辅助饲喂需求。

机器人  /  肉牛  /  补饲  /  推料  /  耦合仿真

To address the feed arching phenomenon that occurs during the feeding process of beef cattle and to satisfy the individualized feeding requirements of beef cattle, a roller-brush type supplementary feeding and pushing robot was designed in this study, which consists of a roller-brush pushing device, a screw-type supplementary feeding device, and an Ackermann chassis. The structural design of the feeding screw and the pushing roller brush was completed, and the motion behavior of feed particles was analyzed. In order to investigate the influence of the motion parameters of the supplementary feeding and pushing robot on the feeding and pushing performance, a simulation analysis of the robot’s motion process was carried out based on the EDEM-RecurDyn coupling method. First, the contact parameters among total mixed ration (TMR) particles as well as between the feed and the mechanical components were determined. Subsequently, dynamic models of the supplementary feeding device and the pushing device were respectively constructed in RecurDyn, and a flexible mesh was generated for the roller brush. Finally, a feed particle model was built in the EDEM software, and the device models were imported to complete the coupled simulation. In the study of feeding performance, the screw rotation speed and the robot’s travelling speed were taken as experimental factors, while feeding uniformity and feeding efficiency were used as evaluation indicators. In the study of pushing performance, the roller brush rotation speed, the roller brush deflection angle, and the robot’s travelling speed were taken as experimental factors, and the pushing rate and pushing efficiency were used as evaluation indicators. Single-factor and orthogonal experimental methods were adopted for the simulation tests. The simulation results showed that when the screw rotation speed of the supplementary feeding and pushing robot was 160 r/min, the robot travelling speed was 0.68 m/s, the roller brush rotation speed was 450 r/min, and the roller brush deflection angle was 40°, the feeding uniformity exceeded 96%, the feeding efficiency reached 120.6 kg/min, the pushing rate was 98.25%, and the pushing efficiency was 418.94 kg/min. Prototype tests were carried out under these optimal parameters, and the obtained results were as follows: feeding uniformity greater than 93%, feeding efficiency of 135.8 kg/min, pushing rate of 97.90%, and pushing efficiency of 311.90 kg/min. The designed robot exhibits good working performance and can meet the auxiliary feeding requirements of small- and medium-scale cattle barns.

robot  /  beef cattle  /  supplementary feeding  /  push feeding  /  coupling simulation
赵文杰, 武小喆, 翟亮, 朱恒旭, 张宏鸣, 孙朋朋, 王天本, 李卫. 基于DEM-MBD的肉牛补饲推料机器人研制. 农业工程学报, 2026 , 42 (12) : 10 -20 . DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202601268
Wenjie ZHAO, Xiaozhe WU, Liang ZHAI, Hengxu ZHU, Hongming ZHANG, Pengpeng SUN, Tianben WANG, Wei LI. Design and experiment of supplementary feeding pusher robot for cowshed based on DEM-MBD[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2026 , 42 (12) : 10 -20 . DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202601268
肉牛养殖是畜牧业的重要支柱产业。近年来,全国肉牛存栏量保持稳步增长 [1]。“十四五”规划明确提出推进畜牧业现代化发展,实现肉牛养殖基本现代化,并推动行业向规模化、集约化、智能化方向转型[2],为畜牧机械的发展创新提供了重要机遇。
在肉牛饲喂过程中,由于牛只挑食精饲料,会将部分饲料拱出料槽。若不及时处理,不仅会造成饲料浪费、环境污染,还会影响肉牛的采食量,进而降低牛肉的产量与品质。此外,因个体间进食差异,需频繁补充精饲料含量更高的全混合日粮(total mixed ration,TMR)饲料。目前国内普遍采用早晚2次定时撒料的饲喂方式,推料作业主要有人工、人工驾驶推料机以及自走式推料机器人3种。人工推料劳动强度大,存在人畜交叉感染风险[3],加之人口老龄化和劳动力的缺失,导致人工成本持续攀升。自走式推料机器人借助各类传感器实现自主导航与推料,现有机型按推料方式可分为自转式、螺旋式、刮板式和皮带式[4-5]。加拿大Rovibec、奥地利Hetwin、荷兰Lely等公司的产品均采用自转式推料,依靠设备自转完成推料,效果较好,但推料效率较低[6-8];螺旋式推料机器人,如加拿大Valmetal、瑞典Delaval等公司的产品,推料效率高且能将饲料进行二次混合,但由于螺旋无法直接接触地面、直径固定等问题导致存在漏料现象[9-11];张勤等[12]设计的刮板式机器人结构简单,操作方便,但是推料效果不理想,因为推料过程为被动推料,且由于饲料含水率的影响,易出现堆料现象,导致作业机阻力变大;皮带式推料机[13]依靠前置立式皮带输送装置进行推料,对含水率高、撒料量大的饲料适应性较好,但由于皮带结构难以适应凹凸不平的地面,也存在一定的漏料现象。
针对肉牛养殖过程中需频繁补饲的需求,并解决现有推料设备在推料、堆料、漏料方面的不足,满足肉牛个性化进食需求,本文设计一款滚刷式的补饲推料机器人,依靠前置滚刷装置,将饲料进行重新混合并清扫回料槽,避免漏料问题;补饲装置则通过料仓内的横向螺旋实现均匀撒料,为确定整机的最佳工作参数,利用EDEM-RecurDyn双向耦合的方法[14-15],构建柔性刷毛与饲料的刚柔耦合接触模型,基于Design-Expert 13设置三因素三水平正交试验,分析滚刷转速、滚刷偏角及前进速度对推料率和推料效率的影响,同时通过单因素试验探究螺旋转速和前进速度对补饲效率和均匀性的影响,最后通过牛场试验评估整机作业性能,以期为肉牛养殖机械化及智能化提供理论支撑。
本文设计的补饲推料机器人整体结构如图1所示。主要由补饲装置、推料装置、48 V电控底盘与控制系统等组成,其中补饲装置包括整体流型料仓、下料螺旋、减速电机与链轮组等,推料装置包括滚刷、刮板、防护罩、电动推杆与连接架等,底盘采用阿克曼转向结构,减小噪声并保障移动灵活性,控制系统则集成激光雷达、双目相机、STM32单片机和工控机,实现环境感知与自主作业控制,主要技术参数如表1所示。
本文设计的补饲推料机器人用于牛舍辅助饲喂,旨在与大型TMR撒料车配合作业,48 V蓄电池组为整机提供动力,工作时机器人融合激光雷达和双目相机信息,控制机器人在牛舍间自主行走,具体作业流程如下:在撒料车完成集中饲喂1 h后,执行首次推料作业,随着料槽内外剩余饲料逐渐减少,为满足肉牛持续采食需求,后续作业中,机器人每隔1 h执行一次补饲与推料操作,作业时,机器人利用双目相机采集的牛舍料槽区域图像,并使用YOLOv8-seg模型提取料槽和饲料的像素面积,进而计算饲料覆盖率。当饲料覆盖率低于0.3时,机器人同时启动推料与补饲装置,其余情况下仅执行推料作业。此外,为保证补饲均匀性,下料螺旋的转速会根据机器人行进速度进行PID调节。
补饲装置采用整体流型料仓,设计尺寸为1 290 mm×1 000 mm×1 050 mm,有效容积为1.31 m3,可装载396 kg饲料,满足规模化养殖场辅助饲喂需求。
为实现稳定、均匀的饲料输送,采用满面式螺旋输送器作为核心送料机构,该螺旋横向置于料仓底部,由减速电机与链轮组驱动。根据肉牛辅助饲喂要求及螺旋输送机生产经验公式[16-17],并查物料综合特性参数表得到各参数值[18],确定螺旋叶片直径D
$ D\geq {\left(\frac{Q}{47A{K}_{1}{\beta }_{0}\rho \psi }\right)}^{\frac{2}{5}} $
式中Q为螺旋输送能力,t/h;A为物料综合系数,取85;K1为绞龙螺距与螺旋叶片直径的比值,取0.7;β0为倾斜修正系数,取1;ρ为物料容重,0.3025 t/m3Ψ为物料填充系数,取0.4。
为保证螺旋输送能力不小于7 t/h,同时考虑TMR饲料粒度较大的特点,根据设计经验并圆整后,确定螺旋叶片直径D为280 mm。
螺旋轴转速是影响输送性能的关键因素,转速过低会导致输送量不足,过高则易因离心作用导致物料抛掷、填充率降低,并加剧磨损与能耗。螺旋轴实际转速n[19]
$ n=\frac{Q}{47{D}^{2}S{\beta }_{0}\rho \psi } $
取螺距S=0.7D,圆整后得到螺距为200 mm,初步拟定螺旋轴转速范围为60~160 r/min,为后续仿真和试验提供理论依据。
依据工程经验,螺旋轴截面尺寸取84 mm;根据料仓设计尺寸,螺旋轴长度L确定为1000 mm。螺旋叶片与料仓内壁间隙对输送效率有显著影响,间隙过大会降低输送效率,间隙过小则易导致堵料与摩擦加剧,综合输送效率与运行稳定性,设计间隙为20 mm。
推料装置旨在实现散落饲料的高效定向回推作业。本文设计了一种滚刷式推料机构,该机构在作业过程中兼具圆周切向扫料与轴向推送功能,可有效将离散饲料归集至指定区域。刷体采用适用于大质量、高堆积密度颗粒物料的切线式结构,刷丝材料选用耐磨尼龙。刷毛按图2所示的直列式均匀排布以保障扫料过程中的力学稳定性与推送连续性[20],滚刷参数如表2所示。
为分析补饲推料机器人补饲作业过程中,饲料颗粒在下料螺旋作用下的涌动情况,本文基于静力学与运动学理论对饲料颗粒的运动行为进行建模。将饲料颗粒简化为质点,在下料过程中同时受到螺旋叶片的法向作用力与摩擦阻力,其合成运动速度由轴向与切向分量叠加而成。假设螺旋内部物料分布均匀,忽略物料压缩与颗粒间摩擦。选取距离螺旋轴线R处的物料质点m为分析对象,其受力与运动分析如图3所示。
根据图3几何关系有:
$ \tan\delta=\frac{S}{3.14D_{ }} $
结合前文的下料螺旋设计分析过程有:
$ \begin{cases} {F}_{t}=F\sin (\gamma +\delta )\\{F}_{z}=F\cos (\gamma +\delta )\end{cases} $
由式(3)~(4)可知,δ与直径D呈负相关关系,当δ增大时,轴向力分量Fz相应减小,切向力分量Ft则持续增加;Ft增加会使物料运动状态转变为以周向旋转为主,造成能量损耗,降低输送机工作效率[21]
根据输送介质运动关系有:
$ \begin{cases} {v}_{t}={v}_{sc}\sin (\delta +\gamma )={v}_{sc}(\sin \delta \cos \gamma +\cos \delta \sin \gamma )\\{v}_{z}={v}_{sc}\cos (\delta +\gamma )={v}_{s\mathrm{c}}(\cos \delta \cos \gamma -\sin \delta \sin \gamma )\end{cases} $
由速度三角形可知:
$ {v}_{sc}=\frac{{v}_{n}}{\cos \gamma }=\frac{{v}_{f}\sin \delta }{\cos \gamma } $
当转速为n1时,vf
$ v_f=3.14D_{ }n_1 $
vf代入式(7)得:
$ {v}_{sc}=\frac{{n}_{1}S\cos \delta }{\cos \gamma } $
由几何关系可确定$ \sin \delta $$ \cos \delta $,代入式(8),得:
$ \begin{cases} {v}_{t}=\dfrac{S{n}_{1}{(\mu +{S}/{6.28R})}^{2}}{1+{\left({S}/{6.28R}\right)}^{2}}\\{v}_{z}=\dfrac{S{n}_{1}{(1-{\mu S}/{6.28R})}^{2}}{1+{\left({S}/{6.28R}\right)}^{2}}\end{cases} $
式中μ为物料与螺旋叶片间摩擦系数。
分析式(9)可知,在螺旋轴转速及物料特性已知的条件下,物料周向速度vt随径向距离R的增大呈现先增加后降低的趋势,而轴向速度vz则随着R的增大持续上升,并在叶片外缘处取得最大值。
滚刷旋转作业过程中刷毛与颗粒的接触属于非线性接触问题。补饲推料机器人行进时,依靠整机直线行驶与滚刷转动的协同作用推动饲料。滚刷旋转可清除散落在料槽外的饲料,同时通过角度推杆调节推料装置以改变接触姿态。
物料在被推送过程中主要受到以下力的作用:随滚刷旋转向外抛撒产生的作用力NT、刷毛与饲料颗粒间的摩擦力fT、机具直线行驶提供动力Fd、影响物料滚动与滑移的地面摩擦力fs,以及物料自身重力mg
在此基础上,对物料颗粒的临界状态进行受力分析,图4为刷毛与物料临界接触位置受力示意图。
刷毛在水平和竖直方向上推送力为
$ \begin{cases} {F}_{sx}={N}_{T}\sin {\alpha }_{T}+{F}_{d}\cos \beta +{f}_{T}\cos {\alpha }_{T}\\{F}_{sy}={f}_{T}\sin {\alpha }_{T}-{N}_{T}\cos {\alpha }_{T}\end{cases} $
式中Fsx为饲料颗粒受到垂直机器前进的力,N;Fsy为饲料颗粒受到沿机器前进方向的力,N。
在刷毛与颗粒接触过程中,为使物料颗粒开始产生水平位移,其推送力须满足:
$ \sum {F}_{s}={F}_{sx}-{f}_{s}>0 $
即当水平推送力超过颗粒与接触面间的摩擦阻力时,物料会产生横向移动或弹跳。滚刷转速过高会导致离心力增大,需与整机速度匹配防止物料飞溅。后期利用仿真软件对不同滚刷转速与偏角参数下的颗粒动态接触力进行仿真计算,分析推料装置工作参数对作业效果的影响。
为使仿真环境中的饲料颗粒模型能最大程度地反映真实TMR饲料的物理特性,本节对其基本组分的接触参数进行了测定与标定。
选用陕西省咸阳市杨凌区秦宝牧业有限公司的TMR全混合日粮饲料[22]为研究对象,该公司使用的饲料为肉牛养殖企业广泛使用的全混合日粮,其营养组成具有代表性。其主要成分为含量比例为6:1:3的青贮饲料、燕麦草和玉米粉碎物,取当日制备饲料并使用覆膜袋进行密封保存,测定其基本物理特性参数。
采用HE53型水分测定仪进行含水率测定。试验取5 g样品于105 ℃下恒温烘干至恒重。各组分样品均进行5次重复测定,结果取均值,最终测得青贮秸秆含水率72.47%,燕麦草含水率10.28%,玉米粉碎物含水率13.62%。
颗粒密度用于离散元仿真,堆积密度用于料仓容积计算。由于饲料颗粒的形状不规则,本文采用排水法测量,最终测得青贮颗粒密度为627.83 kg/m3,燕麦草颗粒密度为272.30 kg/m3,玉米粉碎物颗粒密度1250.23 kg/m3。堆积密度根据质量与体积比进行计算,测得TMR饲料堆积密度为302.5 kg/m3
采用斜面法和能量守恒定律测量TMR饲料各组分间以及与尼龙和钢之间的动静摩擦系数,使用角度仪测定物料开始滑动与相对滚动的角度值,并记录饲料颗粒滚动距离,按文献[23-25]方法进行计算。
对TMR饲料的主要组成成分(青贮饲料、燕麦草、玉米粉碎物)进行物理堆积角试验,采用直径100 mm的圆桶进行堆积角试验,以0.05 m/s的速度缓慢提升圆桶,试验结果如图5所示,最终得到青贮饲料平均堆积角为36.89°,燕麦草平均堆积角为38.56°,玉米粉碎物平均堆积角为35.26°。
在EDEM中构建饲料颗粒模型时,需要考虑水分对颗粒之间相互作用的影响,颗粒之间可能会出现粘结和团聚现象,因此选择Hertz-Mindlin with JKR接触模型。
为了更准确地模拟补饲推料装置与饲料颗粒之间的相互作用,对3种饲料颗粒的表面能进行标定,通过Plackett-Burman试验确定以饲料与钢之间的动摩擦系数、恢复系数和饲料表面能3个因素进行标定试验,通过最陡爬坡试验确定3个因素的范围,之后设计Box-Behnken试验,并以物理试验的堆积角为标准值,求解出对应误差最小的恢复系数、动摩擦系数与表面能,结果如表3所示。
为探明不同结构与运动参数对补饲推料装置作业性能的影响,本文基于EDEM-RecurDyn交互式仿真平台进行分析,通过单因素与正交试验确定螺旋转速、行进速度、滚刷转速、滚刷偏角等关键参数的最优组合。
为提高仿真效率,将底盘等不必要的部件去掉,并将补饲装置和推料装置的关键结构进行合并,构建的动力学模型如图6所示。在仿真分析过程中,推料装置与补饲装置之间的联系为整机的行进速度,其余试验因素之间互不影响,因此本研究中将推料装置与补饲装置分别进行仿真,先进行推料装置的仿真,之后以确定的整机行进速度进行补饲装置的仿真,判断其是否满足作业需求。
由于本设计中推料装置采用柔性滚刷,为了准确模拟滚刷与饲料之间的相互作用,除滚刷采用尼龙材料外,其余部件均定义为钢材。在RecurDyn软件的Material Property模块中,分别创建steel和Nylon两种材料,并参照相关文献[26]与软件内置材料库为其赋予相应的物理属性:steel材料密度设置为7800 kg/m3,泊松比为0.30,剪切模量为310 GPa;Nylon材料密度设置为1150 kg/m3,泊松比为0.34,剪切模量为0.97 GPa。在FFlex模块中对滚刷进行柔性化网格划分,网格最小尺寸为3 mm,参与接触计算的平均单元数为134 500,平均节点数量为132 300(图7)。根据补饲推料机器人的实际运动情况,对各部件添加运动副以定义各部件之间的相对运动形式。
EDEM-RecurDyn耦合仿真时将RecurDyn中的装置模型导出为EDEM可以识别的*.Wall文件,然后将其导入至EDEM中。
建立合理的颗粒模型是进行后续仿真模拟的基础条件,根据饲料特性的测定结果,基于真实饲料尺寸:青贮饲料25.6 mm×8.2 mm×2.0 mm,燕麦草18.6 mm×6.2 mm×4.5 mm,玉米粉碎物5.4 mm×5.3 mm×5.8 mm,构建相应的颗粒模型,如图8所示,颗粒参数如表4所示。
EDEM接收到RecurDyn软件的动力学信息,包括滚刷位置、转速、接触力和下料螺旋的转速等,然后计算补饲推料装置与饲料颗粒之间的接触力、颗粒的位移、速度和受力变化等动态响应,并将信息以质量力的形式传递至RecurDyn软件中,从而分析推料装置的推料性能,如图9所示。
为了验证滚刷柔性仿真模型与饲料颗粒模型的准确性,对小尺度的单列滚刷推料的物理试验与仿真试验进行对比,以不同转速清扫推料后不同饲料颗粒的位移为指标,计算物理试验与仿真试验的误差,试验过程如图10所示,试验结果如图11所示。
图11中可以看出,3种饲料颗粒在不同滚刷转速下的物理试验与仿真试验之间的最大误差分别为7.33%、8.90%、6.51%,表明滚刷柔性体与饲料颗粒的标定参数较为准确,能够满足仿真试验要求。
根据机器人的作业需求,以饲料推料率y1、推送效率y2作为清扫推料装置的性能评价指标,以补饲效率y3和补饲均匀性y4作为补饲装置的性能评价指标。
推料率是指推料完成后,推送的饲料总质量与初始状态时料槽外饲料总质量的比值,推送效率是指推送饲料总质量与推料所需时间的比值,推料率y1和推送效率y2按式(12)和(13)计算。
$ y_1=\frac{m_1-{m}_0}{{m}}\times100\text{%} $
$ y_2=\frac{{m}_1-{m}_0}{T}\times100\text{%} $
式中m1为料槽外饲料总质量,kg;m0为推送完成后剩余饲料总质量,kg;T为推料完成所需时间,s。
补饲效率为单位时间内补饲装置补充饲料的总质量,同时本文通过变异系数来描述补充饲料的均匀性,即单位时间内补充饲料的标准差与平均值之间的比值。补饲效率y3和补饲均匀性y4按式(14)和(15)计算。
$ {y}_{3}=\frac{M}{{{T}}_{{1}}}\times 100\text{%} $
$ {y}_{4}=\left(1-\frac{\sigma }{\overline{M}}\right)\times 100\text{%} $
式中M为补充的饲料总质量,kg;$ \sigma $为单位时间内补充的饲料质量标准差,kg; $\bar M $为单位时间内补充饲料的平均质量,kg;T1为补充饲料所需时间,s。
结合推料装置结构与理论分析,取滚刷偏角A范围为10°~50°,滚刷转速B范围为150~750 r/min,行进速度C范围为0.2~1 m/s进行单因素试验,因素编码如表5所示,为减小仿真试验的误差,每组试验重复4次并计算其平均值,各因素对推料率和推料效率的单因素试验结果如图12所示。
结合单因素试验结果确定3种因素的正交试验范围:滚刷偏角30°~40°,滚刷转速450~750 r/min,整机行进速度0.4~0.8 m/s。正交试验因素的编码如表6所示。
采用Design-Expert13.0软件设计Box-Behnken正交试验,试验方案和结果如表7所示
采用Design-Expert 13.0软件对表6的试验结果进行多元回归拟合,方差分析结果如表8表9所示。
由方差分析结果可知,推料率模型F=40.42,表明该模型显著;P<0.01表示模型项极显著,其中ACABC2对推料率具有显著影响;推料效率模型F=1586.17,表明该模型显著;P<0.01表示模型项极显著,其中ACBCA2B2C2对推料效率具有显著影响,建立推料率y1、推送效率y2与滚刷倾角A、滚刷转速B、行进速度C之间的回归方程为
$ \begin{split}{y}_{1}&=35.76+1.79A+2.62B+44.87C-0.05AB -\\&0.02AC-0.23BC-0.02{A}^{2}-0.04{B}^{2}-39.00{C}^{2}\end{split} $
$ \begin{split}{y}_{2}&=429.47-18.51A-33.69B+667.50C+0.11AB+\\& 3.08AC+9.24BC+0.28{A}^{2}+1.21{B}^{2}-312.79{C}^{2}\end{split} $
为探究各作业参数之间的交互作用对推料率和推料效率的影响,借助Design-Expert软件构建响应曲面模型,如图13所示。
图13a可知,滚刷偏角与滚刷转速对推料率具有交互影响,在滚刷偏角低于36°时,随着滚刷转速的增大,推料率逐渐增大,但是增大速率随偏角的增大逐渐降低,当滚刷偏角高于36°时,随着滚刷转速的增大,推料率基本保持不变。
图13e可知,滚刷偏角与行进速度对推料效率有交互作用影响,当滚刷转速为450 r/min时,随着整机行进速度的增加,推料效率逐渐增大,而随着滚刷偏角的增加推料效率有所增大,但增幅不大。
图13f可知,滚刷转速与行进速度对推料效率有交互作用影响,当滚刷偏角为35°时,随着整机行进速度的增加推料效率呈现逐渐增大的趋势,而滚刷转速对推料效率几乎没有影响。
为进一步得到推料装置试验因素的最佳组合,采用Design-Expert 13.0软件进行参数优化,采取多目标优化方法,取推料率和推料效率最大值为目标,其优化约束条件和目标函数为
$ \begin{cases}\max {y}_{1}\left(A,B,C\right)\\\max {y}_{2}\left(A,B,C\right)\\30{^{\circ}}<A<40{^{\circ}}\\450\;{\mathrm{r}}/ {\min } <B<750\;{\mathrm{r}}/ {\min }\\0.4\;\mathrm{m}/ {{\mathrm{s}}} <C<0.8\;\mathrm{m}/ {{\mathrm{s}}}\end{cases} $
采用Design-Expert 13.0软件求解得到优化结果为:滚刷偏角40°、滚刷转速450 r/min、行进速度0.68 m/s,此时推料装置的推料率和推料效率最优值分别为98.25%和418.94 kg/min。
基于推料装置仿真分析得到的最优机器人行进速度0.68 m/s,以下料螺旋转速为试验因素进行单因素仿真试验,以补饲效率y3和补饲均匀性y4为试验评价指标,下料螺旋转速在60~160 r/min范围分为5个水平,仿真试验结果如图14所示。
从仿真结果可以看出,当螺旋转速为60~160 r/min时,料仓的卸料能力随螺旋转速的增大而增大;补饲均匀性基本不随螺旋的转速而变化,稳定在96%~98%之间,表明该料仓的补饲均匀性较高,在实际作业过程中,下料螺旋转速会根据整机的行进速度进行PID控制,以保证补饲的稳定性。
为了验证推料装置结构的合理性,通过仿真对饲料颗粒的运动进行分析。
饲料颗粒在推料装置作用下的运动速度体现了饲料运动的情况,本研究利用EDEM的后处理软件监测饲料颗粒在最优参数条件下在推料装置作用下沿机器前进方向和垂直方向的速度情况,结果如图15所示。
图15中可以看出,在滚刷式推料装置作用下,饲料颗粒沿机器前进方向的速度在0.25 m/s波动,沿料槽方向的速度在0.38 m/s附近波动,这表明在滚刷旋转产生的侧向分力成功克服颗粒与地面的摩擦阻力,使饲料获得指向料槽的运动速度,从而验证了推料滚刷能够有效将散落饲料推送回料槽内。
补饲推料机器人主要由补饲装置、推料装置、底盘、控制系统等部件构成,如图16所示,试验于陕西省咸阳市杨陵区秦宝牧业有限公司进行。使用该公司的TMR饲料,试验牛舍总长度为110 m,牛舍内通道宽6.5 m,其中饲喂区宽0.75 m,舍内地面平坦,坡度<5°。
以仿真试验确定的最优参数进行推料作业样机试验,随机选取牛舍中不同的3段饲料区,每段饲料区长10 m,试验时分别测量推料前后料槽外饲料总质量与推料所需时间,计算并取3段试验结果的平均值为最终结果,推料作业过程如图17所示,试验结果如表10所示。
根据试验评价指标,所设计的滚刷式补饲推料机器人作业效果较好,平均推料率达到97.9%左右,与传统螺旋式推料装置的90%和皮带式推料装置的94.6%相比,分别提升了约8.8%和3.5%。仿真试验推料率最优值98.25%与样机试验误差为0.38%,表明仿真具有一定的可靠性。两者之间产生误差的原因在于,首先,试验牛舍地面为石灰地面,平整度远低于仿真环境,由于滚刷高度固定,导致地面下凹处饲料无法被清扫;其次,仿真中饲料颗粒含水率固定,而在现实环境中,TMR饲料的含水率在制备时就有所差异,并随时间降低;在RecurDyn的FFlex柔性体仿真中,虽然能模拟刷毛的弯曲变形,但未考虑材料的磨损,实际作业过程中由于尼龙刷毛和石灰地面接触会不断磨损,导致后期清扫效率低于仿真。
以仿真试验确定的最优参数进行补饲作业样机试验,试验中随机选取牛舍中不同的3段饲料区,每段饲料区长10 m,分别统计每米的饲料质量和补饲所需时间,计算3段试验结果的平均值。补饲作业过程如图18所示,试验结果如表11所示。
根据试验的评价指标,所设计的补饲推料机器人在补饲作业过程中,平均补饲均匀性大于93%,优于传统螺旋式下料设备的90%。样机试验值略小于仿真试验,是因为在机器人补饲过程中饲料量不断减少,导致补饲过程中下方饲料所受压力降低,落料质量有所下降。补饲效率达到135.8 kg/min,能够满足肉牛辅助饲喂需求。
为解决现有推料装置存在的漏料与堆料现象,并满足肉牛个体进食差异,设计了一种适用于中小型牧场的补饲推料机器人,采用EDEM与RecurDyn双向耦合仿真的方法对补饲和推料作业过程进行仿真分析。对于推料装置,以推料率和推料效率为评价标准,选取滚刷偏角、滚刷转速和机器过单因素与二次正交仿真试验,系统分析了推料装置结构和运动参数对推料性能的影响;对于补饲装置,在满足推料性能的前提下,对其螺旋转速进行单因素仿真分析。主要研究结果如下:
1)采用Design-Expert软件对推料装置结构和运动参数进行优化,得到最优参数组合:滚刷偏角40°、滚刷转速450 r/min、螺旋转速160 r/min和行进速度0.68 m/s,该参数条件下推料率和推料效率分别为98.25%和418.94 kg/min,补饲的均匀性大于96%,补饲效率约为120.6 kg/min。
2)完成补饲推料机器人的加工制造和关键部件调试,并在最优参数条件下以推料率、推料效率、补饲效率和补饲均匀性为评价指标进行了样机试验。试验结果表明,推料装置的平均推料率大于97.9%,相较于传统螺旋式推料设备提升了8.8%,较现有皮带式推料设备提升了3.5%;补饲装置的平均补饲效率大于135 kg/min,补饲均匀性大于93%,总体而言,本设计满足牛舍辅助饲喂要求。
尽管本研究设计的滚刷式补饲推料机器人在推料与补饲作业中表现出较好的性能,但样机试验主要是在较为平整且无障碍的理想环境下进行的短期性能验证,未能完全真实反映真实中小型牛舍中地面坑洼以及季节性饲料性状变化带来的复杂工况,且推料滚刷在长期磨损下的寿命亟待验证。未来将把样机引入真实中小规模肉牛养殖场开展长周期试验,进一步优化推料滚刷与下料螺旋自适应调节机构,同时深度研究动态避障过程中机器人补饲推料作业效果的提升。

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2026年第42卷第12期
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doi: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202601268
  • 接收时间:2026-01-26
  • 首发时间:2026-08-20
  • 出版时间:2026-06-30
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-26
  • 修回日期:2026-03-12
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    1西北农林科技大学机械与电子工程学院,杨凌 712100
    2陕西省农业装备工程技术研究中心,杨凌 712100
    3西北农林科技大学信息工程学院,杨凌 712100

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李卫,博士,副教授,研究方向为现代农业装备与技术。Email:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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