Article(id=1297211862806982947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, issueId=1297211624738284246, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202601178, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1768924800000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-21, revisedDate=1778515200000, revisedDateStr=2026-05-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1787209009124, onlineDateStr=2026-08-20, pubDate=1782748800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1787209009124, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1787209009124, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1787209009124, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1297211624738284246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, year='2026', volume='42', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='396', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782748800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1787208952364, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1787212261177, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1297225503002357852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, issueId=1297211624738284246, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1297225503002357853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, issueId=1297211624738284246, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=347, endPage=355, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1297211862995726628, articleId=1297211862806982947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, language=EN, title=Image-based detection of maize mould infestation and simultaneous prediction of storage and transportation quality, columnId=1297211746972885671, journalTitle=Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, columnName=Agricultural Produce Processing Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Maize is susceptible to rapid quality deterioration and fungal infection due to complex environmental fluctuations during "North-to-South Grain Transfer" strategies. However, conventional detection is often time-consuming, destructive, and labor-intensive under different storage and transportation environments. It is an urgent need to non-destructively and rapidly identify the mold ratio, and then continuously predict the quality index. In this study, a synchronous prediction was proposed for maize mold ratio and storage/transportation quality using advanced image processing and deep learning technologies. Maize samples with a controlled gradient mold ratio ranging from 0 to 12% were selected as the research objects. A systematic simulation was conducted on typical temperature and humidity environments of both waterway and overland transportation routes. Key quality indices of the maize were measured to quantify the deterioration rates in the simulated storage and transportation periods, including moisture content, fatty acid value, and electrical conductivity. Simultaneously, maize images were collected using a standard smartphone. Digital image processing was also integrated with the Vision Transformer (ViT) deep learning model and statistical modeling. The mold ratio was then detected to precisely predict the quality indices. The results indicated that the high-humidity environment of waterway transportation accelerated the deterioration of maize kernel quality (P<0.05). Specifically, the moisture content of the waterway samples rapidly exceeded the threshold of 14% in the national safe storage standard when the mold ratio reached 2%. In contrast, the moisture content of the overland transportation samples remained stable in the safe range of 12.207% to 12.772%. Furthermore, the fatty acid value and electrical conductivity increased by 57.070% and 38.357%, respectively, under waterway conditions, as the maize mold ratio increased progressively. These deterioration rates were higher than those under overland conditions, indicating the lower increases of 29.035% and 27.714%, respectively. In terms of the deep learning algorithms, the ViT architecture achieved exceptionally high precision in identifying moldy maize kernels, reaching an impressive overall accuracy of 99.00%. Subsequently, a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of only 0.52% was achieved, indicating the accurate and reliable prediction of the overall maize mold ratio. Visual features were extracted and further screened to construct Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) models for quality evaluation. In the waterway samples, the coefficients of determination (R2) of the prediction models reached 0.859, 0.955, and 0.942, respectively, for moisture content, fatty acid value, and electrical conductivity. In the overland samples, the R² values of prediction models were 0.930 and 0.937, respectively, for the fatty acid value and electrical conductivity, indicating accurate prediction for the quality of maize during storage and transportation. In conclusion, the dynamic quality deterioration of moldy maize can provide a low-cost, easy-to-operate, and entirely non-destructive pathway for maize quality detection. This finding can also offer an effective and practical analytical tool to dynamically monitor quality and safety for risk early warning during the complex grain circulation.

, authors=Zhigao WANG1, Liubin LI1, Ying XU1, Chenghui JU2, Rong HE1, *, authorsList=Zhigao WANG, Liubin LI, Ying XU, Chenghui JU, Rong HE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Rong HE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1297211866309226807, articleId=1297211862806982947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, language=CN, title=基于图像处理的玉米霉变比例检测与储运品质的同步预测, columnId=1297211747186795177, journalTitle=农业工程学报, columnName=农产品加工工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对“北粮南运”过程中玉米品质劣变快,亟需兼具霉变比例快速识别与品质指标预测能力的无损评估方法,该研究提出一种基于图像处理的玉米霉变比例检测与储运品质同步预测方法。以梯度霉变比例(0~12%)的玉米为对象,模拟水路与陆路典型运输环境的温湿度条件,系统测定储运后玉米的水分含量、脂肪酸值及电导率等关键品质指标;同时,基于智能手机采集的玉米图像,利用图像处理技术,结合深度学习与统计建模,同步实现霉变比例检测与品质指标预测。结果表明:水路高湿环境显著加速玉米籽粒品质劣变(P<0.05),其水分含量在霉变比例达2%时即超过国家储藏标准(14%),而陆路样本水分维持在12.207%~12.772%;随着玉米霉变比例增加至12%,其脂肪酸值与电导率在水路条件下分别上升57.070%与38.357%,均高于陆路(29.035%与27.714%);采用Vision Transformer(ViT)模型实现了霉变籽粒的高精度识别(准确率99.00%),玉米霉变比例预测的平均绝对误差(MAE)仅为0.52%;进一步基于图像特征提取与筛选构建多元线性回归模型,水路样本玉米水分含量、脂肪酸值和电导率预测模型的决定系数(R2)分别为0.859、0.955和0.942,陆路样本玉米脂肪酸值和电导率预测模型的R2达0.930与0.937,表明该研究方法能准确预测玉米储运品质。本研究不仅探究了不同储运环境下霉变玉米的品质劣变规律,更提供了一种低成本、易操作的玉米质量无损检测技术路径,为粮食流通过程中的质量安全动态监控与风险预警提供了有效工具。

, authors=王志高1, 李刘滨1, 许颖1, 鞠澄辉2, 何荣1, *, authorsList=王志高, 李刘滨, 许颖, 鞠澄辉, 何荣, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=何荣, authorNote=

王志高,博士,副教授,研究方向为粮油及其副产物深加工。Email:

, correspAuthorsNote=
何荣,博士,教授,研究方向为粮油及其副产物深加工。Email:
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Agriculture, 2024, 14(4): 618., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1299828288449438102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211862806982947, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828288466215319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211862806982947, companyId=1299828288449438102, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing 210023, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828288478798232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211862806982947, companyId=1299828288449438102, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1南京财经大学食品科学与工程学院,江苏省现代粮食流通与安全协同创新中心,南京 210023)]), AuthorCompany(id=1299828288545907097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211862806982947, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828288554295706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211862806982947, companyId=1299828288545907097, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2College of Life Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828288558490011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211862806982947, companyId=1299828288545907097, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2南京林业大学生命科学学院,南京 210037)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1299828290542395839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211862806982947, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Flowchart for simultaneous detection of maize mold infestation ratio and quality prediction, figureFileSmall=RXzFHvLNR+FJjMqi4F3knQ==, figureFileBig=NAdAWz4jurGx8CJZPJiwuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1299828290685002176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211862806982947, language=CN, label=图1, caption=玉米霉变比例检测与品质同步预测流程图, figureFileSmall=RXzFHvLNR+FJjMqi4F3knQ==, figureFileBig=NAdAWz4jurGx8CJZPJiwuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1299828290756305345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211862806982947, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Acquisition and correction of original maize kernel images, figureFileSmall=YbYFYBS14dzUPKunVKVTiQ==, figureFileBig=JZqozMm6z/F0HBhvq8ImLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1299828290815025602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211862806982947, language=CN, label=图2, caption=玉米籽粒原始图像采集与校正, figureFileSmall=YbYFYBS14dzUPKunVKVTiQ==, figureFileBig=JZqozMm6z/F0HBhvq8ImLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1299828290873745859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211862806982947, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Image processing and segmentation of maize grains, figureFileSmall=iF4zHogBidaIptiCgLIvDg==, figureFileBig=FfPLX61xy/2HLcox2AJsmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1299828290945049028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211862806982947, language=CN, label=图3, caption=玉米籽粒图像处理与分割, figureFileSmall=iF4zHogBidaIptiCgLIvDg==, figureFileBig=FfPLX61xy/2HLcox2AJsmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1299828291003769285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211862806982947, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=ViT model architecture diagram, figureFileSmall=NiIMCjMDHZKpWpRlqRKDww==, figureFileBig=jRDhzijdUjS3C/tfcjsdjw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1299828291062489542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211862806982947, language=CN, label=图4, caption=ViT模型架构示意图

注:L表示Transformer编码器模块的堆叠次数。

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注:相同指标中,不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下同。

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注:脂肪酸值指中和100 g样品中游离脂肪酸所需氢氧化钾(KOH)的毫克数。

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Model evaluation results %

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型ModelAPRF1
注:A表示准确率,P表示精确率,R表示召回率,F1表示F1得分。下同。
Note: A denotes accuracy, P denotes precision, R denotes recall, and F1 denotes the F1 score. The same below.
ViT99.00100.0098.0098.99
ResNet5096.0094.2398.0096.08
DenseNet12197.0097.9696.0096.96
EfficientNetB093.0093.8892.0092.93
MobileNetV292.0090.3894.0092.16
ShuffleNetV289.0091.4986.0088.64
), ArticleFig(id=1299828291964264914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211862806982947, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

模型评估结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型ModelAPRF1
注:A表示准确率,P表示精确率,R表示召回率,F1表示F1得分。下同。
Note: A denotes accuracy, P denotes precision, R denotes recall, and F1 denotes the F1 score. The same below.
ViT99.00100.0098.0098.99
ResNet5096.0094.2398.0096.08
DenseNet12197.0097.9696.0096.96
EfficientNetB093.0093.8892.0092.93
MobileNetV292.0090.3894.0092.16
ShuffleNetV289.0091.4986.0088.64
), ArticleFig(id=1299828292035568083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211862806982947, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Error analysis between actual and predicted moldy proportion %

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号
No.
真实霉变比例
Actual moldy proportion
预测霉变比例
Predicted moldy proportion
绝对误差
Absolute error
12.132.880.75
24.584.210.37
36.536.850.32
48.297.750.54
510.419.870.54
612.2511.670.58
), ArticleFig(id=1299828292106871252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211862806982947, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

真实霉变比例和预测霉变比例误差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号
No.
真实霉变比例
Actual moldy proportion
预测霉变比例
Predicted moldy proportion
绝对误差
Absolute error
12.132.880.75
24.584.210.37
36.536.850.32
48.297.750.54
510.419.870.54
612.2511.670.58
), ArticleFig(id=1299828292169785813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211862806982947, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Correlation between maize image features and quality during water and land transportation and storage

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序号
No.
图像特征
Image
feature
水路Waterway陆路Land route
水分
含量
Moisture
content
脂肪
酸值
Fatty
acid
value
电导率
Electrical
conductivity
水分
含量
Moisture
content
脂肪
酸值
Fatty
acid
value
电导率
Electrical
conductivity
1R通道
平均值
−0.870−0.749−0.7650.020−0.615−0.033
2R通道
标准差
−0.880−0.893−0.6690.099−0.786−0.629
3R通道斜度−0.213−0.4020.402−0.332−0.733−0.492
4R通道峰度0.1150.169−0.3190.4550.6700.626
5G通道
平均值
0.7460.8220.7150.0770.0810.007
6G通道
标准差
−0.798−0.7300.7330.1300.0950.077
7G通道斜度0.108−0.2180.270−0.156−0.248−0.213
8G通道峰度−0.0640.0020.160−0.020−0.086−0.108
9B通道
平均值
0.182−0.0730.670−0.055−0.386−0.152
10B通道
标准差
−0.015−0.2130.692−0.380−0.407−0.442
11B通道斜度−0.323−0.5430.134−0.657−0.780−0.780
12B通道峰度−0.200−0.4290.429−0.719−0.688−0.714
13H通道
平均值
−0.6240.3380.4590.1650.09−0.002
14H通道
标准差
−0.657−0.4290.692−0.363−0.367−0.411
15H通道斜度−0.169−0.3760.275−0.477−0.503−0.499
16H通道峰度−0.275−0.4590.266−0.398−0.538−0.556
17S通道
平均值
−0.0990.121−0.662−0.024−0.0290.081
18S通道
标准差
0.7420.1960.864−0.393−0.407−0.451
19S通道斜度0.1690.420−0.2130.6400.7050.688
20S通道峰度−0.200−0.4460.380−0.688−0.626−0.666
21I通道
平均值
0.4510.6930.6660.011−0.029−0.130
22I通道
标准差
−0.663−0.4640.699−0.332−0.345−0.402
23I通道斜度−0.504−0.4640.187−0.319−0.459−0.490
24I通道峰度−0.143−0.3710.486−0.736−0.727−0.754
25能量−0.335−0.126−0.1450.7580.5780.560
26对比度0.0860.1960.288−0.354−0.244−0.275
27相关性−0.040−0.024−0.1020.5440.4400.447
28同质性−0.560−0.376−0.3850.5340.3320.314
290.4290.2310.235−0.727−0.530−0.521
30周长0.4950.4860.020−0.767−0.670−0.604
31面积0.4680.565−0.125−0.574−0.512−0.415
32最大弗
雷特直径
−0.248−0.5870.059−0.733−0.793−0.776
33最小弗
雷特直径
0.4900.635−0.1250.6040.6090.666
34边界矩形长−0.156−0.495−0.046−0.837−0.871−0.836
35边界矩形宽0.4900.622−0.1030.3630.4860.582
36矩形对角线0.4420.459−0.086−0.789−0.675−0.631
37等效圆直径0.4680.578−0.125−0.407−0.371−0.240
38等效椭圆
长轴
0.4900.635−0.1250.6040.6090.666
39等效椭圆
短轴
−0.248−0.5870.059−0.833−0.793−0.566
40等效矩形长0.077−0.147−0.160−0.573−0.559−0.524
41等效矩形宽0.4860.609−0.1250.5380.6260.701
42等效椭圆
长短轴比
0.4150.626−0.1780.6700.6310.684
43等效矩形长
宽比
−0.380−0.6310.081−0.692−0.710−0.749
44凸包面积0.4900.591−0.112−0.613−0.582−0.503
45凸包周长0.4730.530−0.099−0.763−0.675−0.618
46圆度因子−0.059−0.3540.490−0.662−0.585−0.559
47伸展因子0.4070.635−0.1520.6620.6200.675
48紧致因子0.4090.616−0.2070.6480.5820.626
), ArticleFig(id=1299828292249477590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211862806982947, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

玉米图像特征与水陆储运品质的相关性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号
No.
图像特征
Image
feature
水路Waterway陆路Land route
水分
含量
Moisture
content
脂肪
酸值
Fatty
acid
value
电导率
Electrical
conductivity
水分
含量
Moisture
content
脂肪
酸值
Fatty
acid
value
电导率
Electrical
conductivity
1R通道
平均值
−0.870−0.749−0.7650.020−0.615−0.033
2R通道
标准差
−0.880−0.893−0.6690.099−0.786−0.629
3R通道斜度−0.213−0.4020.402−0.332−0.733−0.492
4R通道峰度0.1150.169−0.3190.4550.6700.626
5G通道
平均值
0.7460.8220.7150.0770.0810.007
6G通道
标准差
−0.798−0.7300.7330.1300.0950.077
7G通道斜度0.108−0.2180.270−0.156−0.248−0.213
8G通道峰度−0.0640.0020.160−0.020−0.086−0.108
9B通道
平均值
0.182−0.0730.670−0.055−0.386−0.152
10B通道
标准差
−0.015−0.2130.692−0.380−0.407−0.442
11B通道斜度−0.323−0.5430.134−0.657−0.780−0.780
12B通道峰度−0.200−0.4290.429−0.719−0.688−0.714
13H通道
平均值
−0.6240.3380.4590.1650.09−0.002
14H通道
标准差
−0.657−0.4290.692−0.363−0.367−0.411
15H通道斜度−0.169−0.3760.275−0.477−0.503−0.499
16H通道峰度−0.275−0.4590.266−0.398−0.538−0.556
17S通道
平均值
−0.0990.121−0.662−0.024−0.0290.081
18S通道
标准差
0.7420.1960.864−0.393−0.407−0.451
19S通道斜度0.1690.420−0.2130.6400.7050.688
20S通道峰度−0.200−0.4460.380−0.688−0.626−0.666
21I通道
平均值
0.4510.6930.6660.011−0.029−0.130
22I通道
标准差
−0.663−0.4640.699−0.332−0.345−0.402
23I通道斜度−0.504−0.4640.187−0.319−0.459−0.490
24I通道峰度−0.143−0.3710.486−0.736−0.727−0.754
25能量−0.335−0.126−0.1450.7580.5780.560
26对比度0.0860.1960.288−0.354−0.244−0.275
27相关性−0.040−0.024−0.1020.5440.4400.447
28同质性−0.560−0.376−0.3850.5340.3320.314
290.4290.2310.235−0.727−0.530−0.521
30周长0.4950.4860.020−0.767−0.670−0.604
31面积0.4680.565−0.125−0.574−0.512−0.415
32最大弗
雷特直径
−0.248−0.5870.059−0.733−0.793−0.776
33最小弗
雷特直径
0.4900.635−0.1250.6040.6090.666
34边界矩形长−0.156−0.495−0.046−0.837−0.871−0.836
35边界矩形宽0.4900.622−0.1030.3630.4860.582
36矩形对角线0.4420.459−0.086−0.789−0.675−0.631
37等效圆直径0.4680.578−0.125−0.407−0.371−0.240
38等效椭圆
长轴
0.4900.635−0.1250.6040.6090.666
39等效椭圆
短轴
−0.248−0.5870.059−0.833−0.793−0.566
40等效矩形长0.077−0.147−0.160−0.573−0.559−0.524
41等效矩形宽0.4860.609−0.1250.5380.6260.701
42等效椭圆
长短轴比
0.4150.626−0.1780.6700.6310.684
43等效矩形长
宽比
−0.380−0.6310.081−0.692−0.710−0.749
44凸包面积0.4900.591−0.112−0.613−0.582−0.503
45凸包周长0.4730.530−0.099−0.763−0.675−0.618
46圆度因子−0.059−0.3540.490−0.662−0.585−0.559
47伸展因子0.4070.635−0.1520.6620.6200.675
48紧致因子0.4090.616−0.2070.6480.5820.626
), ArticleFig(id=1299828292358529495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211862806982947, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Screening results of quality characteristics for maize during waterway and land route

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号
No.
水路Waterway陆路Land route
水分含量
Moisture content
脂肪酸值
Fatty acid value
电导率
Electrical conductivity
水分含量
Moisture content
脂肪酸值
Fatty acid value
电导率
Electrical conductivity
1R通道标准差(-0.880)R通道标准差(-0.893)S通道标准差(0.864)/边界矩形长(-0.871)边界矩形长(-0.836)
2S通道标准差(0.742)G通道标准差(-0.730)B通道标准差(0.692)/R通道斜度(-0.733)B通道斜度(-0.780)
3I通道标准差(-0.663)H通道平均值(0.338)H通道平均值(0.459)/B通道平均值(-0.386)S通道标准差(-0.451)
4同质性(-0.560)/////
5I通道斜度(-0.504)/////
6熵(0.429)/////
7R通道峰度(0.115)/////
), ArticleFig(id=1299828292438221272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211862806982947, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

水陆储运玉米品质特征筛选结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号
No.
水路Waterway陆路Land route
水分含量
Moisture content
脂肪酸值
Fatty acid value
电导率
Electrical conductivity
水分含量
Moisture content
脂肪酸值
Fatty acid value
电导率
Electrical conductivity
1R通道标准差(-0.880)R通道标准差(-0.893)S通道标准差(0.864)/边界矩形长(-0.871)边界矩形长(-0.836)
2S通道标准差(0.742)G通道标准差(-0.730)B通道标准差(0.692)/R通道斜度(-0.733)B通道斜度(-0.780)
3I通道标准差(-0.663)H通道平均值(0.338)H通道平均值(0.459)/B通道平均值(-0.386)S通道标准差(-0.451)
4同质性(-0.560)/////
5I通道斜度(-0.504)/////
6熵(0.429)/////
7R通道峰度(0.115)/////
), ArticleFig(id=1299828292526301657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211862806982947, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Performance of maize quality prediction models in waterway and land route transportation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
品质指标
Quality indicators
水路Waterway陆路Land route
R2RMSE/%MAER2RMSE/%MAE
注:R2表示决定系数,RMSE表示均方根误差,MAE表示平均绝对误差。
Note: R² denotes the coefficient of determination, RMSE denotes the root mean square error, and MAE denotes the mean absolute error.
水分含量
Moisture content
0.8590.3920.345///
脂肪酸值
Fatty acid value
0.9552.2191.8450.9302.3571.986
电导率
Electrical conductivity
0.9420.5730.4630.9371.3791.242
), ArticleFig(id=1299828292610187738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211862806982947, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

水陆储运玉米品质预测模型表现

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
品质指标
Quality indicators
水路Waterway陆路Land route
R2RMSE/%MAER2RMSE/%MAE
注:R2表示决定系数,RMSE表示均方根误差,MAE表示平均绝对误差。
Note: R² denotes the coefficient of determination, RMSE denotes the root mean square error, and MAE denotes the mean absolute error.
水分含量
Moisture content
0.8590.3920.345///
脂肪酸值
Fatty acid value
0.9552.2191.8450.9302.3571.986
电导率
Electrical conductivity
0.9420.5730.4630.9371.3791.242
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基于图像处理的玉米霉变比例检测与储运品质的同步预测
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王志高 1 , 李刘滨 1 , 许颖 1 , 鞠澄辉 2 , 何荣 1, *
农业工程学报 | 农产品加工工程 2026,42(12): 347-355
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农业工程学报 |农产品加工工程 2026 , 42 (12) : 347 -355
基于图像处理的玉米霉变比例检测与储运品质的同步预测
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王志高1 , 李刘滨1, 许颖1, 鞠澄辉2, 何荣1, *
作者信息
  • 1南京财经大学食品科学与工程学院,江苏省现代粮食流通与安全协同创新中心,南京 210023
  • 2南京林业大学生命科学学院,南京 210037
通讯作者:
何荣,博士,教授,研究方向为粮油及其副产物深加工。Email:
作者简介:

王志高,博士,副教授,研究方向为粮油及其副产物深加工。Email:

Image-based detection of maize mould infestation and simultaneous prediction of storage and transportation quality
Zhigao WANG1 , Liubin LI1, Ying XU1, Chenghui JU2, Rong HE1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing 210023, China
  • 2College of Life Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
出版时间: 2026-06-30 doi: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202601178
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针对“北粮南运”过程中玉米品质劣变快,亟需兼具霉变比例快速识别与品质指标预测能力的无损评估方法,该研究提出一种基于图像处理的玉米霉变比例检测与储运品质同步预测方法。以梯度霉变比例(0~12%)的玉米为对象,模拟水路与陆路典型运输环境的温湿度条件,系统测定储运后玉米的水分含量、脂肪酸值及电导率等关键品质指标;同时,基于智能手机采集的玉米图像,利用图像处理技术,结合深度学习与统计建模,同步实现霉变比例检测与品质指标预测。结果表明:水路高湿环境显著加速玉米籽粒品质劣变(P<0.05),其水分含量在霉变比例达2%时即超过国家储藏标准(14%),而陆路样本水分维持在12.207%~12.772%;随着玉米霉变比例增加至12%,其脂肪酸值与电导率在水路条件下分别上升57.070%与38.357%,均高于陆路(29.035%与27.714%);采用Vision Transformer(ViT)模型实现了霉变籽粒的高精度识别(准确率99.00%),玉米霉变比例预测的平均绝对误差(MAE)仅为0.52%;进一步基于图像特征提取与筛选构建多元线性回归模型,水路样本玉米水分含量、脂肪酸值和电导率预测模型的决定系数(R2)分别为0.859、0.955和0.942,陆路样本玉米脂肪酸值和电导率预测模型的R2达0.930与0.937,表明该研究方法能准确预测玉米储运品质。本研究不仅探究了不同储运环境下霉变玉米的品质劣变规律,更提供了一种低成本、易操作的玉米质量无损检测技术路径,为粮食流通过程中的质量安全动态监控与风险预警提供了有效工具。

玉米  /  图像处理  /  霉变比例  /  水陆运输  /  品质同步预测

Maize is susceptible to rapid quality deterioration and fungal infection due to complex environmental fluctuations during "North-to-South Grain Transfer" strategies. However, conventional detection is often time-consuming, destructive, and labor-intensive under different storage and transportation environments. It is an urgent need to non-destructively and rapidly identify the mold ratio, and then continuously predict the quality index. In this study, a synchronous prediction was proposed for maize mold ratio and storage/transportation quality using advanced image processing and deep learning technologies. Maize samples with a controlled gradient mold ratio ranging from 0 to 12% were selected as the research objects. A systematic simulation was conducted on typical temperature and humidity environments of both waterway and overland transportation routes. Key quality indices of the maize were measured to quantify the deterioration rates in the simulated storage and transportation periods, including moisture content, fatty acid value, and electrical conductivity. Simultaneously, maize images were collected using a standard smartphone. Digital image processing was also integrated with the Vision Transformer (ViT) deep learning model and statistical modeling. The mold ratio was then detected to precisely predict the quality indices. The results indicated that the high-humidity environment of waterway transportation accelerated the deterioration of maize kernel quality (P<0.05). Specifically, the moisture content of the waterway samples rapidly exceeded the threshold of 14% in the national safe storage standard when the mold ratio reached 2%. In contrast, the moisture content of the overland transportation samples remained stable in the safe range of 12.207% to 12.772%. Furthermore, the fatty acid value and electrical conductivity increased by 57.070% and 38.357%, respectively, under waterway conditions, as the maize mold ratio increased progressively. These deterioration rates were higher than those under overland conditions, indicating the lower increases of 29.035% and 27.714%, respectively. In terms of the deep learning algorithms, the ViT architecture achieved exceptionally high precision in identifying moldy maize kernels, reaching an impressive overall accuracy of 99.00%. Subsequently, a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of only 0.52% was achieved, indicating the accurate and reliable prediction of the overall maize mold ratio. Visual features were extracted and further screened to construct Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) models for quality evaluation. In the waterway samples, the coefficients of determination (R2) of the prediction models reached 0.859, 0.955, and 0.942, respectively, for moisture content, fatty acid value, and electrical conductivity. In the overland samples, the R² values of prediction models were 0.930 and 0.937, respectively, for the fatty acid value and electrical conductivity, indicating accurate prediction for the quality of maize during storage and transportation. In conclusion, the dynamic quality deterioration of moldy maize can provide a low-cost, easy-to-operate, and entirely non-destructive pathway for maize quality detection. This finding can also offer an effective and practical analytical tool to dynamically monitor quality and safety for risk early warning during the complex grain circulation.

maize  /  image processing  /  moldy rate  /  water and land transportation  /  quality simultaneous prediction
王志高, 李刘滨, 许颖, 鞠澄辉, 何荣. 基于图像处理的玉米霉变比例检测与储运品质的同步预测. 农业工程学报, 2026 , 42 (12) : 347 -355 . DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202601178
Zhigao WANG, Liubin LI, Ying XU, Chenghui JU, Rong HE. Image-based detection of maize mould infestation and simultaneous prediction of storage and transportation quality[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2026 , 42 (12) : 347 -355 . DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202601178
随着中国粮食产销格局“北粮南运”战略的深入推进,玉米等大宗粮食品种的水陆联运已成为常态[1]。玉米作为重要的粮食作物与战略性储备粮种,广泛应用于食品加工、牲畜饲料及工业领域[2]。2024年中国玉米总产量超过2.9亿t,占全国粮食总产量的40%左右,其中东北地区作为全国最大的粮食生产基地,玉米产量占全国总量的42%以上,是“北粮南运”战略的核心输出区[3]。然而,在跨生态区运输过程中,粮食品质易受温湿度波动、运输周期长等因素影响,导致霉变、脂肪酸值升高等劣变现象频发[4-5]。尤其在收获后粗放储藏(如“地趴粮”)等仓储管理不规范的背景下,大量玉米在进入流通环节时已存在不同程度的初始霉变。霉变玉米不仅含有真菌毒素,威胁人畜健康,还会降低其在食品、饲料及工业加工中的适用性与安全性[5-6]
目前,玉米霉变识别与品质评估仍主要依赖人工感官判别或传统理化分析(如烘箱法测水分、滴定法测脂肪酸值),存在耗时长、破坏性强、难以在线化等瓶颈。近年来,近红外光谱[7]、高光谱成像[8]等无损检测技术虽在谷物品质预测中取得进展,但受限于设备成本高、操作复杂、现场适应性差等问题,难以在基层粮库、港口、物流节点等场景规模化应用。随着人工智能与图像处理技术的发展,基于机器视觉的谷物质量检测展现出良好的应用前景[9]。例如,石颖等[10]发现正常与霉变玉米粒在RGB颜色空间R通道的像素值差异显著,据此提出基于像素占比的快速霉变检测方法,准确率达99%;岳超鹏[11]通过提取41个玉米籽粒图像特征,结合主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)降维与支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)分类器,实现了不完善粒与杂质的高精度识别,分类准确率最高达97.78%;WANG等[12]利用平板扫描仪采集4个品种玉米籽粒图像,基于单粒图像的颜色、形态和重量的组合特征分别建立多元线性回归(multiple linear regression,MLR)模型预测水分含量,决定系数(R2)达0.957~0.967;张晋宁等[13]从小麦籽粒图像中提取47个特征,经筛选后构建水分回归模型,预测绝对误差主要集中在±1.5%以内。然而,现有研究多聚焦于单一功能(外观识别或单指标预测),同步实现霉变比例量化与多品质指标预测的一站式无损评估方法尚未见系统研究。
因此,本研究以梯度霉变比例的玉米为对象,模拟“北粮南运”典型水路与陆路运输环境,系统探究储运后玉米关键品质指标的劣变规律;同时,基于智能手机采集的玉米图像,结合深度学习与统计建模,构建可同步识别霉变比例并预测多维度品质指标的无损检测方法,旨在为粮食流通过程中的质量安全动态监控与风险预警提供一种低成本、易操作的技术支撑。
玉米,2024年10月收获于安徽亳州;无水乙醇、95%乙醇、石油醚、酚酞指示剂等,分析纯;0.5 mol/L氢氧化钾乙醇溶液,购自Macklin试剂公司。
RDN型人工气候箱,宁波东南仪器制造厂;JFSD-70实验室粉碎磨,上海嘉定粮油检测仪器公司;GZ008电热鼓风干燥箱,上海苏进仪器设备厂;DDSJ-308A型电导率仪,上海精科仪器有限公司。
依据GB 1353-2018《玉米》标准,筛选籽粒饱满的样品,剔除杂质后,参照左锋等[14]的方法制备霉变玉米:将黄曲霉孢子悬浮液均匀喷洒于玉米表面,在20 ℃、相对湿度(relative humidity,RH)为70%条件下培养,直至籽粒表面出现大量肉眼可见的霉斑;培养期间每日翻动2~3次,以确保霉菌生长均匀。然后,按霉变玉米质量占比分别为0、2、4、6、8、10和12%的比例,与完整玉米混合,每组总质量为1 kg,分装于塑料编织袋中,立即置于预设温湿度的人工气候箱中进行储运模拟试验。
依据秋季东北玉米“北粮南运”过程中水路与陆路运输沿线的实际气候特征设置温湿度变化的模拟条件,本次模拟储运的总时长均为30 d。
1)水路模拟:白天(8:00—18:00)温度为(22±3)℃、相对湿度(85±5)%;夜间(18:00—次日8:00)温度为(18±3)℃、相对湿度(85±5)%;
2)陆路模拟:白天(8:00—18:00)温度为(22±3)℃、相对湿度(55±5)%;夜间(18:00—次日8:00)温度为(18±3)℃、相对湿度(55±5)%。
模拟结束后,样品立即于4 ℃低温密封保存,用于后续图像数据采集以及品质指标测定。
水分含量按GB 5009.3-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中水分的测定》第一法(直接干燥法)测定;脂肪酸值按GB/T 20570-2015《玉米储存品质判定规则》附录A第一法(手工滴定法)测定;电导率参照向莹莹等[15]的方法测定:随机选取20粒完好的玉籽籽粒,称取质量并确保平行样品间质量差不超过0.05 g,用去离子水清洗3次,滤纸吸干表面水分后,置于含25 mL去离子水的50 mL离心管中,只加去离子水作空白对照,恒温浸泡24 h后分别测定样品浸泡液和空白液的电导率。
本研究提出一种基于图像的玉米霉变比例检测与储运品质同步预测方法,其技术流程如图1所示。首先,利用智能手机采集玉米样本图像,构建原始图像数据集;然后,通过透射变换法校正原始图像,并经一系列图像处理与分割操作,获得单粒玉米图像;通过像素面积与质量关系的标定与深度学习模型训练,选择分类效果最优的模型进行霉变比例计算;再通过玉米图像特征的提取、相关性分析以及特征筛选,结合实测储运品质指标,建立多元线性回归模型;最终,系统可同步输出玉米霉变比例与品质指标的预测结果,实现玉米质量的一站式无损检测。
1)图像采集
在室内自然光照条件下拍摄玉米图像,避免阳光直射及强人工光源干扰。以黑色植绒布作为背景,在其中划定边长为30 cm的正方形区域作为拍摄范围。使用玉米数粒板从先前模拟储运的样品中随机选取100粒玉米,平铺于背景布上,确保籽粒间无重叠。采用智能手机主摄像头(焦距为23 mm)从样品正上方垂直拍摄,镜头距样品平面约30~40 cm,拍摄时设置图像宽高比为1:1,分辨率为3 072×3 072像素。每批霉变比例的水陆路玉米样品均采集20张图像,共获得280(20×14)张图像数据集。每张原始图像四角需包含边长为2 cm的红色正方形标记点,作为几何校正基准(图2a)。
2)图像校正
考虑到实际操作中难以严格保证手机镜头完全垂直且拍摄距离恒定,本研究采用基于颜色标记的透视变换方法[16]对原始图像进行校正。通过提取图像中的4个红色标记点,利用透视变换将图像映射到标准正方形区域,有效消除因拍摄角度偏斜或距离波动引起的几何畸变(图2b)。该操作统一了不同玉米样本图像的空间尺度与位置,为后续单粒分割、面积-质量关系标定以及特征提取提供了高一致性的输入数据,同时便于操作人员在实际场景中规范作业。
本研究的玉米籽粒分类识别与特征提取均基于单粒玉米图像,因此需对校正后的图像进行预处理与分割。首先,将校正图像转换为灰度图,并采用大津法(Otsu法)[17]进行二值化处理,以增强玉米籽粒与背景的对比度;其次,通过形态学腐蚀去除噪声,并利用距离变换算法强化籽粒边缘;最后,基于有效轮廓生成掩码图像,提取并保存各单粒玉米区域图像,用于后续分析。图像处理与分割过程如图3所示。
为了对单粒玉米图像进行识别分类,将280张原始玉米图像经处理与分割后,共获得单粒图像约28 000粒。按照7:3的比例将分割后的单粒玉米图像划分为训练集和验证集,用于深度学习模型的训练与评估。深度学习方法具有自动提取特征、识别准确率高[18]等优势,本研究选取6种广泛应用于农作物图像分类和识别的深度学习模型,分别为ViT、ResNet50、DenseNet121、EfficientNetB0、MobileNetV2以及ShuffleNetV2,分析对比其识别玉米粒类别的能力。
1)ViT模型的网络结构
本研究采用Vision Transformer的基础版本(ViT-Base)作为玉米霉变检测的核心架构,其网络结构如图4所示。模型统一接收224×224像素的图像作为输入,并将其划分为16×16像素的非重叠图像块(Patch)序列进行全局特征提取。
2)训练参数与环境
试验训练批次大小(batch size)设置为8,总迭代次数(epochs)为100次,模型初始学习率设定为0.001,权重衰减(weight decay)参数设为5×10−5,并采用交叉熵损失函数(cross-entropy loss)计算误差;试验采用的硬件环境是64位Windows11系统,使用PyTorch深度学习框架,编程语言为Python 3.8.0,编程环境为PyCharm Community Edition;计算机搭载的图形处理单元(GPU)为NVIDIA RTX 3080。
3)评价指标
模型评价指标包括准确率(accuracy, A)、精确率(precision, P)、召回率(recall, R)和F1值(F1-Score),计算式分别为
$ A=\frac{C_{\text{TP}}+C_{\text{TN}}}{C_{\text{FN}}+C_{\text{FP}}+C_{\text{TN}}+C_{\text{TP}}}\times100\% $
$ P=\frac{C_{\text{TP}}}{C_{\text{TP}}+C_{\text{FP}}}\times100\% $
$ R=\frac{C_{\text{TP}}}{C_{\text{TP}}+C_{\text{FN}}}\times100\% $
$ \text{F1-Score}=\frac{2\times P\times R}{P+R}\times100\% $
式中$ {C}_{\text{FN}} $$ {C}_{\text{FP}} $$ {C}_{\text{TN}} $$ {C}_{\text{TP}} $分别表示假负例个数,假正例个数,真负例个数和真正例个数。
在对玉米籽粒进行图像分割后,分别对每张图像中的100个单粒玉米图像的特征进行提取。本研究提取了玉米籽粒的48个图像特征,其中包括24个颜色特征、5个纹理特征以及19个形态特征。每张图像中100个单粒玉米籽粒的特征平均值作为该图像的特征值。
所有玉米籽粒品质测定试验均重复测定3次,使用Excel 2021进行数据处理,使用GraphPad 8.0绘图,使用SPSS 27.0对相关数据进行差异和显著性分析,P<0.05表示具有显著性差异。
水分是影响玉米储藏品质的主要因素,低水分含量是保障玉米运输和储存安全的关键[19]。如图5所示,随着霉变比例的增加,玉米在水路和陆路模拟储运后的水分含量表现出显著差异(P<0.05)。其中,在水路模拟环境下,玉米水分含量总体呈上升趋势,当霉变比例达到2%时,水分含量(14.755%)超过国家储藏安全标准(14%)。相比之下,随着霉变比例的变化,陆路模拟组玉米水分含量波动较小,维持在12.207%~12.772%之间,均符合国家储藏标准。这种差异主要归因于水路高湿环境一方面加速了霉菌的代谢活动,另一方面增强了玉米籽粒的吸湿能力,从而导致水分大量积累[20],而在低湿度的陆路储运条件下,玉米难以吸收水分,籽粒水分含量保持相对稳定[21]。此外,霉变过程还可能破坏玉米籽粒表皮结构,增加其吸湿能力,特别是在高湿环境中表现更为明显,进一步加剧了水路储运后玉米水分含量的上升。
脂肪酸值是衡量谷物脂质氧化程度的重要标准指标[22]。如图6所示,在水路和陆路模拟运输后,玉米脂肪酸值均随霉变比例增加而显著上升(P<0.05),主要是由于霉菌分泌的脂肪酶加速了脂肪水解,同时霉变引起的表皮损伤使胚部暴露,从而生成较多的脂肪酸,加剧了脂质劣变[23]。具体而言,在水路储运条件下,当霉变比例从0增至12%时,玉米脂肪酸值由53.618 mg/100 g显著升至84.218 mg/100 g(P<0.05),增幅达57.070%,且当霉变比例超过4%时脂肪酸值高于65 mg/100 g,达到不宜存状态;而在陆路模拟组中,霉变比例从0增至12%时,脂肪酸值由51.978 mg/100 g显著升至67.070 mg/100 g(P<0.05),增幅为29.035%,且霉变比例达10%时为不宜存状态(65 mg/100 g)。该结果表明,储运过程中湿度越大,玉米的脂肪酸值上升越快,品质劣变越明显,这种变化同张玉荣等[24]的研究结果一致。
电导率反映细胞膜完整性和电解质外渗程度,其值越高,表明玉米籽粒活力越低[25]。如图7所示,在水陆路两种模拟运输条件下,玉米电导率均随霉变比例增加而不断升高,这主要是由于霉变的玉米籽粒细胞膜遭受破坏,导致浸泡时细胞内的电解质泄露到外部中,故电导率增大。具体表现为:当霉变比例从0增至12%时,水路玉米电导率从16.800 μS/cm显著升高至23.244 μS/cm(P<0.05),增幅达38.357%;而陆路模拟组玉米的电导率从16.237 μS/cm显著升高至20.737 μS/cm,增幅为27.714%(P<0.05)。上述差异可能是源于水路模拟环境较高的湿度有利于水分保持和微生物活动,从而加剧细胞膜损伤,促进电解质外渗,导致离子浓度升高、籽粒活力下降。该结果与叶佳琳等[26]的研究结论一致,其研究表明,低温低湿储藏条件可有效抑制稻谷电导率的上升,延缓品质劣变。
分别采集20组不同质量的霉变玉米和完整玉米样本图像,并使用精度为0.001 g的电子天平记录对应玉米质量。利用OpenCV对图像进行校正与分割,提取每组样本的总像素面积[27],并绘制玉米质量与像素面积的单因素线性回归拟合曲线,如图8所示。线性回归分析表明,完整玉米与霉变玉米的质量与像素面积均呈高度线性相关,决定系数(R2)分别为0.997和0.980,因此可以用像素面积来解释玉米质量。玉米籽粒质量与像素面积拟合的线性回归方程方程分别为
$ {Y}_{1}=3.250×{10}^{-5}{x}_{1}+0.015 $
$ {Y}_{2}=2.310\times {10}^{-5}{x}_{2}-0.071 $
式中Y1表示完整玉米质量,g;Y2表示霉变玉米质量,g;x1表示完整玉米像素面积,pix;x2表示霉变玉米像素面积,pix。
6种深度学习模型在训练集上的准确率变化曲线和损失变化曲线如图9所示。在100次迭代训练过程中,ViT模型的训练准确率最高,这可能是由于模型Transformer结构具备的全局特征提取能力,能更有效识别霉变玉米籽粒的形态[28]。训练过程中,ViT模型收敛最快,在40次训练内准确率迅速提升至98%,损失函数快速下降并完全收敛,这表明该模型在训练过程中没有出现过拟合或欠拟合现象[29]。最终,ViT模型训练准确率最高达99.146%,损失稳定在0.02~0.03之间。
玉米籽粒分类识别模型的评估结果如表1所示。ViT模型的准确率(A)、精确率(P)、召回率(R)和F1分数(F1)分别为99.00%、100.00%、98.00%、98.99%,相比ResNet50模型分别提升3.00、5.77、0、2.91个百分点,相比DenseNet121模型分别提升2.00、2.04、2.00、2.03个百分点,相比EfficientNetB0模型分别提升6.00、6.12、6.00、6.06个百分点,相比MobileNetV2模型分别提升7.00、9.62、4.00、6.83个百分点,相比ShuffleNetV2模型分别提升10.00、8.51、12.00、10.35个百分点。本研究在未改动模型结构的基础上识别霉变粒的准确率仍略高于YANG等[30]的研究(准确率为98.94%),主要是因为本研究仅针对完整粒与霉变粒两类玉米。
为了验证本方法预测玉米霉变比例的性能,本文设置了6组玉米样本进行测试,每组按照霉变比例2%的梯度递增。6组试验中的玉米霉变比例分别采用人工挑选称量与检测模型的方法计算,并进行霉变比例误差统计分析,结果如表2所示,在6组试验中,预测值与真实值的绝对误差介于0.32%~0.75%,平均绝对误差仅为0.52%,表明该方法具有良好的检测玉米霉变比例的性能。综上,所提方法可实现霉变比例的高精度、无损预测,能提高操作人员工作效率,为减少粮食损失、保障玉米质量提供了有效的工具。
为探究视觉特征与玉米储运品质的内在关联,利用SPSS软件对提取的48个图像特征与储运后玉米的水分含量、脂肪酸值以及电导率进行斯皮尔曼相关性分析,分别针对模拟水路与陆路储运后的梯度霉变玉米样本开展,结果如表3所示。在水路高湿环境下,与各品质指标相关性最为显著的特征均是颜色特征。其中,水分含量与脂肪酸值均与R通道标准差呈强负相关(R=−0.880、−0.893),主要是由于霉变比例的增加导致整体玉米颜色变暗。这表明梯度霉变玉米在水路储运后最能解释其水分含量和脂肪酸值变化的图像特征与R通道有关,这与石颖等[10]的研究结果相符,该研究发现正常玉米粒与霉变玉米粒在R通道上的像素值界限分明;电导率则与S通道标准差相关性最高(R=0.864),可能是由于随着霉变比例的增大,图像中100粒玉米籽粒之间的亮度差异变大,而霉变比例的增大导致了电导率的增高(图7)。整体上,颜色特征的相关系数普遍高于纹理与形态特征,说明高湿条件下玉米表面色泽变化能更敏感地反映其内部品质劣变。
梯度霉变玉米在陆路低湿环境储运后,部分颜色与形态特征均表现出较强的关联性。其中,水分含量、脂肪酸值和电导率均与边界矩形长呈最强负相关性,相关系数分别为−0.837、−0.871和−0.836。这表明在湿度偏低的陆运环境中,玉米籽粒因失水皱缩或变形导致的外形变化,更可能是品质劣化的关键视觉表征。
为构建高效且具有可解释性的玉米品质预测模型,需从高维图像特征中筛选关键特征,降低模型复杂度并提升泛化能力。鉴于不同图像特征对水分含量、脂肪酸值及电导率的贡献存在差异,本文采用逐步选择法对所提取的48个图像特征进行筛选。表4列出了针对水路和陆路储运的玉米水分含量、脂肪酸值和电导率筛选所得的关键特征及其相关系数。
水路储运玉米的品质指标与48个图像特征的筛选结果如表4所示,其中水分含量指标筛选出共7个图像特征,分别为R通道标准差、S通道标准差、I通道标准差、同质性、I斜度、熵与R通道峰度,脂肪酸值与电导率指标均筛选出3种关键特征,分别为R通道标准差、G通道标准差、H通道平均值和S通道标准差、B通道标准差、H通道平均值。
对于陆路储运样本,因模拟运输后玉米水分含量波动较小,且均符合国家储藏标准,故未建立水分预测模型。脂肪酸值与电导率指标各筛选出3个关键特征,分别为边界矩形长、R通道斜度、B通道平均值以及边界矩形长、B通道斜度、S通道标准差。其中,边界矩形长在两项指标中均被选入,进一步验证了其作为陆路储运下关键形态指标的重要性。
基于筛选后的特征子集,分别构建多元线性回归模型预测玉米的品质指标。数据集按照7:3划分为训练集和预测集,结果如表5所示。
在水路储运条件下,3种品质指标的预测模型均表现良好:水分含量、脂肪酸值和电导率的决定系数(R2)分别为0.859、0.955和0.942,表明模型具有优良的拟合与预测能力。其中,脂肪酸值的决定系数(R2)最高,预测效果最优,但其均方根误差(RMSE)与平均绝对误差(MAE)数值相对较大,主要是源于该指标本身量级较高。
梯度霉变比例玉米在陆路储运后,其脂肪酸值与电导率预测模型的R2分别达0.930与0.937,RMSE分别为2.357%与1.379%,MAE分别为1.986与1.242,进一步验证了所选图像特征对陆运品质变化的有效表征能力,模型具备良好的鲁棒性与实用性,为粮食流通过程中的品质无损检测提供了有效技术参考。
本研究提出的玉米霉变比例检测与品质同步预测方法,突破了传统单一检测任务的瓶颈,深入挖掘了玉米品质劣变规律与直观图像特征之间的内在联系。结合前文分析可知,初始霉变不仅作为玉米的外观缺陷,更是加速储运过程中脂质氧化与细胞膜损伤的核心诱因,具体表现为脂肪酸值与电导率随霉变比例的增加而显著上升。而在视觉层面上,霉变比例的增加会引起玉米籽粒视觉特征的规律性改变,这也恰好印证了储运品质与图像特征的相关性分析结果:在水路高湿环境中,霉变比例的增加主要导致玉米整体颜色变暗、籽粒间色泽亮度差异变大,因此R通道标准差、S通道标准差等颜色特征与品质的相关性较为显著;而在陆路环境中,霉变引起的失水皱缩则直观表现为籽粒外观尺寸的缩小,因此边界矩形长等形态特征与品质指标的相关性最显著(表3)。基于上述机制,本研究以智能手机采集的单幅图像作为统一输入源,一方面利用图像处理技术与ViT深度学习模型快速无损检测玉米的霉变比例,另一方面辅以多元线性回归模型,筛选关键玉米图像特征以预测内在的储运品质。这一方法初步构建了“外观检测-视觉特征-品质预测”的一体化玉米质量评估框架,为中国粮食流通过程中的质量安全动态监控提供了技术支撑。
基于上述评估框架,本方法在粮食实际流通环节具备良好的便携化应用潜力。针对当前研究中图像采集主要依赖室内标准化条件(纯色背景、无重叠摆拍)的局限性,未来研究可从以下两个方面进行应用拓展:一方面,设计并研发内部集成恒定光源与标准背景的便携式取样暗箱,以屏蔽现场复杂光照的干扰;另一方面,进一步引入实例分割算法(如Mask R-CNN、YOLO系列等),以克服实际检测场景下玉米籽粒堆叠与遮挡的难题。
本文通过模拟玉米“北粮南运”水陆储运环境,结合智能手机图像处理、ViT深度学习模型与多元线性回归建模,实现了玉米霉变比例无损检测与储运品质的同步预测,得到以下主要结论:
1)储运环境显著影响霉变玉米的品质劣变。在高湿的水路条件下,玉米品质劣变更明显:水分含量在霉变比例达2%时即超过国家储藏安全标准(14%);当玉米霉变比例从0增至12%时,其脂肪酸值与电导率较初始值分别上升57.070%和38.357%,远高于陆路条件下的增幅(29.035%与27.714%);
2)基于ViT深度学习模型的图像识别与玉米像素面积-质量的标定关系可高精度检测霉变比例,玉米籽粒分类的准确率(A)高达99.00%,预测值与真实值的平均绝对误差仅为0.52%;
3)基于图像特征构建的多元线性回归模型能有效同步预测玉米品质指标,水路与陆路样本的品质指标预测模型的决定系数(R2)均高于0.85,验证了玉米质量一站式无损评估技术路径的可行性。
本研究不仅探究了不同储运环境下霉变玉米的品质劣变规律,更提供了一种低成本、易操作的同步评估工具,为粮食流通过程中的质量安全监控与风险预警提供了有效支撑。

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2026年第42卷第12期
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doi: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202601178
  • 接收时间:2026-01-21
  • 首发时间:2026-08-20
  • 出版时间:2026-06-30
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-21
  • 修回日期:2026-05-12
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    1南京财经大学食品科学与工程学院,江苏省现代粮食流通与安全协同创新中心,南京 210023
    2南京林业大学生命科学学院,南京 210037

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何荣,博士,教授,研究方向为粮油及其副产物深加工。Email:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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