Article(id=1297211848214995357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, issueId=1297211624738284246, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202512252, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1766937600000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-29, revisedDate=1779984000000, revisedDateStr=2026-05-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1787209005645, onlineDateStr=2026-08-20, pubDate=1782748800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1787209005645, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1787209005645, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1787209005645, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1297211624738284246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, year='2026', volume='42', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='396', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782748800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1787208952364, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1787212261177, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1297225503002357852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, issueId=1297211624738284246, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1297225503002357853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, issueId=1297211624738284246, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=356, endPage=365, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1297211848433099166, articleId=1297211848214995357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, language=EN, title=Comparative on the effects of processing methods on the structure and functional activity of Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides, columnId=1297211746972885671, journalTitle=Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, columnName=Agricultural Produce Processing Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Conventional processing cannot fully modulate multiple biological activities of bioactive Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides using structural modifications and complex conformational transformations. The present study aims to clarify the different effects of steaming and fermentation—two representative processing techniques, including dynamic structural evolution of the medicinally valuable polysaccharides and the subsequent precise regulation of their bioactivities. Polysaccharides were extracted and then purified from fresh Polygonatum sibiricum, conventionally three-times-steamed Polygonatum sibiricum, and steamed-then-fermented Polygonatum sibiricum. The polysaccharide samples were designated as FPP, PPP, and FMP, respectively. An analytical platform was also employed: high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) was used to determine molecular weight distributions; high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with pre-column derivatization was used to quantify monosaccharide composition; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was used to identify characteristic functional groups and conformational transitions. Zeta potential and dynamic light scattering analysis were used to assess colloidal stability and particle size uniformity, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to visualize morphological and nanostructure transformations, respectively. Antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities were evaluated through in vitro assays. Specifically, the 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging capacities were determined with α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory kinetics. Steaming was used to alter the structural integrity of the polysaccharides, disrupt their native triple-helix conformation, modify the monosaccharide profile, shift molecular weight distribution toward higher ranges, and dramatically increase uronic acid content. Subsequently, fermentation acted as the precise biological modification, further fine-tuning monosaccharide compositional ratios using microbial enzymatic hydrolysis. Biotransformation raised the absolute Zeta potential, electrostatic repulsion and colloidal stability, and particle size distribution, indicating the remarkable homogeneity. These conformations were visually captured by microstructural observations. In SEM imagery, morphological transitions were observed: FPP displayed a smooth, continuous sheet-like film; Steaming induced regularly arranged, protrusive structures; Fermentation generated a porous network morphology, thereby increasing structural porosity and specific surface area. According to these morphological shifts in AFM images, nanoscale transformations occurred from flexible, worm-like chains of FPP to compact, spherical chains in both PPP and FMP. The average chain height increased markedly after steaming and then decreased after fermentation. Functionally, these structural modifications were closely correlated with enhanced bioactivities. In antioxidant evaluations, PPP exhibited the most potent DPPH radical scavenging capacity. Meanwhile, FMP presented robust ABTS radical scavenging activity compared with the PPP. In hypoglycemic potential, both PPP and FMP were more effectively inhibited α-amylase than native FPP. Crucially, FMP shared the optimal inhibitory effect against α-glucosidase among all tested samples. Steaming and fermentation served as effective strategies to modulate the chemical structure, spatial conformation, and microscopic morphology of Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides, thereby enhancing their antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities. The processing-induced structural modifications showed a strong correlation between specific structural features and physiological functions in plant polysaccharides. Consequently, this finding can also provide a solid theoretical foundation and practical guidance for the precise, high-value industrial application of Polygonatum sibiricum resources in the functional food using traditional Chinese medicine processing.

, authors=Mengran CHENG1, 2, De YANG1, 3, Qi LU1, 3, Peng GUO1, 3, Jue KANG1, 2, Zhi WANG1, 3, Qiong WANG1, 3, Bangzhu PENG2, *, Shujing XUE1, 3, *, authorsList=Mengran CHENG, De YANG, Qi LU, Peng GUO, Jue KANG, Zhi WANG, Qiong WANG, Bangzhu PENG, Shujing XUE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Bangzhu PENG, Shujing XUE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1297211849863356843, articleId=1297211848214995357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, language=CN, title=加工方式调控黄精多糖结构与功能活性的比较, columnId=1297211747186795177, journalTitle=农业工程学报, columnName=农产品加工工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究不同加工方式对黄精多糖结构与功能活性的影响,该研究以新鲜黄精为原料,采用蒸制和发酵2种代表性工艺加工,制备新鲜黄精多糖(fresh Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides,FPP)、三蒸三制黄精多糖(triple-processed Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides,PPP)及三蒸三制后发酵黄精多糖(fermented Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides,FMP),综合运用高效凝胶渗透色谱、高效液相色谱、傅里叶变换红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜及原子力显微镜等技术,系统比较三者的理化性质、结构特征与功能活性差异。结果表明:1)三蒸三制处理改变了黄精多糖的三螺旋结构与单糖组成,分子量增大,糖醛酸含量显著增加17.97%;发酵进一步调整了单糖组成比例,提高Zeta电位绝对值至24.70 mV,并使粒径分布更均匀(多分散指数PDI=0.104)。2)扫描电子显微镜图像显示FPP表面呈光滑片状薄膜,PPP表面呈规则排列的突触状结构,FMP形成了独特的多孔形貌;原子力显微镜图像显示FPP的蠕虫状链转化为PPP、FMP的球状链,最高高度呈现先增加后降低的趋势。3)PPP表现出最强的2,2-联苯基-1-苦基肼基(2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)清除能力,0.5 mg/mL的FMP对2,2′-联氮双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二铵盐(2,2’-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid),ABTS)清除率与PPP相当;FMP和PPP对α-淀粉酶的抑制率强于FPP,且FMP对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制效果最佳(0.5 mg/mL的FMP抑制率为87.55%)。该研究为黄精精准化、高值化产业应用提供了理论依据。

, authors=程梦然1, 2, 杨德1, 3, 卢琪1, 3, 郭鹏1, 3, 康珏1, 2, 王秩1, 3, 王琼1, 3, 彭帮柱2, *, 薛淑静1, 3, *, authorsList=程梦然, 杨德, 卢琪, 郭鹏, 康珏, 王秩, 王琼, 彭帮柱, 薛淑静, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=彭帮柱, 薛淑静, authorNote=

程梦然,研究方向为农产品加工与利用。Email:

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彭帮柱,博士,教授,研究方向为农产品精深加工与品质安全控制。Email:
薛淑静,博士,副研究员,研究方向为农产品加工。Email:
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注:TG为热重分析曲线,反映样品质量随温度的变化;DTG为微分热重分析曲线,反映样品质量变化速率随温度的变化。

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注:柱上方标注的不同小写字母表示同一浓度下不同样品间的差异显著(P<0.05);相同小写字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下同。

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Chemical compositions of Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharide %

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 Samples多糖 Polysaccharide糖醛酸 Uronic acid果糖 Fructose还原糖 Reducing sugar蛋白质 Protein淀粉 Starch
注: 同一列不同字母代表显著性差异(P<0.05)。表中 FPP为新鲜黄精多糖,PPP为三蒸三制黄精多糖,FMP为三蒸三制后发酵黄精多糖,下同。
Note: Different letters in the same column indicate significant differences (P < 0.05). In the table, FPP refers to fresh Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides, PPP refers to triple-processed Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides, and FMP refers to the polysaccharides obtained from fermenting the triple-processed Polygonatum sibiricum. The same applies below.
FPP55.83±0.99b0c13.42±0.25a8.79±0.04c0c0.02±0.02c
PPP49.46±0.04c17.97±0.30a7.06±0.11b13.83±0.06a3.64±0.13a1.42±0.03a
FMP61.66±1.08a17.02±0.23b5.26±0.24c11.46±0.05b2.69±0.22b0.86±0.02b
), ArticleFig(id=1299828284783612848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211848214995357, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

黄精多糖的化学组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 Samples多糖 Polysaccharide糖醛酸 Uronic acid果糖 Fructose还原糖 Reducing sugar蛋白质 Protein淀粉 Starch
注: 同一列不同字母代表显著性差异(P<0.05)。表中 FPP为新鲜黄精多糖,PPP为三蒸三制黄精多糖,FMP为三蒸三制后发酵黄精多糖,下同。
Note: Different letters in the same column indicate significant differences (P < 0.05). In the table, FPP refers to fresh Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides, PPP refers to triple-processed Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides, and FMP refers to the polysaccharides obtained from fermenting the triple-processed Polygonatum sibiricum. The same applies below.
FPP55.83±0.99b0c13.42±0.25a8.79±0.04c0c0.02±0.02c
PPP49.46±0.04c17.97±0.30a7.06±0.11b13.83±0.06a3.64±0.13a1.42±0.03a
FMP61.66±1.08a17.02±0.23b5.26±0.24c11.46±0.05b2.69±0.22b0.86±0.02b
), ArticleFig(id=1299828284867498929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211848214995357, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Particle size, Zeta potential, and polydispersity index(PDI) of Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharide

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品
Samples
平均粒径
Average particle size/nm
Zeta电位
Zeta potential/mV
PDI
FPP198.89±3.84b−1.74±0.04a0.235±0.007a
PPP202.46±1.30b−18.07±4.23b0.162±0.005b
FMP218.81±1.58a−24.70±0.26c0.104±0.024c
), ArticleFig(id=1299828284938802098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211848214995357, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

黄精多糖平均粒径、Zeta电位、多分散指数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品
Samples
平均粒径
Average particle size/nm
Zeta电位
Zeta potential/mV
PDI
FPP198.89±3.84b−1.74±0.04a0.235±0.007a
PPP202.46±1.30b−18.07±4.23b0.162±0.005b
FMP218.81±1.58a−24.70±0.26c0.104±0.024c
), ArticleFig(id=1299828285005910963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211848214995357, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharide molecular weight distribution

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品
Samples
保留时间
Retention time/min
分子量
Molecular weight/Da
峰面积占比
Peak area ratio/%
FPP14.0414.38×10457.17
18.2054.62×10225.61
9.8254.41×10611.13
11.0801.12×1066.09
PPP10.6731.74×10662.94
15.9985.16×10328.95
11.7445.40×1058.11
FMP9.8594.25×10664.51
15.9245.59×10328.62
11.3568.26×1056.87
), ArticleFig(id=1299828285085602740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211848214995357, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

黄精多糖的分子量分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品
Samples
保留时间
Retention time/min
分子量
Molecular weight/Da
峰面积占比
Peak area ratio/%
FPP14.0414.38×10457.17
18.2054.62×10225.61
9.8254.41×10611.13
11.0801.12×1066.09
PPP10.6731.74×10662.94
15.9985.16×10328.95
11.7445.40×1058.11
FMP9.8594.25×10664.51
15.9245.59×10328.62
11.3568.26×1056.87
), ArticleFig(id=1299828285173683125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211848214995357, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Monosaccharide composition molar ratio %

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品
Samples
半乳糖
Galactose
鼠李糖
Rhamnose
葡萄糖
Glucose
半乳糖醛酸
Galacturonic
acid
阿拉伯糖
Arabinose
甘露糖
Mannose
注:“—”表示未检测出。
Note: “—” indicates not detected.
FPP7.4911.544.0476.93
PPP72.918.266.006.863.032.94
FMP71.817.887.675.863.523.27
), ArticleFig(id=1299828285240791990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211848214995357, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

单糖组成摩尔百分比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品
Samples
半乳糖
Galactose
鼠李糖
Rhamnose
葡萄糖
Glucose
半乳糖醛酸
Galacturonic
acid
阿拉伯糖
Arabinose
甘露糖
Mannose
注:“—”表示未检测出。
Note: “—” indicates not detected.
FPP7.4911.544.0476.93
PPP72.918.266.006.863.032.94
FMP71.817.887.675.863.523.27
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加工方式调控黄精多糖结构与功能活性的比较
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程梦然 1, 2 , 杨德 1, 3 , 卢琪 1, 3 , 郭鹏 1, 3 , 康珏 1, 2 , 王秩 1, 3 , 王琼 1, 3 , 彭帮柱 2, * , 薛淑静 1, 3, *
农业工程学报 | 农产品加工工程 2026,42(12): 356-365
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农业工程学报 |农产品加工工程 2026 , 42 (12) : 356 -365
加工方式调控黄精多糖结构与功能活性的比较
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程梦然1, 2 , 杨德1, 3, 卢琪1, 3, 郭鹏1, 3, 康珏1, 2, 王秩1, 3, 王琼1, 3, 彭帮柱2, * , 薛淑静1, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1湖北省农业科学院农产品加工与核农技术研究所,武汉 430064
  • 2华中农业大学食品科学技术学院,武汉 430070
  • 3特色农产品资源挖掘与高质利用湖北省重点实验室,武汉 430064
通讯作者:
彭帮柱,博士,教授,研究方向为农产品精深加工与品质安全控制。Email:
薛淑静,博士,副研究员,研究方向为农产品加工。Email:
作者简介:

程梦然,研究方向为农产品加工与利用。Email:

Comparative on the effects of processing methods on the structure and functional activity of Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides
Mengran CHENG1, 2 , De YANG1, 3, Qi LU1, 3, Peng GUO1, 3, Jue KANG1, 2, Zhi WANG1, 3, Qiong WANG1, 3, Bangzhu PENG2, * , Shujing XUE1, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1Institute of Agricultural Products Processing and Nuclear Agriculture Technology Research, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
  • 2College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
  • 3Hubei Key Laboratory of Characteristic Resources and Utilization, Wuhan 430064, China
出版时间: 2026-06-30 doi: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202512252
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为探究不同加工方式对黄精多糖结构与功能活性的影响,该研究以新鲜黄精为原料,采用蒸制和发酵2种代表性工艺加工,制备新鲜黄精多糖(fresh Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides,FPP)、三蒸三制黄精多糖(triple-processed Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides,PPP)及三蒸三制后发酵黄精多糖(fermented Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides,FMP),综合运用高效凝胶渗透色谱、高效液相色谱、傅里叶变换红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜及原子力显微镜等技术,系统比较三者的理化性质、结构特征与功能活性差异。结果表明:1)三蒸三制处理改变了黄精多糖的三螺旋结构与单糖组成,分子量增大,糖醛酸含量显著增加17.97%;发酵进一步调整了单糖组成比例,提高Zeta电位绝对值至24.70 mV,并使粒径分布更均匀(多分散指数PDI=0.104)。2)扫描电子显微镜图像显示FPP表面呈光滑片状薄膜,PPP表面呈规则排列的突触状结构,FMP形成了独特的多孔形貌;原子力显微镜图像显示FPP的蠕虫状链转化为PPP、FMP的球状链,最高高度呈现先增加后降低的趋势。3)PPP表现出最强的2,2-联苯基-1-苦基肼基(2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)清除能力,0.5 mg/mL的FMP对2,2′-联氮双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二铵盐(2,2’-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid),ABTS)清除率与PPP相当;FMP和PPP对α-淀粉酶的抑制率强于FPP,且FMP对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制效果最佳(0.5 mg/mL的FMP抑制率为87.55%)。该研究为黄精精准化、高值化产业应用提供了理论依据。

黄精多糖  /  三蒸三制  /  发酵  /  结构表征  /  抗氧化活性

Conventional processing cannot fully modulate multiple biological activities of bioactive Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides using structural modifications and complex conformational transformations. The present study aims to clarify the different effects of steaming and fermentation—two representative processing techniques, including dynamic structural evolution of the medicinally valuable polysaccharides and the subsequent precise regulation of their bioactivities. Polysaccharides were extracted and then purified from fresh Polygonatum sibiricum, conventionally three-times-steamed Polygonatum sibiricum, and steamed-then-fermented Polygonatum sibiricum. The polysaccharide samples were designated as FPP, PPP, and FMP, respectively. An analytical platform was also employed: high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) was used to determine molecular weight distributions; high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with pre-column derivatization was used to quantify monosaccharide composition; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was used to identify characteristic functional groups and conformational transitions. Zeta potential and dynamic light scattering analysis were used to assess colloidal stability and particle size uniformity, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to visualize morphological and nanostructure transformations, respectively. Antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities were evaluated through in vitro assays. Specifically, the 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging capacities were determined with α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory kinetics. Steaming was used to alter the structural integrity of the polysaccharides, disrupt their native triple-helix conformation, modify the monosaccharide profile, shift molecular weight distribution toward higher ranges, and dramatically increase uronic acid content. Subsequently, fermentation acted as the precise biological modification, further fine-tuning monosaccharide compositional ratios using microbial enzymatic hydrolysis. Biotransformation raised the absolute Zeta potential, electrostatic repulsion and colloidal stability, and particle size distribution, indicating the remarkable homogeneity. These conformations were visually captured by microstructural observations. In SEM imagery, morphological transitions were observed: FPP displayed a smooth, continuous sheet-like film; Steaming induced regularly arranged, protrusive structures; Fermentation generated a porous network morphology, thereby increasing structural porosity and specific surface area. According to these morphological shifts in AFM images, nanoscale transformations occurred from flexible, worm-like chains of FPP to compact, spherical chains in both PPP and FMP. The average chain height increased markedly after steaming and then decreased after fermentation. Functionally, these structural modifications were closely correlated with enhanced bioactivities. In antioxidant evaluations, PPP exhibited the most potent DPPH radical scavenging capacity. Meanwhile, FMP presented robust ABTS radical scavenging activity compared with the PPP. In hypoglycemic potential, both PPP and FMP were more effectively inhibited α-amylase than native FPP. Crucially, FMP shared the optimal inhibitory effect against α-glucosidase among all tested samples. Steaming and fermentation served as effective strategies to modulate the chemical structure, spatial conformation, and microscopic morphology of Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides, thereby enhancing their antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities. The processing-induced structural modifications showed a strong correlation between specific structural features and physiological functions in plant polysaccharides. Consequently, this finding can also provide a solid theoretical foundation and practical guidance for the precise, high-value industrial application of Polygonatum sibiricum resources in the functional food using traditional Chinese medicine processing.

Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharide  /  triple steaming and processing  /  fermentation  /  structural characterization  /  antioxidant activity
程梦然, 杨德, 卢琪, 郭鹏, 康珏, 王秩, 王琼, 彭帮柱, 薛淑静. 加工方式调控黄精多糖结构与功能活性的比较. 农业工程学报, 2026 , 42 (12) : 356 -365 . DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202512252
Mengran CHENG, De YANG, Qi LU, Peng GUO, Jue KANG, Zhi WANG, Qiong WANG, Bangzhu PENG, Shujing XUE. Comparative on the effects of processing methods on the structure and functional activity of Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2026 , 42 (12) : 356 -365 . DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202512252
黄精(Polygonatum sibiricum)是传统中医药中重要的药食同源植物之一,具有补气养阴、润肺健脾、养肾等功效,已被国家卫生健康委员会正式批准纳入既是食品又是药品的物品名单,可用于膳食补充剂[1]。多糖作为黄精的主要活性成分之一,具有免疫调节、抗氧化、抗炎、抗糖尿病、抗抑郁及抗骨质疏松等多种生物活性[2]
新鲜黄精对咽喉具有一定的刺激性,通常需要经过蒸制或其他方式加工后食用。传统“九蒸九制”工艺为历代首选[3]。而现有研究表明,黄精经三蒸三制处理后多糖含量已趋于稳定,与九蒸九制黄精含量相近[3],且糖醛酸含量也达到峰值[4]。在三蒸三制过程中,热处理不仅改变多糖含量,也使多糖的结构发生变化,如提高半乳糖和糖醛酸的含量、分子量增大等变化[5],这些结构变化(如单糖组成、分子量、构象、官能团和糖苷键类型等)与其生物活性密切相关[6]。因此,通过加工调控多糖结构是提升其功能的关键。近年来,微生物发酵是一种提升植物多糖生物活性的有效方法。例如,乳酸菌发酵可改变铁皮石斛多糖的微观形态并增强其抗氧化活性;利用柠檬乳杆菌对香菇进行发酵,可改变其多糖的单糖组成,进而增强其免疫调节活性[7]
目前,对于黄精的研究多集中于化学成分与功能活性,尚缺乏系统比较不同加工方式对多糖结构及活性影响的研究。鉴于多糖结构决定其功能,本研究拟从新鲜黄精、三蒸三制及三蒸三制后发酵的黄精中提取多糖,采用高效凝胶渗透色谱(high performance gel permeation chromatography,HPGPC)测定多糖分子量分布,通过高效液相色谱(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)分析其单糖组成,利用傅里叶变换红外光谱解析官能团与结构特征,并测定体外抗氧化活性和降血糖活性,比较三者的理化性质、结构特征与功能活性差异,以期为黄精精准化、高值化产业应用提供理论依据。
新鲜与三蒸三制黄精(鸡头黄精,湖北神芝农业科技发展有限公司)经冷冻干燥处理后,粉碎过0.425 mm筛备用。三蒸三制工艺为:85 ℃蒸制12 h,60 ℃烘至表面干燥,连续重复该操作3次。取三蒸三制黄精粉末,按1∶25(g/mL)料液比加水后,按其体积分数5%接种复合乳酸菌SABL菌群(双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium lactis)、嗜酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus)、保加利亚乳杆菌(Lactobacillus bulgaricus)、嗜热链球菌(Streptococcus thermophilus),简称SABL菌群),实验室保藏,活菌数≥1×109 CFU/mL),于37 ℃、发酵48 h (pH降至3.1左右并保持稳定)。发酵液经灭活、离心后取上清液,即得黄精发酵液,−20 ℃保存。
大孔吸附树脂AB-8、普通型透析袋(3500 Da),上海源叶生物科技有限公司;单糖标准品(葡萄糖、半乳糖、甘露糖等),美国Sigma-Aldrich公司;三氯乙酸(分析纯),上海麦克林生化科技有限公司;其他试剂如无水乙醇、苯酚、浓硫酸等均为分析纯,购自国药集团化学试剂有限公司。
纳米激光粒度Zeta电位仪(Nano Brook 90Plus PALS),美国布鲁克海文仪器公司;全波长酶标仪(Multiskan SkyHigh),美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司;紫外分光光度计(UV-1800),上海美谱达仪器有限公司; 高效液相色谱系统(LC-20AR),日本岛津公司;傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(Spectrum Two),美国PerkinElmer公司;热重分析仪(STA 449F5),德国NETZSCH公司;扫描电子显微镜(GeminiSEM 300),德国ZEISS公司;原子力显微镜(Dimension Icon),德国Bruker公司;X射线衍射仪(SmartLab SE),日本Rigaku公司。
新鲜黄精与三蒸三制黄精样品按料液比1:10(g:mL)加入去离子水,85 ℃、200 W功率超声提取1.5 h,重复提取2次,合并2次提取所得滤液,真空浓缩后加入4倍体积无水乙醇,于4 ℃条件下静置12 h以沉淀多糖。三蒸三制黄精发酵液采用与上述相同的浓缩及醇沉工艺进行多糖沉淀。收集上述各醇沉体系中的沉淀,经离心分离后依次进行除蛋白(三氯乙酸法)[8],脱色处理(AB-8大孔树脂吸附)[9],采用3500 Da透析袋透析48 h。将纯化后的多糖溶液进行冷冻干燥,分别得到新鲜黄精多糖(fresh Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides,FPP)、三蒸三制黄精多糖(triple-processed Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides,PPP)及其发酵后黄精多糖(fermented Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides,FMP)。
多糖含量以葡萄糖为标准品,采用苯酚-硫酸法测定[10];糖醛酸含量以半乳糖醛酸为标准品,采用间羟基联苯法测定[11];果糖使用间苯二酚法测定[12];蛋白质含量以牛血清白蛋白为标准品,采用考马斯亮蓝法测定[13];还原糖含量采用3,5-二硝基水杨酸比色法测定[14];淀粉含量采用碘试剂法测定。
配制浓度为0.5 mg/mL的多糖溶液,在室温条件下,使用纳米激光粒度Zeta电位仪测定样品的粒径、Zeta电位及 PDI[15]
采用高效凝胶渗透色谱法测定分子量[16]。色谱条件:TSK-GEL GMPWXL色谱柱(7.8 mm × 300 mm),柱温35 ℃,流动相为超纯水,流速0.6 mL/min。以葡聚糖为标准品绘制标准曲线。
采用1-苯基-3-甲基-5-吡唑啉酮(1-Phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone,PMP)衍生化-高效液相色谱法测定多糖的单糖组成[17]。取葡萄糖、半乳糖等10种单糖标准品,分别配制成质量浓度为2 mg/mL的单标溶液,同时制备各组分浓度均为2 mg/mL的混合标准溶液;另取5 mg多糖样品,经2 mol/L三氟乙酸于120 ℃水解2 h后,通过减压蒸干和甲醇共沸去除残余酸。随后,取40 μL上述标准溶液或多糖样品,依次加入600 μL 0.3 mol/L NaOH溶液与600 μL 0.5 mol/L PMP甲醇溶液,于70 ℃水浴中衍生化反应30 min。反应结束后,用盐酸中和,并经氯仿萃取3次,水相经0.22 μm滤膜过滤后待进样。
色谱分析在岛津LC-20AR系统(配备SPD-20A紫外检测器)上进行,使用Uranus 5u C18色谱柱(4.6 mm × 250 mm,5 μm),柱温30 ℃。以乙腈(A)和0.02 mol/L乙酸铵溶液(B)为流动相进行梯度洗脱:16% A,0~5 min;16%~19% A,5~17 min;19%~22% A,17~30 min;22%~16% A,30~35 min;16% A,35~50 min,流速1.0 mL/min,进样量20 μL,检测波长254 nm。
将1 mg/mL多糖溶液与80 μmol/L刚果红溶液等体积混合,依次加入不同浓度的NaOH溶液,使体系中NaOH的终浓度在0~0.5 mol/L。以去离子水替代多糖溶液作为空白对照组,在400~600 nm波长范围内进行紫外光谱扫描,测定各体系的最大吸收波长,以判断多糖的三螺旋结构[18]
配制0.2 mg/mL的多糖样品溶液,使用紫外-可见分光光度计在200~500 nm波长范围内扫描,获得紫外吸收光谱。分别通过分析260 和280 nm处的吸收峰,评估样品中核酸及蛋白质类杂质的残留情况[19]
将干燥多糖样品与溴化钾(KBr)按质量比1∶100混合并压缩成片状。使用傅立叶变换红外光谱仪在4000~400 cm-1波数范围内进行扫描并记录特征吸收峰[19]
采用X射线衍射仪对多糖样品晶体结构进行测定。测试条件为:铜靶,工作电压40 kV,电流40 mA,温度25 ℃,扫描范围5°~80°,扫描速度5°/min[18]
采用热重分析仪对多糖样品进行热稳定性分析。在氮气气氛(流速为20.0 mL/min)下,将样品从30 ℃以20 ℃/min的升温速率加热至700 ℃,实时记录样品质量随温度的变化曲线[11]
将干燥多糖样品均匀粘附于导电胶上并固定于样品台,进行喷金处理后,置于扫描电子显微镜下观察。显微镜在3 kV的加速电压下工作,于不同放大倍数下选取代表性视野采集图像。
采用原子力显微镜对多糖样品表面形貌进行测定。将FPP、PPP及FMP配制成10 μg/mL水溶液,取50 μL滴加于云母片表面,室温氮气干燥后,扫描分析样品微观形貌特征。
将0.3 mL不同浓度(0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5 mg/mL)的多糖样品与等体积0.2 mmol/L DPPH-乙醇溶液混合,室温避光反应30 min后,于517 nm测定吸光度。以VC为阳性对照[20]。清除率计算式如下:
$ \mathrm{\mathit{S}_1=[1-(}\mathit{A}_{\mathrm{1}}\mathrm{-}\mathit{A}_{\mathrm{2}}\mathrm{)/}\mathit{A}_{\mathrm{0}}\mathrm{]\times100\text{%}} $
式中A0A1A2分别为DPPH•溶液、样品反应液和样品本底的吸光度;S1为DPPH•清除率。
将ABTS+•溶液(7mM)与过硫酸钾溶液(2.45 mM)等体积混合,并在暗处反应16 h生成ABTS+•工作液。然后用磷酸缓冲溶液(PBS)稀释工作液,使其在734 nm处的吸光度为(0.70 ± 0.05)。取200 μL稀释后的ABTS+•工作液与100 μL不同浓度(0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5 mg/mL)的多糖样品混合,室温下暗反应6 min后,在734 nm处测吸光度。以VC为对照[20]。清除率计算如下:
$ \mathrm{\mathit{S}_2=[1-(}\mathit{A}_{\mathrm{4}}\mathrm{-}\mathit{A}_{\mathrm{5}}\mathrm{)/}\mathit{A}_{\mathrm{3}}\mathrm{]\times100\text{%}} $
式中A3A4A5分别为ABTS+•溶液、样品反应液和样品本底的吸光度;S2为ABTS+•清除率。
将黄精多糖溶液(0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1 mg/mL)与α-葡萄糖苷酶(0.5 U/mL,pH 6.8 PBS)混合,37 ℃孵育15 min。加入对硝基苯基-α-D-葡萄糖吡喃糖苷底物(PNPG)(2.5 mmol/L)反应10 min后,加入Na2CO3溶液终止。冷却稀释后在405 nm处测吸光度,以阿卡波糖为阳性对照计算抑制率[21]。计算式如下:
$ \mathit{M}_1=[1-(\mathit{A}_{\mathrm{7}}\mathrm{-}\mathit{A}_{\mathrm{8}}\mathrm{)/}\mathit{A}_{\mathrm{6}}\mathrm{]\times100\text{%}} $
式中A6α-葡萄糖苷酶试剂与PBS混合后的吸光度。A7是样品与α-葡萄糖苷酶试剂混合后的吸光度,A8是样品与PBS混合后的吸光度;M1α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率。
将黄精多糖溶液(0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0 mg/mL)与α-淀粉酶(0.5 U/mL,pH 6.8 PBS)等体积混合,37 ℃孵育10 min。加入1%可溶性淀粉反应5 min后,用3,5-二硝基水杨酸(3,5-Dinitrosalicylic acid,DNS)试剂沸水浴显色10 min。冷却稀释后在540 nm处测吸光度,以阿卡波糖为阳性对照计算抑制率[21]。计算式如下:
$ \mathrm{\mathit{M}_2=[1-(}\mathit{A}_{\mathrm{10}}\mathrm{-}\mathit{A}_{\mathrm{11}}\mathrm{)/}\mathit{A}_{\mathrm{9}}\mathrm{]\times100\text{%}} $
式中A9是α-淀粉酶试剂与PBS混合后的吸光度。A10是样品与α-淀粉酶试剂混合后的吸光度,A11是样品与PBS混合后的吸光度;M2为α-淀粉酶抑制率。
采用Microsoft Excel 2019、SPSS 26.0和Origin 2024等软件进行统计分析与作图。数据均采用单因素方差分析法,P<0.05表示存在显著性差异。
不同加工方式的黄精所提取出的多糖其化学成分存在显著差异,如表1所示。
FMP的多糖含量显著高于其他两者(P<0.05),其原因在于发酵过程中的微生物代谢及其酶系的作用破坏了植物细胞壁结构,促进胞内多糖溶出,从而提高了多糖得率[22]。FPP的多糖含量显著大于PPP的多糖含量(P<0.05),这一结果与BIAN等[23]的研究一致,其原因可能是高温导致黄精多糖水解为单糖和低聚糖,故新鲜黄精经过三蒸三制后多糖含量下降。而FPP中果糖含量显著大于其他两者(P<0.05),蒸制后果糖含量降低这与丁锐[24]研究结果一致,可能是因为蒸制过程中果糖作为还原糖与氨基酸的美拉德反应被消耗。PPP中糖醛酸含量显著大于其他2种多糖(P<0.05),黄精蒸制后糖醛酸含量增加,和YAO等[5]的研究结果一致。FPP中未检测出糖醛酸,与LI等[25]对鸡头黄精的研究结论一致。FMP中糖醛酸含量降低,可能是因为发酵菌株的代谢消耗,研究表明,乳酸菌可通过特定途径将半乳糖醛酸发酵转化为乳酸和乙酸等产物[26]。而3种多糖中蛋白质含量在0~3.64%范围内,表明样品纯度较高,蛋白质去除较干净。
粒径和Zeta电位分析在一定程度上可以表征多糖的分散性和稳定性,PDI是评价颗粒分布均匀性的关键指标,较低PDI值可反映加工后的多糖更为均一[15]。从表2得出,FMP平均粒径显著大于FPP和PPP(P<0.05),但其PDI值最低,显示出最均匀的粒径分布。
Zeta电位分析显示,3种多糖均带负电,Zeta电位绝对值呈现递增趋势,其中FMP的电位绝对值显著大于其他2种多糖(P<0.05),表明FMP在溶解时具有更高的分子间力和更高的稳定性[27],这可能是因为发酵促进多糖的解离,暴露出更多带电基团,从而提高颗粒表面电荷密度[7]
表3展示了3种黄精多糖样品的分子量分布情况。经过三蒸三制处理后,黄精多糖分子量增大,这可能是由于黄精多糖在反复高温过程中发生聚集[25]。而经发酵处理后,黄精多糖分子量又进一步升高,可能是菌株分泌的糖基转移酶通过糖苷键连接形成更长链的黄精多糖结构,或者降解黄精多糖的小分子片段,通过氧化交联或酶促重组形成更大分子量的聚合体[22]
单糖组成分析是评估多糖结构特征的关键环节,单糖的种类与比例直接影响糖苷键类型、连接方式和空间构象,进而决定其生物活性[28]
不同处理方式显著改变了黄精多糖的单糖组成。如表4所示,FPP主要由甘露糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖、阿拉伯糖4种单糖构成,其中甘露糖是主要组分,这一结果与ZHAO等[17]研究结果一致。然而,当使用稀酸水解和高效液相色谱-示差折光检测法测定时,果糖被检测为主要组分[17],这种差异可能是果糖在强酸水解和衍生化过程中容易发生转化或降解。
经蒸制处理后,PPP和FMP的单糖种类增至6种,除上述组分外,新增了鼠李糖和半乳糖醛酸,且蒸制后主要单糖转变为半乳糖为主。单糖组成的动态变化可能是由糖苷键的分解引起的[25],三蒸三制过程中多糖结构可能被破坏。
经过进一步发酵后,黄精多糖的单糖摩尔比发生微量调整,该结果与YANG等[29]和WAN等[30]的研究结果一致,微生物发酵仅改变黄精、胡萝卜中多糖的单糖摩尔比,而未改变其单糖种类。研究表明,乳酸菌可通过代谢活动分解原始多糖,消耗部分单糖以供自身生长,并从部分单糖或寡糖中重新合成新多糖[31]。综上所述,三蒸三制处理改变了黄精多糖的单糖组成与结构,发酵则可进一步调整其单糖组成比例。
3种黄精多糖刚果红试验结果如图1a所示。在NaOH浓度0~0.5 mol/L范围内,FPP与刚果红复合物的最大吸收波长出现显著红移,且明显高于刚果红本体溶液,表明FPP具有典型的三螺旋构象。相比之下,PPP和FMP在较高碱浓度下没有最大吸收波长值,说明两者可能不存在典型的刚性三螺旋结构。上述结果表明,蒸制与发酵处理可能引起原有螺旋结构的松散或解旋,从而破坏其三螺旋特征。
3种黄精多糖的紫外-可见光光谱图如图1b所示,3种样品在260和280 nm处均未出现明显吸收峰,表明多糖样品纯度较高,核酸和蛋白质等杂质含量极低,符合后续结构及活性分析的要求。
3种黄精多糖的红外光谱图如图1c所示,样品在关键特征吸收峰上表现出一致性。3333.4 cm-1附近出现的宽峰与羟基(-OH)基团的伸缩振动有关[32]。约2925.3 cm-1处的吸收峰对应C-H键的不对称伸缩振动。这2个吸收峰是多糖结构的典型特征[33]。在1730 cm-1附近出现的吸收带可归因于羰基(C=O)的伸缩振动,表明可能存在酯键或羧酸基团[34]。此外,1657 cm-1和1246 cm-1处的吸收峰分别对应于C=C双键的伸缩振动和C-H键的弯曲振动,表明样品中存在糖醛酸结构。在1015~1020 cm-1范围内出现的吸收峰为C-O-C键的伸缩振动,是糖苷键的特征信号,表明样品中存在吡喃糖环构型。在831 cm-1附近出现的弱吸收峰,表明样品中存在少量α-吡喃糖苷键。综上,不同方式处理的黄精其多糖具有相似的特征官能团。
X射线衍射是分析聚合物晶体结构的常用方法,黄精多糖的XRD图谱如图1 d所示。3种黄精多糖均在2θ≈20°附近处出现了1个较宽的弥散衍射峰,为黄精多糖的特征衍射峰,表明其主要为非晶态或半结晶态结构。综上,新鲜黄精经过三蒸三制蒸制处理及其微生物发酵,均未对黄精多糖的结晶状态产生显著影响。
黄精多糖热重分析结果如图2所示。3种多糖在30.0~700.0 ℃范围内均出现明显热分解,热分解过程均可分为3个阶段。第1阶段,FPP、PPP、FMP三者的失重温度范围在30.0~220.0 ℃附近,主要是自由水和束缚水的损失[35],质量损失为23.53%、13.65%、18.47%,结果表明FPP具有更强的亲水性与保水能力。第2阶段出现在220.0~340.0 ℃附近,对应糖苷键断裂及多糖主链降解过程[36],质量损失分别为35.48%、31.04%、34.84%。第3阶段,质量损失出现在340.0~700.0 ℃附近,质量损失为10.48%、13.12%、16.31%,表明样品基本完全碳化,残留有机物含量极低[35]。最终,FPP、PPP、FMP的质量保留率分别为30.54%、42.22%和30.27%。结合每个阶段的质量损失率和最终的质量保留率,推测PPP的热稳定性可能在一定程度上优于FPP和FMP,同时表明3种多糖都具有良好的热稳定性。
使用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)研究3种黄精多糖的表面形貌,其结果如图3所示。FPP表面呈光滑的片状薄膜,保持了良好的完整性,边缘有褶皱;PPP表面呈规则排列的突触状结构,可能是多糖分子有序聚集形成的特定形貌,这种独特的结构可能赋予其用于药物递送和封装的特性[37],与此同时PPP由圆柱状组成树枝结构形态,也表明了其存在分子间作用力且分子间易交叉粘连[38],而FMP呈光滑的表面,微孔分散分布,可能由于多糖分子间的排斥力大于吸引力所致,据报道,多孔表面形态会增加多糖有效结构域的暴露风险,从而影响生物活性[39]
以上结果表明,3种多糖的微观形貌存在较为明显的差异,这与它们在样品纯化制备方式、分子量大小、空间结构和分支度的差异等密切相关,这种差异可能导致多糖生物活性的不同。
图4所示,3种黄精多糖的二维图像和三维图像揭示了多糖在云母基板表面的链形态和高度特征。结果显示,FPP呈现出蠕虫状的链形态,均匀分布且未发生聚集或簇状,这一现象与LI等[40]对新鲜黄精的研究结果一致。
与FPP的蠕虫状链相比,PPP和FMP的图像中显示出分布较为均匀的球状结构,表明它们有很多分支且相互缠绕在一起形成聚集体,聚集现象的存在可能是由于羟基提供了强烈的分子内和分子间相互作用[41]。FPP、PPP和FMP的最高高度呈现先增加后降低的趋势(1.6、10.0、3.8 nm),可能是因为黄精经过三蒸三制后,多糖分支聚集在一起导致了高度的增加,而发酵过程可能进一步改变了多糖的分子构象、聚集状态和表面沉积行为,但三者都明显高于单链多糖的典型高度(0.1~1.0 nm)[42]
体外模拟测定自由基清除能力是评价和筛选抗氧化剂的常用方法[43]。如图5a所示,在0.1~0.5 mg/mL的浓度范围内,PPP表现出最强的清除活性,FMP的清除活性次之,而FPP的清除能力最弱。这表明,新鲜黄精经三蒸三制后抗氧化能力显著提升,而随后的发酵工艺导致FMP活性较PPP有所下降。这种活性差异主要归因于多糖中糖醛酸含量的变化,糖醛酸能够增强多糖的供氢能力,其含量越高,抗氧化活性通常也越强[44]
3种黄精多糖样品的ABTS+·自由基清除能力如图5b所示。随着多糖浓度的增加,所有样品清除能力也呈现剂量依赖性增加。在0.5 mg/mL浓度下,PPP和FMP的清除率均高达约99%,而FPP仅为31%。这种活性差异可能与单糖组成有关。有研究表明,高含量的葡萄糖和半乳糖残基能够通过提供氢原子来有效中和自由基,从而提高抗氧化活性[45]
α-葡萄糖苷酶和α-淀粉酶可催化肠道中的淀粉水解为葡萄糖,从而升高血糖,阿卡波糖可通过抑制这2种酶活性达到降低血糖疗效[46]。黄精多糖在0.2~1.0 mg/mL浓度范围内,FMP呈现出最高的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率(图6a),在1.0 mg/mL浓度下达到87.55%。同时抑制α-淀粉酶活性有助于限制淀粉的消化,从而缓解体内葡萄糖含量的增加[21],1.0 mg/mL黄精多糖,PPP和FMP的α-淀粉酶抑制率无显著差异,且均显著高于FPP(P < 0.05)。PPP和FMP的单糖组成更为丰富,其复杂的结构特征可能与其生物活性有关[47]。体外酶抑制试验仅为初步筛选手段,后续需通过细胞或动物试验进一步验证其体内降血糖效果。
1)协同蒸制与发酵加工方法可调控黄精多糖结构并提升其理化性质,其中三蒸三制后发酵黄精多糖(fermented Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides,FMP)表现出最优的理化特性,其多糖含量为61.66%,糖醛酸含量达17.02%,Zeta电位为−24.70 mV,粒径分布均匀(多分散指数PDI=0.104)。
2)不同加工方法对黄精多糖结构及形貌有显著影响:三蒸三制破坏了黄精多糖的三螺旋结构且分子量增大,发酵进一步调整了单糖组成比例;扫描电子显微镜图像显示新鲜黄精多糖(fresh Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides,FPP)表面呈光滑片状薄膜,三蒸三制黄精多糖(processed Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides,PPP)表面呈规则排列的突触状结构,FMP形成独特多孔形貌,原子力显微镜图像显示FPP的蠕虫状链转化为PPP、FMP的球状链,最高高度呈先增加后降低趋势。
3)PPP表现出最强的2,2-联苯基-1-苦基肼基(2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH·)清除能力,0.5 mg/mL的FMP对2,2′-联氮双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二铵盐(Diammonium 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate),ABTS+·)清除率与PPP相当且显著优于FPP(P<0.05);FMP、PPP对α-淀粉酶的抑制能力均强于FPP,且FMP对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制效果最佳。未来将优化黄精发酵技术并多维评价功能活性,以推动黄精产业发展。

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2026年第42卷第12期
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doi: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202512252
  • 接收时间:2025-12-29
  • 首发时间:2026-08-20
  • 出版时间:2026-06-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-29
  • 修回日期:2026-05-29
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    1湖北省农业科学院农产品加工与核农技术研究所,武汉 430064
    2华中农业大学食品科学技术学院,武汉 430070
    3特色农产品资源挖掘与高质利用湖北省重点实验室,武汉 430064

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彭帮柱,博士,教授,研究方向为农产品精深加工与品质安全控制。Email:
薛淑静,博士,副研究员,研究方向为农产品加工。Email:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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