Article(id=1297211780489564979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, issueId=1297211624738284246, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202512011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1764604800000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-02, revisedDate=1779638400000, revisedDateStr=2026-05-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1787208989497, onlineDateStr=2026-08-20, pubDate=1782748800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1787208989497, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1787208989497, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1787208989497, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1297211624738284246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, year='2026', volume='42', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='396', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782748800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1787208952364, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1787212261177, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1297225503002357852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, issueId=1297211624738284246, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1297225503002357853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, issueId=1297211624738284246, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=366, endPage=375, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1297211780690891572, articleId=1297211780489564979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, language=EN, title=Influence of steeping conditions on the green tea infusion quality from Xanthoceras sorbifolium bud, columnId=1297211746972885671, journalTitle=Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, columnName=Agricultural Produce Processing Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge, belonging to the Sapindaceae family, has been one of the most potential promising woody oil species in northern China. X. sorbifolium can play the important ecological roles, including desert greening, windbreak, and sand fixation, also providing for the edible and medicinal value among plant resources. Furthermore, X. sorbifolia can be used as nature food for health protection and disease prophylaxis in recent years, such as for tea, due to its high concentration of unsaturated fatty acids, especially neuroprotective nervonic acid. The leaves and buds of X. sorbifolium also share the nourishing ingredients and bioactive substances, including amino acids, proteins, soluble sugars, polyphenols, flavonoids, and saponins. In this study, a full-factor design was adopted with five levels of steeping temperature and seven levels of steeping time. Nutritional quality of the tea infusions was evaluated under 35 combinations. A systematic investigation was conducted to fully clarify the influence of brewing conditions on the quality of the tea infusions with the Xanthoceras sorbifolium bud green tea (XBT). Fuzzy A fuzzy membership function was used to screen the optimal brewing parameters. The aroma and taste of the tea infusions with XBT were characterized by gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry, electronic nose, and electronic tongue. The results showed that the content of tea polyphenols in the tea infusions of XBT first increased, then decreased, and finally tended to be stable, with the extension of steeping time. While the contents of total free amino acids, flavonoids, and caffeine generally showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. At the same time, a higher brewing temperature was conducive to the dissolution of soluble sugar components. Fuzzy The fuzzy membership function also showed that the long-term brewing (360, 720 min) was not conducive to the overall quality of the tea infusions, while short brewing time (5 min) together with low temperature (50, 60 ℃) failed to fully dissolve the nutrients in the tea infusions of XBT. Three optimal combinations of steeping parameters were obtained: 70 ℃ for 60 min, 90 ℃ for 30 min, and 80 ℃ for 30 min. A total of 60 volatile organic compounds and 13 key aroma substances were detected in the tea infusions. 2-methylbutyraldehyde and 3-methylbutyraldehyde jointly contributed to the roast aroma of tea infusions, while both octanal and hexanal contributed to the fresh fruit aroma of the tea infusions, and pentanal contributed to the grassy aroma of the tea infusions. The brewing conditions of 70 ℃ for 60 min and 80 ℃ for 30 min were more benefits beneficial to the retention of aroma substances in the tea infusions, thereby reducing the bitterness and astringency. According to the nutritional quality, taste, and aroma, the optimal combination of 80 ℃ for 30 min was recommended as the daily drinking brewing for XBT. The finding can also provide a theoretical basis for the subsequent processing of tea beverages. In short, the bud can be expected to serve as a tea products for the high economic value of Xanthoceras sorbifolium.

, authors=Hongli ZHU1, Meiqi LIU1, Jiayi YANG1, Jinju LIU2, Haiwei REN1, 3, *, Yuanyuan LAN1, Hongyuan ZHAO1, 3, Ping TANG4, authorsList=Hongli ZHU, Meiqi LIU, Jiayi YANG, Jinju LIU, Haiwei REN, Yuanyuan LAN, Hongyuan ZHAO, Ping TANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Haiwei REN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1297211784134415171, articleId=1297211780489564979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, language=CN, title=浸泡条件对文冠果芽绿茶茶汤品质的影响, columnId=1297211747186795177, journalTitle=农业工程学报, columnName=农产品加工工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为充分了解浸泡条件对文冠果芽绿茶茶汤品质的影响,该研究采用全因子设计,设置5水平浸泡温度、7水平浸泡时间,测定35种组合条件下的文冠果芽绿茶茶汤营养品质;在此基础上,通过模糊隶属函数法分析筛选较优的浸泡条件,并利用气相色谱-离子迁移谱、电子鼻和电子舌等技术解析文冠果芽绿茶茶汤的香气和滋味差异。结果表明,随着浸泡时间的延长,文冠果芽绿茶茶汤中的茶多酚含量呈现先上升后下降再趋于平缓的趋势,总游离氨基酸、黄酮和咖啡碱等物质含量总体呈现先上升后下降的趋势。同时,浸泡温度较高时有助于可溶性糖组分的溶出。结合模糊隶属函数法分析结果,长时间(360、720 min)浸泡不利于茶汤整体品质的提高,而浸泡时间过短(5 min)和温度过低(50、60 ℃)也无法使文冠果芽绿茶茶汤中营养物质充分溶出,筛选得到3种较优的浸泡条件为:70 ℃ 60 min、90 ℃ 30 min、80 ℃ 30 min。进一步检测到茶汤中共有60种挥发性有机物和13种关键呈香物质,确定了2-甲基丁醛和3-甲基丁醛共同为文冠果芽绿茶茶汤贡献烘烤香气味,辛醛和己醛共同为茶汤贡献新鲜果香气味,戊醛为茶汤贡献青草气味。同时,浸泡条件70 ℃ 60 min和80 ℃ 30 min更有利于茶汤中呈香物质的保留,且能减少苦涩味。最后,从营养品质、滋味和气味等角度综合考虑,推荐80 ℃浸泡30 min为文冠果芽绿茶的日常饮用冲泡条件,也为后续茶饮产品的加工提供了理论基础。

, authors=朱鸿鹂1, 刘美琪1, 杨佳弋1, 刘金菊2, 任海伟1, 3, *, 兰园园1, 赵洪源1, 3, 唐萍4, authorsList=朱鸿鹂, 刘美琪, 杨佳弋, 刘金菊, 任海伟, 兰园园, 赵洪源, 唐萍, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=任海伟, authorNote=

朱鸿鹂,研究方向为西部特色资源开发与功能评价。Email:

, correspAuthorsNote=
任海伟,博士,教授,研究方向为生物资源开发利用。Email:
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Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2020, 11(13): 4298-4303. (in Chinese with English abstract), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1299828280769672135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211780489564979, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=32, rfOrder=52, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=牛智有, 王伟霞, 耿婕, 等. 基于HS-SPME-GC-MS的肉粉VOCs分析与表征新鲜度的关键VOCs筛选[J]. 农业工程学报, 2025, 41(14): 340-350., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1299828280899695560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211780489564979, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=32, rfOrder=53, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=NIU Zhiyou, WANG Weixia, GENG Jie, et al. Analysis of meat meal VOCs based on HS-SPME-GC-MS and selection of key VOCs for freshness characterization[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2025, 41(14): 340-350. (in Chinese with English abstract), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1299828269185004350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211780489564979, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828269193392959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211780489564979, companyId=1299828269185004350, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Science and Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828269201781568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211780489564979, companyId=1299828269185004350, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1兰州理工大学生命科学与工程学院,兰州 730050)]), AuthorCompany(id=1299828269289861953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211780489564979, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828269294056258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211780489564979, companyId=1299828269289861953, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Baiyin Vocational College of Mining And Metallurgy, Baiyin 730900, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828269302444867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211780489564979, companyId=1299828269289861953, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2白银矿冶职业技术学院,白银 730900)]), AuthorCompany(id=1299828269365359428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211780489564979, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828269373748037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211780489564979, companyId=1299828269365359428, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Gansu Food and Drug Resoures Development and Biomanufacturing Industry Technology Center, Lanzhou 730050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828269382136646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211780489564979, companyId=1299828269365359428, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3甘肃省食药资源开发与生物制造行业技术中心,兰州 730050)]), AuthorCompany(id=1299828269449245511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211780489564979, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828269457634120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211780489564979, companyId=1299828269449245511, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4Gansu Maoqun Tianyun Xanthoceras Sorbifolia Development Co., Ltd. Bai Yin 730600, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1299828269466022729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211780489564979, companyId=1299828269449245511, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4甘肃茂群天运文冠果开发有限责任公司,白银 730600)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1299828274822148991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211780489564979, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Variation patterns of nutritional quality components in tea infusion under different steeping conditions, figureFileSmall=cQOt0ny1F5T5FY0TL+TZ2Q==, figureFileBig=HJJKUgtzXjlU4GNuJPlWDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1299828274897646464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211780489564979, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同浸泡条件下茶汤中的营养品质成分变化规律, figureFileSmall=cQOt0ny1F5T5FY0TL+TZ2Q==, figureFileBig=HJJKUgtzXjlU4GNuJPlWDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1299828274994115457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211780489564979, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) test results of volatile organic compounds in three initially selected tea infusions, figureFileSmall=1aA6WKJNzJrGtiNEtPqnMw==, figureFileBig=4l2akV/aC2zFyqq+Eb96tQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1299828275061224322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211780489564979, language=CN, label=图2, caption=三种初选茶汤的挥发性有机物气相色谱离子迁移谱测试结果

注:图d选取浸泡条件70 ℃ 60 min作为空白参比,白色为扣减后的背景,代表目标样品与70 ℃ 60 min的物质浓度相同,图中红色表示该物质浓度在此条件下高于参比,蓝色表示该物质浓度在此条件下低于参比。颜色代表物质的峰强度,从蓝色到红色,颜色越深表示峰强度越大。

, figureFileSmall=1aA6WKJNzJrGtiNEtPqnMw==, figureFileBig=4l2akV/aC2zFyqq+Eb96tQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1299828275145110403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211780489564979, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Stacked bar chart of the relative contents of aroma substances in three initially selected tea infusions, figureFileSmall=z/zCU+g8m77XT9mE9Iju5g==, figureFileBig=Dgkpds6H7jk0DUbdrYOijQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1299828275199636356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211780489564979, language=CN, label=图3, caption=三种初选茶汤的呈香物质相对含量堆积柱状图, figureFileSmall=z/zCU+g8m77XT9mE9Iju5g==, figureFileBig=Dgkpds6H7jk0DUbdrYOijQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1299828275258356613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211780489564979, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=GC-IMS fingerprint spectra of volatile organic compounds in three initially selected tea infusions, figureFileSmall=twn+mgWKUcx56x8IP72t/w==, figureFileBig=tIJjwpZXa9U8XHO2TRjTCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1299828275396768646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211780489564979, language=CN, label=图4, caption=三种初选茶汤的挥发性有机物GC-IMS指纹图谱

注:横轴标注的数字编号代表未完成标准品定性、仅通过迁移/保留时间检出的未知挥发性组分,带有化合物名称的横坐标为匹配标准品数据库完成定性的已知风味物质。图中Ⅰ区域物质在90 ℃ 30 min时浓度更高,主要包括戊酮、戊醛、庚醛、1-辛烯-3-酮、3-甲基-2-丁烯醛、(E)-2-庚烯醛等,Ⅱ区域物质在80 ℃ 30 min时浓度更高,主要包括壬醛、4-羟基-4-甲基-2-戊酮、3-甲基-2-丁烯-1-基乙酸酯、丙酸丁酯等。

, figureFileSmall=twn+mgWKUcx56x8IP72t/w==, figureFileBig=tIJjwpZXa9U8XHO2TRjTCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1299828275455488903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211780489564979, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Electronic nose sensory analysis of three initially selected tea infusions, figureFileSmall=XoMLyiUKnkI7g39qBJ6gSA==, figureFileBig=tjAzw4giXMXaziTs1gSjrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1299828275522597768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211780489564979, language=CN, label=图5, caption=三种初选茶汤的电子鼻感官分析

注:W1C传感器对芳香成分和苯类灵敏;W5S传感器对氮氧化合物很灵敏;W3C传感器对氨水和对芳香成分灵敏;W6S传感器主要对氢气有选择性;W5C传感器对烷烃芳香成分敏感;W1S传感器对甲烷等短链烷烃灵敏;W1W传感器对无机硫化物灵敏;W2S传感器对醇醚醛酮类灵敏;W2W传感器对有机硫化物灵敏;W3S传感器对烷烃类灵敏。下同。

, figureFileSmall=XoMLyiUKnkI7g39qBJ6gSA==, figureFileBig=tjAzw4giXMXaziTs1gSjrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1299828275610678153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211780489564979, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Correlation heatmap of 13 key aroma substances and 10 sensor response values of the electronic nose, figureFileSmall=0IkaWgDplSvks3hG6S5wzg==, figureFileBig=RABqynUAjixXr9Sas1v3bA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1299828275673592714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211780489564979, language=CN, label=图6, caption=13种关键呈香物质与10种电子鼻传感器响应值相关性热力图

注:蓝色表示负相关,红色表示正相关;*表示显著相关(P<0.05),**表示极显著相关(P<0.01)。

, figureFileSmall=0IkaWgDplSvks3hG6S5wzg==, figureFileBig=RABqynUAjixXr9Sas1v3bA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1299828275749090187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211780489564979, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Electronic tongue sensor response radar chart of three initially selected tea infusions, figureFileSmall=nuewOFbF/yVVRfzBsXJQtQ==, figureFileBig=TzPmVuM5oLw9vXns2y+jBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1299828275828781964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211780489564979, language=CN, label=图7, caption=三种初选茶汤的电子舌传感器响应, figureFileSmall=nuewOFbF/yVVRfzBsXJQtQ==, figureFileBig=TzPmVuM5oLw9vXns2y+jBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1299828275942028173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211780489564979, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Eigenvectors, eigenvalues, contribution rates and cumulative contribution rates of principal components

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标
Index
主成分Principal component
1234
茶多酚
Tea polyphenols X1
0.4890.0750.154−0.828
游离氨基酸
Free amino acids X2
0.488−0.2560.5260.203
可溶性糖
Soluble sugars X3
0.455−0.536−0.1130.356
黄酮
Flavonoids X4
0.4520.155−0.7940.037
咖啡碱
Caffeine X5
0.3330.7860.2370.381
特征值
Eigenvalue
2.5690.9400.6400.509
贡献率
Variance contribution/%
51.38118.80612.79710.184
累积贡献率
Cumulative variance contribution/%
51.38170.18782.98493.168
), ArticleFig(id=1299828276004942734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211780489564979, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

主成分的特征向量、特征值、贡献率和累积贡献率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标
Index
主成分Principal component
1234
茶多酚
Tea polyphenols X1
0.4890.0750.154−0.828
游离氨基酸
Free amino acids X2
0.488−0.2560.5260.203
可溶性糖
Soluble sugars X3
0.455−0.536−0.1130.356
黄酮
Flavonoids X4
0.4520.155−0.7940.037
咖啡碱
Caffeine X5
0.3330.7860.2370.381
特征值
Eigenvalue
2.5690.9400.6400.509
贡献率
Variance contribution/%
51.38118.80612.79710.184
累积贡献率
Cumulative variance contribution/%
51.38170.18782.98493.168
), ArticleFig(id=1299828276101411727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211780489564979, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comprehensive evaluation results for the nutritional quality of tea infusions under different steeping conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号
No.
浸泡条件
Steeping conditions
隶属值
Membership value
综合得分
Synthesis
score
温度
Temperature/ ℃
时间
Time/min
U1U2U3U4
注:多个原始理化指标经 PCA 降维,提取出4 个有效主成分,因此拆分出U1、U2、U3、U4(分别为主成分1、2、3、 4的隶属得分)
Note:Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on multiple original physicochemical indicators, and four valid principal components were extracted. U1, U2, U3 and U4 correspond to the membership scores of the first, second, third and fourth principal components.
A70600.9121.0000.6220.4950.844
B90300.9620.5650.6660.5270.794
C80300.8910.7560.6390.5620.793
D70300.9310.7440.7200.2210.787
E701801.0000.8670.0000.5270.784
F90100.8610.6130.7330.6800.774
G70100.8030.5110.9310.8220.764
H80100.8340.6380.7420.5970.756
I707200.9300.5530.4490.4870.740
J50300.6980.9050.5070.8200.727
K801800.9410.5640.1970.3800.701
L80600.8910.5980.3020.2700.683
M803600.8710.2790.7440.2880.671
N90600.7560.3380.4051.0000.650
O50600.6420.8260.4230.6420.649
P607200.5110.6300.7510.8980.610
Q60300.5300.7950.4920.7210.599
R8050.5130.5210.7710.9490.597
S601800.5630.7700.3760.6680.590
T9050.6940.3940.5880.4280.590
U503600.4900.8830.3640.7890.584
V807200.8260.2920.2470.1490.565
W7050.5050.5821.0000.2550.561
X501800.5150.6590.3670.8330.559
Y703600.6930.4350.4960.0610.545
Z60600.5040.7450.4670.4660.543
AA603600.4050.7570.5250.7220.527
AB901800.5850.5390.0960.7080.522
AC50100.5370.6970.4110.1030.505
AD903600.5640.2900.2430.8110.492
AE60100.3770.7790.5820.4200.491
AF907200.5580.0000.4270.8520.460
AG507200.4140.3910.4700.6280.440
AH5050.3170.5680.6330.0000.376
AI6050.0000.6370.3880.1240.195
), ArticleFig(id=1299828276176909200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211780489564979, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同浸泡条件下茶汤的营养品质综合评价结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号
No.
浸泡条件
Steeping conditions
隶属值
Membership value
综合得分
Synthesis
score
温度
Temperature/ ℃
时间
Time/min
U1U2U3U4
注:多个原始理化指标经 PCA 降维,提取出4 个有效主成分,因此拆分出U1、U2、U3、U4(分别为主成分1、2、3、 4的隶属得分)
Note:Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on multiple original physicochemical indicators, and four valid principal components were extracted. U1, U2, U3 and U4 correspond to the membership scores of the first, second, third and fourth principal components.
A70600.9121.0000.6220.4950.844
B90300.9620.5650.6660.5270.794
C80300.8910.7560.6390.5620.793
D70300.9310.7440.7200.2210.787
E701801.0000.8670.0000.5270.784
F90100.8610.6130.7330.6800.774
G70100.8030.5110.9310.8220.764
H80100.8340.6380.7420.5970.756
I707200.9300.5530.4490.4870.740
J50300.6980.9050.5070.8200.727
K801800.9410.5640.1970.3800.701
L80600.8910.5980.3020.2700.683
M803600.8710.2790.7440.2880.671
N90600.7560.3380.4051.0000.650
O50600.6420.8260.4230.6420.649
P607200.5110.6300.7510.8980.610
Q60300.5300.7950.4920.7210.599
R8050.5130.5210.7710.9490.597
S601800.5630.7700.3760.6680.590
T9050.6940.3940.5880.4280.590
U503600.4900.8830.3640.7890.584
V807200.8260.2920.2470.1490.565
W7050.5050.5821.0000.2550.561
X501800.5150.6590.3670.8330.559
Y703600.6930.4350.4960.0610.545
Z60600.5040.7450.4670.4660.543
AA603600.4050.7570.5250.7220.527
AB901800.5850.5390.0960.7080.522
AC50100.5370.6970.4110.1030.505
AD903600.5640.2900.2430.8110.492
AE60100.3770.7790.5820.4200.491
AF907200.5580.0000.4270.8520.460
AG507200.4140.3910.4700.6280.440
AH5050.3170.5680.6330.0000.376
AI6050.0000.6370.3880.1240.195
), ArticleFig(id=1299828276256600977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211780489564979, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Relative odor activity values (ROAV) of 13 key aroma substances in three initially selected tea infusions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号
No.
挥发性有机物Volatile organic compound气味描述
Odor description
阈值
Threshold value/
(mg·kg−1)
相对气味活度值ROAV
中文 Chinese英文 EnglishABC
注:后缀M、D分别为同一个物质的单体、二聚体。
Note: The suffixes M and D represent the monomer and dimer of the same substance respectively.
1正辛醛n-Octanal醛、蜡味、柑橘、橙子、果香、脂肪0.00075.823.475.41
2己醛-MHexanal-M青香、脂肪味、水果味0.00754.082.114.23
3己醛-DHexanal-D青香、脂肪味、水果味0.00758.234.888.15
42-甲基丁醛-M2-Methyl butanal-M苦杏仁味、可可、麦芽0.001 021.6010.0922.41
52-甲基丁醛-D2-Methyl butanal-D苦杏仁味、可可、麦芽0.001 014.408.7314.26
63-甲基丁醛-M3-Methyl butanal-M巧克力、脂肪味0.008 02.571.352.41
73-甲基丁醛-D3-Methyl butanal-D巧克力、脂肪味0.008 02.431.212.05
8正戊醛-Mn-Pentanal-M青草气味,带微弱香蕉味,味刺激0.008 04.501.734.26
9正戊醛-Dn-Pentanal-D青草气味,带微弱香蕉味,味刺激0.008 01.631.311.54
10正壬醛-Mn-Nonanal-M玫瑰,柑橘等香气,有强的油脂气味0.015 00.900.481.02
11(E)-2-辛烯醛(E)-2-Octenal新鲜黄瓜,脂肪,青香草药,香蕉,青香叶子0.003 00.881.070.95
121-戊烯-3-酮-M1-Penten-3-one-M强烈刺激性气味0.00127.525.2510.60
131-戊烯-3-酮-D1-Penten-3-one-D强烈刺激性气味0.00127.0812.9413.87
), ArticleFig(id=1299828276327904146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211780489564979, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

三种初选茶汤的13种关键呈香物质的相对气味活度值(ROAV)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号
No.
挥发性有机物Volatile organic compound气味描述
Odor description
阈值
Threshold value/
(mg·kg−1)
相对气味活度值ROAV
中文 Chinese英文 EnglishABC
注:后缀M、D分别为同一个物质的单体、二聚体。
Note: The suffixes M and D represent the monomer and dimer of the same substance respectively.
1正辛醛n-Octanal醛、蜡味、柑橘、橙子、果香、脂肪0.00075.823.475.41
2己醛-MHexanal-M青香、脂肪味、水果味0.00754.082.114.23
3己醛-DHexanal-D青香、脂肪味、水果味0.00758.234.888.15
42-甲基丁醛-M2-Methyl butanal-M苦杏仁味、可可、麦芽0.001 021.6010.0922.41
52-甲基丁醛-D2-Methyl butanal-D苦杏仁味、可可、麦芽0.001 014.408.7314.26
63-甲基丁醛-M3-Methyl butanal-M巧克力、脂肪味0.008 02.571.352.41
73-甲基丁醛-D3-Methyl butanal-D巧克力、脂肪味0.008 02.431.212.05
8正戊醛-Mn-Pentanal-M青草气味,带微弱香蕉味,味刺激0.008 04.501.734.26
9正戊醛-Dn-Pentanal-D青草气味,带微弱香蕉味,味刺激0.008 01.631.311.54
10正壬醛-Mn-Nonanal-M玫瑰,柑橘等香气,有强的油脂气味0.015 00.900.481.02
11(E)-2-辛烯醛(E)-2-Octenal新鲜黄瓜,脂肪,青香草药,香蕉,青香叶子0.003 00.881.070.95
121-戊烯-3-酮-M1-Penten-3-one-M强烈刺激性气味0.00127.525.2510.60
131-戊烯-3-酮-D1-Penten-3-one-D强烈刺激性气味0.00127.0812.9413.87
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浸泡条件对文冠果芽绿茶茶汤品质的影响
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朱鸿鹂 1 , 刘美琪 1 , 杨佳弋 1 , 刘金菊 2 , 任海伟 1, 3, * , 兰园园 1 , 赵洪源 1, 3 , 唐萍 4
农业工程学报 | 农产品加工工程 2026,42(12): 366-375
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农业工程学报 |农产品加工工程 2026 , 42 (12) : 366 -375
浸泡条件对文冠果芽绿茶茶汤品质的影响
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朱鸿鹂1 , 刘美琪1, 杨佳弋1, 刘金菊2, 任海伟1, 3, * , 兰园园1, 赵洪源1, 3, 唐萍4
作者信息
  • 1兰州理工大学生命科学与工程学院,兰州 730050
  • 2白银矿冶职业技术学院,白银 730900
  • 3甘肃省食药资源开发与生物制造行业技术中心,兰州 730050
  • 4甘肃茂群天运文冠果开发有限责任公司,白银 730600
通讯作者:
任海伟,博士,教授,研究方向为生物资源开发利用。Email:
作者简介:

朱鸿鹂,研究方向为西部特色资源开发与功能评价。Email:

Influence of steeping conditions on the green tea infusion quality from Xanthoceras sorbifolium bud
Hongli ZHU1 , Meiqi LIU1, Jiayi YANG1, Jinju LIU2, Haiwei REN1, 3, * , Yuanyuan LAN1, Hongyuan ZHAO1, 3, Ping TANG4
Affiliations
  • 1School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Science and Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
  • 2Baiyin Vocational College of Mining And Metallurgy, Baiyin 730900, China
  • 3Gansu Food and Drug Resoures Development and Biomanufacturing Industry Technology Center, Lanzhou 730050, China
  • 4Gansu Maoqun Tianyun Xanthoceras Sorbifolia Development Co., Ltd. Bai Yin 730600, China
出版时间: 2026-06-30 doi: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202512011
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为充分了解浸泡条件对文冠果芽绿茶茶汤品质的影响,该研究采用全因子设计,设置5水平浸泡温度、7水平浸泡时间,测定35种组合条件下的文冠果芽绿茶茶汤营养品质;在此基础上,通过模糊隶属函数法分析筛选较优的浸泡条件,并利用气相色谱-离子迁移谱、电子鼻和电子舌等技术解析文冠果芽绿茶茶汤的香气和滋味差异。结果表明,随着浸泡时间的延长,文冠果芽绿茶茶汤中的茶多酚含量呈现先上升后下降再趋于平缓的趋势,总游离氨基酸、黄酮和咖啡碱等物质含量总体呈现先上升后下降的趋势。同时,浸泡温度较高时有助于可溶性糖组分的溶出。结合模糊隶属函数法分析结果,长时间(360、720 min)浸泡不利于茶汤整体品质的提高,而浸泡时间过短(5 min)和温度过低(50、60 ℃)也无法使文冠果芽绿茶茶汤中营养物质充分溶出,筛选得到3种较优的浸泡条件为:70 ℃ 60 min、90 ℃ 30 min、80 ℃ 30 min。进一步检测到茶汤中共有60种挥发性有机物和13种关键呈香物质,确定了2-甲基丁醛和3-甲基丁醛共同为文冠果芽绿茶茶汤贡献烘烤香气味,辛醛和己醛共同为茶汤贡献新鲜果香气味,戊醛为茶汤贡献青草气味。同时,浸泡条件70 ℃ 60 min和80 ℃ 30 min更有利于茶汤中呈香物质的保留,且能减少苦涩味。最后,从营养品质、滋味和气味等角度综合考虑,推荐80 ℃浸泡30 min为文冠果芽绿茶的日常饮用冲泡条件,也为后续茶饮产品的加工提供了理论基础。

文冠果芽绿茶  /  化学成分  /  隶属函数法  /  气相色谱-离子迁移谱  /  挥发性有机物

Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge, belonging to the Sapindaceae family, has been one of the most potential promising woody oil species in northern China. X. sorbifolium can play the important ecological roles, including desert greening, windbreak, and sand fixation, also providing for the edible and medicinal value among plant resources. Furthermore, X. sorbifolia can be used as nature food for health protection and disease prophylaxis in recent years, such as for tea, due to its high concentration of unsaturated fatty acids, especially neuroprotective nervonic acid. The leaves and buds of X. sorbifolium also share the nourishing ingredients and bioactive substances, including amino acids, proteins, soluble sugars, polyphenols, flavonoids, and saponins. In this study, a full-factor design was adopted with five levels of steeping temperature and seven levels of steeping time. Nutritional quality of the tea infusions was evaluated under 35 combinations. A systematic investigation was conducted to fully clarify the influence of brewing conditions on the quality of the tea infusions with the Xanthoceras sorbifolium bud green tea (XBT). Fuzzy A fuzzy membership function was used to screen the optimal brewing parameters. The aroma and taste of the tea infusions with XBT were characterized by gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry, electronic nose, and electronic tongue. The results showed that the content of tea polyphenols in the tea infusions of XBT first increased, then decreased, and finally tended to be stable, with the extension of steeping time. While the contents of total free amino acids, flavonoids, and caffeine generally showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. At the same time, a higher brewing temperature was conducive to the dissolution of soluble sugar components. Fuzzy The fuzzy membership function also showed that the long-term brewing (360, 720 min) was not conducive to the overall quality of the tea infusions, while short brewing time (5 min) together with low temperature (50, 60 ℃) failed to fully dissolve the nutrients in the tea infusions of XBT. Three optimal combinations of steeping parameters were obtained: 70 ℃ for 60 min, 90 ℃ for 30 min, and 80 ℃ for 30 min. A total of 60 volatile organic compounds and 13 key aroma substances were detected in the tea infusions. 2-methylbutyraldehyde and 3-methylbutyraldehyde jointly contributed to the roast aroma of tea infusions, while both octanal and hexanal contributed to the fresh fruit aroma of the tea infusions, and pentanal contributed to the grassy aroma of the tea infusions. The brewing conditions of 70 ℃ for 60 min and 80 ℃ for 30 min were more benefits beneficial to the retention of aroma substances in the tea infusions, thereby reducing the bitterness and astringency. According to the nutritional quality, taste, and aroma, the optimal combination of 80 ℃ for 30 min was recommended as the daily drinking brewing for XBT. The finding can also provide a theoretical basis for the subsequent processing of tea beverages. In short, the bud can be expected to serve as a tea products for the high economic value of Xanthoceras sorbifolium.

Xanthoceras sorbifolium bud green tea(XBT)  /  chemical composition  /  subordinate function  /  gas chromatography ion mobility spectroscopy (GC-IMS)  /  volatile organic compounds
朱鸿鹂, 刘美琪, 杨佳弋, 刘金菊, 任海伟, 兰园园, 赵洪源, 唐萍. 浸泡条件对文冠果芽绿茶茶汤品质的影响. 农业工程学报, 2026 , 42 (12) : 366 -375 . DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202512011
Hongli ZHU, Meiqi LIU, Jiayi YANG, Jinju LIU, Haiwei REN, Yuanyuan LAN, Hongyuan ZHAO, Ping TANG. Influence of steeping conditions on the green tea infusion quality from Xanthoceras sorbifolium bud[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2026 , 42 (12) : 366 -375 . DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202512011
文冠果(Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge)为无患子科文冠果属的落叶灌木或小乔木,别名僧灯毛道[1]、文官果[2]、崖木瓜等,是中国北方特有的木本油料树种,主要分布于中国北部干旱寒冷地区,如甘肃、内蒙古、河北等[3]。据报道,文冠果种仁含油率高达60%左右(神经酸约3%~4%),文冠果芽和叶片中富含皂苷、槲皮素、绿原酸、多酚、黄酮等多种生物活性物质,具有降血压、降血脂、抗炎、抗氧化应激等功效,可制成功能代用茶供消费者饮用[4]
研究表明,茶汤核心品质主要体现在滋味和香气两个方面,二者分别由茶叶中不同特性的内容物决定。茶汤的滋味特征源于茶叶的营养品质成分,其中茶多酚、黄酮类物质及咖啡碱是形成茶汤苦涩味的关键成分,总游离氨基酸为茶汤赋予清爽鲜醇的口感,而可溶性糖则可以为茶汤增添甘甜,三者共同塑造了茶汤丰富的滋味[5]。另一方面,茶汤的香气特征由茶叶中挥发性有机物主导,作为衡量茶汤品质的核心指标,其释放速率在冲泡过程中受水温和时间的显著影响[6]。陶冬冰等[7]利用电子舌对不同冲泡条件下六安瓜片茶汤涩味值进行主成分判别分析,发现浸泡水温越高或浸泡时间越长,茶汤滋味越涩。YU等[8]通过响应面法优化得到兼具香气与滋味的祁门红茶最优冲泡条件为水温89 ℃、时间6 min、茶水比1:55。王淑腾等[9]的研究结果表明:茶水比是影响青砖茶茶汤香气、汤色的主要因素,其作用强度大于冲泡时间;冲泡时间对茶汤滋味的调控效果则显著高于茶水比。ZHANG等[10]从化学品质成分与感官条件等角度分别研究了福鼎白茶的冲泡条件,认为茶水比1:30、温度100 ℃、时间7 min的冲泡条件对化学品质成分最有利,冲泡条件100 ℃、3 min、茶水比1:50时茶汤的感官评分最佳。因此,针对不同种类的茶汤而言,深入了解浸泡条件对其营养品质和风味品质的影响至关重要。然而,目前有关浸泡条件对文冠果芽茶茶汤品质的研究还尚未有报道。
鉴于此,本文以文冠果芽茶(绿茶)为研究对象,研究浸泡时间和浸泡温度对文冠果芽绿茶茶汤中主要营养品质成分的溶出规律,并通过模糊隶属函数法进行主成分分析,筛选确定相对较优的浸泡条件。在此基础上,利用气相色谱-离子迁移谱(gas chromatography ion mobility spectroscopy, GC-IMS)测定文冠果芽绿茶茶汤中的挥发性有机物,并通过差异性分析确定关键呈香物质,进而探究浸泡条件对茶汤风味品质的影响。同时,利用电子舌测定茶汤滋味,并分析其与营养品质成分之间的关系,以期为文冠果芽绿茶的科学饮用和茶饮产品研发提供理论指导。
文冠果芽绿茶由甘肃茂群天运文冠果开发有限责任公司提供。原料嫩芽采摘自甘肃省白银市靖远县(北纬 36°59′6.57″,东经 105°7′52.63″)五合镇文冠果种植园,经250~300 ℃杀青3 min,将杀青芽重复压成紧密团块,经翻转、打散再压成团块,然后在150 ℃条件下干燥5 min制成文冠果芽绿茶。福林酚试剂购于阿拉丁生化科技有限公司;没食子酸标准品(> 98%)、咖啡因标准品(> 98%)、芦丁标准品(> 98%)、L-谷氨酸标准品(> 98%)购于成都迪赛特生物科技有限公司。
52N 紫外可见分光光度计,上海仪电分析仪器有限公司;TS-5000Z 电子舌,日本 INSENT 公司;PEN3 电子鼻,德国 AIRSENSE 公司;FlavourSpec® 气相色谱-离子迁移谱,德国 G.A.S. 公司;CTC-PAL 3静态顶空自动进样装置,瑞士 CTC Analytics AG 公司; MXT-5 毛细管柱,美国 Reatek 公司。
采用全因子设计(温度×时间),结合日常饮茶习惯,着重考虑浸泡温度和时间对茶汤品质的影响。按照国际标准化组织ISO 3103:2019规定方法,固定茶水比为1∶50(g/g),温度设置5个水平(90、80、70、60、50 ℃),时间设置7个水平(5、10、30、60、180、360、720 min),共35种茶汤浸泡试验组合,并在透明茶杯中开展研究。
茶多酚参照GB/T 8313-2018《茶叶中茶多酚和儿茶素类含量测定方法》测定;总游离氨基酸参照GB/T 8314-2013《茶 游离氨基酸总量的测定》测定;可溶性糖采用3,5-二硝基水杨酸(DNS)比色法测定[11];总黄酮采用三氯化铝-亚硝酸钠比色法测定[12];咖啡碱参照GB/T 8312-2013《茶 咖啡碱测定》中分光光度法测定。
由于单一指标无法全面反映茶汤的综合营养价值,故采用模糊隶属函数法对35组不同浸泡条件下的茶汤营养成分指标进行综合评价。根据仝倩等[13]方法计算茶汤综合指标隶属函数值、综合指标权重和综合得分D值。
茶汤所测各指标相关隶属值计算如式(1):
$ U(X_j)=\frac{X_j-X_{\min}}{X_{\max}-X_j},(j=1,2,......,n) $
各主成分权重计算如式(2):
$ {W}_{j}=\frac{{P}_{j}}{\displaystyle\sum \limits_{j=1}^{n}{P}_{j}} $
综合评价得分D值计算如式(3):
$ D=\sum \limits_{j=1}^{n}\left[U\left({X}_{j}\right)\cdot {\text{W}}_{j}\right] $
式中U(Xj) 代表第 j 个茶汤指标的隶属值,Xj 代表第 j 个茶汤指标的测量值;XmaxXmin 为所测茶汤某一指标的最大值和最小值;Pj 表示不同浸泡条件下茶汤第 j 个综合指标的贡献率;Wj为相应的主成分权重。
采用 FlavourSpec® 气相色谱-离子迁移谱(GC-IMS)系统和 MXT-5 毛细管柱(15 m × 0.53 mm,1.0 μm) 分析挥发性有机物。
GC条件:色谱柱温度60 ℃;载气:高纯氮气(纯度 ≥99.999%);程序升压:初始流量2.0 mL/min保持 2 min,在8 min内线性增至10.0 mL/min,在10 min内线性增至100.0 mL/min,在10 min 内线性增至150.0 mL/min。色谱运行时间30 min;进样口温度80 ℃。
IMS条件:电离源:氚源(3H);迁移管长度:53 mm;电场强度:500 V/cm;迁移管温度:45 ℃;漂移气:高纯氮气(纯度 ≥99.999%);流速:75 mL/min;所有数据均在正离子化模式下采集。
取10 g茶汤于100 mL样品杯(双层保鲜膜封口),室温(23~25 ℃)下静置30 min后上机测试,直接将进样针头插入含样品的密封烧杯中,利用PEN3电子鼻对茶汤香气特征进行测定。测定条件:采样时间1 s;传感器自清洗时间80 s;传感器归零时间5 s;样品准备时间5 s;进样流量400 mL/min;分析采样时间80 s。
使用TS-5000Z电子舌对茶汤滋味特征进行测定[14]。茶汤经纱布过滤后,将滤液置于冷水中急冷降温5 min,室温(23~25 ℃)下上机检测。测定条件:预试验中发现30 s后信号趋于平稳,因此取30 s测试值作为传感器信号输出值。每份样品按上述流程测试4次,取后3次数据进行分析。
采用相对气味活性值(relative odor activity value, ROAV)方法评估挥发性有机物对茶汤的贡献度[15]
$ \text{ROAV}=\frac{{C}_{A}\times {T}_{\max }}{{C}_{\max }\times {T}_{A}}\times 100 $
式中CA(%)和TA(mg/kg)分别表示每种挥发性有机物的相对含量和阈值,Cmax(%)和Tmax(mg/kg)表示对整体风味贡献最大的化合物的相对含量和阈值。当ROAV ≥ 1.0 时,认为该物质对挥发性风味特征的贡献显著,是关键呈香物质。
数据利用Excel 2019软件整理,采用SPSS软件进行单因素方差分析、皮尔逊相关分析、隶属函数法主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA),并使用最小显著差异法(least significant difference, LSD)和 Waller- Duncan 法进行检验。使用Origin 2024 软件生成柱状图、雷达图、热图和PCA图。
图1a所示,茶汤中的茶多酚含量随浸泡时间延长而呈现先上升后下降再趋于平缓的趋势。
这是由于浸泡初始阶段的茶多酚分子热运动较快,有利于其溶出,故茶多酚含量上升;随着浸泡时间的延长,茶多酚含量下降,一方面由于水温的自然下降,分子热运动减慢,同时文冠果芽中富含Ca、Mg等离子,可能与其发生络合作用并使其含量下降[16]。另一方面长时间浸泡会使茶多酚被氧化成茶黄素和茶红素[7]
图1b可知,总游离氨基酸含量总体呈现先上升后下降的趋势(除个别组外),且高水温(70~90 ℃)浸泡条件下的总游离氨基酸含量高于低水温(50~60 ℃)条件。茶叶中可溶性糖主要包括单糖、双糖和部分低聚糖,其释放过程受到扩散动力学和酶促反应双重调控作用的影响[17]。由图1c可知,茶汤中可溶性糖含量随浸泡时间延长在一定范围内波动变化,且浸泡温度愈高其溶出浓度愈高。就总黄酮含量而言(图1 d),在浸泡初期黄酮类物质持续溶出,含量逐渐上升;但长时间浸泡反而使可浸出的黄酮含量降低,故其含量变化亦整体呈现先上升后下降趋势,这可能与发生氧化、聚合等反应有关,王承福等[18]的研究结果也证明了这一点。如图1e所示,茶汤中的咖啡碱含量随时间延长呈现先上升后快速下降趋势,这可能与浸泡时间延长茶汤冷却,咖啡碱与多酚类物质及其氧化产物络合等因素有关[19-20]
针对35种浸泡条件下的茶汤营养品质进行主成分分析,将特征值大于1的主成分作为综合指标,有效代替原始指标所含信息,各主成分中指标的特征向量绝对值最大为该主成分中代表指标[21]。由表1可知,主成分1的特征值为2.569,可视作茶汤品质评价的综合指标,其贡献率达51.381%,表明所有指标的变异信息中,有51.381%的变异信息可以用主成分1来表示。主成分2的特征值为0.940,所产生的贡献值为18.806%,其中咖啡碱的绝对值最大,说明成分2的代表指标为咖啡碱,由于咖啡碱主要影响茶汤苦味,故主成分2可以被认为是苦味因子。成分3的特征值为0.640,所产生贡献值为12.797%,黄酮的绝对值最大,说明成分3的代表指标为黄酮。SCHARBERT等[22]认为黄酮醇苷类物质对大吉岭红茶的涩味有贡献,可以增强咖啡碱在茶汤中的苦味,故主成分3被认为是苦味增强因子。主成分4的特征值为0.509,所产生的贡献值为10.184%,茶多酚的绝对值最大,说明成分4的代表指标为茶多酚,由于茶多酚主要影响茶汤中的涩味[23],故主成分4被认为是涩味因子。
表2可知,浸泡70 ℃ 60 min时的茶汤品质综合得分最高,为0.844;浸泡90 ℃ 30 min和80 ℃ 30 min条件下的综合得分基本接近,分别为0.794和0.793。由此可见,当浸泡时间过长(360、720 min)或过短(5 min),或浸泡温度过低(50、60 ℃),都会导致茶汤品质的综合得分相对较低,表明长时间(360、720 min)浸泡不利于茶汤整体品质的提高,而浸泡时间过短(5 min)和温度过低(50、60 ℃)也无法使茶汤中的营养成分充分溶出,因此选择适当的浸泡时间和浸泡温度才能得到较高品质的茶汤。利用模糊隶属函数法分析筛选出茶汤品质较好的3个浸泡条件,依次为70 ℃ 60 min(YL-1)、90 ℃ 30 min(YL-2)和80 ℃ 30 min(YL-3)。
图2a2b分别为3种初选浸泡条件茶汤的挥发性有机物热图和三维谱图。由图2a中可知,70 ℃ 60 min与80 ℃ 30 min条件下的茶汤香气成分较为相似,而90 ℃ 30 min条件下的部分挥发性有机物含量明显高于另外两种条件,说明高温浸泡确实有助于挥发性成分的释放。由图2b可知,浸泡条件为70 ℃ 60 min和80 ℃ 30 min时的挥发性有机物种类和峰体积差异不显著,但与浸泡条件为90 ℃ 30 min相比差异显著。
为便于观察,选取图2中二维俯视谱图和其对应的差异谱图进行分析。图2c横坐标1.0处红色竖线为RIP峰(经归一化处理后的反应离子峰),RIP峰两侧的每一个点均代表一种挥发性有机物,颜色代表物质的峰强度,从蓝色到红色,颜色越深表示峰强度越大。图2d选取浸泡条件70℃ 60 min作为空白参比,白色为扣减后的背景,代表目标样品与70℃60 min的物质浓度相同,图中红色表示该物质浓度在此条件下高于参比,蓝色表示该物质浓度在此条件下低于参比。由图可知,浸泡条件为90 ℃ 30 min下的红色部分明显多于蓝色部分,说明90 ℃水温有助于提升茶汤香气浓郁度,而80 ℃ 30 min与70 ℃ 60 min浸泡条件下的挥发性有机物浓度差异不大,这与图2a结果相吻合。
图3所示,通过对挥发性有机物进行定性与定量分析,共得出86个峰和60个物质,包含34种醛类、14种酮类、7种酯类、2种醇类、1种杂环化合物、1种胺类化合物和1种烷烃类化合物。具体地,3种初选浸泡条件下的挥发性有机物中占比最大的是醛类物质,为文冠果芽绿茶茶汤贡献了丰富多元的香气轮廓。其中,90 ℃ 30 min和80 ℃ 30 min浸泡条件下的挥发性有机物差异较大。进一步对3种浸泡条件下的茶汤挥发性有机物进行指纹图谱分析(图4),发现图中Ⅰ区域物质在90 ℃ 30 min时浓度更高,主要包括戊酮、戊醛、庚醛、1-辛烯-3-酮、3-甲基-2-丁烯醛、(E)-2-庚烯醛等,说明较高水温(90 ℃)可以促使香气物质浓度达到较为浓郁的状态。图4中Ⅱ区域物质在80 ℃ 30 min时浓度更高,主要包括壬醛、4-羟基-4-甲基-2-戊酮(温和)、3-甲基-2-丁烯-1-基乙酸酯(梨醇酯)(果香)、丙酸丁酯(泥土,甜玫瑰香)等。壬醛是B区域中的关键呈香物质,其阈值低,强度强,易挥发[24],具有玫瑰、柑橘、脂肪等香气特征,被认为是一种助香成分[25]
基于挥发性有机化合物的不同特性和阈值,采用气味活度值(relative odor activity value,ROAV)评估3种初选茶汤的挥发性有机化合物对整体香气的贡献度。ROAV≥1.0的化合物对茶叶整体香气形成有贡献[26],认为ROAV≥10.0的化合物对茶叶整体香气形成有显著影响。如表3所示,13种关键香气物质(ROAV≥1.0)对文冠果芽绿茶茶汤的特征香气有贡献,包括11种醛类和2种酮类。具体地,在70 ℃ 60 min和80 ℃ 30 min条件下对香气贡献最大的化合物是2-甲基丁醛-M(ROAV = 21.60和ROAV = 22.41),在90 ℃ 30 min条件下对香气贡献最大的化合物是1-戊烯-3-酮-D(ROAV=12.94)。可见,70 ℃ 60 min和80 ℃ 30 min两种浸泡条件下的ROAV值十分接近,与90 ℃ 30 min则有明显差异,这可能是由于关键呈香物质在高温条件下快速挥发或热降解等因素所导致[27]
醛类物质中2-甲基丁醛-M在3种初选茶汤中的ROAV值均大于10,对文冠果芽绿茶茶汤的整体香气形成有显著影响,其香气特征主要表现为烘烤味中的苦杏仁味、可可和麦芽味。裴子莹等[28]发现2-甲基丁醛是黄大茶特征“锅巴香”的关键呈香物质,具有麦芽味。文冠果芽绿茶茶汤中的烘烤香气味由2-甲基丁醛与3-甲基丁醛共同贡献,2-甲基丁醛由异亮氨酸Strecker降解产生,3-甲基丁醛由亮氨酸Strecker降解产生[29]。文冠果芽绿茶茶汤中新鲜果香的气味由辛醛与己醛共同贡献,戊醛是芽绿茶中主要青草气味的关键呈香物质[30]。酮类物质中,1-戊烯-3-酮是关键呈香物质,具有刺激性气味,可能是由于浸泡时的脂肪降解产生所致[31]
图5a所示,3种初选茶汤在电子鼻传感器响应雷达图中的变化趋势基本一致,但响应强度略有差异,W1S、W1W、W2S、W2W传感器的响应值明显高于其他传感器,其他传感器在整个测试过程中的响应值均在1.0左右。
具体地,茶汤呈香物质的变化主要是由短链烷烃类化合物、无机硫化物、芳香成分、醇类、醛类、酮类引发。从图5b电子鼻信号强度的主成分分析发现,主成分1和主成分2的贡献率之和达到95%以上,第一主成分占比78.0%,第二主成分贡献率是18.7%。从图5b还发现,对主成分1贡献率最大的是W1S传感器,其次是W2S传感器;对主成分2贡献率较大的是W5S传感器、W1W传感器和W2W传感器。由此可见,浸泡条件对茶汤香气成分的影响主要集中在甲烷等短链烷烃、醇醚醛酮类化合物、氮氧化合物、无机硫化物、有机硫化物等。
图6所示,对13种关键呈香物质与10种电子鼻传感器的响应值进行相关性分析,发现W5S与己醛-D、W1W与辛醛呈现极显著正相关。
由于己醛、辛醛均为茶汤中关键呈味物质(ROAV>1,表3),说明W5S和W1W这两个电子鼻传感器对ROAV值较高的挥发性有机物具有很好的敏感性。因此,挥发性有机物对茶汤香气的贡献度可通过ROAV值大小来进行判断[32]。另一方面,电子鼻传感器阵列产生的信号值变化的核心驱动因素为关键呈香物质变化,在茶饮开发过程中,可以利用电子鼻实现对关键呈香物质的实时快速检测,进而建立高效监控茶汤香气成分的检测系统。
图7a风味指标的雷达图可知,3种初选茶汤的酸味和涩味均在无味点以下,其他味觉指标均在无味点以上,3种茶汤滋味表现出一定的相似性。进一步对电子舌数据矩阵进行主成分分析,如图7b、7c所示。主成分1解释了方差贡献率的59.5%,主成分2解释了方差贡献率的34.8%,3种初选茶汤之间的差异主要来自于苦味、苦味回味、涩味、涩味回味和酸味。
茶汤味觉指标散点图如图7 d、7f所示,90 ℃ 30 min浸泡条件下的苦味(3.21)、涩味(−4.83)和苦味回味值(0.96)最大,且明显高于另外二者;80 ℃ 30 min和90 ℃ 30 min条件下的涩味回味(1.91、1.79)均较大,且二者相接近;70 ℃ 60 min条件下的涩味回味(1.15)是三者中最小的。因此,90 ℃ 30 min条件下茶汤的苦味、涩味最强,回味也很大,80 ℃浸泡30 min时的苦味(2.03)、涩味(-5.2)和苦味回味(0.22)最小,涩味回味较大,70 ℃ 60 min条件下茶汤的涩味回味最小。由图7f还可看出,3种初选茶汤在酸味和甜味方面存在一定差异,其中70 ℃ 60 min茶汤的酸味(−28.14)和甜味(2.59)最小,与另外二者差异很大;80 ℃ 30 min与90 ℃ 30 min茶汤在酸味方面表现出一定的相似性,在甜味方面差异不大。
1)采用全因子设计和模糊隶属函数法,初选确定了70 ℃ 60 min、90 ℃ 30 min、80 ℃ 30 min三种营养品质较高的茶汤浸泡条件。
2)电子鼻和电子舌分析发现70 ℃ 60 min浸泡时的茶汤涩味回味(1.15)小;80 ℃ 30 min时的苦味(2.03)、涩味(−5.2)和苦味回味(0.22)小,90 ℃ 30 min时的苦味、涩味强;尤其前二者浸泡条件更有利于呈香物质的保留。采用气相色谱离子迁移谱(gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry,GC-IMS)技术筛选出13种关键呈香物质,其中2-甲基丁醛-M对文冠果芽绿茶香气形成具有显著影响,并贡献了烘烤味中的苦杏仁味、可可和麦芽味。
3)综合营养物质溶出和滋气味表现,推荐文冠果芽绿茶的适宜浸泡条件为80 ℃ 30 min,此时可获得营养品质高,苦味、涩味低且香气较为浓郁的文冠果芽绿茶茶汤。

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2026年第42卷第12期
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doi: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202512011
  • 接收时间:2025-12-02
  • 首发时间:2026-08-20
  • 出版时间:2026-06-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-02
  • 修回日期:2026-05-25
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    1兰州理工大学生命科学与工程学院,兰州 730050
    2白银矿冶职业技术学院,白银 730900
    3甘肃省食药资源开发与生物制造行业技术中心,兰州 730050
    4甘肃茂群天运文冠果开发有限责任公司,白银 730600

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任海伟,博士,教授,研究方向为生物资源开发利用。Email:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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