Article(id=1297211649602118529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, issueId=1297211624738284246, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202510197, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1761235200000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-24, revisedDate=1767542400000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1787208958292, onlineDateStr=2026-08-20, pubDate=1782748800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1787208958292, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1787208958292, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1787208958292, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1297211624738284246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, year='2026', volume='42', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='396', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782748800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1787208952364, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1787212261177, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1297225503002357852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, issueId=1297211624738284246, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1297225503002357853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, issueId=1297211624738284246, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=144, endPage=154, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1297211651766379395, articleId=1297211649602118529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, language=EN, title=Simulation of the spatial layout for ecological ditch-pond systems in irrigation districts based on system dynamics, columnId=1297211650193515394, journalTitle=Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, columnName=Soil and Water Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Ecological ditch–pond systems are important measures for controlling agricultural non-point source pollution, yet their practical application is constrained by unstable purification performance and large land occupancy. The effective application of such systems in irrigation districts depends not only on the design and operation management of individual units, but also significantly on their spatial layout (including system area and unit connection pattern). Existing studies often fail to adequately capture the multi-level dynamic responses of water volume and water quality in such systems, which hinders their support for spatial layout optimization. Against this backdrop, this study proposes a system dynamics-based simulation method for optimizing the spatial layout of ditch-pond systems in irrigation districts. A field-ditch-pond system model was developed using the system dynamics simulation tool Vensim, integrating water balance, pollutant removal processes, and hydraulic connections among ditches and ponds. The water depth in the paddy model was determined by inflows, outflows, and water consumption during each time step, while the total nitrogen and total phosphorus concentrations were simulated by considering fertilization, first-order pollutant decay, and inputs from rainfall and irrigation. For the ditch–pond unit model, water volume changes were governed by rainfall, evapotranspiration, seepage, upstream inflow, and drainage discharge. Pollutant concentrations in the ditch–pond unit model were calculated using two modes: static storage-based reduction and dynamic drainage-based reduction. The paddy and ditch–pond unit models were linked through system dynamics into an integrated field-ditch-pond system model, which was calibrated and validated using field monitoring data. A case study was conducted in a typical double-cropping paddy high-standard farmland demonstration area in southern China. The model verification results show that the developed model can effectively simulate the dynamic variations of water volume and pollutant concentrations in the system. The case analysis results show that: 1) With increasing ditch-pond to paddy area ratio, nitrogen and phosphorus removal rates rise, but the rate of increase gradually slows down, suggesting an optimal range of 5%-9%; 2) During the late rice season or under larger area ratios, concentrating wetlands in a single drainage path results in a significantly lower removal rate compared to other layouts; 3) For practical implementation, it is recommended to first determine an appropriate area ratio based on target pollutant reduction goals. Subsequently, wetlands may be placed either at the main drainage outlet or distributed in parallel across different drainage pathways, depending on site-specific conditions. The findings provide a methodological reference for modeling multi-level wetland systems and offer a scientific basis for ecological control of agricultural non-point source pollution. Future work may further refine the simulation of water cycling and pollutant transformation processes within field-ditch-pond systems to enhance model accuracy and applicability.

, authors=Bochao ZHANG1, Yang CHEN1, Yuanzhi SHI1, Yuting ZHANG2, Yuanlai CUI2, *, authorsList=Bochao ZHANG, Yang CHEN, Yuanzhi SHI, Yuting ZHANG, Yuanlai CUI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yuanlai CUI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1297211653590901655, articleId=1297211649602118529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, language=CN, title=基于系统动力学的南方水稻灌区生态沟塘系统空间布局模拟, columnId=1297211651858654084, journalTitle=农业工程学报, columnName=农业水土工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

灌区生态沟塘系统的有效应用不仅取决于单个沟塘的设计与运行管理,还与空间布局(系统面积和单元连接方式)有关。针对现有研究对灌区生态沟塘系统水量水质动态变化与多级响应刻画不足、难以支撑空间布局优化的问题,该研究提出一种基于系统动力学的灌区生态沟塘系统空间布局方法。利用系统动力学仿真工具Vensim构建综合考虑水量平衡、污染物去除及多级沟塘水力联系的田沟塘系统模型,使用试验区实测数据进行模型验证,并以南方典型双季稻高标准农田示范区为案例,开展典型年份不同空间布局方案模拟。模型验证结果表明,所建模型能较好模拟田沟塘系统水量和氮磷浓度的动态变化。案例分析结果表明:1)随着沟塘-稻田面积比的增加,田沟塘系统的氮磷去除率随之增加,但整体增长趋势逐渐变缓,沟塘-稻田面积比宜为5%~9%;2)在晚稻期间或沟塘-稻田面积比较大时,将塘堰湿地集中布置于单一排水路径的去除率明显低于其他连接方式;3)在进行生态沟塘系统的空间布局时,建议首先根据污染物削减目标确定适宜的沟塘-稻田面积比,之后根据实地情况将塘堰湿地集中布置于主排水沟出口或将多个塘堰湿地并联布置在各排水路径。研究成果可为农田面源污染的生态防控提供科学依据。

, authors=张博超1, 陈阳1, 时元智1, 张宇婷2, 崔远来2, *, authorsList=张博超, 陈阳, 时元智, 张宇婷, 崔远来, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=崔远来, authorNote=

张博超,博士,研究方向为灌区节水减排与水环境生态修复。Email:

, correspAuthorsNote=
崔远来,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为节水灌溉及其生态环境效应。Email:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026 农业工程学报编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=Ae00Yc3wghWu6JIYrOSNiw==, magXml=vo5vskEiYeWHWZo4PzzM8A==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=wfW+R7ItJ+pI2udJB8de1w==, pdfFileSize=3396137, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=JnTom1nagmmCd1pRi5yynw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=hOJtbxidMSFGUoNXBjtPsg==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1300032346812609320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211649602118529, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=bczhang@nhri.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1300032346888106794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211649602118529, authorId=1300032346812609320, language=EN, stringName=Bochao ZHANG, firstName=Bochao, middleName=null, lastName=ZHANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1State Key Laboratory of Water Disaster Prevention, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing 210029, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1300032346967798571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211649602118529, authorId=1300032346812609320, language=CN, stringName=张博超, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1南京水利科学研究院 水灾害防御全国重点实验室,南京 210029, bio={"content":"

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张博超,博士,研究方向为灌区节水减排与水环境生态修复。Email:

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articleId=1297211649602118529, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=面源污染), Keyword(id=1300032348595188551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211649602118529, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=生态沟塘), Keyword(id=1300032348653908808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211649602118529, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=空间布局), Keyword(id=1300032348716823369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211649602118529, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=系统动力学)], refs=[Reference(id=1300032352642691940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211649602118529, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=1, rfOrder=0, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=施卫明, 王远, 闵炬. 中国农业面源污染防控研究进展与工程案例[J]. 土壤学报, 2023, 60(5): 1309-1323., articleTitle=null, 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注:ET0为参考作物蒸发蒸腾量,mm;ET为蒸发蒸腾量,mm;k为静态模式下沟塘单元的去除速率系数,d-1Vf为生态沟传质系数,m·d-1kA为塘堰湿地面积去除速率系数,m·d-1

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Water depth control criteria for intermittent irrigation of rice mm

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
稻季
Rice season
灌水下限-灌水上限-蓄雨上限 Lower irrigation threshold – Upper irrigation threshold – Rainwater storage limit
返青期
Seedling establishment
stage
分蘖前期
Early tillering
stage
分蘖后期
Late tillering
stage
拔节孕穗期
Jointing and
booting stage
抽穗开花期
Heading and
flowering stage
乳熟期
Grain filling
stage
黄熟期
Yellow ripening
stage
早稻 Early rice0-20-400-30-40 (落干4 d)晒田0-30-50 (落干4 d)0-30-50 (落干4 d)0-30-50 (落干4 d)0-20-30 后期落干
晚稻 Late rice0-20-300-30-40 (落干3 d)晒田0-30-50 (落干3 d)0-30-50 (落干3 d)0-30-50 (落干3 d)0-20-30 后期落干
), ArticleFig(id=1300032352080655197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211649602118529, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

水稻间歇灌溉水层控制标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
稻季
Rice season
灌水下限-灌水上限-蓄雨上限 Lower irrigation threshold – Upper irrigation threshold – Rainwater storage limit
返青期
Seedling establishment
stage
分蘖前期
Early tillering
stage
分蘖后期
Late tillering
stage
拔节孕穗期
Jointing and
booting stage
抽穗开花期
Heading and
flowering stage
乳熟期
Grain filling
stage
黄熟期
Yellow ripening
stage
早稻 Early rice0-20-400-30-40 (落干4 d)晒田0-30-50 (落干4 d)0-30-50 (落干4 d)0-30-50 (落干4 d)0-20-30 后期落干
晚稻 Late rice0-20-300-30-40 (落干3 d)晒田0-30-50 (落干3 d)0-30-50 (落干3 d)0-30-50 (落干3 d)0-20-30 后期落干
), ArticleFig(id=1300032352147764062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211649602118529, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Input settings for the field-ditch-pond system model in the experimental area

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据类型
Data type
变量名称
Variable name
取值或依据
Value or basis
注:TN为总氮;TP为总磷。下同。
Note: TN is total nitrogen; TP is total phosphorus. Same as below.
水量平衡要素
Water balance elements
降雨早稻总量:456.6 mm
晚稻总量:119.6 mm
蒸发蒸腾早稻作物系数:0.74~1.16
晚稻作物系数:0.83~1.32
沟塘作物系数:1.50~2.90
深层渗漏早稻:0.93~1.69 mm
晚稻:0.76~1.99 mm
沟塘:1.3 mm
水层控制标准
Water depth control
criteria
灌水下限表1
灌水上限表1
蓄雨上限表1
最大蓄水量根据沟塘面积和最高水深确定
浓度模拟参数
Concentration
simulation
parameters
降雨中污染物浓度TN: 2 TP: 0.2 mg∙L−1
灌溉水中污染物浓度TN: 1.5 TP: 0.1 mg∙L−1
沟塘背景浓度TN: 0.2 TP: 0.02 mg∙L−1
施肥后田面水浓度TN: 90(基肥) 100(蘖肥) 40(拔节肥) mg∙L−1
TP: 2(基肥) mg∙L−1
稻田去除速率系数TN: 0.5 TP: 0.12 d−1
沟塘去除速率系数TN: 0.07 TP: 0.07 d−1
生态沟传质系数TN: 0.3 TP: 0.4 m∙d−1
塘堰湿地面积去除速率系数TN: 0.1 TP: 0.2 m∙d−1
田沟塘系统面积
Field-ditch-pond system area
稻田面积10.18 hm2
沟塘单元面积0.74 hm2
), ArticleFig(id=1300032352210678623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211649602118529, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

试验区田沟塘系统模型输入设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据类型
Data type
变量名称
Variable name
取值或依据
Value or basis
注:TN为总氮;TP为总磷。下同。
Note: TN is total nitrogen; TP is total phosphorus. Same as below.
水量平衡要素
Water balance elements
降雨早稻总量:456.6 mm
晚稻总量:119.6 mm
蒸发蒸腾早稻作物系数:0.74~1.16
晚稻作物系数:0.83~1.32
沟塘作物系数:1.50~2.90
深层渗漏早稻:0.93~1.69 mm
晚稻:0.76~1.99 mm
沟塘:1.3 mm
水层控制标准
Water depth control
criteria
灌水下限表1
灌水上限表1
蓄雨上限表1
最大蓄水量根据沟塘面积和最高水深确定
浓度模拟参数
Concentration
simulation
parameters
降雨中污染物浓度TN: 2 TP: 0.2 mg∙L−1
灌溉水中污染物浓度TN: 1.5 TP: 0.1 mg∙L−1
沟塘背景浓度TN: 0.2 TP: 0.02 mg∙L−1
施肥后田面水浓度TN: 90(基肥) 100(蘖肥) 40(拔节肥) mg∙L−1
TP: 2(基肥) mg∙L−1
稻田去除速率系数TN: 0.5 TP: 0.12 d−1
沟塘去除速率系数TN: 0.07 TP: 0.07 d−1
生态沟传质系数TN: 0.3 TP: 0.4 m∙d−1
塘堰湿地面积去除速率系数TN: 0.1 TP: 0.2 m∙d−1
田沟塘系统面积
Field-ditch-pond system area
稻田面积10.18 hm2
沟塘单元面积0.74 hm2
), ArticleFig(id=1300032352286176096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211649602118529, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Accuracy evaluation metrics for the field-ditch-pond system model in the experimental area

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稻季Rice season模拟要素Simulated elementNSErRRMSE
注:NSE为纳什效率系数;r为相关系数;RRMSE为相对均方根误差。
Note: NSE is the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient; r is the correlation coefficient; RRMSE is the relative root mean square error.
早稻
Early rice
田面水层0.820.920.39
田面总氮浓度0.590.840.75
田面总磷浓度0.930.960.36
斗沟DE总氮浓度0.370.690.33
斗沟DE总磷浓度0.380.740.20
晚稻
Late rice
田面水层0.700.850.69
田面总氮浓度0.920.960.36
田面总磷浓度0.680.890.80
斗沟DE总氮浓度0.720.930.34
斗沟DE总磷浓度0.600.930.31
), ArticleFig(id=1300032352353284961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211649602118529, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

试验区田沟塘系统模型精度评价指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
稻季Rice season模拟要素Simulated elementNSErRRMSE
注:NSE为纳什效率系数;r为相关系数;RRMSE为相对均方根误差。
Note: NSE is the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient; r is the correlation coefficient; RRMSE is the relative root mean square error.
早稻
Early rice
田面水层0.820.920.39
田面总氮浓度0.590.840.75
田面总磷浓度0.930.960.36
斗沟DE总氮浓度0.370.690.33
斗沟DE总磷浓度0.380.740.20
晚稻
Late rice
田面水层0.700.850.69
田面总氮浓度0.920.960.36
田面总磷浓度0.680.890.80
斗沟DE总氮浓度0.720.930.34
斗沟DE总磷浓度0.600.930.31
), ArticleFig(id=1300032352420393826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211649602118529, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Nitrogen and phosphorus purification effects of ecological ditches in the demonstration area under current conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
污染物
Pollutant
典型年
Typical
year
早稻Early rice晚稻Late rice
Mload/
(kg∙hm−2)
Cmean/
(mg∙L−1)
η /%Mload/
(kg∙hm−2)
Cmean/
(mg∙L−1)
η /%
注:Mload为系统出口的污染物排放负荷;Cmean为污染物平均浓度;η为污染物去除率。
Note: Mload is the pollutant discharge load at the system outlet; Cmean is the average pollutant concentration; η is the pollutant removal efficiency.
TN丰水年26.6926.69510.38.50417.20255.6
平水年4.0351.01222.51.0063.95647.7
枯水年1.8390.99719.00.3901.42880.9
均值10.862.9017.33.307.5361.4
TP丰水年0.3240.08121.70.1730.35055.0
平水年0.5740.14418.60.0230.08948.7
枯水年0.2050.11118.60.0370.13472.8
均值0.370.1119.70.080.1958.8
), ArticleFig(id=1300032352508474211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211649602118529, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

现状条件下示范区生态沟的氮磷净化效果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
污染物
Pollutant
典型年
Typical
year
早稻Early rice晚稻Late rice
Mload/
(kg∙hm−2)
Cmean/
(mg∙L−1)
η /%Mload/
(kg∙hm−2)
Cmean/
(mg∙L−1)
η /%
注:Mload为系统出口的污染物排放负荷;Cmean为污染物平均浓度;η为污染物去除率。
Note: Mload is the pollutant discharge load at the system outlet; Cmean is the average pollutant concentration; η is the pollutant removal efficiency.
TN丰水年26.6926.69510.38.50417.20255.6
平水年4.0351.01222.51.0063.95647.7
枯水年1.8390.99719.00.3901.42880.9
均值10.862.9017.33.307.5361.4
TP丰水年0.3240.08121.70.1730.35055.0
平水年0.5740.14418.60.0230.08948.7
枯水年0.2050.11118.60.0370.13472.8
均值0.370.1119.70.080.1958.8
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基于系统动力学的南方水稻灌区生态沟塘系统空间布局模拟
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张博超 1 , 陈阳 1 , 时元智 1 , 张宇婷 2 , 崔远来 2, *
农业工程学报 | 农业水土工程 2026,42(12): 144-154
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农业工程学报 |农业水土工程 2026 , 42 (12) : 144 -154
基于系统动力学的南方水稻灌区生态沟塘系统空间布局模拟
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张博超1 , 陈阳1, 时元智1, 张宇婷2, 崔远来2, *
作者信息
  • 1南京水利科学研究院 水灾害防御全国重点实验室,南京 210029
  • 2武汉大学水资源工程与调度全国重点实验室,武汉 430072
通讯作者:
崔远来,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为节水灌溉及其生态环境效应。Email:
作者简介:

张博超,博士,研究方向为灌区节水减排与水环境生态修复。Email:

Simulation of the spatial layout for ecological ditch-pond systems in irrigation districts based on system dynamics
Bochao ZHANG1 , Yang CHEN1, Yuanzhi SHI1, Yuting ZHANG2, Yuanlai CUI2, *
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Water Disaster Prevention, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing 210029, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Water Resources Engineering and Management, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
出版时间: 2026-06-30 doi: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202510197
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灌区生态沟塘系统的有效应用不仅取决于单个沟塘的设计与运行管理,还与空间布局(系统面积和单元连接方式)有关。针对现有研究对灌区生态沟塘系统水量水质动态变化与多级响应刻画不足、难以支撑空间布局优化的问题,该研究提出一种基于系统动力学的灌区生态沟塘系统空间布局方法。利用系统动力学仿真工具Vensim构建综合考虑水量平衡、污染物去除及多级沟塘水力联系的田沟塘系统模型,使用试验区实测数据进行模型验证,并以南方典型双季稻高标准农田示范区为案例,开展典型年份不同空间布局方案模拟。模型验证结果表明,所建模型能较好模拟田沟塘系统水量和氮磷浓度的动态变化。案例分析结果表明:1)随着沟塘-稻田面积比的增加,田沟塘系统的氮磷去除率随之增加,但整体增长趋势逐渐变缓,沟塘-稻田面积比宜为5%~9%;2)在晚稻期间或沟塘-稻田面积比较大时,将塘堰湿地集中布置于单一排水路径的去除率明显低于其他连接方式;3)在进行生态沟塘系统的空间布局时,建议首先根据污染物削减目标确定适宜的沟塘-稻田面积比,之后根据实地情况将塘堰湿地集中布置于主排水沟出口或将多个塘堰湿地并联布置在各排水路径。研究成果可为农田面源污染的生态防控提供科学依据。

水稻灌区  /  面源污染  /  生态沟塘  /  空间布局  /  系统动力学

Ecological ditch–pond systems are important measures for controlling agricultural non-point source pollution, yet their practical application is constrained by unstable purification performance and large land occupancy. The effective application of such systems in irrigation districts depends not only on the design and operation management of individual units, but also significantly on their spatial layout (including system area and unit connection pattern). Existing studies often fail to adequately capture the multi-level dynamic responses of water volume and water quality in such systems, which hinders their support for spatial layout optimization. Against this backdrop, this study proposes a system dynamics-based simulation method for optimizing the spatial layout of ditch-pond systems in irrigation districts. A field-ditch-pond system model was developed using the system dynamics simulation tool Vensim, integrating water balance, pollutant removal processes, and hydraulic connections among ditches and ponds. The water depth in the paddy model was determined by inflows, outflows, and water consumption during each time step, while the total nitrogen and total phosphorus concentrations were simulated by considering fertilization, first-order pollutant decay, and inputs from rainfall and irrigation. For the ditch–pond unit model, water volume changes were governed by rainfall, evapotranspiration, seepage, upstream inflow, and drainage discharge. Pollutant concentrations in the ditch–pond unit model were calculated using two modes: static storage-based reduction and dynamic drainage-based reduction. The paddy and ditch–pond unit models were linked through system dynamics into an integrated field-ditch-pond system model, which was calibrated and validated using field monitoring data. A case study was conducted in a typical double-cropping paddy high-standard farmland demonstration area in southern China. The model verification results show that the developed model can effectively simulate the dynamic variations of water volume and pollutant concentrations in the system. The case analysis results show that: 1) With increasing ditch-pond to paddy area ratio, nitrogen and phosphorus removal rates rise, but the rate of increase gradually slows down, suggesting an optimal range of 5%-9%; 2) During the late rice season or under larger area ratios, concentrating wetlands in a single drainage path results in a significantly lower removal rate compared to other layouts; 3) For practical implementation, it is recommended to first determine an appropriate area ratio based on target pollutant reduction goals. Subsequently, wetlands may be placed either at the main drainage outlet or distributed in parallel across different drainage pathways, depending on site-specific conditions. The findings provide a methodological reference for modeling multi-level wetland systems and offer a scientific basis for ecological control of agricultural non-point source pollution. Future work may further refine the simulation of water cycling and pollutant transformation processes within field-ditch-pond systems to enhance model accuracy and applicability.

rice irrigation district  /  non-point source pollution  /  ecological ditch and pond  /  spatial layout  /  system dynamics
张博超, 陈阳, 时元智, 张宇婷, 崔远来. 基于系统动力学的南方水稻灌区生态沟塘系统空间布局模拟. 农业工程学报, 2026 , 42 (12) : 144 -154 . DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202510197
Bochao ZHANG, Yang CHEN, Yuanzhi SHI, Yuting ZHANG, Yuanlai CUI. Simulation of the spatial layout for ecological ditch-pond systems in irrigation districts based on system dynamics[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2026 , 42 (12) : 144 -154 . DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202510197
农田面源污染具有随机性强、污染排放不固定和污染负荷变化大等特点,控制起来比点源污染更难,农业和农村发展引起的水污染已成为中国可持续发展的最大挑战之一[1]。针对中国南方水稻灌区的特点,茆智[2]提出了由“稻田-生态沟-塘堰湿地”(田沟塘)系统构成的“三道防线”技术,已广泛应用于农田面源污染治理[3-5]。然而,生态沟和塘堰湿地(生态沟塘)在实际应用中存在净化效果波动、占地面积较大等问题,给灌区面源污染调控和土地资源集约利用带来严峻挑战[6]。在保障水质净化能力的前提下,科学优化生态沟塘系统空间布局(系统面积和单元连接方式),对于提高农田面源污染治理成效、促进灌区可持续发展具有重要意义[7]
合理的生态沟塘设计运行参数是保障其水质净化能力的关键[8]。大量研究探究了单个沟塘设计运行参数对其处理性能的影响,主要包括植物种类[9]、植物密度[10]、长宽比[11]、进出口布置[12]、水深[13]、水力负荷[9]及污染物负荷[14]等。然而,灌区生态沟塘系统通常由与农田交错分布的多级沟塘组成[15]。沟塘单元的面积配比及各级沟塘之间的水力联系直接影响排水路径、水力停留时间和污染物在多级单元间的分配,进而决定系统对面源污染的整体去除效果[16]。沟塘系统的有效应用不仅取决于单个沟塘的设计与运行管理,还与空间布局有关。实践中,常因沟塘与农田面积比例失配或空间连接方式不合理,排水系统的蓄滞与净化能力未能充分发挥,造成资源浪费和净化效果不佳[17]。部分国外研究基于对多个野外湿地观测数据的统计分析,提出了湿地与农田面积比的建议值,较小为1%~2%[18],较大为5%~7%[8],少部分研究的推荐值超过10%[19]。然而,这些研究多针对在排水系统末端集中布置的大型人工湿地,与中国南方水稻灌区零散分布的多级沟塘系统有较大差异。此外,国外研究多聚焦于大型湿地内部水流分布和水力性能的优化,而较少涉及多级排水系统的空间布局优化。部分国内研究结合水稻灌区灌溉排水系统的特点,利用田间水文水质模型[20]、沟塘浓度衰减模型[21]或流域水文模型[22],初步探讨了沟塘系统空间布局对其净化效果的影响。灌区沟塘系统受降雨和灌溉驱动,各单元的水量水质随时间动态变化,并在空间上通过排水路径逐级影响。因此,沟塘系统的空间布局模拟需综合考虑水量平衡、污染物去除及多级沟塘间的水力联系[23]。然而,现有研究多侧重田间尺度水文水质模拟,对沟塘污染物降解仅采用简化的一级动力学方程而忽略水量变化,难以准确反映沟塘系统对稻田排水的拦截净化过程。
综上,现有研究未能充分刻画生态沟塘系统内部水量水质的动态变化与多级响应,难以有效支撑其空间布局优化,制约了生态沟塘系统去污效能提升与灌区土地资源集约利用。本文基于系统动力学仿真工具Vensim构建田沟塘系统水量水质模拟模型,模拟总氮和总磷浓度动态变化,结合试验区实测数据检验田沟塘系统模型合理性;以南方典型双季稻高标准农田示范区为案例,开展典型年份不同空间布局方案模拟,优化生态沟塘系统面积和连接方式,以期为农田面源污染的生态防控提供科学依据。
以江西省赣抚平原灌区典型双季稻区为对象,开展试验监测、模型验证与情景模拟,研究区域分为用于模型验证的试验区(116.011°E, 28.430°N)和用于情景模拟的高标准农田示范区(116.005°E, 28.435°N)两部分。试验区位于江西省南昌县向塘镇礼坊村,该村地处赣抚平原灌区二干渠中段,属于亚热带季风气候,主要作物为水稻,种植模式为早晚双季稻。2013年,当地实施了水环境治理与生态修复工程,系统应用了江西省灌溉试验中心站(距离试验区1 km)总结的田间水肥综合调控与生态沟塘修复技术,形成了较完整的田沟塘系统。目前为止,仍保持生态修复工程形成的系统布局,为本研究提供了实测数据支撑。鉴于当前高标准农田建设多聚焦产能提升,对排水系统空间布局关注不足[24],本研究在完成模型验证后,以距试验区850 m的拟建高标准农田示范区为情景模拟对象,开展不同空间布局方案模拟。
试验区概况如图1a所示,总面积12.47 hm2,其中农田面积10.18 hm2,承担农田排水的沟渠和塘堰面积0.74 hm2,占农田面积的7.27%。塘3~塘6主要用于承接生活污水或养殖废水,故不作分析,其余农田、沟塘的水力联系如图1b所示。根据排水路径,试验区划分为4个农田分区,各分区水稻种植均采用间歇灌溉+多次施肥组合模式。水稻间歇灌溉水层控制标准见表1。早稻田间水层落干4 d后复灌,晚稻落干3 d后复灌;此外,在分蘖后期进行晒田,在黄熟后期自然落干。早晚稻氮肥施用量均为180 kg/hm2,按照基肥、蘖肥、穗肥比例5: 3: 2施用;磷肥施用量为67.5 kg/hm2,全部用作基肥。早稻于2013年4月26日移栽,7月13日收获,生育期共79 d;晚稻于2013年7月27日移栽,10月22日收获,生育期共88 d。试验区排水沟塘系统包括2条农沟(农沟1、农沟2),4段斗沟(OPABCDDE),2个塘堰(塘1、塘2)和出口塘堰。农沟为梯形断面,土质边坡,植物以自然演替草本为主。斗沟OPABCD为梯形断面,植草砖护坡,种植香根草、再力花、菖蒲等植物。斗沟DE为复式断面,中部设置水槽以便于水流快速通过,采用生态袋护坡,种植茭白、莲藕等植物。各排水斗沟进出口均设有控水建筑物,用于控制水位。生态塘采用生态袋护坡,其中塘1种植莲藕,塘2种植菱角。
在农田3选取典型田块,安装水尺,于2013年早稻和晚稻生育期内每日人工观测田间水层深度。田面水样的取样时间为每次施肥后的第1、3、5、7、9天,用于测定总氮(total nitrogen, TN)和总磷(total phosphorus, TP)浓度。在排水沟OPABDE的进出口设置水质取样点,当农田产生排水时,采集水样测定TN和TP浓度。TN采用碱性过硫酸钾消解紫外分光光度法(GB11894-89)测定,TP采用钼酸铵分光光度法(GB11893-89)测定。
用于情景模拟的高标准农田示范区概况见图2a。该区域农田布局规整,排水路径清晰,便于设计不同空间布局方案,所得结果可为高标准农田生态排水系统优化设计提供科学依据。按现有规划,示范区农田面积70.56 hm2,沟渠面积2.37 hm2,占农田面积的比例为3.36%,主要包括12条农沟、2条斗沟和1条支沟。由于斗沟两侧排水系统对称分布,示范区水力联系可概化为图2b所示结构。
为了模拟田沟塘系统的水量水质变化,首先构建稻田单元模型和沟塘单元模型,之后基于系统动力学方法,结合研究区实际的沟塘空间布局形成田沟塘系统模型。
稻田水深变化由时段内的来水、耗水和排水等决定[25]
$ {\text{Hf}}_{t}={\text{Hf}}_{t-1}+{P}_{t-1}-{\text{ETf}}_{t-1}-{\text{Sf}}_{t-1}+{\text{If}}_{t-1}-{D}_{t-1} $
式中Hft-1Hft分别为第t−1天和第t天的稻田水层深度,mm;Pt−1ETft-1Sft-1Ift−1、Dt−1分别为第t-1天的单位面积降雨量、稻田蒸发蒸腾量、深层渗漏量、灌水量和地表排水量,mm。
稻田灌水量和排水量根据稻田水深与灌水下限、灌水上限及蓄雨上限确定[25]
$ {\text{If}}_{t}=\begin{cases} 0,\; {\text{Hf}}_{t-1}+{P}_{t-1}-{\text{ETf}}_{t-1}-{\text{Sf}}_{t-1}\geq {\text{IH}}_{\text{mint}}\\{\text{IH}}_{\text{maxt}}-({\text{Hf}}_{t-1}+{P}_{t-1}-{\text{ETf}}_{t-1}-{\text{Sf}}_{t-1}) , \; {\text{Hf}}_{t-1}+{P}_{t-1}-{\text{ETf}}_{t-1}-{\text{Sf}}_{t-1} \lt {\text{IH}}_{\text{mint}}\end{cases} $
$ {D}_{t}=\max (0,{\text{Hf}}_{t-1}+{P}_{t-1}-{\text{ETf}}_{t-1}-{\text{Sf}}_{t-1}-{H}_{\text{maxt}}) $
式中IHmint、IHmaxtHmaxt分别为第t天的灌水下限、灌水上限和蓄雨上限,mm。
稻田田面水浓度的计算综合考虑施肥、污染物一阶去除和降雨灌溉带入污染物的影响[26]
$ {\text{Cf}}_{t}=\begin{cases} {\text{Cf}}_{\text{fert}} & (施肥日期)\\\dfrac{{\text{Cf}}_{t-1}{{\mathrm{e}}}^{-{k_f}\Delta t}{\text{Hf}}_{t-1}+{C}_{P}{{{P}}}_{\mathrm{t}-1}+{C}_{I}{If}_{t-1}}{{\text{Hf}}_{t}} & (未施肥日期)\end{cases} $
式中Cft-1、Cft分别为第t-1天和第t天的田面水浓度,mg/L;Cffert为施肥后田面水浓度,mg/L;CPCI分别为降雨、灌溉水中污染物浓度,mg/L;kf为稻田去除速率系数,1/d;Δt为间隔时间,d。
沟塘单元的水量变化取决于降雨、蒸发蒸腾、渗漏、上游来水量以及排水量[20]
$ V_t=V_{t-1}+(P_{t-1}-\text{ET}_{t-1}-S_{t-1})/10^3A+W_{t-1}-X_{t-1} $
式中Vt−1Vt分别为第t−1天和第t天沟塘单元的水量,m3;ETt−1St−1分别为沟塘单元的蒸发蒸腾量、深层渗漏量,mm;A为沟塘单元的面积,m2Wt−1为上游来水量,m3Xt−1为排水量,m3
上游来水量为与该沟塘单元直接相连的上游稻田排水量与沟塘排水量之和:
$ W_t=\sum\nolimits_{i=1}^M(D_{i,t}/10^3\text{Af}_i)+\sum\nolimits_{j=1}^NX_{j,t} $
式中M为上游稻田的数量;N为上游沟塘单元的数量;Di, t为上游第i块稻田的单位面积排水量,mm;Afi为第i块稻田的面积,m2Xj, t为上游第j个沟塘单元的排水量,m3
沟塘单元的排水量取决于内部蓄水量,当水量超过最大允许蓄水量时下泄流出:
$ X_t=\max(0,V_{t-1}+(P_{t-1}-\text{ET}_{t-1}-S_{t-1})/10^3A+W_{t-1}-V_{\text{max}}) $
式中Vmax为沟塘单元的最大蓄水量,m3
对于任一沟塘单元,其每天的初始浓度是上游各单元排水浓度与本单元残留污染物浓度的混合[7]
$ {C}_{0t}=\frac{\displaystyle\sum \nolimits_{k=1}^{M}({D}_{i,t}/10^3{\text{Af}}_{i}{\text{Cf}}_{i,t})+\displaystyle\sum \nolimits_{j=1}^{N}({X}_{j,t}{C}_{j,t})+{C}_{t-1}{V}_{t-1}}{{V}_{t}} $
式中C0t为第t天沟塘单元的初始浓度,mg/L;Ct-1为第t-1天沟塘单元的浓度,mg/L;Cfi, t为上游第i块稻田的田面水浓度,mg/L;Cj, t为上游第j个沟塘单元的浓度,mg/L。
沟塘的运行模式分为静态蓄水减污和动态排水减污。当沟塘单元无排水时,污染物浓度通过考虑背景浓度的一级动力学方程计算[27]。当沟塘单元产生排水时,生态沟的浓度通过以传质系数为核心参数的浓度衰减模型计算[28],塘堰湿地的浓度通过浓度衰减模型计算[29]
$ {C}_{t}=\begin{cases} ({C}_{0t}-{C}^{*}){\text{e}}^{-k\Delta t}+{C}^{*} & ({X}_{t}=0)\\{C}_{0t}{\text{e}}^{\frac{-{V}_{f}L}{{u}_{t}{H}_{t}}} & ({X}_{t} \gt 0且为生态沟)\\({C}_{0t}-{C}^{*}){\mathrm{e}}^{\frac{-{k}_{A}A}{{Q}_{t}}}+{C}^{*} & ({X}_{t} \gt 0且为塘堰湿地)\end{cases} $
式中CtC0tC*分别为第t天沟塘单元的浓度、第t天初始浓度和背景浓度,mg/L;k为静态模式下沟塘单元的去除速率系数,1/d;Vf为生态沟传质系数,m/d;L为生态沟长度,m;ut为生态沟流速,m/d;Ht为生态沟水深,m。kA为塘堰湿地面积去除速率系数,m/d;Qt为塘堰湿地流量,m3/d;Xt为排水量,m3
系统动力学是一种研究复杂系统动态行为的建模与仿真方法,适用于分析复杂、动态变化、相互关联的系统问题,符合灌区生态沟塘系统的特征[30]。系统动力学模型的构建包括3个核心步骤:1)明确研究问题和系统变量,绘制因果关系图;2)建立变量间的反馈机制与模型流图,设定各变量关系式形成模型;3)通过仿真试验调整参数并验证模型,基于仿真结果进行分析与决策[31]。采用Vensim作为建模平台,其可视化界面便于实现系统结构的概念化与动态仿真。基于系统动力学原理,根据1.2.1和1.2.2节中的模型公式,可以得到稻田模型、生态沟模型和塘堰湿地模型的流图,如图3所示。
根据图3各部分的模型流图及图1的水力联系,可以得到试验区田沟塘系统的模型流图,如图4所示。田沟塘系统模型的输入包括水量平衡要素、水层控制标准、浓度模拟参数及田沟塘面积,见表2
降雨量采用江西省灌溉试验中心站(距试验区1 km)的实测气象数据。稻田和沟塘蒸发蒸腾量根据气象数据、Penman-Monteith公式和作物系数计算。作物系数和深层渗漏量根据在江西省灌溉试验中心站开展的水稻水肥调控试验[32-34]及湿地植物需水规律试验结果[35]确定。稻田水层控制标准按表1中间歇灌溉模式设定。稻田面积、沟塘面积和沟塘最大蓄水量由试验区实地调查获取。降雨中污染物浓度CP、灌溉水中污染物浓度CI、施肥后田面水浓度Cffert及沟塘背景浓度C*根据试验区实测数据确定,其余浓度模拟参数则需通过手动调参确定。
使用纳什效率系数(Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient, NSE)、相关系数(r)和相对均方根误差(relative root mean square error, RRMSE)评价模型的模拟效果,计算方法见文献[36]。根据MORIASI等[37]提出的模型模拟效率等级划分标准,NSE在0.5~0.65、0.65~0.75和0.75~1分别对应令人满意、良好和非常好的模型性能。
根据模型构建原理及图2示范区的水力联系,可以得到示范区田沟系统的模型流图,如图5所示。示范区为拟建工程的模拟情景,因此除模型流图及田沟系统面积等特征参数外,其余模型输入与试验区模型保持一致。
根据南昌站1957—2013年气象资料(中国气象数据网),得到早晚稻丰水年、平水年和枯水年的对应年份(早稻分别为1996年、1982年和1972年,晚稻分别为1984年、2008年和1964年)。构建示范区模型后,首先模拟分析现状规划条件下仅包含生态沟时田沟系统在不同水文年的氮磷减排效果。之后在系统出口位置添加一定面积的塘堰湿地,分析不同沟塘-稻田面积比的影响。最后,改变沟塘连接方式,探讨其对氮磷减排的影响。本文设置了如图6所示的4种沟塘连接方式,旨在探究塘堰湿地的布置形式(串联、并联)、空间位置(斗沟末端、支沟末端)及面积配比(均匀分布于各排水路径、集中于单一排水路径)对系统氮磷净化效果的影响。连接方式1为对照情景,在支沟末端布置1个塘堰湿地,与支沟串联。方式2将方式1中的1个塘堰湿地拆分为2个面积相等、串联布置的塘堰湿地。方式3将方式1中的塘堰湿地位置移至第1条排水路径的斗沟末端。方式4将2个塘堰湿地并联布置在斗沟末端,塘堰湿地的面积按照农田的控制面积进行分配。
使用系统出口的污染物排放负荷(Mload)和平均浓度(Cmean)评价不同情景下田沟塘系统的污染物输出水平,使用污染物去除率(η)评田沟塘系统的氮磷减排效果[38]
$ \begin{cases} \eta =\dfrac{{M}_{f}-M_{\mathrm{out}}}{{M}_{f}}\\{M}_{f}=\displaystyle\sum \nolimits_{{t}={1}}^{{t}_{{\mathrm{all}}}}\sum \nolimits_{i=1}^{M}{\text{Cf}}_{i,t}{D}_{i,t}{\text{Af}}_{i}/10^3\\M_{\mathrm{out}}=\displaystyle\sum \nolimits_{{t}={1}}^{{t}_{{\mathrm{all}}}}{C}_{\text{outt}}{X}_{\text{outt}}\end{cases} $
$ {M}_{\text{load}}=10M_{\mathrm{out}}/({A}_{\text{fall}}+{A}_{\text{all}}) $
$ {C}_{\text{mean}}=M_{\mathrm{out}}/\sum \nolimits_{{t}={1}}^{{t}_{{\mathrm{all}}}}{X}_{\text{outt}} $
式中tall为水稻生育期总天数,d;M为稻田田块数量;Mf为稻田排放的污染物总量,g;Mout为系统出口排放的污染物总量,g;Cfi,t为第t天第i块稻田的污染物浓度,mg/L;Di,t为第t天第i块稻田的排水量,mm;Afi为第i块稻田的面积,m2Coutt为系统出口沟塘单元的污染物浓度,mg/L;Xoutt为系统出口沟塘单元的泄水量,m3Mload为系统出口的污染物排放负荷,kg/hm2AfallAall分别为稻田总面积和沟塘总面积,m2Cmean为系统出口的污染物排放平均浓度,mg/L。
本文聚焦生态沟塘系统对农田排水的净化效果,从农田产流和出口响应2个方面开展模型验证。利用试验区典型田块的田面水层深度和氮磷浓度观测数据,检验稻田模型的水量水质模拟能力。受限于现场监测条件,未在沟塘布设水位观测设备,缺乏连续的沟塘水位数据。水质浓度变化是水动力、生物吸收及化学转化等多种过程综合作用的结果,能够反映模型的整体模拟能力。本文以系统出口处斗沟DE的实测TN和TP浓度作为验证要素,检验模型对田沟塘系统出口响应的模拟能力。
各验证指标模拟值与实测值的对比见图7,模型精度评价指标汇总于表3图7中模拟值与实测值的变化基本吻合。表3中10项模拟要素中有8项的NSE大于0.5,其中6项大于0.65,3项大于0.75,7项模拟要素的r大于0.85,表明模型整体表现良好。仅早稻期间斗沟DE段TN和TP浓度模拟的NSE介于0.3~0.5之间,模拟效果较差,但其RRMSE仅为0.33和0.20,说明相对偏差可控。早稻期间降雨频繁且强度较大,沟塘对农田排水的拦截受限,导致排水中氮磷浓度普遍高于晚稻,并呈现多个浓度峰值,增加了模拟难度。同时,早稻期间水量充沛、水循环更为复杂,而模型未考虑侧向渗流及回归水重复利用等过程,导致早稻期间田沟塘系统出口水质的模拟精度低于晚稻。综合各项指标结果,本文构建的模型可用于田沟塘系统水量水质模拟。
利用典型年的气象数据驱动示范区模型,得到现状条件下示范区生态沟的氮磷净化效果,见表4。整体而言,随着不同典型年降雨量的减少,生态沟对稻田排水的拦截净化能力增强,氮磷排放负荷和平均浓度下降,去除率增加。然而,氮磷输出不仅受降雨总量影响,还与降雨分布特征密切相关,高浓度产流期的集中降雨会导致系统拦截净化能力受限。平水年晚稻期间的降雨集中分布在田面水总磷浓度较高的时期,因此表4中会出现晚稻枯水年TP排放负荷和平均浓度略大于平水年的情况。不同典型年下早稻期间的TN、TP去除率仅在10.3%~22.5%、18.6%~21.7%之间;晚稻期间去除率较高,TN、TP去除率分别在47.7%~80.9%、48.7%~72.8%之间。虽然晚稻期间的氮磷排放负荷较小且去除率较高,但由于降雨量和排水量少,导致排水中氮磷的平均浓度相对较高[39]。早稻期间系统排水的氮、磷水质类别分别处于Ⅲ类~劣Ⅴ类和Ⅱ类~Ⅲ类,晚稻期间系统排水的氮、磷水质类别分别为Ⅳ类~劣Ⅴ类和Ⅱ类~Ⅴ类。上述结果表明,在仅依靠现有生态沟净化稻田排水时,系统的减排效果较差。
在现有支沟末端增加塘堰湿地以提高整个系统的净化能力,并通过改变塘堰湿地面积探究不同沟塘-稻田面积比的氮磷净化效果,结果见图8
图8可知,随着面积比的增加,系统氮磷去除率随之增加,但增长趋势逐渐变缓。早稻期间去除率增长的拐点出现在面积比约为5%处。晚稻期间去除率的变化速率明显快于早稻,当面积比小于9%时,晚稻去除率增长明显。面积比在5%时,不同典型年晚稻期间的TN、TP去除率分别可达90%和85%以上;早稻期间的TN、TP去除率分别在19%~34%和28%~34%之间。平水年早稻不同面积比TN和TP去除率分别为34.41%~39.89%和28.74%~36.21%。面积比达到9%时,晚稻期间的TN和TP去除率基本为100%,沟塘基本承接所有田间排水;早稻期间的TN、TP去除率分别在31%~41%和36%~42%之间。面积比超过9%后,早稻丰水年期间氮磷去除率的增长趋势变缓,晚稻期间氮磷去除率不再增加。LI等[40]对长江中游单季稻种植区的研究表明,沟塘-稻田面积比为5.2%时,在不同年份和不同气候条件下的水稻生育期内,沟塘能够减少38%氮负荷和29%的磷负荷,与本文早稻结果类似。NAN等[8]建议湿地-流域面积比至少为5%,以实现去除50%总氮的目标。综合本文模拟结果及相关研究,为了兼顾净化效果与系统效率,沟塘-稻田面积比宜为5%~9%。
图9是各典型年田沟塘系统氮磷去除率随连接方式的变化情况。在早稻期间或沟塘-稻田面积比较小时,不同沟塘连接方式的氮磷去除率差异较小,说明当降雨过多或沟塘面积有限时,沟塘连接方式并非制约系统净化效果的主要因素。而在晚稻期间或沟塘-稻田面积比较大时,连接方式3的去除率明显低于其他方式。当存在多条排水路径时,将塘堰湿地集中布置于单一路径会导致沟塘与农田面积比例失配,部分区域排水未经有效拦截即外排,造成塘堰湿地净化能力的浪费[7]。连接方式1、2和4的去除率接近,表明当塘堰湿地集中布置于主排水沟出口或均匀分布在各排水路径时,其串并联形式和空间位置对系统的净化效果影响有限。
需指出,本文仅模拟了塘堰湿地与斗沟及支沟间的水力联系变化,并且示范区内农田和排水沟分布较为均匀,这些因素可能共同限制了塘堰串并联形式和空间位置对系统整体性能的影响。综合上述结果,在设计生态沟塘系统的空间布局时,建议首先根据污染物削减目标确定适宜的沟塘-稻田面积比,之后将塘堰湿地集中布置于主排水沟出口或将多个塘堰湿地并联布置在各排水路径。
生态沟塘系统的空间布局模拟需综合考虑多级沟塘的水力联系及水量水质过程。本文基于系统动力学方法对南方水稻灌区生态沟塘系统的空间布局进行模拟分析。与现有研究相比,本文在以下两方面有所突破:1)在模拟方法上,构建了综合考虑水量平衡、污染物浓度衰减和多级沟塘水力联系的系统动力学模型,能够较为客观地反映水稻灌区的灌排管理方式与沟塘空间分布特征,为多级湿地系统的模拟提供了方法参考;2)在结果分析上,系统探究了水文年型、沟塘-稻田面积比和沟塘连接方式对净化效果的影响,量化了不同情景下田沟塘系统的污染输出水平和去除能力,为生态沟塘系统的空间布局优化提供了科学依据。
田沟塘系统涉及复杂的水文与生态过程,受观测条件和模型结构限制,本文构建的模型仍存在若干不足。在水量模拟方面,作物需水量和深层渗漏量依赖经验系数估算,且未考虑地形高差引起的侧向渗流及其对区域水平衡的影响[41]。在水动力模拟方面,模型侧重水量模拟,未充分刻画生态沟塘中的植被阻水作用及控水建筑物对污染物停留时间的动态影响[42]。在水质模拟方面,主要采用一级动力学方程描述污染物浓度衰减,未细化不同形态氮磷的迁移转化机制[43]。在现有条件下完全精细模拟上述过程仍面临挑战,本文模型可视为模型复杂性与实用性的平衡,对田沟塘系统建模研究具有借鉴参考意义。此外,本文采用的系统动力学框架具备良好的拓展性,未来可进一步整合精细化的水量、水动力与水质模块,并融合高分辨率地形数据和污染机理研究成果,增强模型在复杂实际条件下的模拟能力。
为了优化灌区生态沟塘系统的空间布局,提高其净化效果与土地利用效率,本文基于系统动力学方法构建综合考虑水量平衡、污染物去除及多级沟塘水力联系的田沟塘系统模型,使用试验区实测数据进行模型验证,并以南方典型双季稻高标准农田示范区为案例,开展典型年份不同空间布局方案模拟,主要结论如下:
1)早稻和晚稻期间田沟塘系统田面水层、总氮浓度和总磷浓度模拟的纳什效率系数大多大于0.5,其中6项大于0.65,7项模拟要素的相关系数大于0.85,表明模型整体表现良好,本文构建的模型可用于田沟塘系统水量水质模拟。
2)整体而言,随着不同典型年降雨量的减少,生态沟对稻田排水的拦截净化能力增强,氮磷排放负荷和平均浓度下降,去除率增加。但氮磷输出还受降雨分布特征影响,高浓度产流期的集中降雨会造成系统拦截净化能力受限,导致出现枯水年排放负荷和平均浓度偶尔高于平水年的情况。
3)随着沟塘-稻田面积比的增加,田沟塘系统的氮磷去除率随之增加,但整体增长趋势逐渐变缓。为了兼顾净化效果与系统效率,沟塘-稻田面积比宜为5%~9%。在此范围内,平水年早稻期间总氮和总磷去除率分别为34.41%~39.89%和28.74%~36.21%,平水年晚稻期间总氮和总磷去除率分别可达90%和85%以上。
4)在降雨过多或沟塘面积有限时,不同沟塘连接方式的氮磷去除率差异较小。而在晚稻期间或沟塘-稻田面积比较大时,将塘堰湿地集中布置于单一排水路径的去除率明显低于其他连接方式。在进行生态沟塘系统的空间布局时,建议首先根据污染物削减目标确定适宜的沟塘-稻田面积比,之后根据实地情况将塘堰湿地集中布置于主排水沟出口或将多个塘堰湿地并联布置在各排水路径。
本文利用田沟塘系统模型开展了灌区生态沟塘系统空间布局模拟研究,为多级湿地系统的建模提供了方法参考。然而,当前模型仍存在优化空间,未来可进一步完善田沟塘系统水循环与污染物迁移转化过程的模拟,提升模型精度和适用性。

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2026年第42卷第12期
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doi: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202510197
  • 接收时间:2025-10-24
  • 首发时间:2026-08-20
  • 出版时间:2026-06-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-24
  • 修回日期:2026-01-05
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    1南京水利科学研究院 水灾害防御全国重点实验室,南京 210029
    2武汉大学水资源工程与调度全国重点实验室,武汉 430072

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崔远来,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为节水灌溉及其生态环境效应。Email:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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