Article(id=1297211690429468762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, issueId=1297211624738284246, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202507115, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1752422400000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-14, revisedDate=1773763200000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1787208968025, onlineDateStr=2026-08-20, pubDate=1782748800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1787208968025, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1787208968025, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1787208968025, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1297211624738284246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, year='2026', volume='42', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='396', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782748800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1787208952364, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1787212261177, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1297225503002357852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, issueId=1297211624738284246, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1297225503002357853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, issueId=1297211624738284246, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=155, endPage=166, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1297211692241408091, articleId=1297211690429468762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, language=EN, title=Analysis of the spatiotemporal characteristics of water and cultivated land resources balance in Northern China, columnId=1297211650193515394, journalTitle=Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, columnName=Soil and Water Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Cropland water–land balance relationship can be regulated to maintain the cropland productivity, ecological stability, and sustainable land use. It is often required to optimize cropland spatial layout and crop planting structure in sustainable water and land resources, according to “Determining Land Use by Water Availability”. In this study, an integrated analytical framework was developed to explore the spatiotemporal characteristics of the balance between water and cultivated land resources. There was also a close relationship between crop water requirement, water deficit and surplus, drought events, and productivity loss. The research area was taken as the five major agricultural regions in northern China. Meteorological, crop planting structure, and gross primary productivity (GPP) were monthly collected from 2001 to 2022. The full-growing-season crop water requirements of winter wheat, spring maize, and summer maize were estimated using the FAO-56 crop coefficient. A decadal Crop Water Deficit and Surplus Index (CWDI) and its standardized form, the Standardized Crop Water Deficit and Surplus Index (SCWDI), were then constructed to integrate run theory. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis, correlation analysis, and a Copula–Bayesian conditional probability model were used to systematically identify the Spatiotemporal evolution of cropland water–land balance relationships, crop critical water-demand periods, and productivity loss risks under drought stress. The results showed that (1) multi-year mean full-growing-season water requirements of winter wheat and maize were 500 and 594 mm, respectively, particularly with 627 and 536 mm for spring and summer maize, respectively. Crop water requirements shared significant regional differences. In winter wheat, the water requirement followed the descending order of Huang–Huai–Hai Plain (521 mm) > Loess Plateau (514 mm) > Gansu–Xinjiang Region (467 mm), while spring maize shared the highest water requirement in the Gansu–Xinjiang Region (662 mm). (2) Average drought-event frequency ranged from 0.4 to 2.0 events per year. The Gansu–Xinjiang Region was characterized by a high proportion of extreme drought events, long duration, and high intensity, indicating a cumulative drought pattern, whereas the Huang–Huai–Hai Plain was dominated by high-frequency but short-duration drought events. (3) EOF decomposition showed that the first five modes cumulatively explained 73.7% of the total variance, with EOF1 and EOF2 accounting for 28.6% and 20.0%, respectively, indicating region-wide consistency and regional heterogeneity in interannual dry–wet variations of cropland. (4) Correlation analysis between SCWDI and standardized GPP (SGPP) showed that the key months were identified as July for spring and summer maize, while May for winter wheat. According to the cumulative effect, the water-demand stages of spring maize, summer maize, and winter wheat corresponded to May–June, June, and March–April, respectively. (5) SCWDI–SGPP dependence structures of spring maize and summer maize were best fitted by the Gaussian Copula, while the Frank Copula performed best for winter wheat. The average probabilities of productivity loss were 63%, 80%, and 44%, respectively, for spring maize, summer maize, and winter wheat under extreme drought conditions. The north-central Huang–Huai–Hai Plain and the Loess Plateau were identified as the drought stress conversion into productivity loss. The finding can provide a scientific basis for the optimal cropland layout and crop structure during drought risk prevention in northern China.

, authors=Chun DONG1, 2, Yuhan ZHAO1, 2, Yan YANG2, *, Chaoying HE3, Rong ZHAO2, Wei ZHAO3, Fengguang KANG2, Xiaochen KANG2, Xinglong QIAN2, authorsList=Chun DONG, Yuhan ZHAO, Yan YANG, Chaoying HE, Rong ZHAO, Wei ZHAO, Fengguang KANG, Xiaochen KANG, Xinglong QIAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yan YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1297211694334365806, articleId=1297211690429468762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, language=CN, title=中国北方耕地水土平衡关系时空特征分析, columnId=1297211651858654084, journalTitle=农业工程学报, columnName=农业水土工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

耕地水土平衡关系是维持耕地生产力、生态稳定性与可持续利用能力的基础支撑和核心调控机制,研究耕地水土平衡关系对于支撑“以水定地”,促进耕地空间布局优化、作物种植结构优化和水土资源可持续利用具有重要现实意义。该研究以中国北方五大农业区为研究区,基于2001—2022年逐月栅格气象数据、作物种植结构与总初级生产力(gross primary productivity,GPP)数据,采用FAO-56作物系数法估算冬小麦、春玉米和夏玉米全生育期作物需水量,构建旬尺度作物水分盈亏指数(crop water deficit index,CWDI)及其标准化指数(standardized crop water deficit index,SCWDI),并结合游程理论、经验正交函数(empirical orthogonal function,EOF)、相关分析和Copula–Bayesian条件概率模型,系统识别北方耕地水土平衡关系的时空演变、作物需水临界期及干旱胁迫下的生产力损失风险。结果表明:1)研究区冬小麦与玉米全生育期多年均值需水分别为500 mm与594 mm,其中春玉米为627 mm、夏玉米为536 mm;需水量呈显著区域差异,冬小麦:黄淮海区521 mm>黄土高原区514 mm>甘新区467 mm,而春玉米在甘新区最高(662 mm)。2)研究区平均干旱事件频率为0.4~2.0次/a,甘新区表现出特旱占比较高、历时较长、强度较大的累积型干旱特征,黄淮海区则以高频、短历时干旱为主。3)EOF分解显示前5个模态累计解释73.7%的方差,EOF1和EOF2贡献率分别为28.6%和20.0%,表明北方耕地干湿变化在年际尺度上同时具有全区一致性和区域差异性特征。4)SCWDI与SGPP相关分析表明,春玉米和夏玉米识别的关键月份为7月、冬小麦为5月,考虑累积效应后,春玉米、夏玉米和冬小麦的关键需水阶段分别对应5—6月、6月和3—4月。5)春玉米与夏玉米的SCWDI—SGPP以Gaussian Copula拟合效果最佳,冬小麦以Frank Copula最优;特旱条件下春玉米、夏玉米和冬小麦的平均生产力损失概率分别约为63%、80%和44%,黄淮海区北中部及黄土高原区是干旱胁迫向生产力损失转化较为敏感的重点区域。该研究构建了作物需水—水分盈亏—干旱事件—生产力损失风险的耦合分析框架,可为北方地区耕地布局优化、作物结构调整和农业干旱风险防控提供依据。

, authors=董春1, 2, 赵昱涵1, 2, 杨妍2, *, 何超英3, 赵荣2, 赵伟3, 康风光2, 亢晓琛2, 钱兴隆2, authorsList=董春, 赵昱涵, 杨妍, 何超英, 赵荣, 赵伟, 康风光, 亢晓琛, 钱兴隆, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=杨妍, authorNote=

董春,博士,研究员,博士生导师,研究方向为人口空间化、国土空间分析与自然资源评价。Email:

, correspAuthorsNote=
杨妍,博士,助理研究员,研究方向为水文水资源。Email:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026 农业工程学报编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=4iGjAUQOjtfRkdyTIiTW8g==, magXml=s1VJMXvk8hZcFadIbdrGVQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=4uAvivbiwu5+UDsgvEo4Lg==, pdfFileSize=5119159, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=AYqFIJ4o213kqkUgxjfXCg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=A1eOw/wh1rAbG5cEtGTpXg==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1300032374838944023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=dongchun@casm.ac.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1300032374960578842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, authorId=1300032374838944023, language=EN, stringName=Chun DONG, firstName=Chun, middleName=null, lastName=DONG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1School of Mapping and Geographical Science, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China
2Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100036, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1300032375019299099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, authorId=1300032374838944023, language=CN, stringName=董春, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1辽宁工程技术大学测绘与地理科学学院,阜新 123000
2中国测绘科学研究院,北京 100036, bio={"content":"

董春,博士,研究员,博士生导师,研究方向为人口空间化、国土空间分析与自然资源评价。Email:

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

董春,博士,研究员,博士生导师,研究方向为人口空间化、国土空间分析与自然资源评价。Email:

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1300032374587285773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1300032374595674382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, companyId=1300032374587285773, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Mapping and Geographical Science, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1300032374604062991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, companyId=1300032374587285773, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1辽宁工程技术大学测绘与地理科学学院,阜新 123000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1300032374671171856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1300032374679560465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, companyId=1300032374671171856, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100036, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1300032374683754770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, companyId=1300032374671171856, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中国测绘科学研究院,北京 100036)])]), Author(id=1300032375107379485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1300032375187071264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, authorId=1300032375107379485, language=EN, stringName=Yuhan ZHAO, firstName=Yuhan, middleName=null, lastName=ZHAO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1School of Mapping and Geographical Science, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China
2Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100036, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1300032375254180129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, authorId=1300032375107379485, language=CN, stringName=赵昱涵, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1辽宁工程技术大学测绘与地理科学学院,阜新 123000
2中国测绘科学研究院,北京 100036, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1300032374587285773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1300032374595674382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, companyId=1300032374587285773, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Mapping and Geographical Science, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1300032374604062991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, companyId=1300032374587285773, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1辽宁工程技术大学测绘与地理科学学院,阜新 123000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1300032374671171856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1300032374679560465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, companyId=1300032374671171856, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100036, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1300032374683754770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, companyId=1300032374671171856, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中国测绘科学研究院,北京 100036)])]), Author(id=1300032375346454819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=yangyan@casm.ac.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1300032375430340901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, authorId=1300032375346454819, language=EN, stringName=Yan YANG, firstName=Yan, middleName=null, lastName=YANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, *, address=2Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100036, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1300032375510032678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, authorId=1300032375346454819, language=CN, stringName=杨妍, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, *, address=2中国测绘科学研究院,北京 100036, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1300032374671171856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1300032374679560465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, companyId=1300032374671171856, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100036, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1300032374683754770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, companyId=1300032374671171856, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中国测绘科学研究院,北京 100036)])]), Author(id=1300032375698776360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1300032375770079530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, authorId=1300032375698776360, language=EN, stringName=Chaoying HE, firstName=Chaoying, middleName=null, lastName=HE, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=3, address=3Department of Natural Resources Survey and Monitoring, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100812, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1300032375862354219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, authorId=1300032375698776360, language=CN, stringName=何超英, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=3, address=3自然资源部自然资源调查监测司,北京 100812, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1300032374750863635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1300032374759252244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, companyId=1300032374750863635, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Department of Natural Resources Survey and Monitoring, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100812, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1300032374767640853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, companyId=1300032374750863635, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3自然资源部自然资源调查监测司,北京 100812)])]), Author(id=1300032375933657389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, orderNo=4, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1300032377561047343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, authorId=1300032375933657389, language=EN, stringName=Rong ZHAO, firstName=Rong, middleName=null, lastName=ZHAO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100036, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1300032377623961904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, authorId=1300032375933657389, language=CN, stringName=赵荣, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2中国测绘科学研究院,北京 100036, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1300032374671171856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1300032374679560465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, companyId=1300032374671171856, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100036, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1300032374683754770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, companyId=1300032374671171856, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中国测绘科学研究院,北京 100036)])]), Author(id=1300032377703653682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, orderNo=5, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1300032377774956852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, authorId=1300032377703653682, language=EN, stringName=Wei ZHAO, firstName=Wei, middleName=null, lastName=ZHAO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=3, address=3Department of Natural Resources Survey and Monitoring, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100812, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1300032377850454325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, authorId=1300032377703653682, language=CN, stringName=赵伟, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=3, address=3自然资源部自然资源调查监测司,北京 100812, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1300032374750863635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1300032374759252244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, companyId=1300032374750863635, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Department of Natural Resources Survey and Monitoring, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100812, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1300032374767640853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, companyId=1300032374750863635, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3自然资源部自然资源调查监测司,北京 100812)])]), Author(id=1300032377917563191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, orderNo=6, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1300032378035003705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, authorId=1300032377917563191, language=EN, stringName=Fengguang KANG, firstName=Fengguang, middleName=null, lastName=KANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100036, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1300032378123084090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, authorId=1300032377917563191, language=CN, stringName=康风光, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2中国测绘科学研究院,北京 100036, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1300032374671171856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1300032374679560465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, companyId=1300032374671171856, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100036, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1300032374683754770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, companyId=1300032374671171856, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中国测绘科学研究院,北京 100036)])]), Author(id=1300032378198581564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, orderNo=7, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1300032378303439166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, authorId=1300032378198581564, language=EN, stringName=Xiaochen KANG, firstName=Xiaochen, middleName=null, lastName=KANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100036, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1300032378374742335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, authorId=1300032378198581564, language=CN, stringName=亢晓琛, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2中国测绘科学研究院,北京 100036, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1300032374671171856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1300032374679560465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, companyId=1300032374671171856, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100036, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1300032374683754770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, companyId=1300032374671171856, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中国测绘科学研究院,北京 100036)])]), Author(id=1300032378454434113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, orderNo=8, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1300032378542514499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, authorId=1300032378454434113, language=EN, stringName=Xinglong QIAN, firstName=Xinglong, middleName=null, lastName=QIAN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100036, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1300032378613817668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, authorId=1300032378454434113, language=CN, stringName=钱兴隆, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2中国测绘科学研究院,北京 100036, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1300032374671171856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1300032374679560465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, companyId=1300032374671171856, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100036, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1300032374683754770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, companyId=1300032374671171856, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中国测绘科学研究院,北京 100036)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1300032378752229701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=water-cultivated land balance), Keyword(id=1300032378840310086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=crop water requirement), Keyword(id=1300032378907418951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=SCWDI), Keyword(id=1300032378970333512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=drought event), Keyword(id=1300032379041636681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, language=EN, orderNo=5, keyword=run theory), Keyword(id=1300032379100356938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, language=EN, orderNo=6, keyword=Copula–Bayesian), Keyword(id=1300032379167465803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, language=EN, orderNo=7, keyword=GPP loss risk), Keyword(id=1300032379230380364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=耕地水土平衡), Keyword(id=1300032379318460749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=作物需水), Keyword(id=1300032379381375310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=SCWDI), Keyword(id=1300032379440095567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=干旱事件), Keyword(id=1300032379498815824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=游程理论), Keyword(id=1300032379570118993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, language=CN, orderNo=6, keyword=Copula-Bayesian), Keyword(id=1300032379620450642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, language=CN, orderNo=7, keyword=GPP损失风险)], refs=[Reference(id=1300032383638593903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=1, rfOrder=0, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=杨学明, 张晓平, 方华军, 等. 北美保护性耕作及对中国的意义[J]. 应用生态学报, 2004, 15(2): 335-340., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032383726674288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=1, rfOrder=1, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YANG Xueming, ZHANG Xiaoping, FANG Huajun, et al. Conservation tillage systems in North America and their significance for China[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2004, 15(2): 335-340. (in Chinese with English abstract), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032383818948977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=2, rfOrder=2, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈小兵, 杨劲松, 杨朝晖, 等. 基于水盐平衡的绿洲灌区次生盐碱化防治研究[J]. 水土保持学报, 2007, 21(3): 32-37, 51., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032383953166706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=2, rfOrder=3, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHEN Xiaobing, YANG Jinsong, YANG Zhaohui, et al. Secondary salinization control based on hydro-salinity balance in oasis irrigation area[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2007, 21(3): 32-37, 51. (in Chinese with English abstract), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032384016081267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=3, rfOrder=4, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=冯保清, 崔静, 吴迪, 等. 浅谈西北灌区耕地盐碱化成因及对策[J]. 中国水利, 2019(9): 43-46., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032384091578740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=3, rfOrder=5, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FENG Baoqing, CUI Jing, WU Di, et al. Preliminary studies on causes of salinization and alkalization in irrigation districts of northwest China and countermeasures[J]. China Water Resources, 2019(9): 43-46. (in Chinese with English abstract), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032384158687605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=4, rfOrder=6, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张安凝知, 潘志华, 安萍莉, 等. 气候变化背景下旱地区生态系统储水变化研究: 以武川县为例[J]. 干旱区资源与环境, 2014, 28(10): 68-75., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032384217407862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=4, rfOrder=7, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Anningzhi, PAN Zhihua, AN Pingli, et al. The trend of ecological water storage of farmland ecosystem in dryland under the background of climate change: A case of Wuchuan County[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2014, 28(10): 68-75. (in Chinese with English abstract), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032384284516727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=5, rfOrder=8, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FENG Z Z, MIAO Q F, SHI H B, et al. Simulation of water balance and irrigation strategy of typical sand-layered farmland in the Hetao Irrigation District, China[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2023, 280: 108236., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032384360014200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=6, rfOrder=9, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李晨. 我国粮食生产空间格局演变趋势、形成机理及应对策略[J]. 行政管理改革, 2025(3): 77-87., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032384418734457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=6, rfOrder=10, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Chen. The evolutionary trends, formation mechanisms, and response strategies of China’s grain production spatial pattern[J]. Administration Reform, 2025(3): 77-87. (in Chinese with English abstract), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032384494231930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=7, rfOrder=11, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=祝培倩, 马永欢, 陈沛淳, 等. 中国耕地重心迁移特征及气候适宜性评价[J]. 北京师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2024, 60(3): 397-404., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032384548757883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=7, rfOrder=12, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHU Peiqian, MA Yonghuan, CHEN Peichun, et al. Migration characteristics of cultivated land gravity center and climate suitability evaluation in China[J]. Journal of Beijing Normal University (Natural Science), 2024, 60(3): 397-404. (in Chinese with English abstract), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032384615866748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=8, rfOrder=13, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=孟健, 姚旭晴, 杨晓琳, 等. 地下水超采区农业种植结构与作物耗水时空演变研究[J]. 农业机械学报, 2020, 51(11): 302-312., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032384687169917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=8, rfOrder=14, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MENG Jian, YAO Xuqing, YANG Xiaolin, et al. Spatial and temporal evolution of agricultural planting structure and crop water consumption in groundwater overdraft area[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2020, 51(11): 302-312. (in Chinese with English abstract), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032384792027518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=9, rfOrder=15, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=赵彦萍, 肖登攀, 唐建昭, 等. 气候变化对我国主要粮食作物产量的影响及适应措施[J]. 水土保持研究, 2019, 26(6): 317-326., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032384867524991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=9, rfOrder=16, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHAO Yanping, XIAO Dengpan, TANG Jianzhao, et al. Effects of climate change on the yield of major grain crops and its adaptation measures in China[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 2019, 26(6): 317-326. (in Chinese with English abstract), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032386507497856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=10, rfOrder=17, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=《气候变化国家评估报告》编写委员会. 气候变化国家评估报告[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2006: 195-200., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032386796904833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=11, rfOrder=18, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=许迪, 李益农, 龚时宏, 等. 气候变化对农业水管理的影响及应对策略研究[J]. 农业工程学报, 2019, 35(14): 79-89., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032386897568130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=11, rfOrder=19, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XU Di, LI Yinong, GONG Shihong, et al. Impacts of climate change on agricultural water management and its coping strategies[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2019, 35(14): 79-89. (in Chinese with English abstract), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032386964676995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=12, rfOrder=20, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TANG T, GE J, SHI H, et al. Drought frequency, intensity, and exposure have increased due to historical land use and land cover changes[J]. Communications Earth & Environment, 2025, 6: 398., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032387199558020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=13, rfOrder=21, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=黄峰, 杜太生, 王素芬, 等. 华北地区农业水资源现状和未来保障研究[J]. 中国工程科学, 2019, 21(5): 28-37., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032387279249797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=13, rfOrder=22, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HUANG Feng, DU Taisheng, WANG Sufen, et al. Current situation and future security of agricultural water resources in North China[J]. Strategic Study of CAE, 2019, 21(5): 28-37. (in Chinese with English abstract), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032387350552966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=14, rfOrder=23, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王浩, 杨贵羽, 杨朝晖. 水土资源约束下保障粮食安全的战略思考[J]. 中国科学院院刊, 2013, 28(3): 329-336, 321., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032387644154247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=14, rfOrder=24, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Hao, YANG Guiyu, YANG Zhaohui. Thinking of agricultural development in China based on regional water resources and land cultivation[J]. Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2013, 28(3): 329-336, 321. (in Chinese with English abstract), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032387711263112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=15, rfOrder=25, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=姜秋香, 付强, 王子龙, 等. 三江平原水土资源空间匹配格局[J]. 自然资源学报, 2011, 26(2): 270-277., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032387790954889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=15, rfOrder=26, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=JIANG Qiuxiang, FU Qiang, WANG Zilong, et al. Spatial matching patterns of land and water resources in Sanjiang Plain[J]. Journal of Natural Resources, 2011, 26(2): 270-277. (in Chinese with English abstract), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032387883229578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=16, rfOrder=27, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=孙侦, 贾绍凤, 严家宝, 等. 中国水土资源本底匹配状况研究[J]. 自然资源学报, 2018, 33(12): 2057-2066., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032388038418827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=16, rfOrder=28, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SUN Zhen, JIA Shaofeng, YAN Jiabao, et al. Study on the matching pattern of water and potential arable land resources in China[J]. Journal of Natural Resources, 2018, 33(12): 2057-2066. (in Chinese with English abstract), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032388134887820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=17, rfOrder=29, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=南纪琴, 王景雷, 秦安振, 等. 中国西北旱区农业水土资源利用潜力研究[J]. 自然资源学报, 2017, 32(2): 292-300., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032388218773901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=17, rfOrder=30, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=NAN Jiqin, WANG Jinglei, QIN Anzhen, et al. Study on utilization potential of agricultural soil and water resources in Northwest Arid Area[J]. Journal of Natural Resources, 2017, 32(2): 292-300. (in Chinese with English abstract), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032388294271374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=18, rfOrder=31, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘统兵, 方瑜, 黄峰, 等. 中国广义农业水土资源匹配及利用状况动态评价[J]. 农业工程学报, 2023, 39(10): 56-65., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032388462043535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=18, rfOrder=32, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU Tongbing, FANG Yu, HUANG Feng, et al. Dynamic evaluation of the matching degree and utilization condition of generalized agricultural water and arable land resources in China[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2023, 39(10): 56-65. (in Chinese with English abstract), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032388550123920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=19, rfOrder=33, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=周浩, 马泉来, 杨崇科, 等. 基于MODIS的沿黄粮食主产区耕地利用水分盈亏特征分析[J]. 农业工程学报, 2023, 39(7): 119-127., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032388608844177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=19, rfOrder=34, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHOU Hao, MA Quanlai, YANG Chongke, et al. Cultivated land changes induced water surplus and deficit characteristics in the main grain-production areas along the Yellow River using MODIS[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2023, 39(7): 119-127. (in Chinese with English abstract), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032388675953042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=20, rfOrder=35, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张淑杰, 张玉书, 陈鹏狮, 等. 基于改进作物水分亏缺指数的玉米干旱灾害过程识别与动态定量评价[J]. 生态学杂志, 2020, 39(12): 4241-4252., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032388881473939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=20, rfOrder=36, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Shujie, ZHANG Yushu, CHEN Pengshi, et al. Identification and dynamic quantitative evaluation of maize drought-induced disaster process based on an improved crop water deficit index[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2020, 39(12): 4241-4252. (in Chinese with English abstract), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032388948582804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=21, rfOrder=37, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=魏新光, 王铁良, 李波, 等. 辽宁省玉米地水分盈亏时空分布特征及灌溉模式分区研究[J]. 农业工程学报, 2018, 34(23): 119-126., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032389011497365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=21, rfOrder=38, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WEI Xinguang, WANG Tieliang, LI Bo, et al. Temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of maize water surplus deficit and irrigation mode partition in Liaoning province[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2018, 34(23): 119-126. (in Chinese with English abstract), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032389086994838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=22, rfOrder=39, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=周浩, 金平, 夏卫生, 等. 三江平原挠力河流域主要作物水分盈亏时空变化特征[J]. 农业工程学报, 2020, 36(14): 159-166., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032389162492311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=22, rfOrder=40, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHOU Hao, JIN Ping, XIA Weisheng, et al. Spatial-temporal characteristics of water surplus and deficit for the main crops in Naoli River Basin of Sanjiang Plain, China[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2020, 36(14): 159-166. (in Chinese with English abstract), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032389288321432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=23, rfOrder=41, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=郭建平. 植物对降水截留的研究进展[J]. 应用气象学报, 2020, 31(6): 641-652., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032389347041689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=23, rfOrder=42, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GUO Jianping. Research progress of precipitation interception by plants[J]. Journal of Applied Meteorological Science, 2020, 31(6): 641-652. (in Chinese with English abstract), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032390987014554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=24, rfOrder=43, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=操信春, 任杰, 吴梦洋, 等. 基于水足迹的中国农业用水效果评价[J]. 农业工程学报, 2018, 34(5): 1-8., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032391087677851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=24, rfOrder=44, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CAO Xinchun, REN Jie, WU Mengyang, et al. Assessing agricultural water use effect of China based on water footprint framework[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2018, 34(5): 1-8. (in Chinese with English abstract), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032391175758236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=25, rfOrder=45, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=孙爽, 杨晓光, 李克南, 等. 中国冬小麦需水量时空特征分析[J]. 农业工程学报, 2013, 29(15): 72-82., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032391251255709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=25, rfOrder=46, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SUN Shuang, YANG Xiaoguang, LI Kenan, et al. Analysis of spatial and temporal characteristics of water requirement of winter wheat in China[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2013, 29(15): 72-82. (in Chinese with English abstract), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032391339336094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=26, rfOrder=47, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘栩晨, 敬峰, 娄家熙, 等. 东北地区春玉米需水量与缺水量时空分布特征[J]. 中国生态农业学报(中英文), 2023, 31(10): 1626-1634., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032391410639263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=26, rfOrder=48, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU Xuchen, JING Feng, LOU Jiaxi, et al. Spatial and temporal distribution of water requirements and irrigation requirements of spring maize in Northeast China[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2023, 31(10): 1626-1634. (in Chinese with English abstract), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032391507108256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=27, rfOrder=49, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=倪深海, 吕娟, 刘静楠, 等. 变化环境下我国干旱灾害演变趋势分析[J]. 中国防汛抗旱, 2022, 32(10): 1-7., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032391611965857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=27, rfOrder=50, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=NI Shenhai, LYU Juan, LIU Jingnan, et al. Analysis on the evolution trend of drought disaster in China under changing environment[J]. China Flood and Drought Management, 2022, 32(10): 1-7. (in Chinese with English abstract), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032391830069666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=28, rfOrder=51, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中国主要农作物需水量等值线图协作组. 中国主要农作物需水量等值线图研究[M]. 北京: 中国农业科技出版社, 1993., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032391905567139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=29, rfOrder=52, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=全国农业区划委员会《中国综合农业区划》编写组. 中国综合农业区划[M]. 北京: 农业出版社, 1981., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032391976870308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=30, rfOrder=53, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ALLEN R G, PEREIRA L S, RAES D, et al. Crop evapotranspiration: Guidelines for computing crop water requirements: FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56[R]. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1998., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032392224334245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=31, rfOrder=54, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ALLEN R G, PEREIRA L S. Estimating crop coefficients from fraction of ground cover and height[J]. Irrigation Science, 2009, 28: 17-34., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032392312414630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=32, rfOrder=55, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=曹永强, 朱明明, 李维佳. 河北省典型区主要作物有效降雨和需水量研究[J]. 生态学报, 2018, 38(2): 560-570., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032392400495015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=32, rfOrder=56, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CAO Yongqiang, ZHU Mingming, LI Weijia. Effective precipitation and water requirements of crops in Hebei Province over 60 years[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2018, 38(2): 560-570. (in Chinese with English abstract), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032392471798184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=33, rfOrder=57, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李玖颖, 王欣亮, 王忠波, 等. 黑龙江省近50年大豆需水量与干旱时空分布特征研究[J]. 农业机械学报, 2020, 51(8): 223-237., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032392551489961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=33, rfOrder=58, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Jiuying, WANG Xinliang, WANG Zhongbo, et al. Spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of soybean crop water requirement and drought in Heilongjiang Province in recent 50 years[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2020, 51(8): 223-237. (in Chinese with English abstract), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032392614404522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=34, rfOrder=59, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李娜, 罗强, 董苇, 等. 四湖流域水稻耗水与降雨匹配度及水稻旱涝易损特征分析[J]. 农业工程学报, 2023, 39(24): 79-91., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032392685707691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=34, rfOrder=60, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Na, LUO Qiang, DONG Wei, et al. Matching degree of precipitation and rice water consumption and analysis of drought and waterlogging vulnerable characteristics of rice in Sihu Basin, Hubei of China[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2023, 39(24): 79-91. (in Chinese with English abstract), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032392744427948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=35, rfOrder=61, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZIPPER S C, QIU J, KUCHARIK C J. Drought effects on US maize and soybean production: spatiotemporal patterns and historical changes[J]. Environmental Research Letters, 2016, 11(9): 094021., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032392832508333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=36, rfOrder=62, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SKLAR M. Fonctions de répartition à n dimensions et leurs marges[J]. Annales de l'ISUP, 1959, 8(3): 229-231., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032392899617198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=37, rfOrder=63, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=肖俊夫, 刘战东, 陈玉民. 中国玉米需水量与需水规律研究[J]. 玉米科学, 2008, 16(4): 21-25., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032392962531759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=37, rfOrder=64, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XIAO Junfu, LIU Zhandong, CHEN Yumin. Study on the water requirement and water requirement regulation of maize in China[J]. Journal of Maize Sciences, 2008, 16(4): 21-25. (in Chinese with English abstract), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032393021252016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=38, rfOrder=65, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李燕, 王志伟, 霍治国, 等. 干旱对夏玉米根冠及产量影响试验[J]. 应用气象学报, 2020, 31(1): 83-94., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032393084166577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=38, rfOrder=66, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Yan, WANG Zhiwei, HUO Zhiguo, et al. Experiments of water stress on root/shoot growth and yield of summer maize[J]. Journal of Applied Meteorological Science, 2020, 31(1): 83-94. (in Chinese with English abstract), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032393151275442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=39, rfOrder=67, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=孙爽, 杨晓光, 张镇涛, 等. 华北平原不同等级干旱对冬小麦产量的影响[J]. 农业工程学报, 2021, 37(14): 69-78., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1300032393218384307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=39, rfOrder=68, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SUN Shuang, YANG Xiaoguang, ZHANG Zhentao, et al. Impacts of different grades of drought on winter wheat yield in North China Plain[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2021, 37(14): 69-78. (in Chinese with English abstract), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1300032374587285773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1300032374595674382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, companyId=1300032374587285773, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Mapping and Geographical Science, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1300032374604062991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, companyId=1300032374587285773, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1辽宁工程技术大学测绘与地理科学学院,阜新 123000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1300032374671171856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1300032374679560465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, companyId=1300032374671171856, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100036, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1300032374683754770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, companyId=1300032374671171856, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中国测绘科学研究院,北京 100036)]), AuthorCompany(id=1300032374750863635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1300032374759252244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, companyId=1300032374750863635, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Department of Natural Resources Survey and Monitoring, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100812, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1300032374767640853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, companyId=1300032374750863635, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3自然资源部自然资源调查监测司,北京 100812)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1300032379771445587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Geographic location of the study area, figureFileSmall=6Dp9R3oOYihfzNNXc+fA5A==, figureFileBig=HPhNcC7aS1JT9DqsLrHEZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1300032379859525972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, language=CN, label=图1, caption=研究区地理位置示意图

注:该图基于自然资源部标准地图服务网站下载的审图号为 GS(2024)0650号的标准地图制作,底图无修改。

, figureFileSmall=6Dp9R3oOYihfzNNXc+fA5A==, figureFileBig=HPhNcC7aS1JT9DqsLrHEZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1300032379943412053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=The spatial distribution of multi-year average crop water requirement over 2001—2022, figureFileSmall=gROqVw/5X4/Kff6ZcA+L6Q==, figureFileBig=Vfe9NqsOAiBfnDcToWYczw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1300032380023103830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, language=CN, label=图2, caption=2001—2022年多年平均作物需水量空间分布, figureFileSmall=gROqVw/5X4/Kff6ZcA+L6Q==, figureFileBig=Vfe9NqsOAiBfnDcToWYczw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1300032380106989911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Analysis of drought event characteristics, figureFileSmall=xEdFZRl9p01y3xWHJznClg==, figureFileBig=aGAAdpryDIgeP3e4WMXkFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1300032380169904472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, language=CN, label=图3, caption=干旱事件特征分析, figureFileSmall=xEdFZRl9p01y3xWHJznClg==, figureFileBig=aGAAdpryDIgeP3e4WMXkFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1300032380245401945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Event frequencies per year, figureFileSmall=8OQNAhykLs8qFoo11wGvRA==, figureFileBig=PpFoVTvFmhu35/PsQTa7mw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1300032380316705114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, language=CN, label=图4, caption=干旱事件频率

注:A~E分别表示内蒙古及长城沿线区、东北区、黄土高原区、黄淮海区和甘新区。

, figureFileSmall=8OQNAhykLs8qFoo11wGvRA==, figureFileBig=PpFoVTvFmhu35/PsQTa7mw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1300032380379619675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=EOF spatial modes and temporal coefficients in the study area, figureFileSmall=ZkLXuK7lFBg/Nwqz+RMQ+w==, figureFileBig=zJg6dA4xbaSnDtAmG5lAzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1300032382007009628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, language=CN, label=图5, caption=研究区EOF展开模态及时间系数, figureFileSmall=ZkLXuK7lFBg/Nwqz+RMQ+w==, figureFileBig=zJg6dA4xbaSnDtAmG5lAzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1300032382082507101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Identification of crop critical water-requirement periods, figureFileSmall=vTm5rW5Xfhswv/MAggK/Aw==, figureFileBig=CmUElDKqIbfkYpTkcoXx1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1300032382149615966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, language=CN, label=图6, caption=研究区作物需水临界期, figureFileSmall=vTm5rW5Xfhswv/MAggK/Aw==, figureFileBig=CmUElDKqIbfkYpTkcoXx1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1300032382229307743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Proportions of drought events across severity classes, figureFileSmall=2GPqg7IoHw/aiw9YUMgzXA==, figureFileBig=Syjj3F6mhmqTKeDw1aBk8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1300032382283833696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同等级干旱事件占比, figureFileSmall=2GPqg7IoHw/aiw9YUMgzXA==, figureFileBig=Syjj3F6mhmqTKeDw1aBk8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1300032382359331169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Probability of crop GPP loss under different drought conditions, figureFileSmall=ZXKIe6B4+eiYCgA9VhfJ9A==, figureFileBig=g14h27K/XSVRyh4UrNFXTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1300032382443217250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同干旱条件下引发作物GPP损失的概率, figureFileSmall=ZXKIe6B4+eiYCgA9VhfJ9A==, figureFileBig=g14h27K/XSVRyh4UrNFXTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1300032382510326115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=SCWDI triggering thresholds for crop productivity loss during crop-specific critical water-demand periods, figureFileSmall=McLa6WPHDPFMh6ZmbtJSTw==, figureFileBig=e73c4/lPUZ5DBtK3kug5sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1300032382585823588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, language=CN, label=图9, caption=作物水临界期 SCWDI 触发阈值损失的概率, figureFileSmall=McLa6WPHDPFMh6ZmbtJSTw==, figureFileBig=e73c4/lPUZ5DBtK3kug5sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1300032382648738149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

The phenological information of maize and wheat of major agricultural regions in Northern China

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
品种
Variety
农业区
Agricultural regions
生育前期
Early growth stage
快速生长期
Rapid growth stage
生育中期
Middle growth stage
生育后期
Late growth stage
全生育期长度(旬)
Length of the whole growth
period (ten-day)
春玉米
Spring
maize
东北区4月下旬—5月上旬5月中旬—6月中旬6月下旬—7月下旬8月上旬—9月上旬14
甘新区4月下旬—5月中旬5月下旬—6月中旬6月下旬—7月中旬7月下旬—9月下旬16
内蒙古及长城沿线区5月上旬—5月下旬6月上旬—6月下旬7月上旬—7月下旬8月上旬—9月下旬15
黄土高原区4月下旬—5月中旬5月下旬—6月中旬6月下旬—7月中旬7月下旬—9月下旬16
夏玉米
Summer maize
黄淮海平原区6月上旬—6月中旬6月下旬—7月上旬7月中旬—8月上旬8月中旬—9月上旬10
黄土高原区6月上旬—6月中旬6月下旬—7月上旬7月中旬—8月上旬8月中旬—9月上旬10
冬小麦
Winter
wheat
黄淮海平原区10月上旬—10月下旬11月上旬—翌年4月上旬4月中旬—5月中旬5月下旬—6月上旬26
甘新区9月中旬—10月上旬10月中旬—翌年4月下旬5月上旬—6月上旬6月中旬—7月上旬30
黄土高原区9月下旬—10月中旬10月下旬—翌年4月中旬4月下旬—5月下旬6月上旬—7月上旬29
), ArticleFig(id=1300032382728429926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

中国北方各主要农业区作物物候信息表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
品种
Variety
农业区
Agricultural regions
生育前期
Early growth stage
快速生长期
Rapid growth stage
生育中期
Middle growth stage
生育后期
Late growth stage
全生育期长度(旬)
Length of the whole growth
period (ten-day)
春玉米
Spring
maize
东北区4月下旬—5月上旬5月中旬—6月中旬6月下旬—7月下旬8月上旬—9月上旬14
甘新区4月下旬—5月中旬5月下旬—6月中旬6月下旬—7月中旬7月下旬—9月下旬16
内蒙古及长城沿线区5月上旬—5月下旬6月上旬—6月下旬7月上旬—7月下旬8月上旬—9月下旬15
黄土高原区4月下旬—5月中旬5月下旬—6月中旬6月下旬—7月中旬7月下旬—9月下旬16
夏玉米
Summer maize
黄淮海平原区6月上旬—6月中旬6月下旬—7月上旬7月中旬—8月上旬8月中旬—9月上旬10
黄土高原区6月上旬—6月中旬6月下旬—7月上旬7月中旬—8月上旬8月中旬—9月上旬10
冬小麦
Winter
wheat
黄淮海平原区10月上旬—10月下旬11月上旬—翌年4月上旬4月中旬—5月中旬5月下旬—6月上旬26
甘新区9月中旬—10月上旬10月中旬—翌年4月下旬5月上旬—6月上旬6月中旬—7月上旬30
黄土高原区9月下旬—10月中旬10月下旬—翌年4月中旬4月下旬—5月下旬6月上旬—7月上旬29
), ArticleFig(id=1300032382812316007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Grade of drought and waterlogging based on SCWDI

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
旱涝分级
Drought and flood grading
SCWDI旱涝分级
Drought and flood grading
SCWDI
特旱Extreme drought≤-2.0轻涝Mild waterlogging>0.5~1.0
重旱Severe drought>-2~-1.5中涝Moderate waterlogging>1.0~1.5
中旱Moderate drought>-1.5~-1.0重涝Severe waterlogging>1.5~2.0
轻旱Mild drought>-1.0~-0.5特涝Extreme waterlogging≥2.0
无旱No drought>-0.5~0.5
), ArticleFig(id=1300032382879424872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

标准水分盈亏指数旱涝等级

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
旱涝分级
Drought and flood grading
SCWDI旱涝分级
Drought and flood grading
SCWDI
特旱Extreme drought≤-2.0轻涝Mild waterlogging>0.5~1.0
重旱Severe drought>-2~-1.5中涝Moderate waterlogging>1.0~1.5
中旱Moderate drought>-1.5~-1.0重涝Severe waterlogging>1.5~2.0
轻旱Mild drought>-1.0~-0.5特涝Extreme waterlogging≥2.0
无旱No drought>-0.5~0.5
), ArticleFig(id=1300032382950728041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Copula joint distribution function model fitting evaluation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
作物Crops联合分布 Joint distributionAIC
冬小麦Winter wheatFrank−0.247
春玉米Spring maizeGaussian−9.846
夏玉米Summer maizeGaussian−17.963
), ArticleFig(id=1300032383047197034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

Copula联合分布函数模型拟合评价

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
作物Crops联合分布 Joint distributionAIC
冬小麦Winter wheatFrank−0.247
春玉米Spring maizeGaussian−9.846
夏玉米Summer maizeGaussian−17.963
), ArticleFig(id=1300032383131083115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Mann–Kendall trend test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域
Region
玉米Maize冬小麦Winter wheat
Sen’s slope
(mm·a−1)
ZSen’s slope
(mm·a−1)
Z
研究区0.881.690.250.74
东北区0.150.37
内蒙古及长城沿线区0.410.53
甘新区1.843.01**0.851.74
黄淮海区1.712.27*−0.37−0.53
黄土高原区1.201.701.292.32*
), ArticleFig(id=1300032383202386284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

Mann-Kendall 趋势检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域
Region
玉米Maize冬小麦Winter wheat
Sen’s slope
(mm·a−1)
ZSen’s slope
(mm·a−1)
Z
研究区0.881.690.250.74
东北区0.150.37
内蒙古及长城沿线区0.410.53
甘新区1.843.01**0.851.74
黄淮海区1.712.27*−0.37−0.53
黄土高原区1.201.701.292.32*
), ArticleFig(id=1300032383298855277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

EOF eigenvalues of annual SCWDI in the study area

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征值序列
Eigenvalue sequence
特征值
Eigenvalue
贡献率
Contribution rate/%
累计贡献率
Cumulative
contribution rate/%
14 013.428.628.6
22 745.820.048.6
31 579.511.259.8
41 127.38.067.8
5827.85.973.7
), ArticleFig(id=1300032383420490094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

研究区年SCWDI的EOF特征值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征值序列
Eigenvalue sequence
特征值
Eigenvalue
贡献率
Contribution rate/%
累计贡献率
Cumulative
contribution rate/%
14 013.428.628.6
22 745.820.048.6
31 579.511.259.8
41 127.38.067.8
5827.85.973.7
)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1296123985890738214, delFlag=0, nameCn=农业工程学报, nameEn=Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=1002-6819, eissn=null, cn=11-2047/S, coden=null, periodic=3, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=+90GfMrDOo0sGnhM27IfIQ==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=1786949639057, updatedTime=1788949514636, createdBy=18614031015, updatedBy=13041195026, firstLetterCn=N, firstLetterEn=N, subjectCode=Agriculture, subjectName=null, subjectCodeEn=Agriculture, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=+90GfMrDOo0sGnhM27IfIQ==, picEn=+UrL7Qgb+cjoX8OpJtziCA==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1304512072117678568, language=CN, name=农业工程学报, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1788949514655, updatedTime=1788949514655, createdBy=13041195026, updatedBy=13041195026, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=http://tsg.tcsae.org/nygcxb/author/login, submissionEditorUrl=https://nygcxb.ijournals.cn/nygcxb/editor/login, submissionReviewUrl=http://tsg.tcsae.org/nygcxb/reviewer/login, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1304512072168010217, language=EN, name=Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1788949514667, updatedTime=1788949514667, createdBy=13041195026, updatedBy=13041195026, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=http://tsg.tcsae.org/nygcxb/author/login, submissionEditorUrl=https://nygcxb.ijournals.cn/nygcxb/editor/login, submissionReviewUrl=http://tsg.tcsae.org/nygcxb/reviewer/login, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1296125453100220459, websiteList=[Website(id=1296128922534564555, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1296125453100220459, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/nygcxb/CN, language=CN, createTime=1786950816043, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1786950989293, updateBy=18614031015, name=农业工程学报-中文, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=农业工程学报, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1296129761215009609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1296128922534564555, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1786951016000, updateTime=1786951016000, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1296129761194038086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1296128922534564555, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1786951015995, updateTime=1786951015995, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1296129761231786828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1296128922534564555, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1786951016004, updateTime=1786951016004, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1296129761185649477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1296128922534564555, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/nygcxb/CN/file/pic?fileId=6wW+hIE4oBGmmFvGgEb5JQ==, createTime=1786951015993, updateTime=1786951015993, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1296129761244369742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1296128922534564555, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1786951016007, updateTime=1786951016007, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1296129761206621000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1296128922534564555, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/nygcxb/CN/file/pic, createTime=1786951015998, updateTime=1786951015998, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1296129761240175437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1296128922534564555, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1786951016006, updateTime=1786951016006, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1296129761202426695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1296128922534564555, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1786951015997, updateTime=1786951015997, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1296129761219203914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1296128922534564555, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1786951016001, updateTime=1786951016001, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1296129761227592523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1296128922534564555, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1786951016003, updateTime=1786951016003, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1296128922677170905, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1296125453100220459, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/nygcxb/EN, language=EN, createTime=1786950816077, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1786950985772, updateBy=18614031015, name=农业工程学报-英文, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1296129731049575225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1296128922677170905, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1786951008808, updateTime=1786951008808, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1296129731028603702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1296128922677170905, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1786951008803, updateTime=1786951008803, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1296129731070546748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1296128922677170905, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1786951008813, updateTime=1786951008813, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1296129731016020789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1296128922677170905, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/nygcxb/EN/file/pic?fileId=6wW+hIE4oBGmmFvGgEb5JQ==, createTime=1786951008800, updateTime=1786951008800, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1296129731087323966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1296128922677170905, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1786951008817, updateTime=1786951008817, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1296129731041186616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1296128922677170905, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/nygcxb/EN/file/pic, createTime=1786951008806, updateTime=1786951008806, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1296129731078935357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1296128922677170905, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1786951008815, updateTime=1786951008815, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1296129731032798007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1296128922677170905, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_en_623/, createTime=1786951008804, updateTime=1786951008804, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1296129731053769530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1296128922677170905, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1786951008809, updateTime=1786951008809, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1296129731062158139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1296128922677170905, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1786951008811, updateTime=1786951008811, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=农业工程学报, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=http://www.tcsae.org/, iacademicId=null, status=1, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, journalPhotoCn=+90GfMrDOo0sGnhM27IfIQ==, journalPhotoEn=+UrL7Qgb+cjoX8OpJtziCA==, journalFirstLetter=N, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false, interPubPlatform=, interPubPlatformUrl=null), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/nygcxb/CN/10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202507115, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/nygcxb/EN/10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202507115, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/nygcxb/CN/PDF/10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202507115, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/nygcxb/EN/PDF/10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202507115, aliStartDate=0, aliEndDate=0, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, previewStatus=0, delFlag=0, hasFullText=1, orderTime=1782748800000, fullTextJson=null, articleText=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
中国北方耕地水土平衡关系时空特征分析
收藏切换
PDF下载
董春 1, 2 , 赵昱涵 1, 2 , 杨妍 2, * , 何超英 3 , 赵荣 2 , 赵伟 3 , 康风光 2 , 亢晓琛 2 , 钱兴隆 2
农业工程学报 | 农业水土工程 2026,42(12): 155-166
收起
收藏切换
农业工程学报 |农业水土工程 2026 , 42 (12) : 155 -166
中国北方耕地水土平衡关系时空特征分析
全屏
[Author(id=1300032374838944023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=dongchun@casm.ac.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1300032374960578842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, authorId=1300032374838944023, language=EN, stringName=Chun DONG, firstName=Chun, middleName=null, lastName=DONG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1School of Mapping and Geographical Science, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China
2Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100036, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1300032375019299099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, authorId=1300032374838944023, language=CN, stringName=董春, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1辽宁工程技术大学测绘与地理科学学院,阜新 123000
2中国测绘科学研究院,北京 100036, bio={"content":"

董春,博士,研究员,博士生导师,研究方向为人口空间化、国土空间分析与自然资源评价。Email:

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

董春,博士,研究员,博士生导师,研究方向为人口空间化、国土空间分析与自然资源评价。Email:

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1300032374587285773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1300032374595674382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, companyId=1300032374587285773, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Mapping and Geographical Science, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1300032374604062991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, companyId=1300032374587285773, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1辽宁工程技术大学测绘与地理科学学院,阜新 123000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1300032374671171856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1300032374679560465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, companyId=1300032374671171856, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100036, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1300032374683754770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, companyId=1300032374671171856, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中国测绘科学研究院,北京 100036)])]), Author(id=1300032375107379485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1300032375187071264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, authorId=1300032375107379485, language=EN, stringName=Yuhan ZHAO, firstName=Yuhan, middleName=null, lastName=ZHAO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1School of Mapping and Geographical Science, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China
2Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100036, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1300032375254180129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, authorId=1300032375107379485, language=CN, stringName=赵昱涵, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1辽宁工程技术大学测绘与地理科学学院,阜新 123000
2中国测绘科学研究院,北京 100036, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1300032374587285773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1300032374595674382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, companyId=1300032374587285773, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Mapping and Geographical Science, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1300032374604062991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, companyId=1300032374587285773, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1辽宁工程技术大学测绘与地理科学学院,阜新 123000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1300032374671171856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1300032374679560465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, companyId=1300032374671171856, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100036, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1300032374683754770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, companyId=1300032374671171856, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中国测绘科学研究院,北京 100036)])]), Author(id=1300032375346454819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=yangyan@casm.ac.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1300032375430340901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, authorId=1300032375346454819, language=EN, stringName=Yan YANG, firstName=Yan, middleName=null, lastName=YANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, *, address=2Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100036, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1300032375510032678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, authorId=1300032375346454819, language=CN, stringName=杨妍, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, *, address=2中国测绘科学研究院,北京 100036, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1300032374671171856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1300032374679560465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, companyId=1300032374671171856, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100036, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1300032374683754770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, companyId=1300032374671171856, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中国测绘科学研究院,北京 100036)])]), Author(id=1300032375698776360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1300032375770079530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, authorId=1300032375698776360, language=EN, stringName=Chaoying HE, firstName=Chaoying, middleName=null, lastName=HE, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=3, address=3Department of Natural Resources Survey and Monitoring, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100812, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1300032375862354219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, authorId=1300032375698776360, language=CN, stringName=何超英, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=3, address=3自然资源部自然资源调查监测司,北京 100812, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1300032374750863635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1300032374759252244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, companyId=1300032374750863635, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Department of Natural Resources Survey and Monitoring, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100812, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1300032374767640853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, companyId=1300032374750863635, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3自然资源部自然资源调查监测司,北京 100812)])]), Author(id=1300032375933657389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, orderNo=4, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1300032377561047343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, authorId=1300032375933657389, language=EN, stringName=Rong ZHAO, firstName=Rong, middleName=null, lastName=ZHAO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100036, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1300032377623961904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, authorId=1300032375933657389, language=CN, stringName=赵荣, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2中国测绘科学研究院,北京 100036, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1300032374671171856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1300032374679560465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, companyId=1300032374671171856, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100036, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1300032374683754770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, companyId=1300032374671171856, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中国测绘科学研究院,北京 100036)])]), Author(id=1300032377703653682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, orderNo=5, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1300032377774956852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, authorId=1300032377703653682, language=EN, stringName=Wei ZHAO, firstName=Wei, middleName=null, lastName=ZHAO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=3, address=3Department of Natural Resources Survey and Monitoring, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100812, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1300032377850454325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, authorId=1300032377703653682, language=CN, stringName=赵伟, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=3, address=3自然资源部自然资源调查监测司,北京 100812, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1300032374750863635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1300032374759252244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, companyId=1300032374750863635, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Department of Natural Resources Survey and Monitoring, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100812, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1300032374767640853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, companyId=1300032374750863635, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3自然资源部自然资源调查监测司,北京 100812)])]), Author(id=1300032377917563191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, orderNo=6, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1300032378035003705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, authorId=1300032377917563191, language=EN, stringName=Fengguang KANG, firstName=Fengguang, middleName=null, lastName=KANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100036, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1300032378123084090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, authorId=1300032377917563191, language=CN, stringName=康风光, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2中国测绘科学研究院,北京 100036, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1300032374671171856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1300032374679560465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, companyId=1300032374671171856, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100036, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1300032374683754770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, companyId=1300032374671171856, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中国测绘科学研究院,北京 100036)])]), Author(id=1300032378198581564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, orderNo=7, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1300032378303439166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, authorId=1300032378198581564, language=EN, stringName=Xiaochen KANG, firstName=Xiaochen, middleName=null, lastName=KANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100036, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1300032378374742335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, authorId=1300032378198581564, language=CN, stringName=亢晓琛, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2中国测绘科学研究院,北京 100036, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1300032374671171856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1300032374679560465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, companyId=1300032374671171856, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100036, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1300032374683754770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, companyId=1300032374671171856, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中国测绘科学研究院,北京 100036)])]), Author(id=1300032378454434113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, orderNo=8, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1300032378542514499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, authorId=1300032378454434113, language=EN, stringName=Xinglong QIAN, firstName=Xinglong, middleName=null, lastName=QIAN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100036, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1300032378613817668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, authorId=1300032378454434113, language=CN, stringName=钱兴隆, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2中国测绘科学研究院,北京 100036, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1300032374671171856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1300032374679560465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, companyId=1300032374671171856, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100036, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1300032374683754770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1296125453100220459, articleId=1297211690429468762, companyId=1300032374671171856, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中国测绘科学研究院,北京 100036)])])]
董春1, 2 , 赵昱涵1, 2, 杨妍2, * , 何超英3, 赵荣2, 赵伟3, 康风光2, 亢晓琛2, 钱兴隆2
作者信息
  • 1辽宁工程技术大学测绘与地理科学学院,阜新 123000
  • 2中国测绘科学研究院,北京 100036
  • 3自然资源部自然资源调查监测司,北京 100812
通讯作者:
杨妍,博士,助理研究员,研究方向为水文水资源。Email:
作者简介:

董春,博士,研究员,博士生导师,研究方向为人口空间化、国土空间分析与自然资源评价。Email:

Analysis of the spatiotemporal characteristics of water and cultivated land resources balance in Northern China
Chun DONG1, 2 , Yuhan ZHAO1, 2, Yan YANG2, * , Chaoying HE3, Rong ZHAO2, Wei ZHAO3, Fengguang KANG2, Xiaochen KANG2, Xinglong QIAN2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Mapping and Geographical Science, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China
  • 2Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100036, China
  • 3Department of Natural Resources Survey and Monitoring, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100812, China
出版时间: 2026-06-30 doi: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202507115
文章导航
收藏切换

耕地水土平衡关系是维持耕地生产力、生态稳定性与可持续利用能力的基础支撑和核心调控机制,研究耕地水土平衡关系对于支撑“以水定地”,促进耕地空间布局优化、作物种植结构优化和水土资源可持续利用具有重要现实意义。该研究以中国北方五大农业区为研究区,基于2001—2022年逐月栅格气象数据、作物种植结构与总初级生产力(gross primary productivity,GPP)数据,采用FAO-56作物系数法估算冬小麦、春玉米和夏玉米全生育期作物需水量,构建旬尺度作物水分盈亏指数(crop water deficit index,CWDI)及其标准化指数(standardized crop water deficit index,SCWDI),并结合游程理论、经验正交函数(empirical orthogonal function,EOF)、相关分析和Copula–Bayesian条件概率模型,系统识别北方耕地水土平衡关系的时空演变、作物需水临界期及干旱胁迫下的生产力损失风险。结果表明:1)研究区冬小麦与玉米全生育期多年均值需水分别为500 mm与594 mm,其中春玉米为627 mm、夏玉米为536 mm;需水量呈显著区域差异,冬小麦:黄淮海区521 mm>黄土高原区514 mm>甘新区467 mm,而春玉米在甘新区最高(662 mm)。2)研究区平均干旱事件频率为0.4~2.0次/a,甘新区表现出特旱占比较高、历时较长、强度较大的累积型干旱特征,黄淮海区则以高频、短历时干旱为主。3)EOF分解显示前5个模态累计解释73.7%的方差,EOF1和EOF2贡献率分别为28.6%和20.0%,表明北方耕地干湿变化在年际尺度上同时具有全区一致性和区域差异性特征。4)SCWDI与SGPP相关分析表明,春玉米和夏玉米识别的关键月份为7月、冬小麦为5月,考虑累积效应后,春玉米、夏玉米和冬小麦的关键需水阶段分别对应5—6月、6月和3—4月。5)春玉米与夏玉米的SCWDI—SGPP以Gaussian Copula拟合效果最佳,冬小麦以Frank Copula最优;特旱条件下春玉米、夏玉米和冬小麦的平均生产力损失概率分别约为63%、80%和44%,黄淮海区北中部及黄土高原区是干旱胁迫向生产力损失转化较为敏感的重点区域。该研究构建了作物需水—水分盈亏—干旱事件—生产力损失风险的耦合分析框架,可为北方地区耕地布局优化、作物结构调整和农业干旱风险防控提供依据。

耕地水土平衡  /  作物需水  /  SCWDI  /  干旱事件  /  游程理论  /  Copula-Bayesian  /  GPP损失风险

Cropland water–land balance relationship can be regulated to maintain the cropland productivity, ecological stability, and sustainable land use. It is often required to optimize cropland spatial layout and crop planting structure in sustainable water and land resources, according to “Determining Land Use by Water Availability”. In this study, an integrated analytical framework was developed to explore the spatiotemporal characteristics of the balance between water and cultivated land resources. There was also a close relationship between crop water requirement, water deficit and surplus, drought events, and productivity loss. The research area was taken as the five major agricultural regions in northern China. Meteorological, crop planting structure, and gross primary productivity (GPP) were monthly collected from 2001 to 2022. The full-growing-season crop water requirements of winter wheat, spring maize, and summer maize were estimated using the FAO-56 crop coefficient. A decadal Crop Water Deficit and Surplus Index (CWDI) and its standardized form, the Standardized Crop Water Deficit and Surplus Index (SCWDI), were then constructed to integrate run theory. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis, correlation analysis, and a Copula–Bayesian conditional probability model were used to systematically identify the Spatiotemporal evolution of cropland water–land balance relationships, crop critical water-demand periods, and productivity loss risks under drought stress. The results showed that (1) multi-year mean full-growing-season water requirements of winter wheat and maize were 500 and 594 mm, respectively, particularly with 627 and 536 mm for spring and summer maize, respectively. Crop water requirements shared significant regional differences. In winter wheat, the water requirement followed the descending order of Huang–Huai–Hai Plain (521 mm) > Loess Plateau (514 mm) > Gansu–Xinjiang Region (467 mm), while spring maize shared the highest water requirement in the Gansu–Xinjiang Region (662 mm). (2) Average drought-event frequency ranged from 0.4 to 2.0 events per year. The Gansu–Xinjiang Region was characterized by a high proportion of extreme drought events, long duration, and high intensity, indicating a cumulative drought pattern, whereas the Huang–Huai–Hai Plain was dominated by high-frequency but short-duration drought events. (3) EOF decomposition showed that the first five modes cumulatively explained 73.7% of the total variance, with EOF1 and EOF2 accounting for 28.6% and 20.0%, respectively, indicating region-wide consistency and regional heterogeneity in interannual dry–wet variations of cropland. (4) Correlation analysis between SCWDI and standardized GPP (SGPP) showed that the key months were identified as July for spring and summer maize, while May for winter wheat. According to the cumulative effect, the water-demand stages of spring maize, summer maize, and winter wheat corresponded to May–June, June, and March–April, respectively. (5) SCWDI–SGPP dependence structures of spring maize and summer maize were best fitted by the Gaussian Copula, while the Frank Copula performed best for winter wheat. The average probabilities of productivity loss were 63%, 80%, and 44%, respectively, for spring maize, summer maize, and winter wheat under extreme drought conditions. The north-central Huang–Huai–Hai Plain and the Loess Plateau were identified as the drought stress conversion into productivity loss. The finding can provide a scientific basis for the optimal cropland layout and crop structure during drought risk prevention in northern China.

water-cultivated land balance  /  crop water requirement  /  SCWDI  /  drought event  /  run theory  /  Copula–Bayesian  /  GPP loss risk
董春, 赵昱涵, 杨妍, 何超英, 赵荣, 赵伟, 康风光, 亢晓琛, 钱兴隆. 中国北方耕地水土平衡关系时空特征分析. 农业工程学报, 2026 , 42 (12) : 155 -166 . DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202507115
Chun DONG, Yuhan ZHAO, Yan YANG, Chaoying HE, Rong ZHAO, Wei ZHAO, Fengguang KANG, Xiaochen KANG, Xinglong QIAN. Analysis of the spatiotemporal characteristics of water and cultivated land resources balance in Northern China[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2026 , 42 (12) : 155 -166 . DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202507115
耕地水土平衡关系是指耕地利用系统中水资源供给与土壤特性、作物需水在时空尺度上的动态匹配协调效应,是维持耕地生产力、生态稳定性和可持续利用能力的基础支撑和核心调控机制[1-4]。水分是作物生理代谢和产量形成的关键限制因子[5]。中国64%的耕地分布在秦岭—淮河以北[6],与水资源空间分布存在严重错位,且自然降水的年内分配与农作物生育期的需水节律存在明显错位。近几十年来,伴随全球气候变化与中国耕地分布北移[7-8],降水时空变率增强[9-11]、干旱等极端气候事件的强度与发生频率增强[12]、作物耗水增加,中国水土资源不匹配的基本格局进一步加剧[13-14],对农业生产力构成显著胁迫,系统性地放大了耕地永续利用、粮食安全与水资源配置的风险与不确定性。因此,科学评估中国耕地水土平衡关系,在微观尺度上量化耕地水分胁迫风险,明晰其时空异质性,对于支撑“以水定地”,优化耕地空间布局与作物种植结构,促进耕地资源可持续利用与高质量发展具有重要现实意义。
当前耕地水土平衡关系评价相关研究主要关注区域农业生产可供水资源与耕地资源在时空上适宜匹配的量比关系,研究方法包括基于统计数据构建农业水土资源匹配模型与基尼系数[15-17]。刘统兵等[18]基于广义农业水资源理论,研究了中国各省广义农业水资源、灌溉水及降水与耕地之间的匹配状况,并指出近二十年来中国灌溉水与耕地匹配情况逐渐变差。已有研究回答了宏观尺度上区域水土资源本底的匹配空间特征,但因其未能有效考虑与作物种植相关的耕地利用因素,因而无法体现作物对水资源的实际需求与消耗的动态变化过程,难以在微观尺度上反映耕地水分胁迫风险的空间差异。为有效支撑“以水定地”实践需求,耕地水土平衡关系研究应当以耕地利用系统为研究对象,以解答“科学量化水资源对保障耕地可持续利用与作物稳定生产的支撑能力”这一核心问题为根本目标,在作物生育期尺度上,综合有效降水与灌溉补给条件下,量化供水对作物需水的满足程度及其对生产力损失风险的影响。作物水分盈亏指数(crop water deficit index, CWDI)是一种常见的农业干旱监测指标,在作物水分盈亏分析等研究中已有广泛应用[19-21]。周浩等[22]采用作物水分盈亏指数分析了三江平原挠力河流域水稻、春小麦和春玉米等主要作物的水分盈亏时空变化特征。作物水分盈亏指数为从耕地利用的微观角度出发研究耕地水土平衡关系提供了新视角,但存在时空不可比以及数值统计学意义不明确等局限性。
中国北方地区(以下简称“北方”)分布了全国近60%的耕地面积与7个粮食主产省份,贡献了全国约60%的粮食产量,在国家粮食安全战略格局中发挥着至关重要的支撑与保障作用。北方以旱作农业为主,耕地多为旱地。降水资源是植物生长发育和产量形成的最主要水分来源[23],绿水足迹占比超过86%[24]。近年来,北方粮食灌溉水需求持续增加,变化环境下水资源量剧烈衰减[25],农业内外部用水的竞争愈发激烈,确保粮食灌溉用水的稳定供给与持续增量面临严峻挑战[26]。北方的东北、黄淮海、西北和内蒙古是干旱灾害发生频繁且较为严重的地区[27]。从可持续的角度出发,基于区域降水等气候水资源条件探究耕地水土平衡关系,是评价耕地利用系统的水分胁迫风险、量化可持续性利用上限的根本路径,反映了水资源有限条件下实现高质量发展的现实需求。
因此,为了明晰北方耕地水土平衡关系,本研究选取北方5个主要农业区为研究区,以2001—2022年为研究时段,以1 km作物种植像元为基本分析单元,采用标准化后的作物水分盈亏指数评估耕地旱涝时空演变特征;结合游程理论与经验正交函数(empirical orthogonal function, EOF)等方法,识别干旱事件并分析频率、历时与强度等干旱特征变化规律;在此基础上,引入Copula模型,构建干旱胁迫下总初级生产力(gross primary productivity, GPP)损失的条件概率模型,解析作物关键需水临界期,并评估作物生产力与干旱的响应关系,探明北方耕地水土平衡关系的演变趋势,以期为保障区域耕地和水资源可持续利用,支撑遵循“以水定地”的耕地空间格局优化提供数据支撑。
本研究数据包括:
1)2001—2022年逐月降水量与潜在蒸散发量,来源于国家青藏高原科学数据中心(http://data.tpdc.ac.cn)的中国逐月降水量数据集(1901—2022)和中国逐月潜在蒸散发数据集(1901—2022),空间分辨率均为1 km。
2)2001—2022年冬小麦和玉米作物分布,分别来源于国家生态科学数据中心(https://www.nesdc.org.cn)的中国冬小麦30 m分辨率种植分布数据集(2001—2024)和中国玉米30 m分辨率种植分布数据集(2001—2024)。 本研究中以2001—2022年玉米和小麦的多年种植分布的最大范围作为研究时段内冬小麦和玉米作物需水的计算基准。
3)2001—2022年玉米物候,来源于国家生态科学数据中心(https://www.nesdc.org.cn)的2001—2020年中国玉米物候期数据集。因2021—2022年的物候数据缺失,所以本研究玉米物候采用玉米物候2001—2020年间的多年均值(见表1)。
4)冬小麦物候,在FAO-56冬小麦生育期分阶段框架基础上,参考《中国主要农作物需水量等值线图研究》[28]中表3-1修正得到(见表1)。
5)中国农业区划分布,来源于中国农业区划委员会编制的《中国综合农业区划》[29]
6)2001—2022年GPP 数据,来源于NASA MOD17A2HGF(Collection 6.1),该产品提供全球2000 年至今500 m空间分辨率、8 d时间分辨率的总初级生产力数据,单位kg /(m2·8 d)(以 C 计)。
7)2001—2022年的逐日气象观测数据,包括平均温度、最大持续风速、最高、最低气温以及降水量等,来源于美国国家海洋和大气管理局下设的国家环境信息中心(https://www.ncei.noaa.gov)的Global Historical Climatology Network – Daily (GHCN-Daily) 全球历史气候网络逐日气象数据集(1942—2024)。为保证数据的完整性和连续性,采用研究区内179个台站的气象数据,对个别台站的缺失数据采用反距离加权插值方法进行插补。
8)2001—2022年灌溉用水量来自中科院地理科学与资源研究所发布的HSWUD(https://figshare.com/),数据覆盖灌溉用水、火电冷却用水、制造业用水、生活用水四大用水部门,时间范围1965年1月—2022年12月。
本文以气象数据栅格作为基准网格,先将作物分布数据投影和重采样到相应格网,然后根据不同作物类型及其生育期内气象数据进行按掩膜提取,所有栅格执行严格网格对齐;旬尺度指标由月尺度按旬天数比例分配。
据《中国综合农业区划》,北方5个主要农业区包括黄淮海区、黄土高原区、东北区、甘新区和内蒙古及长城沿线区(图1)。研究区跨越了寒温带气候、温带季风气候、温带大陆性气候以及高原山地气候等多个气候带,降水量自西向东显著递增,年降水量多年均值为352 mm。
玉米、小麦是北方最主要的粮食作物。据《中国统计年鉴》,北方玉米播种面积占全国总播种面积的比例接近60 %,小麦占91.5 %。由图1可知,研究区内玉米集中分布在东北区和黄淮海区,东北区和黄淮海区玉米播种面积占北方总播种面积的74 %;而小麦集中分布在黄淮海区与甘新区,以上两个农业区小麦播种面积之和约占北方总播种面积的90%。此外,春播作物主要分布在研究区北部的东北区、甘新区和内蒙及长城沿线区;冬播作物与两熟轮作则以黄淮海平原为主。黄土高原区以夏玉米为主,同时兼具冬小麦—夏玉米轮作。
本研究采用FAO-56单作物系数法计算作物需水ETc,公式如下:
$ \mathrm{ET_c}=K_c\mathrm{ET_0} $
式中ET0为参考作物蒸散量,mm,定义为大尺度空间内,株高为12 cm的假想作物,在地面阻力70 s/m、反照率为0.23时的蒸散发率。参考作物蒸散发的大小仅取决于当地气象条件,与实际作物生长状况无关。本研究采用中国1 km逐月潜在蒸散发量数据替代,该数据采用Hargreaves方法计算得到。Kc为作物系数,其数值大小与作物类型、作物生长阶段、冠层高度和结构、地表覆盖度、当地气候条件以及田间农艺管理措施等因素有关。
作物系数估算是利用FAO-56作物系数方法估算区域作物实际蒸散发的关键环节,对区域尺度农田水分平衡具有重要意义。本研究采用分段单值平均法计算作物系数。
1)作物物候划分
基于多年物候数据均值,本研究将玉米、冬小麦的生育期划分为生育前期、快速生长期、生育中期和生育后期4个阶段。
2)根据FAO-56表12,查询3种作物在标准条件(无任何胁迫、田间管理优良、最小相对湿度约45%,2 m高度风速约为2 m/s)下作物生长初期、中期和后期的作物系数Kc
3)根据当地的气候条件和作物高度来修正作物中期作物系数Kcmid和作物后期作物系数Kcend,修正公式如下:
$ K_{cmid}=K_{cmid\left(Tab\right)}+\left[0.04\left(\mathrm{\mathit{u}}_2-2\right)-0.004\left(\text{RH}_{\min}-45\right)\right]\left(\frac{\mathrm{\mathit{h}}}{3}\right)^{0.3} $
$ K_{cend}\ge0.45 $时,
$ \begin{split}\; & K_{cend}=K_{cend\mathrm{\left(Tab\right)}}+[0.04(\mathrm{\mathit{u}}_2-2)-0.004(\text{RH}_{\min}-45)](\mathrm{\mathit{h}}/3)^{0.3} \\ & 当K_{cend} \lt 0.45时,K_{cend}=K_{cend\mathrm{\left(Tab\right)}}\end{split} $
式中Kcmid(Tab)Kcend(Tab)为FAO-56表12中给出的作物生长中期和末期的作物系数;u2为生长中期或后期的2 m高日平均风速,m/s;RHmin为生长中期或后期的日最低相对湿度平均值,%;h为作物平均株高,m。
4)作物生长初期,土壤蒸发在作物需水中占较大比例,根据土壤质地、湿润频率和湿润深度计算生长初期的作物系数Kcini,可参考FAO-56[30]图29与图30获取,公式如下[31]
${t}_{1}< {t}_{w} 时, $
$ \begin{split}\; & K_{cini}=\frac{\mathrm{TEW}-\left(\mathrm{TEW-REW}\right)\exp\left(\frac{-\left(t_w-t_1\right)E_{so}\left(1+\mathrm{\frac{REW}{TEW-REW}}\right)}{\mathrm{TEW}}\right)}{t_w\mathrm{ET}_o} \\ \; & 当t_1\ge\mathit{\mathrm{\mathit{t}}_{\mathrm{\mathit{w}}}}时,K_{cini}=1.15\end{split} $
式中Eso为潜在蒸发速率,Eso=1.15ETo,mm/d;ETo为生长初期的平均参考作物蒸散发,mm/d;t1为完成第一阶段干燥所需要的时间长度,d;REW为表层易蒸发水,mm;TEW为土壤表层蒸发最大总水深,mm;tw为湿润过程的平均时间间隔,d。
5)采用反距离加权插值(inverse distance weighting, IDW)方法,生成1000 m空间分辨率的KciniKcmidKcend的栅格分布图,并在格网尺度上得到Kc逐日曲线。
据《农业干旱等级》(GB/T32136—2015)(以下简称《标准》),作物水分盈亏指数计算以一旬10 d为计算时间单元,计算作物潜在蒸散量与降水量和灌溉量的差值,并以该差值与潜在蒸散量的比值,作为单位时间的水分盈亏指数,来表征单位时间内作物水分盈亏的程度。
各旬水分盈亏指数CWDI计算式如下:
$ \mathrm{CWDI}_i=\frac{P_{e,i}+G\cdot\eta-\mathrm{ET}_{ci}}{\mathrm{ET}_{ci}}\times100\text{%} $
式中ETci为作物生育期第i 旬的作物需水量,mm;Pe,i为第i旬有效降水量,取对应月有效降水量的1/3表示,mm;G为农田当旬灌溉量,η为农田灌溉有效利用系数,取自各地区《水资源公报》,CWDIi为第i旬水分亏缺指数,%。当作物需水大于有效供水时,认为第i旬出现水分亏缺,CWDIi为负值;当作物需水小于有效供水,认为第i旬出现水分盈余,CWDIi为正值;当作物需水等于有效供水时,认为第i旬水分收支平衡,CWDIi=0。
其中,有效降雨量指旱作种植条件下,用于满足作物蒸散需要的那部分雨量,不包括植物截留、地表径流和渗漏至作物根区以下的部分[32-34]。本研究采用CROPWAT 模型计算有效降水,公式如下:
$ {P}_{e}=\begin{cases} \dfrac{P\left(125-0.2P\right)}{125}\;P\leq 250\;{\mathrm{mm}}\\125+0.1P\qquad P> 250\;{\mathrm{mm}}\end{cases} $
式中P为月累计降水,mm;Pe为月有效降水,mm。
鉴于植被对降水的响应普遍存在滞后性,且作物对短期农业干旱更为敏感[35]。因此,采用当前旬与前4旬的水分盈亏指数构建逐旬累积水分盈亏指数。在此基础上,采用各月3旬均值构建逐月累积水分盈亏指数。
$ \begin{split}{\mathrm{CWDI}}=\; & \mathit{a}{\mathrm{CWDI}}_i+\mathit{b}{\mathrm{CWDI}}_{\mathit{i}-1}+\mathit{c}{\mathrm{CWDI}}_{\mathit{i}-2}+ \\ \; & \mathit{d}{\mathrm{CWDI}}_{\mathit{i}-3}+\mathit{e}{\mathrm{CWDI}}_{\mathit{i}-4}\end{split} $
式中CWDI为累积作物水分盈亏指数,%;CWDIi、CWDIi-1、CWDIi−2、CWDIi−3和CWDIi−4分别表示第ii−1、i-2、i−3和i−4旬的水分盈亏指数,%;a、b、c、d、e分别为第ii−1、i−2、i−3和i−4旬的权重,依据《农业干旱等级》,分别取值为0.3,0.25,0.2,0.15和0.1,来反映前期水分盈亏影响的差异。
1)构建标准化水分盈亏指数(SCWDI):为确保水分盈亏指数具有跨区域可比性、统计可解释性,构建标准水分盈亏指数。由于原始水分盈亏指数中存在负值,本研究采用3个参数的Log-logistic分布拟合累积逐月作物水分盈亏指数序列,并将其累计概率分布进行正态标准化。Log-logistic概率分布的累积函数为
$ \mathit{F\left(x\right)}=\left[1+\left(\mathit{\frac{\alpha}{x-\gamma}}\right)^{\mathit{\beta}}\right]^{-1} $
式中参数αβγ分别为尺度参数、形状参数以及原始参数,采用线性矩的方法拟合获得。
对累积概率密度标准化:
$ \mathrm{SCWDI}=w-\frac{c_0+c_1w+c_2w^2}{1-d_1w+d_2w^2+d_3w^3} $
$ w=\sqrt{-2\mathrm{ln}(P)} $
式中w 为水分亏缺变量;c0c1c2d1d2d3均为拟合经验系数。当P≤0.5时,P为某确定CWDI值被超越的概率;当P>0.5时,P=1−F(x) ,同时SCWDI需要取负值,以表示低于均值的状态 。
2)SCWDI旱涝分级标准见表2
游程理论是干旱识别和干旱特征刻画的重要方法。基于月尺度SCWDI序列,采用三阈值游程理论识别干旱事件,并分离干旱事件的历时、频率和强度3个特征变量。
其中,干旱历时表示一次干旱事件从发生到结束所持续的时间,干旱强度为在该次干旱事件过程中SCWDI的累计值(SCWDI的累计值取其绝对值作为每次干旱事件的干旱强度)。干旱频率刻画研究时段内年均干旱事件发生频率。
当指数为负,表征作物水分亏缺,因此只有SCWDI出现负游程时才可能发生干旱,故将第1个截断水平设定为X0=0,作为无亏缺基准并用于确定干旱游程的起止边界;当SCWDI小于−0.5时发生轻旱,故将第2个截断水平设定为X2=−0.5,用于识别轻旱及以上事件;同时考虑到生育期内指数虽未小于−0.5 ,但若在一个或多个连续时段内持续处于−0.5~−0.3的轻度亏缺区间仍可能产生累积性水分胁迫也认为干旱发生,故将第3 个截断水平设定为X1=-0.3。
①当SCWDI值小于X1时,则初步判定此月发生干旱;
②对于干旱历时为1个月的干旱事件,当其SCWDI值大于X2,则认为此月没有发生干旱,将其剔除;
③当相邻2次干旱过程的时间间隔仅为1个月,且该月内的SCWDI值小于X0,则将这2次相邻干旱过程合并为1次干旱事件,否则为2次独立干旱过程。合并后干旱事件的干旱历时为两次干旱历时之和加1,干旱强度为2次干旱事件的强度之和。
经验正交函数分解是一种基于协方差结构的多变量统计诊断技术,其核心思想与主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA)同源,旨在将高维气象场降维分解为一组相互正交的空间基函数(即特征向量或模态)及其对应的时间展开系数。
1)GPP去趋势
估算作物全生育期GPP:基于8 d时间分辨率的MODIS MOD17A2HGF GPP产品,针对各作物种植像元,对生育期内的日GPP值进行累加,从而得到该作物像元内全生育期GPP总值。对于生育期覆盖部分月份的情况,其贡献量按该月内生育期所占天数比例折算。
去趋势:为剔除由技术变迁、管理改进、品种更替等非气象因素造成的长期趋势,分离出主要受气候波动,特别是干旱影响的农作物总生产力信号,本研究采用局部加权回归(locally-weighted regression,LOWESS)方法对像元尺度的GPP时间序列进行去趋势处理,以去除原始GPP的长期趋势。在此基础上,将去趋势后的GPP数据进行标准化处理,得到的新GPP数据即为SGPP。
2)干旱指标比较
生成各月标准水分盈亏指数的逐年序列。对各月逐年干旱指数序列与格网尺度玉米和冬小麦的SGPP序列的相关强度进行评估。采用皮尔逊相关系数r衡量相关性,并通过双侧t检验评估相关系数的显著性(P值)。随后,计算作物生产力与干旱指数呈显著强相关(|r|>0.5且P <0.05)的栅格比例。最终选取与作物生产力相关性最强的月进行后续分析。
Copula函数是一种用于描述多个随机变量之间依赖结构的工具,可以将联合分布函数与各随机变量的边缘分布函数连接起来。Copula理论是SKLAR[36]在1959年提出,其最大特点是不要求各变量具有相同的边缘分布,任意边缘分布经过Copula函数连接都可以构造为多元联合概率分布函数。本研究采用Copula函数在栅格尺度上建立干旱指标与SGPP的双变量分布。一个双变量分布F(x,y)可以用Copula函数表示如下:
$ \mathit{\mathrm{\mathit{F\mathit{ }}}}\left(\mathit{\mathrm{\mathit{x}},\mathrm{\mathit{y}}}\right)=C\left(\mathit{\mathrm{\mathit{u}},\mathit{\mathrm{\mathit{v}}\mathit{\mathit{\mathit{\mathit{\mathit{ }}}}}}}\right) $
式中uv分别为两个变量的边缘累积概率,均匀分布在定义域[0,1]内。
1)构建边缘分布
在建立联合分布前,需要计算各变量的边缘分布函数。由于参数估计的不确定性,本研究采用非参数的核密度估计(kernel density estimator, KDE)方式估计各作物SGPP序列的累积分布函数(CDF)。
2)联合分布建模
Copula函数主要可以分为三大类,分别为阿基米德型、椭圆型和二次型。Clayton、Gumbel、Frank Copula、Gaussian、t Copula 5种Copula函数常用于农业气象研究。不同类型的Copula函数具有不同的尾部相关性,Frank、Gaussian、t Copula为对称性,而Clayton和Gumbel为非对称性。为了合理选择最能刻画变量间依赖结构的Copula函数,本研究选取以上5种函数作为备选,采用最大似然法(maximum likelihood estimate,MLE)拟合备选函数的参数,并采用赤池信息量准则法(akaike information criterion,AIC)进行拟合优度评价。AIC值越小,拟合效果越优。评价结果见表3
冬小麦Frank Copula的AIC值最小,表明其对变量间依赖关系刻画最优。因此,采用Frank Copula作为冬小麦GPP和SCWDI的连接函数。同理,采用Gaussian Copula作为春玉米和夏玉米GPP和SCWDI的连接函数。
3)推求条件概率分布
基于二维联合分布和贝叶斯理论在栅格尺度上构建作物生产力损失的条件概率模型,用于评估和预测作物损失。基于轻旱、中旱、重旱和特旱4种不同干旱等级,分别构建不同干旱等级下各作物总初级生产力损失的条件概率模型。
以发生轻度干旱(−1≤SCWDI≤−0.5)为例,玉米SGPP损失的条件概率为
$ \begin{split}\; & P\left(\mathrm{SGPP}\le-1|-1\le\mathrm{SCWDI}\le-0.5\right)= \\ \; & \frac{C\left(F\mathrm{_{SCWDI}}\left(-0.5\right),F\mathrm{_{SCWDI}}\left(-1\right)\right)-C\left(F\mathrm{_{SCWDI}}\left(-1\right),F\mathrm{_{SGPP}}\left(-1\right)\right)}{F\mathrm{_{SCWDI}}\left(-0.5\right)-F\mathrm{_{SCWDI}}\left(-1\right)}\end{split} $
式中SGPP的损失阈值取值为−1,即SGPP序列的负一倍标准差;$ F\mathrm{_{SCWDI}} $$ F\mathrm{_{SGPP}} $分别为SCWDI和SGPP的边缘分布,C为Copula函数。
此外,将条件概率等于0.8对应的SCWDI值作为植被损失的触发阈值(以下统称为干旱触发阈值)。
研究区玉米和冬小麦全生育期作物需水量多年均值的空间分布如图2所示。研究区冬小麦全生育期作物需水量多年均值为500 mm。其中,黄淮海区、黄土高原区和甘新区全生育期作物需水量分别为521 、514 和467 mm。
研究区玉米全生育期作物需水量多年均值为594 mm,黄土高原区作物需水相对偏小,区内多年均值为558 mm。分品种统计,春玉米全生育期作物需水量多年均值较夏玉米偏高,二者分别为627 mm和536 mm。春玉米作物需水量高值分布在甘新区,区内多年均值为662 mm;低值分布在黄土高原区,区内多年均值为586 mm。夏玉米全生育期作物需水量高值区分布在黄淮海区,多年均值为541 mm;低值区集中在黄土高原区,多年均值为530 mm。黄土高原区气候干燥,玉米生育期较短,因而作物需水量偏低。Mann–Kendall 趋势检验结果表明(表4),2001—2022年研究区玉米需水量整体呈上升趋势但不显著,甘新区与黄淮海区上升趋势显著,其余分区不显著。冬小麦在研究区整体趋势不显著,其中黄土高原区呈显著上升。
基于游程理论识别2000—2022年间北方干旱事件,统计各格网发生干旱事件的干旱历时、干旱强度、干旱等级及干旱发生频率特征。由干旱事件发生频率的空间分布(图3)可见,研究时段内,北方干旱发生频率的最小值为0.4,最高可达2.0次/a。黄淮海是北方主要的干旱灾害频发区,干旱发生频率区均值约1.2次/a;而黄土高原区干旱发生频率相对较低,区均值约1.0次/a;研究区干旱历时平均在1.7~2.3个月之间,从长到短依次是,甘新区(2.3个月)、内蒙及长城沿线区(2.0个月)、东北区和黄土高原区(1.9个月)、黄淮海区(1.7个月)。
统计各区不同等级干旱事件占比(图4),东北区、黄淮海区以轻旱与中旱事件为主。其中,东北区轻旱事件占比约35%、中旱约29%,而特旱约14%。黄淮海区轻旱事件占比约33%、中旱约27%,特旱约21%。相对而言,甘新区干旱事件以特旱为主,占比约45%,轻旱与中旱事件占比分别约23%和18%。
研究区干旱强度空间上呈现西高东低特征,平均干旱强度约3.6,其中干旱强度最大的是甘新区(4.9);其次是内蒙及长城沿线区(2.7),其余三区干旱强度差异不大,最低为黄淮海区(2.3)。
以年均干旱历时与年均干旱发生频率的乘积表征研究时段内年均干旱月数。图3a为研究区年均干旱月占比的空间分布图。研究区干旱月占比均值为17%,即总体上约有2个月/年处于干旱状态。分区对比来看,干旱月占比最低为黄土高原区,约15%;最高为甘新区,约18%。
为进一步揭示研究区 2001—2022 年干旱(SCWDI)年际变化的空间组织特征,本文以月尺度CWDI栅格序列为基础先进行年尺度聚合,然后对年尺度CWDI进行标准化为SCWDI,并在此基础上开展EOF分解。结果表明,前5个模态累计贡献率为73.7%(表5),其中前2个模态的贡献率分别为28.6%和20.0%,累计解释48.6%的方差,能够较好表征研究区干旱变化的主导时空结构;其余模态贡献率相对较小,更多反映局地或次级扰动特征。
从空间分布看(图5),EOF第一模态并非全区一致分布,而是以东北、内蒙古东部及黄淮海区北部为正值较高区、以黄淮海南部和黄土高原南部为负值较明显的空间格局,表明研究区干旱—湿润异常在年际尺度上既具有一定的大范围协同变化特征,也存在明显的区域差异。时间系数PC1呈现明显的年际起伏:2001年为负值,2010年为正值,2012—2013年持续为正值;2014年和2017年为负值,2020—2021年为正值,2022年再次转为负值,表明该模态所反映的区域干湿异常在年际尺度上存在较频繁的正负转换。
EOF第二模态的空间分布表现为黄淮海区、黄土高原南部及部分西北区域以正值为主,而东北东部和东北南部以负值较为明显,反映了研究区不同区域之间的反向变化特征。当PC2为正时,黄淮海区、黄土高原南部及部分西北区域相对偏湿,而东北东部相对偏旱;当PC2为负时则相反。结合时间系数可见,2003年为正值,2007—2010年多为负值,2015—2016年及2020—2021年为正值,2017—2019年和2022年为负值,表明该模态所反映的区域干湿反向关系在不同阶段发生了明显转换。
总体而言,研究区干旱事件特征呈现显著区域分异。甘新区以相对较长历时(2.3个月)与较高干旱强度(4.9)的干旱事件为主;而黄淮海区则以相对较短历时(1.7个月)与较低强度(2.3)的事件为主。
图6可见,春玉米和夏玉米SCWDI与SGPP显著强相关栅格占比峰值所对应的月份均为7月,峰值分别为62%和64%。
由于SCWDI为前期的累积影响,结果表明春玉米的需水临界期为5—6月;夏玉米需水临界期为6月。春玉米5—6月处于拔节-抽雄期,夏玉米6月处于苗期。结果表明,玉米生长前期水分不足对后续作物生长发育具有显著影响。而对于冬小麦,峰值所对应的月份为5月,当月有58%的格网呈现显著强相关(P<0.05),其需水临界期为3—4月,该时期冬小麦处于拔节—抽穗期,此阶段缺水直接影响穗部发育与灌浆进程。
结合作物需水临界期统计结果(图7),春玉米需水临界期干旱事件占全部干旱事件的 31.8%,其中特旱事件在需水临界期内发生的比例最高,占总特旱事件的 40.9%,重旱事件占 35.0%,表明春玉米关键需水阶段对高强度干旱响应最为敏感。夏玉米需水临界期(6月)干旱事件占比约 28.5%,总体低于春玉米,其中中旱、重旱和特旱事件在需水临界期内的占比分别为 31.4%、30.0% 和 28.6%。冬小麦需水临界期(5月)干旱事件占比约 19.8%,整体低于玉米,但特旱事件在关键需水阶段仍有一定集中性,占总特旱事件的 26.6%。分区来看,春玉米需水临界期干旱事件占比在内蒙古及长城沿线区最高,为 33.0%,其次为东北区(31.3%),在黄土高原区最低,仅为 22.5%,说明春玉米关键需水阶段对干旱过程的敏感性存在明显区域差异。夏玉米在黄土高原区与黄淮海区的需水临界期干旱事件占比分别为 27.6% 和 27.2%,区域差异总体较小。冬小麦则表现出更明显的区域分异,其需水临界期干旱事件占比在甘新区最高,为 28.6%,显著高于黄淮海区(21.6%)和黄土高原区(15.6%),表明甘新区冬小麦关键生育阶段更易受到干旱胁迫影响。
基于Copula模型,计算不同等级干旱胁迫下SGPP的损失概率(图8)和干旱阈值(图9)。结果表明,北方地区在特旱、重旱、中旱和轻旱胁迫下,春玉米SGPP的平均损失概率分别约为63%、41%、27%和18%,整体平均触发损失的阈值为−2.0。分区来看,甘新区、内蒙古及长城沿线区、黄土高原区、黄淮海区和东北区的平均触发阈值分别为−2.8、−1.7、−2.2、−1.8和−1.9。从阈值看,甘新区和黄土高原区更低,黄淮海区与内蒙古及长城沿线区阈值相对较高,表明其对干旱响应更敏感。
结合空间分布看,春玉米损失概率高值区主要集中于东北区和内蒙古及长城沿线东段,并向黄淮海北部局部延伸,表明该区域春玉米在不同等级干旱条件下更易出现明显的生产力损失。触发阈值空间分布也表明,东北区及内蒙古东部总体阈值相对较高,说明其在相对较弱干旱条件下即可能触发SGPP损失。
夏玉米在特旱、重旱、中旱和轻旱胁迫下的平均损失概率分别约为80%、56%、35%和20%,整体平均触发阈值为-1.5。分区来看,黄土高原区与黄淮海区的平均触发阈值−1.5。从损失概率看,黄土高原区和黄淮海区在特旱和重旱条件下均表现出较高损失概率,说明夏玉米对中高强度干旱胁迫较为敏感。
空间上,夏玉米SGPP损失概率高值区主要集中于黄淮海区及黄土高原东南部,其中黄淮海北部、中部表现突出,随着干旱等级减弱,高值区范围有所扩展,但核心区仍稳定分布于上述区域。
冬小麦在特旱、重旱、中旱和轻旱胁迫下的平均损失概率分别约为44%、29%、21%和17%,甘新区、黄土高原区和黄淮海区的平均触发阈值分别为−3.8、−2.8和−2.5。其中,黄土高原区和黄淮海区在不同等级干旱下均表现出较高损失概率,而甘新区触发阈值最低,说明冬小麦在甘新区往往需要更强干旱胁迫才会集中触发明显损失;黄淮海区阈值较高,表明其在相对较弱干旱条件下即可能出现生产力响应。
结合空间分布可知,冬小麦SGPP损失概率高值区主要分布在黄淮海区,尤其在其中东部和南部冬小麦集中种植区更为显著,黄淮海区阈值也相对较高,说明冬小麦在较弱干旱条件下即可能出现生产力响应;而甘新区阈值最低,表明该区冬小麦通常需要更强干旱胁迫后才集中触发明显损失。
总体来看,夏玉米对干旱胁迫的损失响应最强,其次是春玉米,冬小麦相对较弱。从触发阈值看,黄土高原区与黄淮海区在夏玉米和冬小麦上表现出更强的敏感性,综合损失概率与触发阈值特征,黄土高原区和黄淮海区仍应作为作物干旱风险防控及节水增效措施的重点关注区域。
本文所讨论的耕地水土平衡关系,并非严格意义上的田间闭合水量平衡,而是作物种植像元上降水—灌溉联合供水条件下供水项与作物需水之间的时空匹配程度及其生产力后果。与仅基于自然降水的水分亏缺表征相比,纳入灌溉后得到的CWDI更接近北方实际农业生产情景,也更能反映不同区域在人工补水调节下的相对水分胁迫格局。研究结果表明,北方主要粮食作物全生育期平均需水量表现为春玉米(627 mm)>夏玉米(536 mm)>冬小麦(500 mm),且存在明显区域差异。这说明北方耕地水土平衡关系不仅受气候蒸散需求控制,还与作物类型、生育期长度、区域种植制度及灌溉补给条件密切相关。因而,在“以水定地”和种植结构优化背景下,不能仅依据耕地面积或多年平均降水条件配置作物,而应结合不同作物的需水强度和区域供水保障能力进行分区调控。
SCWDI与SGPP的相关分析表明,春玉米和夏玉米的关键识别月份均为7月,冬小麦为5月;进一步考虑指数的累积效应后,春玉米、夏玉米和冬小麦的关键需水阶段分别对应5—6月、6月和3—4月。这与已有研究关于玉米和冬小麦在生殖生长前后对水分胁迫最敏感的认识基本一致[37-39]。说明可能是冬小麦更耐旱或者受灌溉等人为因素影响更强,春季多种气候因子等条件共同作用会削弱单一水分指数对GPP相关性,后续研究应增加不同条件下的干旱指数。结合游程理论进一步分析可以发现,北方耕地干旱并非仅表现为何处更旱,还表现为何时发生、持续多久以及是否落在需水临界期上的显著差异。甘新区以长历时、高强度干旱为主,反映出半干旱区降水不足和年内集中度高所导致的累积型胁迫特征;黄淮海区则表现为干旱发生频繁但单次事件历时较短,说明该区耕地水土平衡问题更多体现为需水临界期内的高频率低强度干旱。由此可见,北方耕地水土平衡失衡具有明显的区域性差异。
相较于已有研究多停留在干旱面积比例、干旱频率或水分盈亏程度的描述性统计,本文进一步将需水临界期的SCWDI与GPP损失风险相联系,重点揭示了耕地水土平衡失衡如何向生产力损失转化。本文通过Copula–Bayesian条件概率模型,对不同干旱等级下的GPP损失概率及触发阈值进行了量化,结果表明,春玉米与夏玉米的SCWDI—SGPP关系以Gaussian Copula拟合效果最佳,冬小麦以Frank Copula最优,说明不同作物在干旱胁迫下的依赖结构和尾部响应特征存在明显差异。结果显示,特旱条件下夏玉米、春玉米和冬小麦的平均生产力损失概率分别约为80%、63%和44%,说明夏玉米对高强度干旱胁迫的响应最强,春玉米次之,冬小麦相对较弱。进一步结合触发阈值与空间分布可知,黄淮海区北中部和黄土高原区在部分作物上表现出更高的损失概率或更敏感的阈值特征,是干旱胁迫更易向生产力损失转化的重点区域;而甘新区虽然干旱过程更具极端化和累积性,但并不必然对应最高的生产力损失风险。这表明,耕地水土平衡关系的农业后果不仅取决于干旱强度本身,还受灌溉补给能力、土壤蓄水条件、作物布局及区域种植制度等多重因素共同影响。
EOF分解表明,北方耕地干湿变化在年际尺度上同时具有整体协同性与显著区域分异性。前5个模态累计解释73.7%的方差,其中EOF1和EOF2贡献率分别为28.6%和20.0%。EOF1反映了研究区大范围同步偏旱或偏湿的主导模态,说明北方耕地水土平衡关系受区域尺度气候背景控制明显;EOF2则揭示了东北区与其余区域之间的反向变化特征,反映出区域的差异性。需要指出的是,尽管本研究已将灌溉纳入供水项,但灌溉数据仍为月尺度格网产品,灌溉有效利用系数采用区域统计参数,尚难精确刻画不同作物、不同灌区和具体灌次的田间实际供水过程;同时,SCWDI仍未耦合土壤含水量、地下水补给和耕作管理等关键过程。因此,本研究更适用于揭示区域尺度降水—灌溉联合供水条件下的相对水分胁迫格局及其生产力风险,而非完全还原田块尺度的真实水量平衡过程。后续研究可进一步耦合土壤湿度、地下水埋深和精细化灌溉管理信息,以提升对北方耕地水土平衡形成机制及其调控路径的解释能力。
本研究以中国北方5个主要农业区为研究区,基于2001—2022年逐月栅格气象数据、作物分布数据和GPP数据,在综合有效降水与灌溉补给的条件下,构建作物需水—水分盈亏—干旱事件过程—生产力损失风险的体系,系统分析了北方耕地水土平衡关系的时空变化特征,得到以下结论:
1)2001—2022年,研究区冬小麦与玉米全生育期多年均值需水分别为500 mm和594 mm,其中春玉米为627 mm、夏玉米为536 mm,并且存在区域差异,冬小麦黄淮海区521 mm>黄土高原区514 mm>甘新区467 mm;春玉米最高为甘新区662 mm,不同作物不同区域的蒸散差异导致需水差异。
2)2001—2022年, 研究区干旱事件频率总体为0.4~2.0次/a,干旱过程表现出明显空间分异。甘新区以特旱占比较高、历时较长、强度较大的累积型干旱为主,黄淮海区则表现为高频、短历时干旱过程。研究区年均干旱月占比约为17%,说明北方耕地水土平衡失衡不仅体现在干旱发生强度上,也体现在干旱发生频率、持续时间及其区域组合特征上。
3)EOF分解表明研究区干旱(SCWDI)年际变化空间分布差异:前5个模态累计贡献率为73.7%,其中EOF1和EOF2贡献率分别为28.6%和20.0%,EOF1代表大范围一致的主导变化模态,EOF2则反映东北区与其他区域之间的反向差异,说明北方耕地水土平衡关系既受大尺度气候背景影响,也具有明显的内部区域分异。
4)需水临界期识别结果表明,春玉米和夏玉米为7月,冬小麦为5月;进一步考虑SCWDI的累积效应后,春玉米关键月主要在5—6月,夏玉米在6月,冬小麦在3—4月。春玉米需水临界期干旱事件占比最高,说明其对水分亏缺最为敏感;夏玉米次之,冬小麦相对较低。由此表明,冬小麦生产力对干旱的响应更易被其他因素影响,说明玉米与小麦对干旱敏感度不同。
5)Copula–Bayesian联合分布拟合表明春玉米与夏玉米的最优函数为Gaussian Copula,冬小麦为Frank Copula,说明干旱与GPP关系在作物间并非相同,特旱条件下,春玉米、夏玉米和冬小麦的平均生产力损失概率分别约为63%、80%和44%,表明夏玉米对高强度干旱胁迫最为敏感。综合损失概率与触发阈值空间分布特征,黄淮海区北中部和黄土高原区是干旱胁迫更易向生产力损失转化的重点敏感区,应作为北方农业抗旱与节水调控的优先关注区域。
本文的耕地水土平衡关系,是自然供给与灌溉补给条件下有效降水与作物需水之间的时空匹配及其生产力风险后果。围绕作物需水临界期和高风险敏感区开展分区分类调控,是提升北方耕地资源可持续利用能力和农业抗旱的重要方向。

参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
1
杨学明, 张晓平, 方华军, 等. 北美保护性耕作及对中国的意义[J]. 应用生态学报, 2004, 15(2): 335-340.
YANG Xueming, ZHANG Xiaoping, FANG Huajun, et al. Conservation tillage systems in North America and their significance for China[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2004, 15(2): 335-340. (in Chinese with English abstract)
2
陈小兵, 杨劲松, 杨朝晖, 等. 基于水盐平衡的绿洲灌区次生盐碱化防治研究[J]. 水土保持学报, 2007, 21(3): 32-37, 51.
CHEN Xiaobing, YANG Jinsong, YANG Zhaohui, et al. Secondary salinization control based on hydro-salinity balance in oasis irrigation area[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2007, 21(3): 32-37, 51. (in Chinese with English abstract)
3
冯保清, 崔静, 吴迪, 等. 浅谈西北灌区耕地盐碱化成因及对策[J]. 中国水利, 2019(9): 43-46.
FENG Baoqing, CUI Jing, WU Di, et al. Preliminary studies on causes of salinization and alkalization in irrigation districts of northwest China and countermeasures[J]. China Water Resources, 2019(9): 43-46. (in Chinese with English abstract)
4
张安凝知, 潘志华, 安萍莉, 等. 气候变化背景下旱地区生态系统储水变化研究: 以武川县为例[J]. 干旱区资源与环境, 2014, 28(10): 68-75.
ZHANG Anningzhi, PAN Zhihua, AN Pingli, et al. The trend of ecological water storage of farmland ecosystem in dryland under the background of climate change: A case of Wuchuan County[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2014, 28(10): 68-75. (in Chinese with English abstract)
5
FENG Z Z, MIAO Q F, SHI H B, et al. Simulation of water balance and irrigation strategy of typical sand-layered farmland in the Hetao Irrigation District, China[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2023, 280: 108236.
6
李晨. 我国粮食生产空间格局演变趋势、形成机理及应对策略[J]. 行政管理改革, 2025(3): 77-87.
LI Chen. The evolutionary trends, formation mechanisms, and response strategies of China’s grain production spatial pattern[J]. Administration Reform, 2025(3): 77-87. (in Chinese with English abstract)
7
祝培倩, 马永欢, 陈沛淳, 等. 中国耕地重心迁移特征及气候适宜性评价[J]. 北京师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2024, 60(3): 397-404.
ZHU Peiqian, MA Yonghuan, CHEN Peichun, et al. Migration characteristics of cultivated land gravity center and climate suitability evaluation in China[J]. Journal of Beijing Normal University (Natural Science), 2024, 60(3): 397-404. (in Chinese with English abstract)
8
孟健, 姚旭晴, 杨晓琳, 等. 地下水超采区农业种植结构与作物耗水时空演变研究[J]. 农业机械学报, 2020, 51(11): 302-312.
MENG Jian, YAO Xuqing, YANG Xiaolin, et al. Spatial and temporal evolution of agricultural planting structure and crop water consumption in groundwater overdraft area[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2020, 51(11): 302-312. (in Chinese with English abstract)
9
赵彦萍, 肖登攀, 唐建昭, 等. 气候变化对我国主要粮食作物产量的影响及适应措施[J]. 水土保持研究, 2019, 26(6): 317-326.
ZHAO Yanping, XIAO Dengpan, TANG Jianzhao, et al. Effects of climate change on the yield of major grain crops and its adaptation measures in China[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 2019, 26(6): 317-326. (in Chinese with English abstract)
10
《气候变化国家评估报告》编写委员会. 气候变化国家评估报告[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2006: 195-200.
11
许迪, 李益农, 龚时宏, 等. 气候变化对农业水管理的影响及应对策略研究[J]. 农业工程学报, 2019, 35(14): 79-89.
XU Di, LI Yinong, GONG Shihong, et al. Impacts of climate change on agricultural water management and its coping strategies[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2019, 35(14): 79-89. (in Chinese with English abstract)
12
TANG T, GE J, SHI H, et al. Drought frequency, intensity, and exposure have increased due to historical land use and land cover changes[J]. Communications Earth & Environment, 2025, 6: 398.
13
黄峰, 杜太生, 王素芬, 等. 华北地区农业水资源现状和未来保障研究[J]. 中国工程科学, 2019, 21(5): 28-37.
HUANG Feng, DU Taisheng, WANG Sufen, et al. Current situation and future security of agricultural water resources in North China[J]. Strategic Study of CAE, 2019, 21(5): 28-37. (in Chinese with English abstract)
14
王浩, 杨贵羽, 杨朝晖. 水土资源约束下保障粮食安全的战略思考[J]. 中国科学院院刊, 2013, 28(3): 329-336, 321.
WANG Hao, YANG Guiyu, YANG Zhaohui. Thinking of agricultural development in China based on regional water resources and land cultivation[J]. Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2013, 28(3): 329-336, 321. (in Chinese with English abstract)
15
姜秋香, 付强, 王子龙, 等. 三江平原水土资源空间匹配格局[J]. 自然资源学报, 2011, 26(2): 270-277.
JIANG Qiuxiang, FU Qiang, WANG Zilong, et al. Spatial matching patterns of land and water resources in Sanjiang Plain[J]. Journal of Natural Resources, 2011, 26(2): 270-277. (in Chinese with English abstract)
16
孙侦, 贾绍凤, 严家宝, 等. 中国水土资源本底匹配状况研究[J]. 自然资源学报, 2018, 33(12): 2057-2066.
SUN Zhen, JIA Shaofeng, YAN Jiabao, et al. Study on the matching pattern of water and potential arable land resources in China[J]. Journal of Natural Resources, 2018, 33(12): 2057-2066. (in Chinese with English abstract)
17
南纪琴, 王景雷, 秦安振, 等. 中国西北旱区农业水土资源利用潜力研究[J]. 自然资源学报, 2017, 32(2): 292-300.
NAN Jiqin, WANG Jinglei, QIN Anzhen, et al. Study on utilization potential of agricultural soil and water resources in Northwest Arid Area[J]. Journal of Natural Resources, 2017, 32(2): 292-300. (in Chinese with English abstract)
18
刘统兵, 方瑜, 黄峰, 等. 中国广义农业水土资源匹配及利用状况动态评价[J]. 农业工程学报, 2023, 39(10): 56-65.
LIU Tongbing, FANG Yu, HUANG Feng, et al. Dynamic evaluation of the matching degree and utilization condition of generalized agricultural water and arable land resources in China[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2023, 39(10): 56-65. (in Chinese with English abstract)
19
周浩, 马泉来, 杨崇科, 等. 基于MODIS的沿黄粮食主产区耕地利用水分盈亏特征分析[J]. 农业工程学报, 2023, 39(7): 119-127.
ZHOU Hao, MA Quanlai, YANG Chongke, et al. Cultivated land changes induced water surplus and deficit characteristics in the main grain-production areas along the Yellow River using MODIS[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2023, 39(7): 119-127. (in Chinese with English abstract)
20
张淑杰, 张玉书, 陈鹏狮, 等. 基于改进作物水分亏缺指数的玉米干旱灾害过程识别与动态定量评价[J]. 生态学杂志, 2020, 39(12): 4241-4252.
ZHANG Shujie, ZHANG Yushu, CHEN Pengshi, et al. Identification and dynamic quantitative evaluation of maize drought-induced disaster process based on an improved crop water deficit index[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2020, 39(12): 4241-4252. (in Chinese with English abstract)
21
魏新光, 王铁良, 李波, 等. 辽宁省玉米地水分盈亏时空分布特征及灌溉模式分区研究[J]. 农业工程学报, 2018, 34(23): 119-126.
WEI Xinguang, WANG Tieliang, LI Bo, et al. Temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of maize water surplus deficit and irrigation mode partition in Liaoning province[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2018, 34(23): 119-126. (in Chinese with English abstract)
22
周浩, 金平, 夏卫生, 等. 三江平原挠力河流域主要作物水分盈亏时空变化特征[J]. 农业工程学报, 2020, 36(14): 159-166.
ZHOU Hao, JIN Ping, XIA Weisheng, et al. Spatial-temporal characteristics of water surplus and deficit for the main crops in Naoli River Basin of Sanjiang Plain, China[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2020, 36(14): 159-166. (in Chinese with English abstract)
23
郭建平. 植物对降水截留的研究进展[J]. 应用气象学报, 2020, 31(6): 641-652.
GUO Jianping. Research progress of precipitation interception by plants[J]. Journal of Applied Meteorological Science, 2020, 31(6): 641-652. (in Chinese with English abstract)
24
操信春, 任杰, 吴梦洋, 等. 基于水足迹的中国农业用水效果评价[J]. 农业工程学报, 2018, 34(5): 1-8.
CAO Xinchun, REN Jie, WU Mengyang, et al. Assessing agricultural water use effect of China based on water footprint framework[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2018, 34(5): 1-8. (in Chinese with English abstract)
25
孙爽, 杨晓光, 李克南, 等. 中国冬小麦需水量时空特征分析[J]. 农业工程学报, 2013, 29(15): 72-82.
SUN Shuang, YANG Xiaoguang, LI Kenan, et al. Analysis of spatial and temporal characteristics of water requirement of winter wheat in China[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2013, 29(15): 72-82. (in Chinese with English abstract)
26
刘栩晨, 敬峰, 娄家熙, 等. 东北地区春玉米需水量与缺水量时空分布特征[J]. 中国生态农业学报(中英文), 2023, 31(10): 1626-1634.
LIU Xuchen, JING Feng, LOU Jiaxi, et al. Spatial and temporal distribution of water requirements and irrigation requirements of spring maize in Northeast China[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2023, 31(10): 1626-1634. (in Chinese with English abstract)
27
倪深海, 吕娟, 刘静楠, 等. 变化环境下我国干旱灾害演变趋势分析[J]. 中国防汛抗旱, 2022, 32(10): 1-7.
NI Shenhai, LYU Juan, LIU Jingnan, et al. Analysis on the evolution trend of drought disaster in China under changing environment[J]. China Flood and Drought Management, 2022, 32(10): 1-7. (in Chinese with English abstract)
28
中国主要农作物需水量等值线图协作组. 中国主要农作物需水量等值线图研究[M]. 北京: 中国农业科技出版社, 1993.
29
全国农业区划委员会《中国综合农业区划》编写组. 中国综合农业区划[M]. 北京: 农业出版社, 1981.
30
ALLEN R G, PEREIRA L S, RAES D, et al. Crop evapotranspiration: Guidelines for computing crop water requirements: FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56[R]. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1998.
31
ALLEN R G, PEREIRA L S. Estimating crop coefficients from fraction of ground cover and height[J]. Irrigation Science, 2009, 28: 17-34.
32
曹永强, 朱明明, 李维佳. 河北省典型区主要作物有效降雨和需水量研究[J]. 生态学报, 2018, 38(2): 560-570.
CAO Yongqiang, ZHU Mingming, LI Weijia. Effective precipitation and water requirements of crops in Hebei Province over 60 years[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2018, 38(2): 560-570. (in Chinese with English abstract)
33
李玖颖, 王欣亮, 王忠波, 等. 黑龙江省近50年大豆需水量与干旱时空分布特征研究[J]. 农业机械学报, 2020, 51(8): 223-237.
LI Jiuying, WANG Xinliang, WANG Zhongbo, et al. Spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of soybean crop water requirement and drought in Heilongjiang Province in recent 50 years[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2020, 51(8): 223-237. (in Chinese with English abstract)
34
李娜, 罗强, 董苇, 等. 四湖流域水稻耗水与降雨匹配度及水稻旱涝易损特征分析[J]. 农业工程学报, 2023, 39(24): 79-91.
LI Na, LUO Qiang, DONG Wei, et al. Matching degree of precipitation and rice water consumption and analysis of drought and waterlogging vulnerable characteristics of rice in Sihu Basin, Hubei of China[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2023, 39(24): 79-91. (in Chinese with English abstract)
35
ZIPPER S C, QIU J, KUCHARIK C J. Drought effects on US maize and soybean production: spatiotemporal patterns and historical changes[J]. Environmental Research Letters, 2016, 11(9): 094021.
36
SKLAR M. Fonctions de répartition à n dimensions et leurs marges[J]. Annales de l'ISUP, 1959, 8(3): 229-231.
37
肖俊夫, 刘战东, 陈玉民. 中国玉米需水量与需水规律研究[J]. 玉米科学, 2008, 16(4): 21-25.
XIAO Junfu, LIU Zhandong, CHEN Yumin. Study on the water requirement and water requirement regulation of maize in China[J]. Journal of Maize Sciences, 2008, 16(4): 21-25. (in Chinese with English abstract)
38
李燕, 王志伟, 霍治国, 等. 干旱对夏玉米根冠及产量影响试验[J]. 应用气象学报, 2020, 31(1): 83-94.
LI Yan, WANG Zhiwei, HUO Zhiguo, et al. Experiments of water stress on root/shoot growth and yield of summer maize[J]. Journal of Applied Meteorological Science, 2020, 31(1): 83-94. (in Chinese with English abstract)
39
孙爽, 杨晓光, 张镇涛, 等. 华北平原不同等级干旱对冬小麦产量的影响[J]. 农业工程学报, 2021, 37(14): 69-78.
SUN Shuang, YANG Xiaoguang, ZHANG Zhentao, et al. Impacts of different grades of drought on winter wheat yield in North China Plain[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2021, 37(14): 69-78. (in Chinese with English abstract)
2026年第42卷第12期
PDF下载
297
133
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202507115
  • 接收时间:2025-07-14
  • 首发时间:2026-08-20
  • 出版时间:2026-06-30
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2025-07-14
  • 修回日期:2026-03-18
基金
作者信息
    1辽宁工程技术大学测绘与地理科学学院,阜新 123000
    2中国测绘科学研究院,北京 100036
    3自然资源部自然资源调查监测司,北京 100812

通讯作者:

杨妍,博士,助理研究员,研究方向为水文水资源。Email:
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/nygcxb/CN/10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202507115
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏