Article(id=1325529215147458750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325529169907704394, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202502014, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1712246400000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-05, revisedDate=1722009600000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793960392032, onlineDateStr=2026-11-06, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793960392032, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793960392032, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793960392032, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325529169907704394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, year='2025', volume='43', issue='2', pageStart='97', pageEnd='191', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1742832000000', pubDateStr='2025-03-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793960381247, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793960495688, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1325529650201649216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325529169907704394, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1325529650201649217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325529169907704394, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=117, endPage=126, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325529215386534079, articleId=1325529215147458750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, language=EN, title=Distribution of soot volume fraction of high pressure direct injection natural gas ignited by trace diesel, columnId=null, journalTitle=Transactions of CSICE, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The soot volume fraction fv generation and distribution characteristics of high pressure direct injection natural gas were quantitatively studied on a constant volume combustion bomb under different fuel intake, oil/gas injection interval(STS) and ambient temperature using two-color laser induced incandescence(TC-LII) method. The results show that under the conditions of background pressure of 3MPa, ambient temperature of 800K, oil/gas injection pressure of 32MPa, 31MPa and injection interval of 0.4ms, the high concentration area of soot generated by trace diesel(8.104mg) ignition of high pressure direct injection natural gas(161.500mg) is mainly distributed on both sides of the middle axis of the jet flame. Increasing the amount of fuel increase the fv in the oil/gas coupled combustion flame, but the increase of diesel combustion intensity can accelerate the oxidation rate of soot in the natural gas jet flame at the later stage of combustion. When the injection pulse width of fuel is 1.1ms, the low concentration distribution interval of soot in the later stage of natural gas combustion is as high as 71%, and the soot discharged with the tail gas is the least. When STS=0.4ms, the peak values of maximum volume fraction(vmax) and average value(vmean) of volume fraction decreased by 27.2% and 28.1%, respectively, compared with STS=0.8ms, and those decreased by 9.3% and 6.6% compared with STS=1.2ms. The increase of ambient temperature lead to the increase of both vmax and vmean.

, authors=Tianfeng Xia1, Wenhui Tao2, 3, Xiaoyan Wang1, Xu Fan1, Dingwen Wang1, Quan Dong1, authorsList=Tianfeng Xia, Wenhui Tao, Xiaoyan Wang, Xu Fan, Dingwen Wang, Quan Dong, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Quan Dong, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325529218100248798, articleId=1325529215147458750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, language=CN, title=微量柴油引燃高压直喷天然气的碳烟体积分数分布, columnId=null, journalTitle=内燃机学报, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在定容燃烧弹上采用双色-激光诱导炽光(TC-LII)法定量研究了不同引燃油量、油、气喷射间隔(STS)及环境温度工况下柴油引燃高压直喷天然气的碳烟体积分数fv生成及分布特性.结果表明:在定容燃烧弹背景压力为3MPa、环境温度为800K、油、气喷射压力为32MPa、31MPa及喷射间隔为0.4ms条件下,微量柴油(8.104mg)引燃高压直喷天然气(161.500mg)产生的碳烟高浓区主要分布在射流火焰中部轴线两侧;增加引燃油量会提高油、气耦合燃烧火焰中的fv,但柴油燃烧强度的提升会使燃烧后期天然气射流火焰中的碳烟氧化速率加快,在引燃油喷射脉宽为1.1ms下,天然气燃烧后期的碳烟低浓度分布区间占比高达71%,随尾气排出的碳烟最少;当STS=0.4ms时,其碳烟体积分数最大值(vmax)和平均值(vmean)的峰值相比于STS=0.8ms时vmax和vmean的峰值,分别减小了27.2%和28.1%,相比于STS=1.2ms分别减小了9.3%和6.6%;环境温度的升高会导致vmax和vmean都增大.

, authors=夏天峰1, 陶文辉2, 3, 王晓艳1, 樊旭1, 王定文1, 董全1, authorsList=夏天峰, 陶文辉, 王晓艳, 樊旭, 王定文, 董全, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=董全, authorNote=

夏天峰,硕士研究生,.

, correspAuthorsNote=
董全,博士,副教授,.
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figureFileBig=GDZa85Y0ohWdEZ9+4x90GA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325529224085520674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325529215147458750, language=CN, label=图10, caption=不同喷射间隔下的碳烟体积分数最大值和平均值变化百分比, figureFileSmall=/3SHE8PgkZVC/bW+ed0iLA==, figureFileBig=GDZa85Y0ohWdEZ9+4x90GA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325529224152629539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325529215147458750, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Proportion of soot volume fraction distribution interval under different injection interval, figureFileSmall=dM9niZNre+29Jh+c3yi5kA==, figureFileBig=Ss+8zpgZ4OJjWyAErCgmhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325529224223932708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325529215147458750, language=CN, label=图11, caption=不同喷射间隔下的碳烟体积分数分布区间占比, figureFileSmall=dM9niZNre+29Jh+c3yi5kA==, figureFileBig=Ss+8zpgZ4OJjWyAErCgmhA==, tableContent=null), 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journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325529215147458750, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Proportion of volume fraction of soot distribution interval under different ambient temperature, figureFileSmall=d4Rf9dTgPnzpG5OzueIjyQ==, figureFileBig=8FxXMAXSzPejTru5GEXe4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325529224811135276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325529215147458750, language=CN, label=图15, caption=不同环境温度下的碳烟体积分数分布区间占比, figureFileSmall=d4Rf9dTgPnzpG5OzueIjyQ==, figureFileBig=8FxXMAXSzPejTru5GEXe4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325529224886632749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325529215147458750, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Experimental main parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
IRO延迟/ns50
IRO门宽/ns50
IRO增益/%75
油、气喷射压力/MPa32,31
环境温度/K800,850,900
环境压力/MPa3
引燃油喷射脉宽/ms
(实际喷射质量)
0.7(8.104mg),0.9(10.738mg),
1.1(12.144mg)
天然气喷射脉宽/ms
(实际喷射质量)
1.2(161.50mg)
油、气喷射间隔/ms0.4,0.8,1.2
), ArticleFig(id=1325529224957935918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325529215147458750, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试验主要技术参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
IRO延迟/ns50
IRO门宽/ns50
IRO增益/%75
油、气喷射压力/MPa32,31
环境温度/K800,850,900
环境压力/MPa3
引燃油喷射脉宽/ms
(实际喷射质量)
0.7(8.104mg),0.9(10.738mg),
1.1(12.144mg)
天然气喷射脉宽/ms
(实际喷射质量)
1.2(161.50mg)
油、气喷射间隔/ms0.4,0.8,1.2
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微量柴油引燃高压直喷天然气的碳烟体积分数分布
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夏天峰 1 , 陶文辉 2, 3 , 王晓艳 1 , 樊旭 1 , 王定文 1 , 董全 1
内燃机学报 | 2025,43(2): 117-126
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内燃机学报 | 2025 , 43 (2) : 117 -126
微量柴油引燃高压直喷天然气的碳烟体积分数分布
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夏天峰1 , 陶文辉2, 3, 王晓艳1, 樊旭1, 王定文1, 董全1
作者信息
  • 1.哈尔滨工程大学动力与能源工程学院,哈尔滨 150006
  • 2.中国船舶集团有限公司第七一一研究所,上海 201108
  • 3.船舶与海洋工程特种装备和动力系统国家工程研究中心,上海 200438
通讯作者:
董全,博士,副教授,.
作者简介:

夏天峰,硕士研究生,.

Distribution of soot volume fraction of high pressure direct injection natural gas ignited by trace diesel
Tianfeng Xia1 , Wenhui Tao2, 3, Xiaoyan Wang1, Xu Fan1, Dingwen Wang1, Quan Dong1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Power and Energy Engineering,Harbin Engineering University,Harbin 150006,China
  • 2.Shanghai Marine Diesel Engine Research Institute,Shanghai 201108,China
  • 3.National Engineering Research Center for Special Equipment and Power System for Ship and Marine Engineering,Shanghai 200438,China
出版时间: 2025-03-25 doi: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202502014
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在定容燃烧弹上采用双色-激光诱导炽光(TC-LII)法定量研究了不同引燃油量、油、气喷射间隔(STS)及环境温度工况下柴油引燃高压直喷天然气的碳烟体积分数fv生成及分布特性.结果表明:在定容燃烧弹背景压力为3MPa、环境温度为800K、油、气喷射压力为32MPa、31MPa及喷射间隔为0.4ms条件下,微量柴油(8.104mg)引燃高压直喷天然气(161.500mg)产生的碳烟高浓区主要分布在射流火焰中部轴线两侧;增加引燃油量会提高油、气耦合燃烧火焰中的fv,但柴油燃烧强度的提升会使燃烧后期天然气射流火焰中的碳烟氧化速率加快,在引燃油喷射脉宽为1.1ms下,天然气燃烧后期的碳烟低浓度分布区间占比高达71%,随尾气排出的碳烟最少;当STS=0.4ms时,其碳烟体积分数最大值(vmax)和平均值(vmean)的峰值相比于STS=0.8ms时vmax和vmean的峰值,分别减小了27.2%和28.1%,相比于STS=1.2ms分别减小了9.3%和6.6%;环境温度的升高会导致vmax和vmean都增大.

定容燃烧弹  /  高压直喷  /  天然气  /  碳烟体积分数

The soot volume fraction fv generation and distribution characteristics of high pressure direct injection natural gas were quantitatively studied on a constant volume combustion bomb under different fuel intake, oil/gas injection interval(STS) and ambient temperature using two-color laser induced incandescence(TC-LII) method. The results show that under the conditions of background pressure of 3MPa, ambient temperature of 800K, oil/gas injection pressure of 32MPa, 31MPa and injection interval of 0.4ms, the high concentration area of soot generated by trace diesel(8.104mg) ignition of high pressure direct injection natural gas(161.500mg) is mainly distributed on both sides of the middle axis of the jet flame. Increasing the amount of fuel increase the fv in the oil/gas coupled combustion flame, but the increase of diesel combustion intensity can accelerate the oxidation rate of soot in the natural gas jet flame at the later stage of combustion. When the injection pulse width of fuel is 1.1ms, the low concentration distribution interval of soot in the later stage of natural gas combustion is as high as 71%, and the soot discharged with the tail gas is the least. When STS=0.4ms, the peak values of maximum volume fraction(vmax) and average value(vmean) of volume fraction decreased by 27.2% and 28.1%, respectively, compared with STS=0.8ms, and those decreased by 9.3% and 6.6% compared with STS=1.2ms. The increase of ambient temperature lead to the increase of both vmax and vmean.

constant volume combustion bomb  /  high pressure direct injection  /  natural gas  /  soot volume fraction
夏天峰, 陶文辉, 王晓艳, 樊旭, 王定文, 董全. 微量柴油引燃高压直喷天然气的碳烟体积分数分布. 内燃机学报, 2025 , 43 (2) : 117 -126 . DOI: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202502014
Tianfeng Xia, Wenhui Tao, Xiaoyan Wang, Xu Fan, Dingwen Wang, Quan Dong. Distribution of soot volume fraction of high pressure direct injection natural gas ignited by trace diesel[J]. Transactions of CSICE, 2025 , 43 (2) : 117 -126 . DOI: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202502014
内燃机是现代工业及交通运输领域最为广泛应用的一种动力装置,其中柴油机因其动力性和经济性在内燃机中脱颖而出,但随着柴油机的广泛使用,CO2及颗粒物(PM)等排放问题日趋严峻,同时为响应中国“双碳”战略,需积极寻找低碳和无碳燃料,并调整中国能源结构[1].
在低碳和无碳清洁燃料的探究过程中[2-4],天然气因其资源丰富、低碳清洁以及价格低廉而受到学者们广泛重视.天然气发动机可以降低PM、CO2及NOx等多种污染物的排放[5-7].
与其他燃烧模式相比,天然气高压直喷[8-9]发动机是以扩散燃烧为主的燃烧模式,其极大地削弱了预混燃烧模式存在的爆震现象以及未燃天然气逃逸问题,同时具备高压缩比和高热效率等特点[10],但由于高压直喷天然气与引燃油之间存在强烈的耦合扩散燃烧,使得天然气高压直喷发动机的排放恶化.Patychuk等[11]和李敬瑞等[12]通过整机试验和仿真计算研究了高压直喷天然气发动机的碳烟排放特性.综上可知,不同喷射策略对高压直喷天然气的碳烟排放特性有显著影响,但缺乏对高压直喷天然气扩散燃烧瞬态过程碳烟分布特性及双直喷燃料耦合作用的影响研究.
双色-激光诱导炽光(TC-LII)法是一种可以定量测量火焰中二维碳烟体积分数分布的测量方法[13],因其为非接触式,测量精度高且操作简单,现已被国内外学者广泛使用.Bladh等[14]和Maffi等[15]采用TC-LII法在燃烧器上研究了乙烯与空气的预混燃烧火焰中碳烟的生成特性.Mannazhi等[16]采用二维激光诱导炽光法测量了甲烷-空气扩散火焰中碳烟体积分数在燃烧器上方轴向的分布.Su等[17]采用TC-LII法在光学直喷式火花点火发动机上测定了乙醇混合燃料(乙醇体积分数为0、20%、40%和60%)的碳烟体积分数分布.何旭等[18-19]通过搭建的二维激光诱导炽光测试系统获得乙烯扩散火焰的碳烟体积分数,并应用此方法研究了棉籽油掺混比对柴油层流扩散火焰碳烟生成的影响.唐青龙等[20]基于TC-LII法研究了柴油缸内燃烧过程中碳烟的分布.花阳等[21]应用TC-LII法测量了正戊醇/汽油层流扩散火焰中的二维碳烟体积分数分布.可知,应用TC-LII法探究火焰中碳烟体积分数分布特性多集中于燃烧器试验和发动机缸内碳烟测量,而对定容燃烧弹内双直喷燃料耦合扩散燃烧过程中碳烟的分布特性研究则鲜见报道.
笔者基于定容燃烧弹可视化平台,采用TC-LII法探究不同引燃油量、喷射间隔及环境温度对微量柴油引燃高压直喷天然气射流火焰碳烟体积分数的影响,深入了解高压直喷天然气燃料燃烧过程中的碳烟生成及分布特性,以期为高压直喷天然气发动机降低碳烟的生成提供参考.
TC-LII法的原理为通过应用两个不同固定中心波长的滤光片收集激光激发碳烟后产生的炽光信号,再对收集到的两波段炽光信号做比值处理,从而获得碳烟温度及碳烟体积分数.
根据TC-LII测量碳烟体积分数[13,19,20]的研究可知,碳烟颗粒受到激光激发后的温度Tp为
Tp=(hc/kB)(1/λ2−1/λ1)ln[η2I1Δf2τ2λ16E(mλ2)η1I2Δf1τ1λ26E(mλ1)]
式中:h为普朗克常数;c为光速;kB为玻尔兹曼常数;λ为滤波片中心波长,其中,下角标对应不同的滤波片,此处1对应波长为410nm,2对应波长为630nm;η为相机对中心波长λ的感光系数;I为炽光的强度信号值;Δf为带通滤波片半宽高;τ为带通滤波片的最大通过率;E(mλ)为碳烟吸收函数,根据Snelling等[13]的结论,碳烟吸收函数在可见光至近红外光波段范围内近似恒定为常值,其值为0.26.
碳烟体积分数fv可表示为
fv=I1u12λ16{exp[(hc)/(kλTp)]−1}12η1πc2hM12ApALωbΔf1τ1E(mλ1)
式中:Ap为ICCD相机每个像素点的平均面积;AL为相机镜头面积;ωb为激光片光厚度;M为相机镜头的放大率,M=u/v,u和v分别为相机镜头物距和像距,下角标1同式(1),对应波长为410nm滤波片.将碳烟吸收函数E(mλ)=0.26代入式(2)即可求得fv.为减少人为误差并提高计算效率,图像处理和碳烟体积分数fv的求解均通过软件编写的程序计算.
图1为TC-LII法试验系统示意.试验系统包括定容燃烧弹、激光测量系统、图像采集及时序控制系统、燃料供给及喷射系统.
定容燃烧弹可模拟内燃机缸内高温、高压状态,其结构简单,试验参数便于调节,可广泛地应用于喷雾和燃烧试验.
激光测量系统的主要设备有Nd∶YAG激光器、片光器装置.笔者选择便于试验调节的532nm激光作为激发波长,同时选择波长为410nm和630nm的带通滤波片,避免其他荧光信号干扰,其半带宽均为15nm;当激光能量过小时,则不足以加热碳烟颗粒;激光能量过大时,则易使碳烟加热速度过快从而导致碳烟颗粒快速汽化,影响测量精度,因而激光能量选为0.22J/cm2[18,22],柱状激光经片光器调整为片状激光,片状激光的入射方向与火焰和燃料喷射方向一致,片光厚度为1mm.
图像采集及时序控制系统主要设备为双像器、带通滤波片、像增强器(IRO)、ICCD相机以及集成控制柜,当燃烧过程生成的碳烟被激光激发后,炽光信号经过装在双像器前滤光片过滤后被ICCD相机收集.
燃料供给及喷射系统主要设备由高压燃油供给系统、天然气供给系统、气体控制装置(GCM)阀、天然气高压直喷(HPDI)喷射阀及多孔喷射器导流装置组成.图2为天然气高压直喷喷射阀几何参数.一方面,高压燃油供给系统提供燃油给HPDI喷射阀;另一方面,可提供燃油进入GCM阀,控制天然气压力始终比柴油压力低1MPa,天然气供给系统供给天然气到GCM阀,通过GCM阀控制压力后再进入HPDI喷射阀,HPDI喷射阀前装有多孔喷射器导流装置,将多余的油、气射流遮挡,从而只对单束油、气射流进行研究.表1为试验主要技术参数,引燃油为0号柴油.
图3为引燃油与高压天然气射流之间的喷射间隔定义.从柴油喷射开始到天然气喷射开始的间隔时间定义为STS.将各工况下高压天然气喷射的初始时刻(ASOI)定义为0点,每个试验工况测量5次,对图像处理后的数据取5次试验的平均值.
应用TC-LII法定量测量碳烟体积分数,需对ICCD相机进行标定以获得其对辐射强度的感光系数.标定试验采用高温黑体炉,该型高温黑体炉工作温度为1000~3000K,辐射有效发射率≥0.999,保持标定试验条件与后续试验条件一致(表1).
图4为油、气喷射压力为32MPa、31MPa、环境温度为800K、背景压力为3MPa、油、气喷射间隔为0.4ms且天然气喷射脉宽为1.2ms条件下,不同引燃油喷射脉宽(IPW)时碳烟体积分数分布特性.可知,碳烟的高浓区(红色区域)主要分布在射流火焰的轴线两侧,并随着时间推移,沿着射流火焰方向逐渐向下发展并减弱.
随着IPW增加,天然气射流火焰中、下部的引燃油火焰生成的碳烟体积分数急剧增大,而在ASOI=3ms之后,天然气碳烟体积分数在图像中所占区域面积和碳烟体积分数逐渐减小.这是因为当IPW增大,引燃油量的增加使得碳烟的生成量增大,并且引燃油量的增加导致周围环境中氧含量降低,天然气射流局部空燃比减小,同时,IPW的增大使得引燃油喷雾纵向发展的能力增强,更多未燃烧引燃油向下发展,且由于后喷入定容燃烧弹内的高压天然气射流与引燃油相互卷吸、碰撞,因而导致在天然气射流火焰的两侧出现了明显的碳烟高浓度区;由于引燃油量的增加导致了柴油火焰燃烧强度提升,射流周围环境温度提高,反应活性增加,碳烟生成速度增加的同时也加快了碳烟的氧化速度,因而在ASOI=3ms之后,天然气的碳烟净生成量下降,天然气的碳烟体积分数在图像中所占区域面积和碳烟体积分数逐渐降低.
为了直观分析天然气的碳烟,引入碳烟体积分数最大值(vmax)及平均值(vmean),vmax定义为在该时刻高压直喷天然气射流火焰中通过计算程序得到的最大体积分数;vmean定义为在该时刻高压直喷天然气射流火焰通过计算程序得到所有像素点的体积分数之和除以火焰所占的像素点数量.
图5为不同引燃油喷射脉宽下的vmax和vmean.可知,增加引燃油量使天然气射流火焰vmax和vmean的峰值不断升高.在ASOI=0.4ms时,与IPW=0.7ms相比,IPW=0.9ms下vmax和vmean分别增加了59.2%和13.1%,IPW=1.1ms下vmax和vmean分别增加了111.2%和53.4%.
由图5可知,IPW增大使得vmax的增长速率也增加,vmax出现的时刻提前;与IPW=0.7ms相比,在IPW=0.9ms时,vmax和vmean的峰值分别提高了60.7%和17.3%;在IPW=1.1ms时,vmax和vmean的峰值分别提高了108.8%、39.7%;在ASOI=2ms之前,IPW的增大对于碳烟生成有显著促进作用,并随着引燃油量的增加而更明显.
在双燃料耦合扩散燃烧过程中,定量分析天然气碳烟生成量的变化规律对深入探究不同喷射策略对天然气碳烟浓度的影响至关重要,引入碳烟体积分数变化百分比,定义为相比于初始观测时刻(ASOI=0.4ms)时不同观测时刻下的碳烟体积分数变化百分比.
图6为不同引燃油喷射脉宽下的碳烟体积分数最大值和平均值变化百分比.可知,在ASOI=2ms之后,不同IPW工况下的碳烟体积分数最大值和平均值都迅速减小,且随着IPW的增大,碳烟体积分数最大值和平均值变化百分比逐渐增大,在ASOI=4ms、IPW=1.1ms工况下,碳烟体积分数最大值和平均值变化百分比高达66.6%和45.4%.这是由于引燃油量的增加导致了天然气射流火焰周围环境温度上升,加快了碳烟的氧化速率,使得天然气燃烧后期碳烟净生成量下降.
为更准确描述碳烟体积分数的分布,将碳烟体积分数分为3个区间,即大于0.8×10-6、0.4×10-6~ 0.8×10-6及小于0.4×10-6的碳烟体积分数分布区间,简称为高、中和低碳烟体积分数区间,为避免试验噪点对结果的影响,在分析碳烟体积分数占比时将体积分数小于0.2×10-6的数值过滤,随后计算每个碳烟体积分数分布区间的像素点数量在总碳烟体积分数分布区间的像素点数量占比.
图7为不同引燃油喷射脉宽下天然气的碳烟体积分数分布区间.可知,IPW的增大对碳烟高、低体积分数分布区间的影响最为显著.在IPW=1.1ms、ASOI=2ms时,碳烟高体积分数分布区间的占比高达24.0%,碳烟低体积分数分布区间的占比减小至32.0%,与相同的观测时刻下IPW=0.7ms和IPW=0.9ms相比,碳烟高体积分数分布区间的占比分别增加了120.2%和71.4%,碳烟低体积分数分布区间的占比分别减小了40.7%和23.8%;而在ASOI=4ms时,IPW=1.1ms下的碳烟低体积分数分布区间占比快速增大至71.0%,相比于IPW=0.7ms和IPW=0.9ms下的碳烟低体积分数分布区间,分别增加了12.7%和9.2%.
引燃油量的增加增大了柴油自身的碳烟生成量,同时,燃烧强度的提升使得射流周围的环境温度升高,天然气的碳烟生成速率和氧化速率增大,因而在ASOI=3ms前、后,碳烟体积分数随IPW增加分别呈增加和降低的相反趋势;在IPW=1.1ms工况下,天然气射流火焰燃烧后期的碳烟体积分数最低,随废气排出的碳烟最少.
由于在引燃油IPW=0.7ms时,其碳烟的生成量是3个喷射脉宽中最小,因而选择IPW=0.7ms为试验引燃油喷射脉宽.
图8为不同STS下的碳烟体积分数分布特征.可知,燃烧前期只有少量天然气被引燃,碳烟生成量较少,后续随着扩散燃烧,大量天然气被柴油引燃,碳烟生成量和碳烟体积分数迅速升高;与柴油燃烧产生的碳烟体积分数分布不同的是,微量柴油引燃高压直喷天然气燃烧产生的碳烟主要分布在天然气与引燃油的相邻区域,高体积分数碳烟产生的位置发生了偏移,呈天然气射流火焰两侧碳烟体积分数高、射流中心碳烟体积分数较低的趋势.
对比不同STS可知,在ASOI=2ms、STS=0.8ms时,此工况下的天然气射流火焰碳烟体积分数红色区域明显高于另外两个工况,即该工况下的碳烟体积分数更高.在ASOI=3ms之后,STS=0.4ms和STS=0.8ms时碳烟体积分数分布面积逐渐减小,但STS=1.2ms时碳烟体积分数分布面积继续增大,这是由于随着STS的增加,天然气的喷射时刻被延长,天然气射流的着火时刻被迫滞后,在ASOI=3ms之后,相同的观测时刻下,STS=1.2ms时仍存在大量未燃天然气,因而在ASOI=4ms、STS=1.2ms时火焰面积仍继续增大,碳烟体积分数分布面积也随之增加.
图9为不同喷射间隔下的vmax和vmean.可知,当STS=0.4ms时,其vmax和vmean的峰值相比于STS=0.8ms时分别减小了27.2%和28.1%,相比于STS=1.2ms分别减小了9.3%和6.6%,表明STS=0.4ms时碳烟体积分数及生成量最小.在ASOI=3ms之前,STS=0.8ms工况下天然气射流火焰vmax和vmean均大于STS为0.4ms和1.2ms工况,这是因为此STS下柴油的引燃效果较好,使得天然气射流火焰的传播速度更快,更多的燃料参与燃烧,从而导致了碳烟生成量的增加.
此外,在ASOI=2ms之前,STS=0.4ms和STS=1.2ms两个工况下的vmax和vmean曲线出现了多次交汇,并且在ASOI=2ms之后,STS=1.2ms的vmean逐渐增加,这是由于STS的增加使得天然气的喷射时刻被延长,引燃油燃烧进入后期,引燃油的火焰面积逐渐减小,从而导致天然气射流经过引燃油火焰时引燃效果降低,因而初始时刻碳烟体积分数的生成量减小,但随着天然气喷射量增加,大量的天然气被引燃,碳烟体积分数逐渐上升并超越STS=0.4ms工况下的碳烟体积分数.
图10为不同喷射间隔下的碳烟体积分数最大值和平均值变化百分比.可知,STS=0.8ms工况下的天然气vmax提升了26.1%,但vmean增大了53.3%,整个碳烟体积分数场的平均体积分数出现了较大的提升;STS=1.2ms工况下的天然气vmax提升了48.4%,vmean增大了43.9%,且其碳烟体积分数最大值和平均值变化百分比在燃烧后期一直维持为20.0%~50.0%.
图11为不同喷射间隔下的碳烟体积分数分布区间占比.可知,STS=0.8ms工况下,其中高碳烟体积分数分布区间的占比最大为52.0%,相比于其他工况,该工况下天然气射流火焰的碳烟体积分数提升最为明显.在ASOI=2ms之后,STS=0.4ms工况下的天然气射流火焰的低碳烟体积分数分布区间占比始终小于STS=0.8ms和STS=1.2ms工况下的低碳烟体积分数分布区间,因而STS=0.4ms工况下的碳烟生成量最小,采用0.4ms的油、气喷射间隔可以最大程度地降低碳烟的生成.
喷射间隔的改变直接影响到引燃油的引燃效果,进而影响到天然气的着火时刻,因而通过控制油、气的喷射间隔可改变天然气碳烟的生成分布特性,以达到降低天然气碳烟生成的目的.
由于在引燃油IPW=0.7ms、STS=0.4ms时,其碳烟的生成分布特性最佳,因而选择该工况为试验工况.
图12为不同环境温度下的碳烟体积分数分布特征.可知,环境温度的升高使得整个天然气燃烧过程的碳烟体积分数都增大,天然气射流火焰的高碳烟体积分数区域出现的观测时刻提前,在ASOI=2ms左右时达到峰值,并且高碳烟体积分数的分布区域扩大,面积增加.相比于引燃油喷射脉宽和油、气喷射间隔对柴油引燃效果的影响,环境温度的升高增强了柴油的引燃效果,使得双燃料耦合扩散燃烧过程中的碳烟生成分布特性恶化.
环境温度的升高使得引燃油着火时刻提前,随后大量的引燃油参与燃烧,高碳烟体积分数区域出现的时刻提前;当环境温度升高时,引燃油喷雾和天然气喷雾之间的卷吸碰撞加强,两种燃料之间的相互扩散加剧,并且由于环境温度升高,使得高压天然气射流的体积膨胀速率增大,燃料的活性增强,火焰传播速度加快,相同时刻内更多的燃料参与燃烧且火焰扩散的范围更大,因而生成了大量的碳烟,且在ASOI=3ms之后,天然气射流火焰的碳烟体积分数依然随着环境温度的升高而增大.
图13为不同环境温度下的vmax和vmean.环境温度的升高使得vmax和vmean分布范围整体增大,即天然气射流火焰的碳烟峰值和体积分数都增加.相比于环境温度为800K时,在环境温度为850K的工况下,vmax和vmean的峰值分别提高了43.3%和11.2%;在环境温度为900K工况下,vmax和vmean的峰值分别提高了57.1%和35.2%,环境温度的升高促进了碳烟的生成.
图14为不同环境温度下的碳烟体积分数最大值和平均值变化百分比.可知,环境温度为900K时,其碳烟体积分数的最大值变化百分比为97.4%,碳烟体积分数相比于初始时刻提升近一倍,在整个燃烧反应过程中碳烟体积分数最大值相较于初始时刻始终处于增长状态,而其他两工况下燃烧后期碳烟体积分数最大值相较于初始时刻都有所减小;环境温度为850K时,碳烟体积分数的平均值变化百分比均为正值,即天然气射流火焰的整体碳烟体积分数始终大于初始时刻的整体碳烟体积分数.
图15为不同环境温度下的碳烟体积分数分布区间占比.可知,环境温度升高,中、高碳烟体积分数的分布区域面积逐渐增大,即相较于环境温度为800K的工况,环境温度为850K和900K两个工况下的中、高碳烟体积分数分布区间明显升高,且随着温度的升高,占比逐渐增大;当环境温度为900K、ASOI=1.6ms时,高碳烟体积分数分布区间的面积占比高达19.0%,而在相同时刻下,800K和850K的高碳烟体积分数分布区间面积占比分别为11.0%、14.0%;此外,环境温度为900K时,该工况低体积分数分布区间比环境温度为850K的工况低体积分数分布区间平均减小了9.8%,比环境温度为800K的工况平均减小了14.2%,该工况下碳烟体积分数平均值始终高于另外两个工况.
综上可知,环境温度的升高使得整个燃烧过程中碳烟的生成量增加,环境温度为800K工况下碳烟生成量最小,因而在3个温度工况下,可采用降低引燃环境温度来减小碳烟的生成.
(1) 柴油引燃高压直喷天然气射流火焰产生的高碳烟体积分数区出现在ASOI=2ms左右,主要分布在射流火焰的中心轴线两侧区域,并随着时间推移沿着射流火焰方向逐渐向下发展并减弱.
(2) 在不同IPW工况下,天然气vmax和vmean总体分布范围为2.0×10-6~9.6×10-6和0.25×10-6~0.60×10-6;随着IPW的增大,天然气碳烟体积分数的分布范围分别增大了131.8%和245.5%,且vmax和vmean明显增大,但天然气射流火焰燃烧后期的碳烟体积分数降低,碳烟生成量减小.
(3) 在不同STS工况下,天然气vmax和vmean的总体分布范围为2.4×10-6~6.3×10-6和0.30×10-6~0.59×10-6;STS=0.4ms时,天然气射流火焰的vmax和vmean峰值相比于STS=0.8ms分别减小了27.2% 和28.1%,相比于STS=1.2ms分别减小了9.3%和6.6%,STS=0.4ms工况下的碳烟生成量最小.
(4) 在不同环境温度工况下,天然气vmax和vmean总体分布范围为2.4×10-6~7.2×10-6和0.30×10-6~0.57×10-6;随着环境温度从800K升高到900K,vmax和vmean的峰值和谷值都逐渐增大,天然气射流火焰的碳烟整体体积分数提升了37.0%,碳烟的生成量增加;在IPW=0.7ms、STS=0.4ms且环境温度为800K时,天然气的碳烟生成分布特性最佳.
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2025年第43卷第2期
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doi: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202502014
  • 接收时间:2024-04-05
  • 首发时间:2026-11-06
  • 出版时间:2025-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-05
  • 修回日期:2024-07-27
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(52371307)
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    1.哈尔滨工程大学动力与能源工程学院,哈尔滨 150006
    2.中国船舶集团有限公司第七一一研究所,上海 201108
    3.船舶与海洋工程特种装备和动力系统国家工程研究中心,上海 200438

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董全,博士,副教授,.
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