Article(id=1325529192993149132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325529169907704394, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202502022, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1720108800000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-05, revisedDate=1731772800000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793960386751, onlineDateStr=2026-11-06, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793960386751, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793960386751, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793960386751, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325529169907704394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, year='2025', volume='43', issue='2', pageStart='97', pageEnd='191', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1742832000000', pubDateStr='2025-03-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793960381247, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793960495688, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1325529650201649216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325529169907704394, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1325529650201649217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325529169907704394, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=183, endPage=191, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325529193173504205, articleId=1325529192993149132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, language=EN, title=Vibration identification of diesel engine transmission system based on adaptive feature extraction, columnId=null, journalTitle=Transactions of CSICE, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The vibration signal characteristics of diesel engine transmission system have strong complexity and interference, accurate signal feature extraction is the key to diesel engine vibration identification. In response to the problem of insufficient adaptability of the variational mode extraction(VME) method in processing diesel engine vibration signals, an adaptive VME(AVME) method was proposed with the constraint of the correlation between the reconstructed decomposed signal and the original signal, and the fourth order cumulant was regarded as the judgment index for VME optimization. The accuracy and robustness of AVME were verified by constructing simulated signals. The vibration signal of a diesel engine was adaptively decomposed using the AVME method. It is found that the vibration source of the transmission system is the gear meshing excitation based on time-frequency analysis and order spectrum analysis. By comparing the results of the torsional vibration of the shaft system and the vibration of the diesel engine, the results show that the torsional resonance of the shaft system causes a strong meshing impact of the gear system. Finally, a vibration suppression scheme was proposed by matching design of the coupling and the shock absorber.

, authors=Qidi Zhou1, Yanrong Wang1, 2, Zhipeng Li1, Chunguang Xu1, Zhongwei Zhang1, Yuting Liu1, authorsList=Qidi Zhou, Yanrong Wang, Zhipeng Li, Chunguang Xu, Zhongwei Zhang, Yuting Liu, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qidi Zhou, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325529195098689762, articleId=1325529192993149132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, language=CN, title=基于自适应特征提取的柴油机传动系振动识别, columnId=null, journalTitle=内燃机学报, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

柴油机传动系振动信号特征具有强复杂性和干扰性,准确提取信号特征是柴油机振动识别的关键.针对变分模态提取(VME)方法在处理柴油机振动信号存在自适应性不足的问题,研究以重构分解信号与原始信号的相关性为约束条件,以四阶累积量为VME优化的判定指标,提出一种自适应VME(AVME)方法,并通过构建类似柴油机振动特征的模拟信号验证了该方法的准确性和鲁棒性.通过AVME方法对柴油机传动系振动信号进行自适应分解,基于时频分析和阶次谱分析发现柴油机传动系主要振动源为齿轮系啮合激励,对比轴系扭振和柴油机振动结果,轴系扭转共振导致了齿轮系的强啮合冲击,最后提出了通过联轴器和减振器匹配设计进行振动抑制的方案.

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周启迪,博士,.

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基于自适应特征提取的柴油机传动系振动识别
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周启迪 1 , 王延荣 1, 2 , 李志鹏 1 , 许春光 1 , 张忠伟 1 , 刘玉婷 1
内燃机学报 | 2025,43(2): 183-191
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内燃机学报 | 2025 , 43 (2) : 183 -191
基于自适应特征提取的柴油机传动系振动识别
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周启迪1 , 王延荣1, 2, 李志鹏1, 许春光1, 张忠伟1, 刘玉婷1
作者信息
  • 1.中国北方发动机研究所,天津 300400
  • 2.北京理工大学机械与车辆学院,北京 100081
通讯作者:
周启迪,博士,.
作者简介:

周启迪,博士,.

Vibration identification of diesel engine transmission system based on adaptive feature extraction
Qidi Zhou1 , Yanrong Wang1, 2, Zhipeng Li1, Chunguang Xu1, Zhongwei Zhang1, Yuting Liu1
Affiliations
  • 1.China North Engine Research Institute,Tianjin 300400,China
  • 2.School of Mechanical Engineering,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081,China
出版时间: 2025-03-25 doi: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202502022
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柴油机传动系振动信号特征具有强复杂性和干扰性,准确提取信号特征是柴油机振动识别的关键.针对变分模态提取(VME)方法在处理柴油机振动信号存在自适应性不足的问题,研究以重构分解信号与原始信号的相关性为约束条件,以四阶累积量为VME优化的判定指标,提出一种自适应VME(AVME)方法,并通过构建类似柴油机振动特征的模拟信号验证了该方法的准确性和鲁棒性.通过AVME方法对柴油机传动系振动信号进行自适应分解,基于时频分析和阶次谱分析发现柴油机传动系主要振动源为齿轮系啮合激励,对比轴系扭振和柴油机振动结果,轴系扭转共振导致了齿轮系的强啮合冲击,最后提出了通过联轴器和减振器匹配设计进行振动抑制的方案.

柴油机  /  振动识别  /  自适应特征提取  /  变分模态提取

The vibration signal characteristics of diesel engine transmission system have strong complexity and interference, accurate signal feature extraction is the key to diesel engine vibration identification. In response to the problem of insufficient adaptability of the variational mode extraction(VME) method in processing diesel engine vibration signals, an adaptive VME(AVME) method was proposed with the constraint of the correlation between the reconstructed decomposed signal and the original signal, and the fourth order cumulant was regarded as the judgment index for VME optimization. The accuracy and robustness of AVME were verified by constructing simulated signals. The vibration signal of a diesel engine was adaptively decomposed using the AVME method. It is found that the vibration source of the transmission system is the gear meshing excitation based on time-frequency analysis and order spectrum analysis. By comparing the results of the torsional vibration of the shaft system and the vibration of the diesel engine, the results show that the torsional resonance of the shaft system causes a strong meshing impact of the gear system. Finally, a vibration suppression scheme was proposed by matching design of the coupling and the shock absorber.

diesel engine  /  vibration identification  /  adaptive feature extraction  /  variational mode extraction
周启迪, 王延荣, 李志鹏, 许春光, 张忠伟, 刘玉婷. 基于自适应特征提取的柴油机传动系振动识别. 内燃机学报, 2025 , 43 (2) : 183 -191 . DOI: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202502022
Qidi Zhou, Yanrong Wang, Zhipeng Li, Chunguang Xu, Zhongwei Zhang, Yuting Liu. Vibration identification of diesel engine transmission system based on adaptive feature extraction[J]. Transactions of CSICE, 2025 , 43 (2) : 183 -191 . DOI: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202502022
传动系统作为发动机动力传递的关键,对发动机可靠运行具有重要作用.柴油机传动系振动信号具有非线性、非稳态、强耦合及强干扰特征,快速准确地进行振动诊断难度较大,而高效准确的振动识别方法对减振降噪、提升柴油机可靠性具有重要意义.李宁等[1]提出了非线性小波变换方法进行汽油机爆震特征提取,从而实现了微弱爆震特征识别.林国星等[2]提出基于Hilbert变换进行爆震瞬态冲击信号包络及拟合的方法,并构建了爆震边缘判定指标.
柴油机振动特征和激励源复杂,信号干扰性强,直接对信号分析难以有效提取振动源特征,先进信号分解方法可自适应地将复杂信号分解成一系列本征模函数(IMF),实现振动信号去噪和特征增强,极大地提升了振动识别精度和诊断效率.信号分解方法对柴油机振动信号处理的适用性直接影响振动特征提取的精度.王凤利等[3]提出了一种改进的自适应集合经验模态分解(EEMD)方法,提取了柴油机缸套磨损故障特征,实现了柴油机气缸磨损诊断.
Dragomiretskiy等[4]提出了变分模态分解(VMD)算法,该方法采用变分式分解模式代替传统递归式分解,有效避免了经验模态分解(EMD)[5]、局部均值分解(LMD)[6]、固有时间尺度分解(ITD)[7]、集总平均经验模态分解(EEMD)[8]的固有缺陷.赵昕海等[9]采用VMD进行信号去噪,结果表明:VMD去噪效果优于小波变换去噪,为准确进行特征提取及故障诊断奠定基础,但VMD算法在进行信号分解前需要进行参数预设,导致信号分解自适应性不足,张俊红等[10]通过参数优化VMD对柴油机顶侧噪声进行分解,并联合连续小波变换(CWT)对IMF进行时频分析,成功分离出空压机噪声、活塞敲击噪声和燃烧噪声.张海龙等[11]提出基于优化VMD与欧式距离的柴油机故障诊断方法,采用模糊C均值聚类(FCM)算法和欧式距离实现了柴油机不同故障的有效诊断.上述针对VMD参数优化的研究仅关注模态数K的影响,忽视了惩罚因子a对分解结果的影响.Zhang等[12]和Zhou等[13]综合考虑K和a的耦合影响,提出参数自适应VMD分解方法,实现机械系统噪声源识别和故障诊断.优化VMD算法计算成本高,此外,在强干扰信号环境分解精度下降明显,因而在快速在线诊断领域VMD算法仍存在较大应用制约.
变分模态提取(VME)[14]是在VMD基础上发展而来,并在医用领域和轴承故障诊断领域[15]进行快速特征提取获得了良好的应用效果.VME算法将信号分解成两层,即残余信号和期望模态,分解原则为使期望模态尽可能削弱残余信号特征.VME具有更高的提取精度和更低的计算成本,但该算法仍存在欠分解、过分解及模态混叠的问题,导致分解信号特征存在失真问题,无法对柴油机振动信号进行自适应分解.由于柴油机传动系振动信号特征干扰性大、冲击性强且频谱组成复杂,自适应高精度地进行信号特征提取仍难度较大,因而提出一种适用于柴油机声振信号特征的优化VME方法,对信号特征快速、准确分解和振动诊断具有重要意义.
基于此,笔者通过构造类似柴油机振动信号特征的模拟信号,考虑信号分解分量与原始信号的相关性,以分解结果四阶累积量为判定指标,提出一种适用于柴油机振动信号特征的自适应VME(AVME)方法,联合时频分析、阶次谱分析及扭振分析进行柴油机传动系识别诊断研究,以期为传动系振动抑制和可靠性提升提供参考.
笔者首先对柴油机典型测点进行振动测试,基于AVME方法进行振动信号自适应分解,提取分解重构信号的时频特征和阶次特征,最后根据柴油机的工作原理和轴系扭转振动进行振动源识别,提出柴油机传动系振动抑制措施.
对于连续随机变量x,其概率密度函数为f(x),通过拉普拉斯变换可得到其第一特征函数,其k阶导数可表示为
Φ(ω)=E[exp(jω x)]=∫ −∞ ∞f(x)exp(jω x)dx
Φk(ω)=dkΦ(ω)dωk=jkE[xkexp(jω x)]
令ω=0,则变量x的k阶矩mk表示为
mk=Φk(0)=E(xk)
第一特征函数Φ(ω)也被称为矩生成函数,基于此可得第二特征函数累积量生成函数,即
Ψ(ω)=lnΦ(ω)
函数Ψ(ω)的k阶导数在ω=0的值,即为随机变量x的k阶累积量ck,即
ck=dkΨ(ω)dωk|ω=0
由式(1)可知,Φ(0)=1,代入式(4)可得ψ(0)=0.Ψ(ω)可利用泰勒级数进行展开,即
Ψ(ω)=c1ω+12c2ω2+⋯+1k!ckωk+⋯
Φ′(ω)=Ψ′(ω)eΨ(ω)
Φ′​′(ω)={Ψ″(ω)+[Ψ(ω)]2}eΨ(ω)
令ω=0,得
{Φ′(0)=Ψ′(0)=m1               Φ″(0)=Ψ″(0)+[Ψ(0)]2=m2
联立式(5)、式(7)和式(8),得
{c1=m1        c2=m2−m12
式中:c1和c2分别为一阶和二阶累积量;m1和m2为对应式(3)的一阶和二阶矩,同理,可计算高阶累积量.随机变量x的r阶累积量可定义为
cv1,⋯,vk=(−j)r∂rΨ(ω1,⋯,ωk)∂ω1v1,⋯,∂ωkvk|ω1=ω2=⋯=ωk=0=  (−j)r∂rlnΦ(ω1,⋯,ωk)∂ω1v1,⋯,∂ωkvk|ω1=ω2=⋯=ωk=0
变分模态提取VME是在VMD基础上发展而来,VME分解层数K直接影响信号分解的精度,K过大或过小会产生过分解及欠分解的问题,过分解会产生重复或虚假的分量特征,对振动信号特征提取产生误导.欠分解会导致信号重要特征丢失,影响振动识别和故障诊断.
图1为AVME技术路线示意.针对VME分解自适应不足的问题,笔者考虑信号分解分量与原始信号的相关性,以分解结果四阶累积量为判定指标,提出一种自适应VME算法,AVME算法具体步骤如下.
步骤1 对振动信号进行去趋势处理,初始化分解层数K,K=1.
步骤2 进行信号VME分解,获得分解分量IMF(t),VME分解原则为将信号分解过程转化为变分求解问题,输入信号f(t)可以分解为期望模态ud(t)和残余信号fr(t),J1用于评价ud(t)围绕其中心频率ωd的紧支撑性,其变分表达式为
J1=‖∂t[(δ(t)+jπt)∗ud(t)]exp(−jωd t)‖22
式中:∂t为关于t的偏导数;∗为卷积;δ(t)为狄利克雷函数;j为虚数单位,j=−1;J2为衡量ud(t)与fr(t)之间频谱重叠程度的惩罚函数,定义为
J2=||β(t)∗fr(t)||22
式中:β(t)为频率响应滤波器的脉冲响应.在满足f(t)=ud(t)+fr(t)的前提下,寻找期望模态的变分问题,期望模态的提取问题可转化为一个受约束的最小化问题,α为平衡J1和J2的参数.
minud,ωd,fr{αJ1+J2}s.t.   ud(t)+fr(t)=f(t)
VME分解是将约束性变分问题转化为无约束性变分问题,利用交替方向乘法算子求取拉格朗日函数的最优解,获取期望模态.
步骤3 计算分解分量的重构信号Sum_IMF(t)与原始信号X(t)的相关系数Corr(K);Sum_IMF(t)表示分解分量IMF(t)矩阵列求和,重构信号Sum_IMF(t)和原始信号的Pearson相关系数Corr计算式可表示为
CorrX,Y=E(XY)−E(X)E(Y)E(X2)−E2(X)E(Y2)−E2(Y)
式中:X为经预处理的原始振动信号;Y为VME分解分量IMF的求和信号Sum_IMF;E为信号数据的期望.
步骤4 如果CorrX,Y>0.95,跳出循环,否则,循环步骤1~步骤3,输出振动信号分解结果C(t).
步骤5 根据高阶量积量理论,计算步骤4输出的振动分解分量C(t)的四阶累积量P(K).
步骤6 计算相邻四阶累积量的商Ratio_P(K).
Ratio_P(K)=P(K)/P(K+1)
步骤7 如果Ratio_P(K)<10,循环步骤5和步骤6,否则跳出循环,输出最优分解层数K,即完成AVME分解结果.
柴油机振动主要受燃烧激励和机械载荷影响,由于燃烧、活塞敲击及齿轮系的啮合敲击作用,振动信号存在明显的周期性冲击特征.基于试验数据分析发现,传动系统振动信号能量主要分布在5000Hz以内,振动信号是由不同频率的单频信号、冲击信号和含噪干扰信号组成,信号中包含柴油机低频、中低频、中高频、高频振动及周期性冲击特征.
图2为模拟信号的时域和频域特征,图3为AVME对模拟信号分解结果.为了验证AVME算法在处理柴油机传动系振动信号的适用性,笔者构造了类似柴油机振动特征的模拟信号S,由多个单频信号、周期性脉冲信号和干扰信号组成,其中S1代表低频振动信号(50Hz),模拟常用转速工况柴油机的基频;S2代表中低频振动信号(1000Hz),S3代表中高频振动信号(2600Hz),模拟宽频载荷激励下传动系统的振动响应;S4代表高频振动信号(4500Hz),模拟燃烧冲击载荷及齿轮啮合激励.S1~S4中模拟信号的相对幅值是由传动系振动信号在不同频谱下的能量确定,即低频段振动能量较小,高频振动能量较大.模拟信号S见式(17).柴油机台架振动测试中,干扰特征主要由测试环境和传感器产生,为了检测笔者提出振动信号分解方法在强干扰环境的鲁棒性和准确性,n设置为[-50,50]的随机干扰信号,采用高斯白噪声模拟测试过程产生的干扰特征.
{S1=10×cos(2π×50 t)S2= 15×cos(2π×1 000 t)S3=15×cos(2π×2 600 t)S4= 20×cos(2π×4 500 t)S5= 40×[cos(2π×3 500 t)e−104×(t−0.5)2+  cos(2π×3 500 t)e−104×(t−0.2)2+  cos(2π×3 500 t)e−104×(t−0.8)2]n=[−50,50]S=S1+S2+S3+S4+S5+n
由图3可知,AVME算法的分解结果和模拟信号原始特征基本相同,分解结果具有很高的精度,其中分解分量IMF1~IMF5分别对应模拟信号的S4、S2、S3、S1和S5分量.
虽然模拟信号中含有较强的干扰特征n,AVME算法仍然可以保证信号分解的精确性,因而笔者提出的AVME算法在处理强干扰环境下柴油机振动信号具有很高鲁棒性和适用性.
在柴油机台架进行振动和扭转测试,振动测点为齿轮箱上侧支撑体和支架连接处,扭振测试位置为柴油机自由端,如图4所示.测试设备由LMS采集前端、PCB三向加速度传感器、LMS Test. Lab测试软件和采集计算机组成,采样频率为20480Hz,频率分辨率为1Hz,测试时间为10s.由于柴油机在高转速、高负荷工况振动问题突出,为监测柴油机在强振动冲击环境中的振动状态,测试工况选为3200、3400、3600和3800r/min外特性工况.正式试验前需保证加速度传感器灵敏度设置的准确性,并通过预试验监测振动信号是否存在异常,柴油机运行工况稳定后进行振动和扭振信号采集.
在实际信号测试过程中,传感器零点漂移会导致信号中存在趋势项,趋势项的产生会对信号特征提取产生干扰,因而在振动特征分析前需进行信号预处理.笔者通过构建类似柴油机振动特征的模拟信号已验证了AVME算法的准确性和鲁棒性.以转速为3800r/min外特性工况振动测点为研究对象,基于AVME对三向振动信号进行分解,如图5~图7所示.对于该测点,X和Y方向振动信号的最优分解层数K=8,Z方向振动信号的最优分解层数K=6.同时,随着分解分量的增加,振动信号能量呈减弱趋势,频率呈增加趋势.
图5~图7中,齿轮箱与支架连接处三向振动信号的分解层数不完全相同,根据AVME算法的分解原则,信号分解层数受重构信号与原始信号相关性、分解信号的高阶累积量指标影响,即信号分解层数仅与信号本身特征有关,三向振动信号的分解层数是否相同均无必然性.此外,分解分量具有周期性冲击特征,根据柴油机工作原理可知,振动源可能为燃烧激励、活塞敲击激励及传动系冲击载荷.由于振动信号中频谱特征复杂,难以直接分析主要的激励源.为了强化振动信号特征,需对分解分量进行信号重构,实现振动信号特征的强化和去噪处理,提高柴油机传动系振动识别精度.
互信息源于熵的概念,用来表征信息特征的关联性,互信息计算可表示为
I(USum_IMF ;X)=∑USum_IMF∑Xp(USum_IMF,X)⋅    logp(USum_IMF,X)p(USum_IMF)p(X)
式中:USum_IMF为分解分量的重构信号;X为原始信号;I为重构信号与原始振动信号的互信息.
考虑分解分量重构信号与原始信号的互信息,发现AVME处理的三向振动信号前3分量重构的信号与原始信号互信息均在0.8以上,则前3分解分量的重构信号能很好地表征原始振动信号的特征,因而选择振动信号前3分解分量的重构信号进行信号去噪.为了确定振动信号主要能量在时、频域分布特征,采用连续小波变换提取重构信号的时、频特征,如图8所示.小波时频标尺表示不同时间下振动信号在不同频段的能量分布,标尺越红,表示该频段振动能量越大,反之,标尺越蓝,表示相应振动能量越小.同时,为了确定振动主要能量和柴油机工作阶次的关系,对重构信号进行阶次谱分析,如图9所示.
由图8可知,该测点X方向振动能量主要分布在3200~5000Hz,Y和Z方向振动信号能量主要分布在3000~3800Hz,振动能量主要分布在中高频段,同时具有冲击特征.由图9可知,振动重构信号在54阶次具有突出能量.研究的振动测点中,其振动主要来自齿轮箱,齿轮箱通过对支撑体的激励作用,导致支撑体和支架连接处振动突出,因而支架振动可能与齿轮啮合激励有关.
待测柴油机曲轴齿轮的齿数为27个,曲轴基频为柴油机的1阶次激励,齿轮系1阶啮合频率为柴油机的27阶次,齿轮系2阶啮合频率为柴油机的54阶次,因而信号中54阶次产生的振动峰值与齿轮系啮合激励有关,即振动源为柴油机齿轮系传动载荷.齿轮啮合过程在理论上应具有较高平稳性,而实际由于受载变形和制造装配误差,导致齿轮啮合过程会偏离理论啮合线,从而产生啮合冲击力.齿轮系的动力源为曲轴,若曲轴存在较大的转速波动,即轴系扭振突出,会极大影响齿轮啮合过程的平稳性,导致齿轮运行过程产生很强冲击振动,进而导致传动系及其附件振动突出,可靠性下降,因而需进一步判断待测柴油机的齿轮激励突出与轴系扭振的关联性.
扭振是由轴系的转速波动引起的,轴系转速波动大会诱发齿轮的啮合冲击进一步加剧.笔者基于转速为3200、3400、3600和3800r/min外特性工况轴系扭振、齿轮箱与支架连接处振动的测试数据,分别计算不同工况曲轴自由端综合角位移和振动平均均方根值(RMS),如图10所示.
图10(a)中,随着柴油机转速的提高,曲轴自由端综合振幅和齿轮箱振动幅值呈增大趋势.大功率、中、高转速柴油机运行工况下,曲轴自由端的最大振幅一般不超过0.45°,在转速分别为3400、3600和3800r/min的外特性工况下,曲轴扭振综合角位移均超过幅值指标(0.45°),且在转速为3400、3600和3800r/min外特性工况,齿轮箱支架连接处振动显著.对于不同的转速工况,柴油机待测位置振动与轴系扭振具有相同的变化趋势,因而待测柴油机齿轮箱支架连接处的振动直接受轴系扭转振动影响.综上可知,支撑体和支架连接处振动突出源于齿轮啮合激励,而齿轮啮合激励显著是由轴系扭振引起的,因而需对轴系扭振进行控制.
图10(b)中,转速为1400r/min轴系1阶次扭振和2800r/min的0.5阶次扭振突出,且均为23.3Hz,不同转速工况的扭振在同一个频率非常显著,说明该频率不受转速和激励的影响,则该频率为结构固有模态频率,因而23.3Hz为曲轴系的一阶固有模态.同理,在转速为2800r/min和3600r/min的外特性工况下,曲轴系分别在5.0阶次和4.0阶次的扭振能量突出,可以确定轴系二阶固有模态频率约为236 Hz.由于转速为2800r/min工况与轴系一阶和二阶固有频率均有共振,则转速为2800r/min柴油机传动系振动显著,由于转速为2800r/min不属于该款发动机的关注工况,不做讨论.转速为3600r/min轴系4.0阶次扭振与结构二阶固有模态频率相近,扭转共振导致转速为3600r/min的轴系扭振以及齿轮箱支架处振动相对其他工况更加突出,而转速为3600r/min是柴油机常用转速工况,需进一步对曲轴-联轴器-减振器进行匹配设计,使曲轴系的模态频率偏移出柴油机常用转速工况,通过抑制轴系扭转共振的方式控制柴油机传动系的振动冲击,提升传动系在高转速、高负荷工况的运行可靠性.
(1) 构建类似柴油机振动信号特征的含噪模拟信号,验证了AVME算法的精确性和鲁棒性.
(2) 对重构振动信号进行特征提取,结合齿轮啮合频率理论计算,发现支架连接处振动源为齿轮啮合激励.
(3) 轴系扭转共振导致了齿轮啮合载荷突出,需进一步进行曲轴-联轴器-减振器匹配设计,以抑制柴油机振动.
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doi: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202502022
  • 接收时间:2024-07-05
  • 首发时间:2026-11-06
  • 出版时间:2025-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-05
  • 修回日期:2024-11-17
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基础产品创新科研资助项目(DeDP2023022)
作者信息
    1.中国北方发动机研究所,天津 300400
    2.北京理工大学机械与车辆学院,北京 100081

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周启迪,博士,.
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