Article(id=1325529186273870772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325529169907704394, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202502017, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1711123200000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-23, revisedDate=1721404800000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793960385148, onlineDateStr=2026-11-06, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793960385148, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793960385148, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793960385148, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325529169907704394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, year='2025', volume='43', issue='2', pageStart='97', pageEnd='191', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1742832000000', pubDateStr='2025-03-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793960381247, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793960495688, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1325529650201649216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325529169907704394, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1325529650201649217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325529169907704394, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=144, endPage=152, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325529187947398069, articleId=1325529186273870772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, language=EN, title=Investigation on catalytic decomposition mechanism and kinetic model of SCR urea deposits, columnId=null, journalTitle=Transactions of CSICE, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Urea deposits in a selective catalytic reduction(SCR) system can be effectively suppressed by adjusting injector parameters, adding mixers, and coating catalysts on the pipe wall. Based on samples of urea deposits in a marine SCR system, V2O5-WO3/TiO2 catalyst and pure urea(CH4N2O), etc., the urea catalytic decomposition characteristics and the chemical composition of samples were firstly analyzed using characterization techniques such as thermogravimetric analysis(TGA) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR). Secondly, based on density functional theory(DFT), a detailed urea decomposition mechanism was proposed, which complemented the formation and decomposition path of cyanuric acid(C3H3N3O3) and its homologue. Finally, a non-catalytic and catalytic coupled kinetic model of urea was developed using TGA experimental data and chemical reaction kinetics methods. The results showed that the main chemical components of urea deposits in marine SCR system are cyanuric acid and its homologue, and ammelide(C3H4N4O2). Increasing the quantity of catalyst can accelerate urea decomposition, thereby blocking the conversion of urea and biuret(C2H5N3O2) to cyanuric acid. However, as the decomposition temperature of the by-products increases, a greater amount of catalyst is required.

, authors=Chong Xia, Yuanqing Zhu, Song Zhou, Yongming Feng, authorsList=Chong Xia, Yuanqing Zhu, Song Zhou, Yongming Feng, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yuanqing Zhu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325529192636629972, articleId=1325529186273870772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, language=CN, title=SCR尿素沉积物催化分解机理与动力学模型研究, columnId=null, journalTitle=内燃机学报, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

选择性催化还原(SCR)系统中的尿素沉积物可通过调整喷嘴参数、增加混合器和管道内涂覆催化剂等策略进行有效抑制.针对船用SCR系统尿素沉积物、V2O5-WO3/TiO2催化剂和纯净尿素(CH4N2O)等样品,首先利用热重分析(TGA)和傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)等表征技术分析了尿素等物质的催化分解特性,以及样品的化学成分;其次,基于密度泛函理论(DFT)提出了一种详细的尿素分解机理,该机理补充了三聚氰酸(C3H3N3O3)及其同系物的形成与分解路径;最后,利用TGA试验数据和化学反应动力学方法开发了一套尿素非催化和催化相耦合的动力学模型.结果表明:船用SCR系统尿素沉积物化学成分主要是三聚氰酸及其同系物,以及三聚氰酸一酰胺(C3H4N4O2);增加催化剂用量可以加速尿素分解,阻断尿素和缩二脲(C2H5N3O2)向三聚氰酸转化,但副产物分解温度越高,催化剂用量也越大.

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夏冲,博士研究生,.

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朱元清,教授,.
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Main technical parameters of test bench

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参数数值
缸数6
最大功率/kW140(1500 r/min)
排气温度/℃377
排气流量/(m3·h-1)659
尿素喷射量/(L·h-1)3.0
SCR横截面积/mm253361
SCR长度/mm500
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台架主要技术参数

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参数数值
缸数6
最大功率/kW140(1500 r/min)
排气温度/℃377
排气流量/(m3·h-1)659
尿素喷射量/(L·h-1)3.0
SCR横截面积/mm253361
SCR长度/mm500
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Characterization technology

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技术仪器名称参数
氮气吸附Micromeritics微孔、介孔和全孔
X射线衍射分析D8 Adwance2θ范围为-110°~168°
X射线光电子能谱Escalab 250Xi扫描范围为1~1400eV
傅里叶红外光谱Nicolet 6700范围为4000~400cm-1
热重分析Thermo plus EVO2最高加热速率为150℃/min
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表征技术

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技术仪器名称参数
氮气吸附Micromeritics微孔、介孔和全孔
X射线衍射分析D8 Adwance2θ范围为-110°~168°
X射线光电子能谱Escalab 250Xi扫描范围为1~1400eV
傅里叶红外光谱Nicolet 6700范围为4000~400cm-1
热重分析Thermo plus EVO2最高加热速率为150℃/min
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Kinetic parameters of urea decomposition model

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类型反应级数指前因子A活化能/
(kJ·mol-1)
参考文献
无催化剂R1:C3H3N3O3(s)→3HNCO(g)01.0×103mol/s118.4[7]
R2:C2H5N3O2(m)→CH4N2O(m)+HNCO(l)11.1×1020s-1208.2[7]
R3:CH4N2O(m)+HNCO(l)→C2H5N3O2(m)1,13.5×1011mL/(mol·s)75.4[7]
R4:CH4N2O(m)→HNCO(l)+NH3(g)0.32.0×104mL0.7/(mol0.7·s)74.0[7]
R5:C2H5N3O2(m)+HNCO(g)→C3H3N3O3(s)+NH3(g)1,19.4×1020mL/(mol·s)158.7[7]
R6:C3H3N3O3(s)+NH3(g)→C3H4N4O2(s)+H2O(g)1,16.7×1014mL/(mol·s)215.3—
R7:C3H4N4O2(s)→C3H4N4O2(g)11.0×1014mL/(mol·s)201.7[7]
R8:HNCO(l)→HNCO(g)—Herz-Knudsen方程[7]
催化剂R9:H2O(g)+TiO2(s)+CH4N2O(m)→CO2(g)+2NH3(g)+TiO2(s)1,1,11.6×103mL/(mol·s)63.9—
R10:H2O(g)+TiO2(s)+C2H5N3O2(m)→CO2(g)+NH3(g)+TiO2(s)+CH4N2O(m)1,1,12.4×1012mL/(mol·s)145.8—
R11:3H2O(g)+TiO2(s)+C3H3N3O3(s)→3CO2(g)+3NH3(g)+TiO2(s)1,1,11.3×103mol/s90.0—
R12:H2O(g)+TiO2(s)+C3H4N4O2(s)→NH3(g)+C3H3N3O3(s)+TiO2(s)1,1,17.6×1011mol/s175.2—
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尿素分解模型的动力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型反应级数指前因子A活化能/
(kJ·mol-1)
参考文献
无催化剂R1:C3H3N3O3(s)→3HNCO(g)01.0×103mol/s118.4[7]
R2:C2H5N3O2(m)→CH4N2O(m)+HNCO(l)11.1×1020s-1208.2[7]
R3:CH4N2O(m)+HNCO(l)→C2H5N3O2(m)1,13.5×1011mL/(mol·s)75.4[7]
R4:CH4N2O(m)→HNCO(l)+NH3(g)0.32.0×104mL0.7/(mol0.7·s)74.0[7]
R5:C2H5N3O2(m)+HNCO(g)→C3H3N3O3(s)+NH3(g)1,19.4×1020mL/(mol·s)158.7[7]
R6:C3H3N3O3(s)+NH3(g)→C3H4N4O2(s)+H2O(g)1,16.7×1014mL/(mol·s)215.3—
R7:C3H4N4O2(s)→C3H4N4O2(g)11.0×1014mL/(mol·s)201.7[7]
R8:HNCO(l)→HNCO(g)—Herz-Knudsen方程[7]
催化剂R9:H2O(g)+TiO2(s)+CH4N2O(m)→CO2(g)+2NH3(g)+TiO2(s)1,1,11.6×103mL/(mol·s)63.9—
R10:H2O(g)+TiO2(s)+C2H5N3O2(m)→CO2(g)+NH3(g)+TiO2(s)+CH4N2O(m)1,1,12.4×1012mL/(mol·s)145.8—
R11:3H2O(g)+TiO2(s)+C3H3N3O3(s)→3CO2(g)+3NH3(g)+TiO2(s)1,1,11.3×103mol/s90.0—
R12:H2O(g)+TiO2(s)+C3H4N4O2(s)→NH3(g)+C3H3N3O3(s)+TiO2(s)1,1,17.6×1011mol/s175.2—
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SCR尿素沉积物催化分解机理与动力学模型研究
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夏冲 , 朱元清 , 周松 , 冯永明
内燃机学报 | 2025,43(2): 144-152
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内燃机学报 | 2025 , 43 (2) : 144 -152
SCR尿素沉积物催化分解机理与动力学模型研究
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夏冲 , 朱元清 , 周松, 冯永明
作者信息
  • 哈尔滨工程大学动力与能源工程学院,哈尔滨 150001
通讯作者:
朱元清,教授,.
作者简介:

夏冲,博士研究生,.

Investigation on catalytic decomposition mechanism and kinetic model of SCR urea deposits
Chong Xia , Yuanqing Zhu , Song Zhou, Yongming Feng
Affiliations
  • College of Power and Energy Engineering,Harbin Engineering University,Harbin 150001,China
出版时间: 2025-03-25 doi: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202502017
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选择性催化还原(SCR)系统中的尿素沉积物可通过调整喷嘴参数、增加混合器和管道内涂覆催化剂等策略进行有效抑制.针对船用SCR系统尿素沉积物、V2O5-WO3/TiO2催化剂和纯净尿素(CH4N2O)等样品,首先利用热重分析(TGA)和傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)等表征技术分析了尿素等物质的催化分解特性,以及样品的化学成分;其次,基于密度泛函理论(DFT)提出了一种详细的尿素分解机理,该机理补充了三聚氰酸(C3H3N3O3)及其同系物的形成与分解路径;最后,利用TGA试验数据和化学反应动力学方法开发了一套尿素非催化和催化相耦合的动力学模型.结果表明:船用SCR系统尿素沉积物化学成分主要是三聚氰酸及其同系物,以及三聚氰酸一酰胺(C3H4N4O2);增加催化剂用量可以加速尿素分解,阻断尿素和缩二脲(C2H5N3O2)向三聚氰酸转化,但副产物分解温度越高,催化剂用量也越大.

选择性催化还原  /  尿素沉积物  /  催化分解  /  分解机理  /  动力学模型

Urea deposits in a selective catalytic reduction(SCR) system can be effectively suppressed by adjusting injector parameters, adding mixers, and coating catalysts on the pipe wall. Based on samples of urea deposits in a marine SCR system, V2O5-WO3/TiO2 catalyst and pure urea(CH4N2O), etc., the urea catalytic decomposition characteristics and the chemical composition of samples were firstly analyzed using characterization techniques such as thermogravimetric analysis(TGA) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR). Secondly, based on density functional theory(DFT), a detailed urea decomposition mechanism was proposed, which complemented the formation and decomposition path of cyanuric acid(C3H3N3O3) and its homologue. Finally, a non-catalytic and catalytic coupled kinetic model of urea was developed using TGA experimental data and chemical reaction kinetics methods. The results showed that the main chemical components of urea deposits in marine SCR system are cyanuric acid and its homologue, and ammelide(C3H4N4O2). Increasing the quantity of catalyst can accelerate urea decomposition, thereby blocking the conversion of urea and biuret(C2H5N3O2) to cyanuric acid. However, as the decomposition temperature of the by-products increases, a greater amount of catalyst is required.

selective catalytic reduction  /  urea deposits  /  catalytic decomposition  /  decomposition mechanism  /  kinetic model
夏冲, 朱元清, 周松, 冯永明. SCR尿素沉积物催化分解机理与动力学模型研究. 内燃机学报, 2025 , 43 (2) : 144 -152 . DOI: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202502017
Chong Xia, Yuanqing Zhu, Song Zhou, Yongming Feng. Investigation on catalytic decomposition mechanism and kinetic model of SCR urea deposits[J]. Transactions of CSICE, 2025 , 43 (2) : 144 -152 . DOI: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202502017
发动机后处理选择性催化还原(SCR)技术因其结构简单、技术成熟、燃油经济性好和脱硝效率高达90%以上等优点,已成为净化NOx排放的首选技术[1-3].但是由于管道布置空间受限、尿素溶液过量喷射和排气工况波动等实际问题的影响,部分尿素热解不彻底,极易产生副产物并形成聚合沉积物[4-5].
在此过程中,反应温度是影响副产物结晶产生的关键因素.杨璐等[6]、王天田等[7]和余俊波等[8]已开展的试验研究与理论分析表明:当反应温度低于133℃时,尿素(CH4N2O)颗粒从溶液中析出;当反应温度升高时,尿素可转化为气态NH3和异氰酸(HNCO),而大部分异氰酸会分解生成NH3和CO2.当反应温度提高至152℃时,活性较高的异氰酸易与尿素聚合生成缩二脲(C2H5N3O2),而后形成三聚氰酸(C3H3N3O3)和三聚氰胺(C3H6N6)等难分解的副产物.这些副产物难溶于水,难以低温分解,并会进一步促进尿素沉积物形成.其中,缩二脲在反应温度高于193℃时分解,三聚氰酸、三聚氰酸一酰胺(C3H4N4O2)、三聚氰酸二酰胺(C3H5N5O)分别在反应温度为360、410和435℃时才开始分解[9].尿素沉积物一般出现在喷嘴、排气管道内壁和混合器表面等部位,表现为不同程度的白色结石[10].沉积物堆积严重时,会堵塞排气管或催化剂孔道,影响NOx转化效率和发动机的动力性.此外,部分尿素沉积物在较高反应温度下会分解产生NH3,导致NH3逃逸量增加[11].
为了确保发动机正常工作,减缓或消除SCR系统里的尿素沉积物至关重要.目前,国内外学者对此开展了大量的研究[12-14]工作,主要集中在尿素喷射参数和混合器优化上,对尿素沉积物的催化消除则鲜见报道.Fang等[15]采用傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)和热重分析(TGA)等技术研究了尿素在SCR催化剂作用下的热解特性,发现催化剂的存在和尿素溶液良好雾化有助于消除三聚氰胺聚合体,催化剂的主要作用是加速尿素分解为最终产物.Bernhard等[16-18]采用程序升温脱附(TPD)技术研究了尿素及其副产物在几种催化剂上的分解特性,发现缩二脲可一步水解生成尿素,而三聚氰胺需经三聚氰酸二酰胺和三聚氰酸一酰胺分步水解才能生成三聚氰酸,且催化剂的水解活性顺序为ZrO2>TiO2>Al2O3>H-ZSM-5>SiO2.Wang等[19]研究了V-Ti系催化剂活性负载量对尿素热解的影响,发现尿素热解活性与催化剂的酸性有关,转化率大小顺序为1.0%(质量分数)V-Ti>0.5%V-Ti≈TiO2>5.0%V-Ti>10.0%V-Ti>纯尿素.Kuntz等[20]利用TGA研究了尿素及其副产物与商用SCR催化剂TiO2和V2O5-WO3/TiO2间的相互作用,发现TiO2在加速尿素及其副产物的分解方面具有巨大潜力,所有副产物都可以在450℃下完全分解.然而TiO2这类催化剂尚未得到广泛应用,主要原因是在低温下,NO2的存在会降低催化活性;其次,它们对SCR反应没有活性;同时,V2O5-WO3/TiO2催化剂提供了足够的活性来催化尿素水解和NOx还原反应[21],因而V2O5-WO3/TiO2催化剂在尿素催化分解方面应用前景广阔.
目前对尿素及其副产物在V2O5-WO3/TiO2催化剂上的分解特性缺乏清晰认识,也没有一套动力学模型去预测该现象,制约了尿素沉积物催化分解的应用与发展.基于密度泛函理论(DFT)计算和化学动力学方法,笔者开发了一套尿素非催化与催化耦合分解机理与模型,以期为尿素及其副产物在催化剂上的分解、预测提供参考.
船用柴油机SCR系统试验台架主要用于采集尿素沉积物,具体结构如图1所示.台架主要由发动机、空气滤清器、中冷器、涡轮增压器、测功机和反应器等组成.试验用发动机是一台WD10C195-15型四冲程中、高速柴油机,SCR催化剂为钒基催化剂V2O5-WO3/TiO2,台架主要技术参数如表1所示.
尿素沉积物样品是在柴油机运行60d后采集,其中每天运行4h,各负荷(25%、50%、75%和100%)下运行时间基本相等.与车用发动机白色的尿素结晶物不同,样品的颜色与泥土较为相似,可能是船用柴油机废气中含有较多的颗粒物和杂质所导致.
表征技术主要用来检测样品的形态结构和化学成分,主要有氮气吸附(BET)、X射线衍射分析(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、FT-IR和TGA等技术,如表2所示.此外,为了辅助研究,笔者还购买了纯净的尿素(上海麦克林,≥99%)、缩二脲(上海阿拉丁,≥98%)、三聚氰酸(上海阿拉丁,≥98%)和三聚氰酸一酰胺(上海阿拉丁,≥97%)化学用品,以及商用V2O5-WO3/TiO2催化剂(天津优美科).
DFT计算主要用来推测反应路径发生的可能性.所有计算都是通过Gauss09程序包进行[22],并采用广泛使用的b3lyp泛函和def2tzvp基组,流程如图2所示.首先,计算所有反应物的单点能,其次,在反应势能面上搜索和优化每个基元反应的过渡态结构,并通过irc计算验证过渡态结构的准确性,最后,计算产物的单点能量和反应的相对能量.
尿素在催化剂上的热分解过程是一个多相催化反应,如图3所示.整个反应涉及到气相物质异氰酸、NH3、H2O和CO2;熔融/液相物质尿素和缩二脲;固相物质催化剂、缩二脲、三聚氰酸、三聚氰酸一酰胺和三聚氰酸二酰胺等.反应类型包含气相反应(异氰酸的水解反应)、均相反应(尿素与其副产物的聚合反应)、界面反应(异氰酸和尿素分解副产物之间的反应)和表面反应(尿素及其副产物在催化剂上的水解反应)[23].
在尿素及其副产物的热解过程中,每种反应物的热重质量损失与其参与反应的速率有关,即式(1)~(2).该反应主要由3种类型组成:均相反应(1~N1)、界面反应(N1+1~N2)和表面反应(N2+1~N3).均相反应速率的计算如式(3)~(4)所示.反应物的总体积等于每个反应物的体积之和(式(5)).界面反应速率的计算如式(6)所示.表面反应速率的计算如式(7)~(11)所示.此外,反应温度和时间之间的转换关系如式(12)所示.
dmidt=Mi⋅dnidt
dnidt=∑r1=1N1υi,r1dnr1dt+∑r2=N1+1N2υi,r2dnr2dt+∑r3=N2+1N3υi,r3dnr3dt
dnr1dt=kr1⋅VR⋅∏jcjγj
kr1=kr2=A0⋅Tα⋅exp[−Ea/(RT)]
VR=∑inmiρi
dnr2dt=kr2⋅AR⋅∏jcjγj
dnr3dt=kr3⋅AR⋅∏jcjγj
kr3=A0⋅Tn⋅exp[−Ea/(RT)]⋅fk({θi})
fk=∏i∈Ssθiuik⋅exp[(βikθi)/(RT)]
θi=ciσiΓs
∑i∈Ssθi=1
β=dTdt
式中:mi为物质i的质量;Mi为物质i的摩尔质量;dni/dt为物质i的反应速率;dnr/dt为第r个反应的速率;υ为化学反应计量系数;kr为反应速率常数;VR为反应物的体积;cj为反应物j的浓度;γj为反应物j的反应级数;A0为指前因子;T为温度;α为温度指数;Ea为活化能;ρi为物质i的密度;AR为容器的横截面积;fk为覆盖率;θi为物质i的覆盖率;σi为物质i所占的活性位点数量;Γs为表面位点密度;µik、βik为模型参数;β为加热速率.
异氰酸是促进尿素沉积物形成的关键中间物质.笔者对液态异氰酸和气态异氰酸进行区分,并且基于Herz-Knudsen方程描述了液态异氰酸的蒸发过程.该方程能够计算气体在无限大的稀溶液液体平面上的吸收和气化速率.假设异氰酸在反应容器的气相中物质量的浓度可忽略,则蒸发速率[24]可表示为
dnHNCOdt=∑r3=N2+1N3υHNCO, r3dnr3dt+jHNCO
dnr3dt=k⋅AR⋅∏jcjγj
jHNCO=14⋅αc⋅ν¯⋅(lc,HNCO/H)⋅AR
v¯=(8RT)/(πM)
H=lc,HNCOgc,HNCO=ρliq(pHNCOvap⋅M)/(R⋅T)
log10(10⋅pHNCOvap)=4.69−1    252.195T−29.167
式中:jHNCO为异氰酸的蒸发速率;αc为调节系数;H为亨利定律常数;ν¯为分子平均运动速度;pvap为饱和蒸汽压,MPa;T为温度,K;lc,HNCO为液态异氰酸体积分数;gc,HNCO为气态异氰酸体积分数.
BET测试用的尿素沉积物样品质量为0.7365g,吸附物质为N2,测试温度为-195.85℃.图4为尿素沉积物样品的等温吸、脱附曲线,p为N2分压,p0为大气压力.该等温线下凹且没有拐点.曲线下凹是因为吸附质分子间的相互作用比吸附质与吸附剂之间的强,第1层吸附热比吸附质的液化热小,以致吸附初期吸附质较难于吸附,而随着相对压力上升,吸附出现自加速现象,吸附层数也不受限制,N2吸附量也随之上升.此外,该等温吸、脱附曲线在低压端偏向X轴,说明样品与N2作用力弱,微孔存在的数量很少.图5为样品的孔径分布、孔体积和表面积测试结果,它含有微孔(<2nm)、介孔(2~50nm)和大孔(>50nm)共3种孔径.dV/dw表示体积变化率,该值越大,则其对应的孔径数越多.通过Barrett-Joyner-Halenda(BJH)理论方法计算可知,样品在3.3nm处的孔径数最多.通过非局部密度泛函理论(NLDFT)方法计算可知,样品在4.4nm处的孔径数最多,因而样品介孔数量最多,主要分布在3~5nm之间.
图6为尿素沉积物样品与催化剂混合物的热重分析测试结果及与纯尿素、缩二脲、三聚氰酸和三聚氰酸一酰胺的对比.尿素沉积物样品与催化剂混合物的质量分别为m1、m2,纯尿素、缩二脲、三聚氰酸及三聚氰酸一酰胺的质量分别为m3、m4、m5和m6.试验气氛均为空气,升温速率为10℃/min.笔者选用尿素的质量为5mg,催化剂的质量为其0.5、1.0、3.0或5.0倍,并与尿素等物质均匀混合.
图6(b)中,当催化剂用量是尿素的3倍以上时,所有副产物在250℃之前能完全分解,没有三聚氰酸和酰胺等高温副产物形成.当催化剂用量是尿素的2倍以下时,尿素热解过程分为两个阶段:第1阶段为100~250℃,主要为尿素和缩二脲的分解过程;第2阶段为250~400℃,主要为三聚氰酸的分解过程.表明增加催化剂的用量可以加速尿素分解,阻断尿素和缩二脲向三聚氰酸的转化路径.
同样,为防止缩二脲向三聚氰酸转化,催化剂的质量应至少是缩二脲的5倍以上(图6(c)).对于三聚氰酸和三聚氰酸一酰胺,提高催化剂的用量也可以显著加速其分解.当催化剂用量从1倍增加到5倍时,三聚氰酸和三聚氰酸一酰胺的最大分解速率分别提前了20℃和40℃左右(图6(d)和图6(e)).此外,样品的分解规律比三聚氰酸滞后,又比三聚氰酸一酰胺提前(图6(d)和图6(e)).说明样品的化学成分很可能是三聚氰酸和三聚氰酸一酰胺的混合物.
图7为样品的XRD测试结果与标准物质的对比.样品和三聚氰酸的X衍射图谱在19.4°、25.8°、27.5°和29.4°等峰位类似,说明样品含有三聚氰酸.此外,异氰尿酸(1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione)是三聚氰酸的同系物,与三聚氰酸的衍射图谱十分相近,因而样品还可能含有三聚氰酸的同系物.
图8为尿素沉积物中碳元素XPS精细谱的测试结果.沉积物中碳元素的化学键主要以C=O、C—O和C—C形式存在.由于三聚氰酸含有C—O,不含C=O,而三聚氰酸的同系物与之相反.说明沉积物中同时含有三聚氰酸及其同系物,且三聚氰酸的同系物占比更大.另外,由于颗粒物一般包括挥发性有机物、元素碳、灰分、硫酸盐、硝酸盐及其他有机和无机化合物,主要由C—C和C—H构成,而通常提及的尿素沉积物是由尿素分子经过一系列副反应生成,不会产生C—C,说明样品还含有一部分颗粒物.
图9为样品FT-IR测试结果与标准物质三聚氰酸一酰胺的对比.在波数为3215cm-1和3087cm-1处的双峰分别是反对称伸缩振动(NH2,σ)和对称伸缩振动(NH2,σ)的吸收带;1704cm-1处强吸收峰是伸缩振动(C=O,σ)的吸收带;1464cm-1处的吸收峰强度中等,是伸缩振动(C—N,δ)的吸收带;1050cm-1处的吸收峰为摇摆振动(NH2,ρ)的吸收带.由于三聚氰酸及其同系物的分子结构均不存在—NH2,说明样品还含有三聚氰酸一酰胺.
测试表明,尿素沉积物样品中包含三聚氰酸及其同系物,以及三聚氰酸一酰胺.考虑到三聚氰酸同系物、缩二脲、尿素和异氰酸分子中的氧原子都是以酮基(—C=O)形式存在,而仅三聚氰酸分子中的氧原子以羟基(—OH)形式存在,表明三聚氰酸同系物的异构化是形成三聚氰酸的唯一途径.然而,尿素等物质也可能将自身上的氢原子从氨基(—NH2)转移到酰胺基(—CONH2)的氧原子上,从而形成—OH,生成尿素的同系物,之后逐渐转化为三聚氰酸,如图10所示.该尿素分解机理补充了尿素、缩二脲和三聚氰酸同系物的分解路径,同时包含无催化剂和有催化剂两种条件.该机理并未考虑缩三脲、三聚氰酸二酰胺和三聚氰胺,因为在SCR技术实际应用中,其或是不稳定,或是生成量很少[10].
图11为尿素及其同系物的分解反应路径.尿素分解的活化能垒为192.7kJ/mol,尿素同系物分解的活化能垒为179.6kJ/mol,低于尿素.说明尿素同系物的存在是合理的.同理,也可以证明中间体缩二脲同系物的存在.对于尿素及其副产物催化分解路径,Bernhard等[16]给出了部分反应路径(图10).图12为尿素催化分解的反应势能面.H2O分子上的O原子端先作用于TiO2上的Ti原子端形成中间体(12),结合能为130.63kJ/mol.之后,中间体(12)越过过渡态TS4生成中间体(14),这个过程需要越过能垒为16.97kJ/mol,放出热量为172.04kJ/mol.该过程使得H2O分子上的一个H原子转移至TiO2上的O原子端,更有利于后续尿素分子的进攻.尿素分子首先进攻中间体(14)生成稳定的结构中间体(15),结合能为148.63kJ/mol.之后,在催化剂表面吸附的尿素分子发生断裂,脱去氨基(—NH2),与H原子发生反应,生成NH3,剩余的亚甲基胺离子(NH2COO)继续吸附在催化剂上,并形成了Ti-N-C-O四元环结构.这个过程为第15~18步,需要越过能垒为265.72kJ/ mol.然后,中间体(18)上的四元环沿着过渡态TS6发生N—C振动,导致N—C以及Ti—O断裂,N—C间距变长,最终转变成中间体(20),生成CO2.最后,第20~24步是一个H原子转移并生成NH3的过程.可知,越过第15~17步所需能垒是整个势能面最高的,它是该反应的决定步骤.另外,整个势能面所需的活化能为-16.3kJ/mol(第24步),反应几乎不需外加能量即可进行.这在热力学和动力学上都是有利的过程.
尿素分解动力学模型可用于预测SCR系统尿素沉积物的生成过程,对系统安全可靠运行具有重大意义.笔者基于Matlab/Simulink软件平台,利用式(1)~式(18)完成尿素分解动力学模型的构建,如图13所示,其中y1为TGA试验拟合值y2与模型预测值y3的差值.该模型的精确性取决于反应考虑的完整性,以及动力学参数的合理性,如表3所示.此处未考虑尿素、缩二脲及三聚氰酸同系物所参与反应.主要原因是同系物之间存在很多相似的性质,很难确定它们的生成量.动力学参数优化采用的是遗传算法,优化目标是使模型预测值与TGA测试值之间的误差最小.由于尿素分解模型动力学参数较多,还具有非线性的特点,又受初始值影响太大,因而利用遗传算法一次性校准众多参数难度很大.考虑到尿素非催化分解模型研究较为成熟,参考Brack等[10]的模型,在其基础上删减了一些复合反应,增加了反应R6.复合反应2C2H5N3O2(m)→C3H4N4O2(s)+HNCO(l)+NH3(g)+H2O(g)是由表3中反应R2、R4、R5、R6和R8叠加而成.由于复合反应不能体现单个反应的特性,添加在机理中比较累赘,而单个反应的叠加也能体现这种复合反应特性,所以进行了删减.最终,所需优化的为反应R6和反应R9~R12.
图14为遗传算法适应度的迭代优化.当经历20次左右迭代计算后,误差接近收敛.图15为尿素及其副产物分解模型预测值与TGA试验值的对比.可知预测效果良好,最大误差都在5%以内,说明校核的模型精度较高.最终,反应R6和反应R9~R12优化的动力学参数归纳见表3.
笔者所提出的尿素催化分解机理模型适用性较为广泛.初步推测适用于以TiO2为载体的催化剂,虽然测试所用的催化剂是V2O5-WO3/TiO2,但相关研究表明,V2O5-WO3/TiO2与TiO2促进尿素分解作用相当[19].一方面,TiO2占V2O5-WO3/TiO2催化剂的绝大部分比例,V2O5占1%~5%(质量分数),WO3占5%~10%;另一方面,TiO2具有丰富Lewis酸性位点,有利于尿素分子上的—NCO官能团吸附.
(1) 测试的船用SCR系统尿素沉积物孔径结构以介孔数量居多,分布范围为3~5nm,化学成分包含三聚氰酸及其同系物、三聚氰酸一酰胺和颗粒物.
(2) 使用V2O5-WO3/TiO2催化剂是一种有效消除SCR系统尿素沉积物的有效方法,增加催化剂用量可以加速尿素的分解,阻断尿素和缩二脲向三聚氰酸的转化路径,且副产物分解温度越高,催化剂用量越多才有明显的促进分解作用;当催化剂用量为副产物的5倍时,三聚氰酸和三聚氰酸一酰胺的最大分解速率分别提前了20℃和40℃左右.
(3) 开发了一种详细的尿素分解机理,补充了三聚氰酸及其同系物形成与分解的路径,提出了一套尿素非催化和催化相耦合的动力学模型.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51979060)
  • 黑龙江省优秀青年科学基金资助项目(YQ2023E034)
  • 博士研究生科研创新基金资助项目(3072023GIP0301)
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2025年第43卷第2期
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doi: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202502017
  • 接收时间:2024-03-23
  • 首发时间:2026-11-06
  • 出版时间:2025-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-23
  • 修回日期:2024-07-20
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51979060)
黑龙江省优秀青年科学基金资助项目(YQ2023E034)
博士研究生科研创新基金资助项目(3072023GIP0301)
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    哈尔滨工程大学动力与能源工程学院,哈尔滨 150001

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朱元清,教授,.
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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