Article(id=1325529170901749804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325529169907704394, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202502021, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1710432000000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-15, revisedDate=1719849600000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793960381483, onlineDateStr=2026-11-06, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793960381483, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793960381483, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793960381483, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325529169907704394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, year='2025', volume='43', issue='2', pageStart='97', pageEnd='191', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1742832000000', pubDateStr='2025-03-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793960381247, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793960495688, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1325529650201649216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325529169907704394, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1325529650201649217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325529169907704394, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=173, endPage=182, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325529171233099821, articleId=1325529170901749804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, language=EN, title=Multi-component and multi-objective coupling optimization of turbocharger centrifugal compressor, columnId=null, journalTitle=Transactions of CSICE, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Casing treatment improves the flow stability of turbocharger centrifugal compressors,but often leads to additional aerodynamic losses. Based on the optimal Latin hypercube sampling,radial basis function(RBF) neural network and gradient mutation hybrid optimization algorithm,a coupling optimization of the impeller and the casing treatment for a turbocharger centrifugal compressor was implemented by taking the efficiencies of the large-flow-rate condition,the design condition and the near-stall condition as the optimization objectives. Results show that the efficiencies of the large-flow-rate condition,the design condition and the near-stall condition are increased by 3.90%,3.02% and 1.10%,and the pressure ratios are improved by 9.28%,6.38% and 4.49%,respectively. The choke flow rate is increased by 1.13%,and the stable operating range is expanded by 0.83%. Compared with the solid casing compressor,the efficiencies of the design condition and the large-flow-rate condition are improved by 1.70% and 0.68%,respectively. The coupling optimization realizes the improvements of aerodynamic performances of the compressor in all operating conditions,and solves the problem of the traditional optimization that the aerodynamic performances of the design condition or the large-flow-rate condition decrease after introducing the casing treatment. By combining the global sensitivity analysis of the design space and the comparative analyses of the flow fields before and after optimization,the mechanisms of stability and efficiency improvements of the centrifugal compressor are obtained.

, authors=Rui Wang1, Zhengxian Liu1, Xiaojian Li1, Ye Liu2, authorsList=Rui Wang, Zhengxian Liu, Xiaojian Li, Ye Liu, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiaojian Li, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325529176887021654, articleId=1325529170901749804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, language=CN, title=增压器离心压气机多部件多目标耦合优化, columnId=null, journalTitle=内燃机学报, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

机匣处理可实现增压器离心压气机流动扩稳,但通常会引入额外的气动损失.笔者基于最优拉丁超立方采样、径向基函数(RBF)神经网络及梯度变异混合优化算法,以大流量工况、设计工况和近失速工况的效率为优化目标,实施了增压器离心压气机叶轮-机匣处理耦合优化.优化后大流量工况、设计工况和近失速工况的效率分别提升3.90%、3.02%和1.10%,压比分别提高9.28%、6.38%和4.49%,堵塞流量增大1.13%,稳定工况范围扩大0.83%.相较于实壁机匣压气机,设计工况和大流量工况的效率分别提升1.70%和0.68%.耦合优化实现了压气机全工况范围内气动性能的提升,解决了传统优化引入机匣处理后,设计工况或大流量工况气动性能下降的问题.结合设计空间全局敏感性分析及优化前、后流场对比,得到了离心压气机扩稳增效机理.

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王睿,硕士研究生,.

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李孝检,博士,副研究员,.
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Main design parameters of the centrifugal compressor

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
设计转速/(r·min-1)90000
设计流量/(kg·s-1)0.926
设计压比4.817
叶轮主流叶片数9
叶轮分流叶片数9
叶轮叶顶间隙/mm0.5
叶轮出口直径/mm118
蜗壳入口直径/mm200
), ArticleFig(id=1325529185904775332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325529170901749804, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

离心压气机主要设计参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
设计转速/(r·min-1)90000
设计流量/(kg·s-1)0.926
设计压比4.817
叶轮主流叶片数9
叶轮分流叶片数9
叶轮叶顶间隙/mm0.5
叶轮出口直径/mm118
蜗壳入口直径/mm200
), ArticleFig(id=1325529185988661413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325529170901749804, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Value ranges of design variables for the impeller

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数下限基准值上限
前缘后掠角N1/(°)2.505.0810.00
尾缘掠角N2/(°)-5030
前缘叶根包角N3/(°)12.0417.2018.92
前缘叶顶包角N4/(°)10.8914.3316.62
尾缘叶根包角N5/(°)49.3054.6955.03
尾缘叶顶包角N6/(°)41.2744.7144.81
叶片倾角N7/(°)7.5010.7117.00
), ArticleFig(id=1325529186064158886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325529170901749804, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

叶轮设计变量取值范围

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数下限基准值上限
前缘后掠角N1/(°)2.505.0810.00
尾缘掠角N2/(°)-5030
前缘叶根包角N3/(°)12.0417.2018.92
前缘叶顶包角N4/(°)10.8914.3316.62
尾缘叶根包角N5/(°)49.3054.6955.03
尾缘叶顶包角N6/(°)41.2744.7144.81
叶片倾角N7/(°)7.5010.7117.00
), ArticleFig(id=1325529186173210791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325529170901749804, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Value ranges of design variables for the casing treatment

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参数下限基准值上限
空腔高度N8/mm18.0026.8430.00
回流槽轴向位置N9/mm-73.00-69.63-59.00
回流槽入射角N10/(°)125135160
回流槽径向位置N11/mm48.0053.0558.00
回流槽空腔间距N12/mm1.505.476.00
抽吸槽位置N13/mm-35.0-31.8-25.0
抽吸槽宽度N14/mm1.02.55.0
空腔长度N15/mm8694100
空腔上倾斜角N16/(°)01.53.0
空腔下倾斜角N17/(°)01.53.0
抽吸槽角度N18/(°)100110135
), ArticleFig(id=1325529187821572264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325529170901749804, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

机匣处理设计变量取值范围

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参数下限基准值上限
空腔高度N8/mm18.0026.8430.00
回流槽轴向位置N9/mm-73.00-69.63-59.00
回流槽入射角N10/(°)125135160
回流槽径向位置N11/mm48.0053.0558.00
回流槽空腔间距N12/mm1.505.476.00
抽吸槽位置N13/mm-35.0-31.8-25.0
抽吸槽宽度N14/mm1.02.55.0
空腔长度N15/mm8694100
空腔上倾斜角N16/(°)01.53.0
空腔下倾斜角N17/(°)01.53.0
抽吸槽角度N18/(°)100110135
), ArticleFig(id=1325529187913846953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325529170901749804, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Main performance indexes of the compressor before and after optimization

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参数实壁机匣基准机匣耦合优化基准机匣相对实壁
机匣增幅/%
耦合优化相对实壁
机匣增幅/%
耦合优化相对基准
机匣增幅/%
堵塞流量/(kg·s-1)1.0411.0601.0721.832.981.13
大流量工况效率/%73.6571.3774.15-3.100.683.90
大流量工况压比4.9754.6875.122-5.792.969.28
设计工况效率/%72.7771.8474.01-1.281.703.02
设计工况压比4.9244.8425.151-1.674.616.38
近失速工况效率/%—72.4773.27——1.10
近失速工况压比—5.1725.404——4.49
稳定工况范围/%8.74225.89026.72017.1517.980.83
), ArticleFig(id=1325529187989344426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325529170901749804, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

压气机优化前、后主要性能指标

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参数实壁机匣基准机匣耦合优化基准机匣相对实壁
机匣增幅/%
耦合优化相对实壁
机匣增幅/%
耦合优化相对基准
机匣增幅/%
堵塞流量/(kg·s-1)1.0411.0601.0721.832.981.13
大流量工况效率/%73.6571.3774.15-3.100.683.90
大流量工况压比4.9754.6875.122-5.792.969.28
设计工况效率/%72.7771.8474.01-1.281.703.02
设计工况压比4.9244.8425.151-1.674.616.38
近失速工况效率/%—72.4773.27——1.10
近失速工况压比—5.1725.404——4.49
稳定工况范围/%8.74225.89026.72017.1517.980.83
), ArticleFig(id=1325529188064841899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325529170901749804, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Comparison of design variables before and after optimization

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参数基准值耦合优化值
前缘后掠角N1/(°)5.087.73
尾缘掠角N2/(°)0.0018.32
前缘叶根叶片包角N3/(°)17.2415.88
前缘叶顶叶片包角N4/(°)14.3314.33
尾缘叶根叶片包角N5/(°)54.6953.63
尾缘叶顶叶片包角N6/(°)44.7144.71
叶片倾角N7/(°)10.718.75
空腔高度N8/mm26.8421.82
回流槽轴向位置N9/mm-69.63-59.40
回流槽入射角N10/(°)135.00158.53
回流槽径向位置N11/mm53.0554.26
回流槽空腔间距N12/mm5.472.51
抽吸槽轴向位置N13/mm-31.80-33.51
抽吸槽宽度N14/mm2.504.16
空腔长度N15/mm94.0098.52
空腔上倾斜角N16/(°)1.500.00
空腔下倾斜角N17/(°)1.500.18
抽吸槽角度N18/(°)110.00134.78
), ArticleFig(id=1325529188157116588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325529170901749804, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

设计变量优化前、后对比

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参数基准值耦合优化值
前缘后掠角N1/(°)5.087.73
尾缘掠角N2/(°)0.0018.32
前缘叶根叶片包角N3/(°)17.2415.88
前缘叶顶叶片包角N4/(°)14.3314.33
尾缘叶根叶片包角N5/(°)54.6953.63
尾缘叶顶叶片包角N6/(°)44.7144.71
叶片倾角N7/(°)10.718.75
空腔高度N8/mm26.8421.82
回流槽轴向位置N9/mm-69.63-59.40
回流槽入射角N10/(°)135.00158.53
回流槽径向位置N11/mm53.0554.26
回流槽空腔间距N12/mm5.472.51
抽吸槽轴向位置N13/mm-31.80-33.51
抽吸槽宽度N14/mm2.504.16
空腔长度N15/mm94.0098.52
空腔上倾斜角N16/(°)1.500.00
空腔下倾斜角N17/(°)1.500.18
抽吸槽角度N18/(°)110.00134.78
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增压器离心压气机多部件多目标耦合优化
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王睿 1 , 刘正先 1 , 李孝检 1 , 刘烨 2
内燃机学报 | 2025,43(2): 173-182
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内燃机学报 | 2025 , 43 (2) : 173 -182
增压器离心压气机多部件多目标耦合优化
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王睿1 , 刘正先1, 李孝检1 , 刘烨2
作者信息
  • 1.天津大学机械工程学院,天津 300350
  • 2.中国北方发动机研究所,天津 300400
通讯作者:
李孝检,博士,副研究员,.
作者简介:

王睿,硕士研究生,.

Multi-component and multi-objective coupling optimization of turbocharger centrifugal compressor
Rui Wang1 , Zhengxian Liu1, Xiaojian Li1 , Ye Liu2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechanical Engineering,Tianjin University,Tianjin 300350,China
  • 2.China North Engine Research Institute,Tianjin 300400,China
出版时间: 2025-03-25 doi: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202502021
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机匣处理可实现增压器离心压气机流动扩稳,但通常会引入额外的气动损失.笔者基于最优拉丁超立方采样、径向基函数(RBF)神经网络及梯度变异混合优化算法,以大流量工况、设计工况和近失速工况的效率为优化目标,实施了增压器离心压气机叶轮-机匣处理耦合优化.优化后大流量工况、设计工况和近失速工况的效率分别提升3.90%、3.02%和1.10%,压比分别提高9.28%、6.38%和4.49%,堵塞流量增大1.13%,稳定工况范围扩大0.83%.相较于实壁机匣压气机,设计工况和大流量工况的效率分别提升1.70%和0.68%.耦合优化实现了压气机全工况范围内气动性能的提升,解决了传统优化引入机匣处理后,设计工况或大流量工况气动性能下降的问题.结合设计空间全局敏感性分析及优化前、后流场对比,得到了离心压气机扩稳增效机理.

离心压气机  /  机匣处理  /  耦合优化  /  敏感性分析  /  扩稳增效机理

Casing treatment improves the flow stability of turbocharger centrifugal compressors,but often leads to additional aerodynamic losses. Based on the optimal Latin hypercube sampling,radial basis function(RBF) neural network and gradient mutation hybrid optimization algorithm,a coupling optimization of the impeller and the casing treatment for a turbocharger centrifugal compressor was implemented by taking the efficiencies of the large-flow-rate condition,the design condition and the near-stall condition as the optimization objectives. Results show that the efficiencies of the large-flow-rate condition,the design condition and the near-stall condition are increased by 3.90%,3.02% and 1.10%,and the pressure ratios are improved by 9.28%,6.38% and 4.49%,respectively. The choke flow rate is increased by 1.13%,and the stable operating range is expanded by 0.83%. Compared with the solid casing compressor,the efficiencies of the design condition and the large-flow-rate condition are improved by 1.70% and 0.68%,respectively. The coupling optimization realizes the improvements of aerodynamic performances of the compressor in all operating conditions,and solves the problem of the traditional optimization that the aerodynamic performances of the design condition or the large-flow-rate condition decrease after introducing the casing treatment. By combining the global sensitivity analysis of the design space and the comparative analyses of the flow fields before and after optimization,the mechanisms of stability and efficiency improvements of the centrifugal compressor are obtained.

centrifugal compressor  /  casing treatment  /  coupling optimization  /  sensitivity analysis  /  mechanisms of stability and efficiency improvements
王睿, 刘正先, 李孝检, 刘烨. 增压器离心压气机多部件多目标耦合优化. 内燃机学报, 2025 , 43 (2) : 173 -182 . DOI: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202502021
Rui Wang, Zhengxian Liu, Xiaojian Li, Ye Liu. Multi-component and multi-objective coupling optimization of turbocharger centrifugal compressor[J]. Transactions of CSICE, 2025 , 43 (2) : 173 -182 . DOI: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202502021
离心压气机具有体积小、结构紧凑及单级压比高等特点,被广泛应用于内燃发动机涡轮增压器[1].近年来,随着内燃机不断追求高功率密度,增压器压气机的转速与压比越来越高.然而,高压比压气机复杂的流动特征,如强激波、大逆压梯度及叶顶泄漏涡破碎等,使得其稳定工作范围急剧下降[2],无法满足高功率密度发动机高效稳定的运行需求.为拓宽高压比压气机稳定工作范围,Jonna等[3]开展了多种流动扩稳技术研究,其中机匣处理由于结构简单、扩稳效果良好而被广泛研究[4].
机匣处理拓宽压气机稳定工作范围原理为:在近堵塞工况下,部分流体由机匣抽吸槽直接进入叶轮,增大压气机堵塞流量(前提条件是抽吸槽位于叶轮气动喉口下游);在近失速工况下,机匣处理抽吸叶顶附近的低能流体并回流至叶轮入口,从而改善叶轮通道的堵塞效应及叶轮入口流动状态,进而提高压气机失速裕度[5].机匣处理的引入造成了一定的流动损失,主要表现为机匣处理回流与主流在叶轮入口处掺混所造成的掺混损失,以及机匣处理空腔内流动分离所造成的分离损失[6],将导致压气机效率下降.此外,机匣处理的回流流体具有正预旋效应,会显著降低叶轮前缘吸力面的相对马赫数,从而破坏叶轮唯一攻角特性,使得压气机大流量工况下的气动性能大幅下降[7-8].
为了平衡压气机的扩稳效果和气动损失,学者们[9-12]研究了机匣处理几何参数对压气机气动性能的影响规律,发现抽吸槽位置、宽度以及回流槽入射角对压气机气动性能有较大影响,抽吸槽位置决定机匣处理两侧的压力差,其与抽吸槽宽度共同决定了机匣处理回流量的大小,较大的回流量可改善失速裕度,并提升小流量工况效率、压比[9-10];此外,若抽吸槽位于叶轮气动喉口下游,则机匣处理可增大压气机堵塞流量[11];增大回流槽入射角可有效抑制叶轮入口的进气畸变,及回流与主流的掺混损失,提高等熵效率[12].由于机匣处理几何参数对压气机气动性能的影响规律并不相同,Shuai等[13]通过多目标优化算法来平衡机匣处理的扩稳效果及效率损失,但受限于机匣处理的物理设计空间,即使获得全局最优解仍不能消除其所带来的效率损失[14].
事实上,叶轮叶片造型设计也对压气机气动性能和稳定性起关键作用.汪陈芳等[15]、郭龙凯等[16]研究发现,叶片前缘掠角通过对前缘载荷、激波结构、叶顶泄漏涡和流动分离的改变而影响流场.由于不同工况下叶片前缘展向的载荷分布有所差别,最佳掠角的选取需考虑叶顶泄漏损失和轮毂端壁损失的共同影响.叶轮前缘叶片安装角对入射攻角和叶片前缘流动分离影响很大,因而其对压气机气动性能和稳定性影响显著[17].此外,叶片尾缘掠角也对流场有较大影响,尾缘掠角增大可增强叶片对尾缘流体的约束作用,有效抑制尾缘流动分离并增大功系数,进而降低分离损失并提高叶轮做功能力[18-19].叶片尾缘安装角对扩压度、滑移因子及下游气动喉口面积影响较大,进而影响压气机气动性能及失速裕度[20].叶片倾角也是一个关键因素[21],正倾角产生的压力梯度使高动量流体流向轮盖,降低轴向到径向的流动分离,但正倾角过大将引起叶片表面涡流,从而增强叶轮尾部的二次流;最佳叶片倾角的选取准则是在抑制轴向到径向流动分离和抑制二次流之间做权衡.
在叶轮、扩压器及机匣处理几何参数的多部件多目标耦合优化方面,研究[12,22]表明,耦合优化可以实现在扩稳的同时不降低峰值效率,但大流量工况的效率和压比损失依然存在.多部件多目标耦合优化是否能够全面提升高压比离心压气机的气动性能及稳定性仍值得研究.
针对某型增压器高压比离心压气机(具有无叶扩压器),笔者实施叶轮与机匣处理多部件多目标耦合优化,在扩稳的同时,以期解决传统优化在引入机匣处理后,设计工况或大流量工况效率、压比下降的问题,实现全工况性能提升,并分析其全面扩稳增效的流动机理.
研究对象为某型增压器离心压气机,包括叶轮、无叶扩压器、机匣处理及蜗壳,设计参数见表1,三维结构见图1.研究在压气机设计转速下进行.
计算域与几何模型(图1)保持一致.全域均采用结构化网格,叶片表面附近采用O形网格,叶轮其他区域、无叶扩压器及机匣处理采用H形网格,蜗壳采用蝶形网格.叶轮、扩压器固体壁面第1层网格高度设置为0.005mm(流速较大),机匣处理及蜗壳固体壁面第1层网格高度设置为0.010mm(流速较小),以确保固体壁面y+小于10.流体介质为实际气体,控制方程为Navier-Stokes方程,湍流模型选择Spalart-Allmaras模型.空间离散格式采用中心差分法,时间离散格式为四阶龙格库塔法.进口边界条件中,总温为298K、总压为0.1MPa且轴向进气;出口边界条件为静压出口(近堵塞工况)或流量出口(设计工况或小流量工况).固体壁面满足绝热、无滑移条件,机匣处理与叶轮交接面采用完全非匹配冻结转子方法,无叶扩压器与蜗壳交接面采用周向守恒法.
为平衡计算成本与计算精度,生成3类网格进行网格无关性验证.图2为不同网格密度下离心压气机性能对比.中等网格可以较好地平衡计算成本和精度,因而选择该类网格做后续计算.图3为离心压气机中等密度网格分布,其中叶轮、扩压器、机匣处理和蜗壳的网格数量分别为7.0×105、2.6×105、3.8×105和6.9×105.
图4为等熵效率和总压比模拟值与试验值.原始试验数据由中国北方发动机研究所[23]提供.可知,等熵效率的最大误差为1.9%,总压比的最大误差为5.4%.总压比最大误差较大,这是由于一方面,高压比压气机近失速工况流动十分复杂,基于雷诺平均方程和有限体积的数值方法对强脉动湍流参数解析不足[24];另一方面,数值模型仅考虑单通道叶轮、扩压器和机匣处理,无法考虑周向非对称效应[25].综上可知,数值模拟的误差在合理范围内,该数值方法满足压气机性能评估的精度要求.
笔者分析叶轮、机匣处理耦合优化设计变量,首先讨论叶轮设计变量.通过对文献[15-20]的分析总结,选定设计变量的叶轮为:叶片前缘后掠角N1、叶片尾缘掠角N2、前缘叶根包角N3、前缘叶顶包角N4、尾缘叶根包角N5、尾缘叶顶包角N6和叶片倾角N7,图5为叶轮设计变量示意.
为了得到叶轮设计变量在优化过程中的合理取值范围,对设计变量进行单因素分析.在基准条件下,逐步扩大单一设计变量的取值范围,直至气动性能显著下降或出现严重几何扭曲.综合考虑压气机气动性能约束和几何约束,确定叶轮设计变量的取值范围,如表2所示.
机匣处理设计变量中,笔者的机匣处理采用子午平面参数化方法,如图6所示.即在(Z,R)平面内造型,Z轴为压气机叶轮旋转轴所在直线,R轴为无叶扩压器轮毂侧子午线所在直线.机匣处理共包含11个设计变量,其中,取值与坐标系相关的变量是N9、N13(Z坐标值)和N11(R坐标值).机匣设计变量取值范围参见文献[12],并考虑该压气机的几何约束(机匣处理不能与压气机发生几何干涉),得到的机匣处理设计变量取值范围如表3所示.综上可知,笔者选定叶轮为7个、机匣处理为11个,共计18个设计变量.
采用最优拉丁超立方采样法[26]对表2、表3中叶轮、机匣处理的18个设计变量在其范围内进行采样,并根据所得结构参数的组合建立相应的几何模型.采用第1节中的数值模拟方法,计算得到不同几何压气机的堵塞流量、压比负斜率及大流量工况(0.980kg/s)、设计工况(0.926kg/s)与近失速工况(0.786kg/s)的效率、压比共8个气动性能参数.压比负斜率为描述压气机失速裕度的指标,定义为
k=πnear-stall−πdesignm˙design−m˙near-stall
式中:πnear-stall、πdesign分别为近失速和设计工况的总压比;m˙near-stall、m˙design分别为近失速和设计工况对应的质量流量.
剔除几何过度扭曲及计算不收敛的样本,最终得到350个有效样本.样本数值模拟全部在一台Intel Xeon 8259CL 48核工作站上完成.每个工况平均为0.3h,每个样本计算4个工况(堵塞工况、大流量工况、设计工况及近失速工况),有效样本的总计算时长约为420.0h.
设计变量与气动性能参数共同构成了压气机设计空间.采用径向基函数(RBF)神经网络模型[27]构建叶轮、机匣处理设计变量与气动性能参数的映射关系,即代理模型.
图7为RBF神经网络结构.输入-输出之间的映射关系可表示为
y=∑i=1nwiG(xi)
式中:y为输出变量,即压气机气动性能参数;xi为输入变量,即叶轮和机匣处理的设计变量;n为隐含层神经元个数;wi为隐含层映射至输出层的权值;G(xi)为高斯(Gaussian)函数,即RBF函数,有
G(xi)=exp[−(1/2σ2)‖xi−ci‖2]
式中:σ2为Gaussian函数的方差;ci为Gaussian函数的中心;‖xi−ci‖2为欧式范数.
采用交叉验证(cross-validation)方法验证代理模型精度.从样本集中随机选取一个测试样本,使用其余样本训练代理模型,计算测试样本的预测值,并与真实值对比求误差.重复此过程,直到所有样本均作为测试样本,最终计算测试样本的均方根误差(RMSE).经过350轮验证后得到8个气动性能指标的RMSE分别为0.035、0.038、0.021、0.023、0.014、0.024、0.024和0.021,均小于0.100.以大流量工况效率为例,其RMSE为0.038,从总样本中随机选出30个样本,图8为大流量工况效率真实值与经过训练的RBF神经网络模型预测值对比.二者最大相对误差为4.7%.因此,经过训练的RBF神经网络模型满足映射精度要求,可用于后续的耦合优化研究.
耦合优化问题的数学可描述为
max:ηm˙=0.980 kg/s,  ηm˙=0.926 kg/s,  ηm˙=0.786 kg/s  s.t.{m˙choke>m˙choke,baselineπm˙=0.980  kg/s>πm˙=0.980 kg/s, baselineπm˙=0.926 kg/s>πm˙=0.926 kg/s, baselineπm˙=0.786 kg/s>πm˙=0.786 kg/s, baselinek>kbaseline
式中:η为等熵效率;m˙为质量流量;π为总压比;k为压比负斜率;max为最大化;下标choke为堵塞工况,baseline为基准模型.
目标函数为最大化大流量工况、设计工况及近失速工况的等熵效率,约束条件为堵塞流量、大流量工况、设计工况及近失速工况压比,以及压比负斜率不低于基准值.
笔者研究的目标函数和约束条件包含了大流量工况的气动性能,主要目的是为了解决传统耦合优化中大流量工况效率、压比下降的问题.采用梯度变异混合优化算法[28]实施多目标优化,种群数为40.
图9为优化过程中部分迭代步的Pareto解集分布.为便于对比,所有效率均以基准模型对应工况的效率做归一化处理.经过200步迭代后收敛到一组Pareto最优解集(RBF预测值),对最优解集进行数值模拟,得到解集的真实值,并在其中选取使得3个目标函数均有所提升的方案作为耦合优化结果.
图10为实壁机匣(原始模型去掉机匣处理)、基准机匣(原始模型)以及耦合优化的压气机性能对比.可以看出,耦合优化后的压气机气动性能在全工况范围内都优于实壁机匣和基准机匣压气机,且耦合优化后压气机效率、压比在大流量工况附近也高于实壁机匣,这是在传统耦合优化过程中未实现的[12].
压气机优化前、后主要性能指标见表4,其中稳定工况范围定义为
WSR=(m˙choke−m˙stall)/m˙choke×100%
对比图10及表4数据可知,在实壁机匣的基础上引入基准机匣后,压气机的稳定工况范围明显提升(17.15%),但带来了不可忽视的气动性能损失,包括设计工况下效率和压比降低,以及大流量工况下效率和压比下降.耦合优化在实现扩稳的同时,全面提升了压气机的气动性能,相比于实壁机匣,各项性能指标均有提升,稳定工况范围明显扩大;相比于基准机匣,近失速工况的效率和压比有所提高,其余指标也有显著改善.
综上可知,耦合优化在全工况范围内实现了扩稳增效的目标,克服了传统优化在引入机匣处理后设计工况或大流量工况效率、压比下降的问题.
表5为设计变量优化前、后的对比.结合表2、表3可知,耦合优化后设计变量均处于取值范围之内,没有达到变量上、下限,取值范围设置合理.由于设计变量较多,不利于机理分析,因而需挖掘设计空间的关键变量.
采用Sobol方法[29]对设计空间进行全局敏感性分析.图11为不同设计变量对压气机各性能指标的影响程度占比,其中占比低于15%的变量被忽略.可知,N1、N4、N6、N7、N10、N13及N14等参数对压气机性能影响较显著.
由表5可知,耦合优化后N4、N6变量值相较于基准值基本保持不变.虽然其对气动性能参数影响较大,但优化过程中只有当这两个关键变量基本保持不变时,与其他设计变量的耦合作用才能使压气机整体气动性能达到最优.由于N4、N6基本保持不变,其对流场的改变不显著,因而在流场机理分析中不予考虑.
笔者首先分析耦合优化后稳定工况范围提升的原因.稳定工况范围增大主要表现为堵塞流量和压比负斜率(失速裕度)同时增大.
由图11(a)可知,堵塞流量主要与前缘后掠角N1、抽吸槽轴向位置N13和宽度N14有关.由表5可知,优化后N1、N14均增大,N13减小.前缘后掠角增大将减小气动喉口面积,不利于堵塞流量提升.随抽吸槽宽度增加,其流通面积增大,如图12所示.堵塞工况正回流量增大(回流量为正代表气流从抽吸槽流入叶轮通道,为负则相反),更多流体从叶轮入口通过机匣处理流入叶轮通道;此时虽然抽吸槽位置前移,但其仍位于叶轮气动喉口下游,堵塞流量增大.
图11(b)中,压比负斜率主要受抽吸槽宽度N14的影响.由表5可知,耦合优化后抽吸槽宽度显著增大,补偿了因抽吸槽位置前移(N13减小)而带来的近失速工况负回流量减小的风险(抽吸槽前移,使得驱动负回流量的压差减小).由图12可知,近失速工况下负回流量没有减小,反而略微增大.由于抽吸槽前移,前缘叶顶附近更多低能流体被移除,如图13所示.叶顶附近流动状态改善,失速裕度增大.
图14为近失速工况叶轮98%叶高处轴向速度分布.速度负值表示气体在叶轮通道内发生倒流,造成通道堵塞;当倒流区域扩展至叶片前缘时,容易诱发压气机失速.可知,耦合优化后叶片前缘吸力面负轴向速度区面积减小,堵塞效应缓解,压气机稳定裕度增大,说明抽吸槽变宽(N14增大)且其位置前移(N13减小),在不损失负回流量的前提下,使得前缘叶顶附近更多低能流体被抽走,失速裕度改善.
由气动参数对比可知,耦合优化解决了引入机匣处理后大流量工况效率、压比下降的问题,因而首先分析大流量工况气动性能提升的机理.
对比图11(c)和表5可得,大流量工况效率提高是由于抽吸槽位置向上游移动(N13减小).图15为优化前、后叶顶附近流线分布,箭头表示抽吸槽内回流量的方向.大流量工况下机匣回流量为正,且优化后正回流量增大(图12).耦合优化后抽吸槽上游叶顶附近低动量流体区域明显减少,这是由于抽吸槽位置向上游移动且正回流量增大,给叶顶附近低动量流体注入更多能量,抑制了抽吸槽上游叶顶区域的流动分离,减小了叶片前缘附近的流动损失.图16为大流量工况下叶轮98%叶高处的熵.可知,耦合优化后叶片前缘附近的熵明显降低,验证了分析的合理性.
由图10和表4可以看出,耦合优化也解决了引入机匣处理后设计工况效率、压比下降的问题,因而分析设计工况(0.926kg/s)气动性能提升的机理.
由图11(e)、11(f)和表5可知,设计工况气动性能提升主要是由于叶片倾角N7减小、回流槽入射角N10增大.图17为优化前、后子午面熵及轮盖附近流线分布.耦合优化后入口段轮盖处的熵明显减小、分离涡基本消失.这是由于回流槽入射角N10增大,一方面降低了机匣处理回流在入口段轮盖处的流动分离情况,减小了分离损失;另一方面,回流与主流掺混过程更平缓,减小了掺混损失.
图18为优化前、后设计工况流向横截面静压及子午静压分布,其中该流向横截面是气流方向由轴向转为径向的典型截面.图19为典型流向横截面的相对马赫数及熵分布.由图18可知,耦合优化后主叶片压力面静压升高,有利于提升总压比.此外,耦合优化后展向压力梯度增大(子午静压曲线斜率增大),这是由于叶片倾角N7减小.叶片倾斜程度减小可促使高动量流体向轮盖方向移动,给轮盖处的低动量流体注入能量,减小涡流区、降低流动损失.图19中,轮盖处低动量区和高熵区有所减小.
由图11(g)、图11(h)和表5可知,近失速工况气动性能提升主要是由于叶片倾角N7和抽吸槽宽度N14的变化,而N7对流场的影响机理与设计工况相似,因而主要分析抽吸槽宽度N14对近失速工况气动性能的影响机理.图20为近失速工况98%叶高处的熵分布.对比图14和图20可知,高熵区与负轴向速度区域相对应,因而通道堵塞所造成的分离损失及摩擦损失是降低近失速工况等熵效率的主要原因.图20中,耦合优化后前缘高熵区面积明显减小,这是由于抽吸槽宽度增大且位置前移,使得叶片前缘附近更多低动量流体被抽走,改善了叶轮前缘流动特征,提高了叶轮的流动稳定性和气动性能.
(1) 相较于基准压气机,耦合优化压气机在大流量工况、设计工况和近失速工况的等熵效率分别提升3.90%、3.02%及1.10%,总压比分别提升9.28%、6.38%及4.49%,稳定工况范围提升0.83%;相较于实壁机匣压气机,耦合优化压气机在扩大稳定工况范围至17.98%的同时,实现了设计工况效率、压比分别提升1.70%、4.61%,大流量工况效率、压比分别提升0.68%、2.96%.
(2) 基于全局敏感性分析,获得了影响压气机气动性能的关键设计变量:前缘后掠角、前缘叶顶叶片包角、尾缘叶根叶片包角、叶片倾角、回流槽入射角、抽吸槽轴向位置及宽度;对比优化前、后关键设计变量及流场细节变化,获得了耦合优化扩稳增效机理,叶片倾角减小,更多能量被注入轮盖附近低动量流体区域,叶顶附近气动损失减小;回流槽入射角增大,掺混损失及入口段流动分离损失降低;抽吸槽位置向上游移动且宽度增大,改善了叶轮前缘流动特征,流动损失降低、失速裕度提升;抽吸槽宽度增大,弥补了前缘后掠角增大造成的流通能力减小问题,增大了堵塞流量.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(12102298; 12472238)
  • 天津市科技计划资助项目(24ZXZSSS00130)
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2025年第43卷第2期
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doi: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202502021
  • 接收时间:2024-03-15
  • 首发时间:2026-11-06
  • 出版时间:2025-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-15
  • 修回日期:2024-07-02
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(12102298; 12472238)
天津市科技计划资助项目(24ZXZSSS00130)
作者信息
    1.天津大学机械工程学院,天津 300350
    2.中国北方发动机研究所,天津 300400

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李孝检,博士,副研究员,.
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