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Article(id=1325529170754953802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325529169907704394, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202502018, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1715356800000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-11, revisedDate=1725206400000, revisedDateStr=2024-09-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793960381448, onlineDateStr=2026-11-06, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793960381448, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793960381448, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793960381448, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325529169907704394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, year='2025', volume='43', issue='2', pageStart='97', pageEnd='191', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1742832000000', pubDateStr='2025-03-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793960381247, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793960495688, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1325529650201649216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325529169907704394, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1325529650201649217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325529169907704394, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=153, endPage=157, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325529170968863307, articleId=1325529170754953802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, language=EN, title=Optical diagnostic on close-coupled SCR of diesel engine dual-injection system, columnId=null, journalTitle=Transactions of CSICE, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to meet the future emission regulations for diesel engines, dual-injection selective catalytic reduction(SCR) system has become an important means, in which the urea uniformity on the cross section of the close-coupled SCR(cc-SCR) is crucial for NOx conversion. A transparent after-treatment test bench was established and a particle image velocity(PIV) optical method was used to measure the urea droplet velocity field and droplet concentration distribution of the cc-SCR. A computing simulation of the urea distribution was also conducted and validated by the measurement. Results showed that, when the injection pulse width is less than 1.00s, there has no urea droplets on the cross section of the cc-SCR within 1.00s, which leads to a decrease of NOx conversion efficiency under the condition of low ammonia storage. The velocity field at different cross-sections presents double vortices. The simulation results are found to be consistent with the experimental results. In addition, different nozzles with different particle sizes were tested on the bench under the temperature of 215℃ and the air flow rate of 1250kg/h and 360kg/h, respectively. It is found that the distribution uniformity of urea droplet depends on the exhaust air flow rate. This phenomenon is also well explained through simulation results.

, authors=Feng Wei, Jingshan Wang, Hailong Yang, Feifei Su, Yanbin Sun, Demin Jia, authorsList=Feng Wei, Jingshan Wang, Hailong Yang, Feifei Su, Yanbin Sun, Demin Jia, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Demin Jia, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325529174441747038, articleId=1325529170754953802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, language=CN, title=柴油机双喷系统前级SCR的光学诊断, columnId=null, journalTitle=内燃机学报, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了满足柴油机未来排放法规，双喷选择性催化还原(SCR)系统成为一种重要手段，其前级SCR(cc-SCR)截面尿素液滴分布均匀性对NOx的转化至关重要．提出了一种基于粒子图像测速(PIV)光学测试系统和可视化后处理装置的前级SCR截面尿素液滴速度场和液滴浓度分布的快速测试方法，用来评价前级SCR不同配置下的截面液滴分布情况，并进行了验证．结果表明：在1.00s内，喷射脉宽不足1.00s时，排气管截面在剩余时间内无液滴，可能会导致低氨储工况下NOx转化效率降低；不同截面位置，二维速度场均呈双旋涡的情况，且仿真与试验结果吻合；在温度为215℃、排气流量为1250kg/h和360kg/h条件下，对于不同粒径的喷嘴，其截面尿素液滴分布均匀性取决于排气流量，仿真结果很好解释了这一现象．

, authors=魏锋, 王井山, 杨海龙, 苏菲菲, 孙彦斌, 贾德民, authorsList=魏锋, 王井山, 杨海龙, 苏菲菲, 孙彦斌, 贾德民, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=贾德民, authorNote=

魏锋，硕士，助理工程师，.

, correspAuthorsNote=
贾德民，硕士，高级工程师，.
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魏锋，硕士，助理工程师，.

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魏锋，硕士，助理工程师，.

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Specifications of urea nozzle

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喷嘴SMD/μm喷雾锥角/(°)
16825
25067
35264
41515
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尿素喷嘴的技术参数

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喷嘴SMD/μm喷雾锥角/(°)
16825
25067
35264
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柴油机双喷系统前级SCR的光学诊断
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魏锋 , 王井山 , 杨海龙 , 苏菲菲 , 孙彦斌 , 贾德民
内燃机学报 | 2025,43(2): 153-157
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内燃机学报 | 2025 , 43 (2) : 153 -157
柴油机双喷系统前级SCR的光学诊断
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魏锋 , 王井山, 杨海龙, 苏菲菲, 孙彦斌, 贾德民
作者信息
  • 潍柴动力股份有限公司内燃机与动力系统全国重点实验室，潍坊261061
通讯作者:
贾德民，硕士，高级工程师，.
作者简介:

魏锋，硕士，助理工程师，.

Optical diagnostic on close-coupled SCR of diesel engine dual-injection system
Feng Wei , Jingshan Wang, Hailong Yang, Feifei Su, Yanbin Sun, Demin Jia
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Engine and Powertrain System，Weichai Power Company Limited，Weifang 261061，China
出版时间: 2025-03-25 doi: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202502018
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摘要
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为了满足柴油机未来排放法规，双喷选择性催化还原(SCR)系统成为一种重要手段，其前级SCR(cc-SCR)截面尿素液滴分布均匀性对NOx的转化至关重要．提出了一种基于粒子图像测速(PIV)光学测试系统和可视化后处理装置的前级SCR截面尿素液滴速度场和液滴浓度分布的快速测试方法，用来评价前级SCR不同配置下的截面液滴分布情况，并进行了验证．结果表明：在1.00s内，喷射脉宽不足1.00s时，排气管截面在剩余时间内无液滴，可能会导致低氨储工况下NOx转化效率降低；不同截面位置，二维速度场均呈双旋涡的情况，且仿真与试验结果吻合；在温度为215℃、排气流量为1250kg/h和360kg/h条件下，对于不同粒径的喷嘴，其截面尿素液滴分布均匀性取决于排气流量，仿真结果很好解释了这一现象．

柴油机  /  后处理  /  速度场  /  粒子图像测速

In order to meet the future emission regulations for diesel engines, dual-injection selective catalytic reduction(SCR) system has become an important means, in which the urea uniformity on the cross section of the close-coupled SCR(cc-SCR) is crucial for NOx conversion. A transparent after-treatment test bench was established and a particle image velocity(PIV) optical method was used to measure the urea droplet velocity field and droplet concentration distribution of the cc-SCR. A computing simulation of the urea distribution was also conducted and validated by the measurement. Results showed that, when the injection pulse width is less than 1.00s, there has no urea droplets on the cross section of the cc-SCR within 1.00s, which leads to a decrease of NOx conversion efficiency under the condition of low ammonia storage. The velocity field at different cross-sections presents double vortices. The simulation results are found to be consistent with the experimental results. In addition, different nozzles with different particle sizes were tested on the bench under the temperature of 215℃ and the air flow rate of 1250kg/h and 360kg/h, respectively. It is found that the distribution uniformity of urea droplet depends on the exhaust air flow rate. This phenomenon is also well explained through simulation results.

diesel engine  /  after-treatment  /  velocity filed  /  particle image velocity
魏锋, 王井山, 杨海龙, 苏菲菲, 孙彦斌, 贾德民. 柴油机双喷系统前级SCR的光学诊断. 内燃机学报, 2025 , 43 (2) : 153 -157 . DOI: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202502018
Feng Wei, Jingshan Wang, Hailong Yang, Feifei Su, Yanbin Sun, Demin Jia. Optical diagnostic on close-coupled SCR of diesel engine dual-injection system[J]. Transactions of CSICE, 2025 , 43 (2) : 153 -157 . DOI: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202502018
正文
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柴油机由于具备功率输出范围广、可靠性高且使用寿命长等特点，目前被广泛应用在交通运输行业、工程机械行业、农业机械行业及电力行业等．柴油燃烧过程中会产生降低空气质量的气体，如CO、SO2和氮氧合物(NOx)等[1-2]．其中，NOx具有不同程度的毒性，对自然界和人体产生严重危害，是柴油机尾气处理的主要目标[3-4]．
在众多尾气处理技术中，选择性催化还原(SCR)因其技术可靠、运行中可保持高转换效率而迅速发展．SCR技术的工作原理以32.5%(质量分数)的尿素水溶液为还原剂，根据实际发动机工况定量向SCR前端喷射尿素水溶液液滴[5]．尿素水溶液液滴经过高温雾化、蒸发、热解及水解后，生成用于将尾气中NOx污染物还原成无害N2和H2O的还原剂．为了应对日益严苛的排放限值，行业内提出了前级SCR(cc-SCR)系统．通过预先将少量尿素溶液与尾气在前级混合器进行预混合，实现NOx的进一步降低[6-7]．尾气管中尿素液滴的空间分布情况显著影响NOx转换效率．实时表征前级SCR中尿素液滴的空间分布可为后处理系统设计提供指导方向．目前，行业内关于柴油机实际SCR后处理系统中尿素液滴空间分布的检测鲜见报道，需开展相关工作．
粒子图像测速(PIV)技术作为一种光学检测技术，具备无接触、实时及全流场测量等特点．PIV技术相比于以往的测速技术，如激光多普勒测速(LDV)、热线(热膜)测速等的传统单点测量技术，实现了对空间瞬态流场的实时测量，具有极高的空间分辨率和精度，且不干扰被测流场，已被广泛应用于不同场景流场的表征．
笔者采用PIV测速技术测量后处理系统中尾气管尿素液滴截面流场情况，探究不同工况下尿素液滴在排气管中的分布，分析在相同工况下不同喷嘴类型对尿素液滴速度场的影响，以期为后处理系统仿真提供一定的参考，同时也为喷嘴和混合器的匹配选型提供快速测试和评价手段．
1　装置及仿真工具
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图1为测试系统，主要包括加热器、风机、可视化光学管道、尿素喷嘴、尿素喷射系统、CCD相机、双脉冲激光器、同步控制器、计算机及商用图像处理软件Davis．
试验中采用的激光器单脉冲能量为200mJ、频率为10Hz且波长为532nm．激光通过片光生成器转化为张角为20°、厚度小于1mm的扇形片光．采用CCD相机，其像素为5M、采样频率为10Hz；CCD相机最小粒径测量范围为5μm．利用双脉冲激光器照亮可视化排气管，排气管中尿素液滴散射激光光强，使得CCD相机能够捕捉到尿素液滴对应的内部流场．CCD相机采集的图片分辨率为2456×2456．首先打开风机、加热器后，待可视化光学管道内部温度达到目标温度后，开始喷射尿素溶液．此时，在激光器照射下，CCD相机同步采集可视化光学管道内部尿素液滴流场．将采集的CCD相片导入软件Davis进行处理，得到不同工况下排气管中尿素液滴的流场．
笔者采用4种尿素喷嘴，表1为尿素喷嘴技术参数，其中喷嘴4为气助式喷嘴，索特平均直径(SMD)为15μm，喷雾锥角为15°；其他尿素喷嘴为压力雾化喷嘴，SMD均大于50μm，喷雾锥角为25°～67°．用Bettersize2000S喷雾激光粒度仪测算SMD，用图像处理技术测量喷雾锥角．仿真工具为商用Fluent，仿真过程中，湍流模型选择SST κ-ω；开启组分运输模型和离散相模型；离散相模型中，连续相和离散相双向耦合，尿素喷射选取锥形喷射器．
2　结果分析
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图2为前级SCR混合器示意．为分析前级SCR截面均匀性的影响因素，笔者在混合器结构确定的条件下进行了不同喷嘴、排气流量及尿素喷射量对前级SCR尿素水溶液液滴截面均匀性的影响研究．
图2(a)中，气体流向如红色箭头所示，由右侧接口流向左侧接口后进入前级SCR载体．图2(b)为前级混合器排气流量为1000kg/h条件下，仿真计算的尿素水溶液液滴运动轨迹．可知，气流(蓝色箭头)以一定夹角进入到前级混合器后与尿素水溶液液滴混合，粒径较大的液滴受气流影响较小，与混合器下方扇片碰撞；粒径较小的液滴受到气流的夹带作用，碰撞到排气管的上方．气流对液滴的夹带作用会影响到前级SCR截面中尿素液滴的运动轨迹[8-9]．
图3为CCD相机1.00s内(单周期)拍摄的前级SCR截面．在温度为220℃、排气流量为500kg/h和尿素喷射量为1200mg/s下进行．在尿素喷嘴喷射后，截面存在了大量的液滴．对液滴进行数目统计，尿素液滴主要集中在截面的中部以及左侧和右侧，1.00s内距离喷嘴540mm位置处的管道圆截面尿素液滴数分布见图4．由于气体流动方向与排气管存在夹角，当气体在排气管中运动时，气体夹带着液滴碰撞到排气管壁面，造成了液滴管道圆截面分布主要集中在以上空间．
图5示出距离喷嘴540mm位置处SCR截面速度分布．由于最大尿素喷射量为1980mg/s，尿素喷射量为1200mg/s对应60.6%的占空比，喷射频率为1Hz时则会导致在1个周期(0.64s～1.00s)内的排气管中无尿素液滴存在，当SCR载体中氨存储较少且喷射占空比不足100.0%时，尾气排放中NOx质量分数可能会因排气管中一段时间内无尿素液滴而偏高．该发现为低氨储工况下的SCR尿素喷射策略优化提供了方向．
图5(a)为试验测量的前级SCR截面速度场．在排气流量为360kg/h、排气温度为215℃且尿素喷射量为1000mg/s的工况下进行．可知，排气管截面上尿素水溶液液滴对应的运动方向呈两个涡旋，分别位于排气管截面的上部和排气管截面的下部．造成尿素水溶液液滴涡旋运动的原因是气体运动的方向、排气管几何方向及尿素水溶液液滴喷射方向存在夹角，导致了尿素水溶液液滴碰撞排气管壁面．碰壁后的液滴群分散成两个部分，一部分向排气管截面上半部运动，一部分向排气管截面下半部运动．图5(a)中，在排气管截面中，液滴中心位置具有较高的速度，原因是混合器叶片结构引导排气向中心区域流动，同时与尿素喷雾液束喷射方向一致，因而中心区域的液滴速度较快，而壁面附近液滴因气流方向和碰壁等因素速度有所减小；而两个旋涡中心和排气管截面左、右两侧具备较小速度，是因为此处的压力相对较大，造成了液滴运动缓慢．图5(b)为相同工况下仿真软件计算出的截面速度场分布．可知，仿真得出的速度分布与试验结果具有相似的空间分布，可靠性较高．
图6示出温度为210℃、排气流量为1250kg/h且尿素喷射量为1000mg/s条件下，CCD相机焦平面距离尿素喷嘴安装位置不同位置对应的速度场分布．可知，在距离喷嘴540mm位置处，整个场内液滴速度较高，对应的平均速度为9.387m/s；距离喷嘴740mm位置处，对应的平均速度为6.145m/s．两个速度场映射图表明距离喷嘴的位置会影响截面速度场分布．当距离喷嘴越远时，截面速度场的旋转程度会发生很大的变化．在距离喷嘴较近时，由于上游气体的来流方向与尾气管存在夹角，会使靠近喷嘴的截面速度场产生较大的旋转，导致管道内部的尿素液滴具有较大的速度[10]．当距离尿素喷嘴较远距离时，由于来流气体在排气管中运动时间增强，造成了沿排气管径向速度减小．虽然距离喷嘴位置会影响尿素液滴在截面中的速度分布，但距离喷嘴540mm位置处速度场在左上角和左下角各有一个涡旋；距离喷嘴740mm位置处速度场在左上角和正下方各有一个涡旋[11]．两个截面旋涡位置出现不同是因为当前方气流来流时与排气管径向存在一定的夹角，气体在传输过程中会碰撞排气管左侧或右侧壁面，因而截面速度场存在旋涡结构．在距离喷嘴740mm位置处气流在管道中运动时间较长，沿截面径向的速度大大减小，因而该位置尿素液滴的速度及旋转程度较小．
图7为前级SCR管道截面尿素液滴分布情况．可知，在截面的上部和下部各有一个较少尿素液滴的分布区域．这是因为大量的尿素液滴被尾气夹带，转移至排气管的上半部位，因而造成了大量的尿素液滴转移至排气管上部．
尿素截面液滴分布均匀性C是影响SCR催化剂载体的重要因素，通过可视化可以获得尿素液滴在截面上的分布，通过统计不同位置对应的液滴数即可得到C [12]，有
C=1−12n⋅∑1n(xi−x¯)x¯
式中：n为截面分割份数，n由前期图像处理所确定；x¯为分割后尿素水溶液液滴平均数；xi为第i份的尿素水溶液液滴个数．C最大为1，数值越大表明均匀性越好．
小排气流量下，气助喷嘴4对应的截面液滴分布均匀性约为0.87；在大排气流量条件下，喷嘴4对应的截面液滴分布均匀性为0.71，如图8所示．仿真验证了在1250kg/h的较大排气流量条件下，较大尿素液滴粒径和较小尿素液滴粒径在排气管中的轨迹是不同的，较小尿素液滴粒径更易受到气流的影响．
图9示出排气流量为1250kg/h条件下不同粒径的运动轨迹．可知，大粒径液滴具有较大雷诺数，动量较高[13-15]，受气流夹带影响较小，大量液滴经过前级SCR混合器与气流进行混合；对于粒径较小的尿素液滴，其雷诺数小，动量低，易受到大排气流量气流夹带至排气管壁面，在运动过程中，大量小粒径液滴不经过前级SCR混合器与气流进行混合，导致了较低的均匀性．
3　结论
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(1) 单次喷射周期内，排气管中并不是所有时刻都有尿素液滴；前级SCR管路不同截面的速度场均呈双旋涡现象，但随着与喷嘴距离的增大，旋涡大小变小，液滴速度减小；仿真计算也很好地反映该混合器双旋涡的特点．
(2) 在较小排气流量(360kg/h)条件下，小粒径的气助式喷嘴液滴分布均匀性优于大粒径的非气助式喷嘴，而较大排气流量(1250kg/h)下的结果相反，气助式喷嘴的液滴分布均匀性最差，并未发挥小粒径的优势，这主要是因为排气流量大的时候小粒径液滴更易受侧风的影响，更易被吹到喷嘴一侧管路上．
(3) 基于激光测试设备和可视化后处理装置的光学测试系统可有效应用于前级SCR截面速度场和液滴分布情况的测试，为前级SCR喷嘴、混合器的选型匹配提供快速评价手段．
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  • 泰山产业领军人才工程资助项目
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doi: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202502018
  • 接收时间：2024-05-11
  • 首发时间：2026-11-06
  • 出版时间：2025-03-25
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  • 收稿日期：2024-05-11
  • 修回日期：2024-09-02
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    潍柴动力股份有限公司内燃机与动力系统全国重点实验室，潍坊261061

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贾德民，硕士，高级工程师，.
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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