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Article(id=1325528771490759184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325528735126151362, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202501004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1706457600000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-29, revisedDate=1715529600000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793960286245, onlineDateStr=2026-11-06, pubDate=1737734400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793960286245, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793960286245, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793960286245, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325528735126151362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, year='2025', volume='43', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='95', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1737734400000', pubDateStr='2025-01-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793960277585, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793960521174, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1325529757923951150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325528735126151362, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1325529757923951151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325528735126151362, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=29, endPage=37, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325528771893412369, articleId=1325528771490759184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, language=EN, title=Study on the cavitation flow and spray characteristics of gasoline-diesel blends in nozzle, columnId=null, journalTitle=Transactions of CSICE, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on a full-scale transparent nozzle internal flow and spray visualization experiment platform, an experimental study on the effect of taper of hole(taper factor of 1, 2 and 3) and number of hole(single, two and three holes) on the cavitation transient flow and spray in the nozzles was carried out for pure diesel(D100) and gasoline-diesel blended fuel of D20G80(20% diesel and 80% gasoline). The results show that the effect of the nozzle taper on cavitation and spraying in the nozzles is obviously different for the pure diesel and the gasoline-diesel blended fuel. The blended fuel has strong string cavitation with larger spray cone angle and fluctuations in the spray edge in the nozzles with all tested nozzle tapers, while the pure diesel only has string cavitation in the nozzle with a taper factor of 2. For the nozzles with a taper factor of 2, string cavitation occurs for both the pure diesel and the blended fuel in two-hole nozzles. It also occurs in the single-hole nozzle, but with less intense. Geometry-induced wall cavitation mainly occurs in the three-hole nozzle and spray edge fluctuations are stronger than that in the single-hole and two-hole nozzles.

, authors=Bihe Hu1, Yunlong Huang2, Jianquan Wang1, Genmiao Guo1, Zhixia He1, authorsList=Bihe Hu, Yunlong Huang, Jianquan Wang, Genmiao Guo, Zhixia He, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhixia He, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325528776695890482, articleId=1325528771490759184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, language=CN, title=混合燃油在喷嘴内线空化流动特性及喷雾研究, columnId=null, journalTitle=内燃机学报, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于高压共轨燃油喷射系统原尺寸量级透明喷嘴内部流动及喷雾可视化试验平台，针对纯柴油(D100)与汽/柴油混合燃油(D20G80)，开展了不同燃油属性下喷孔锥度(锥度分别取值为1、2和3)及喷孔数(单孔、2孔和3孔)对喷嘴内空化瞬态流动及喷雾影响的试验．结果表明：喷孔锥度对D100和D20G80在喷嘴内的空化及喷雾的影响明显不同，D20G80在不同喷孔锥度的喷嘴内均有较强的线空化出现，对应较大的喷雾锥角及喷雾边缘的波动，D100仅在锥度为2的喷嘴内出现线空化；对于锥度为2的喷嘴，2孔喷嘴内纯柴油与混合燃油均发生了线空化且与单孔喷嘴类似，但强度更低，3孔喷嘴内则主要出现几何诱导的壁面空化，喷雾边缘波动性强于单孔和2孔喷嘴．

, authors=胡碧荷1, 黄云龙2, 王健权1, 郭根苗1, 何志霞1, authorsList=胡碧荷, 黄云龙, 王健权, 郭根苗, 何志霞, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=何志霞, authorNote=

胡碧荷，硕士，．

, correspAuthorsNote=
何志霞，博士，教授，．
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胡碧荷，硕士，．

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胡碧荷，硕士，．

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remark=2.融通航空发动机科技有限公司，南京 210000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1325528781276070492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325528771490759184, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Schematic diagram of the full-scale transparent nozzle internal flow and spray visualization test platform, figureFileSmall=Qw7BeKQtkH3yNwQgaWEmrQ==, figureFileBig=Tx6eCRPBoSssXlE57TMs2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325528783108981341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325528771490759184, language=CN, label=图1, caption=高压共轨喷油可视化平台, figureFileSmall=Qw7BeKQtkH3yNwQgaWEmrQ==, figureFileBig=Tx6eCRPBoSssXlE57TMs2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325528783385805406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325528771490759184, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Top view of the nozzles with different number of holes, figureFileSmall=pRDJwu67MWVJNVTk/zgwUA==, figureFileBig=kjXCm90/NLlsVmJcYwKJ+g==, 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label=Fig.4, caption=Transient cavitation intensity curves for D100 and D20G80 in nozzles with different taper coefficients, figureFileSmall=Jmt9G0da7X+AOzVHok2WtQ==, figureFileBig=VdMX+S/j+k2vSG4LxT2gpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325528783822013027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325528771490759184, language=CN, label=图4, caption=D100与D20G80在不同锥度喷嘴内瞬态空化强度曲线, figureFileSmall=Jmt9G0da7X+AOzVHok2WtQ==, figureFileBig=VdMX+S/j+k2vSG4LxT2gpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325528783905899108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325528771490759184, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Cavitation priming and development of D100 and D20G80 in a nozzle with taper 2 at needle valve lifting stage, figureFileSmall=koYanKqe52HRit1vg7Angg==, figureFileBig=06K96CAYRvCwF6SWEeBChA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325528784002368101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325528771490759184, language=CN, label=图5, caption=针阀抬起阶段D100与D20G80在锥度为2的喷嘴内空化初生及发展过程, figureFileSmall=koYanKqe52HRit1vg7Angg==, figureFileBig=06K96CAYRvCwF6SWEeBChA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325528784069476966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325528771490759184, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=String cavitation patterns and spatial distribution of two fuel types at different needle valve heights, figureFileSmall=h5CeDQf18uvnptlNuTWwXA==, figureFileBig=bWSnGQS5BakBzY7hwVRavw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325528784140780135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325528771490759184, language=CN, label=图6, caption=两种燃油在不同针阀高度下的线空化形态及空间分布, figureFileSmall=h5CeDQf18uvnptlNuTWwXA==, figureFileBig=bWSnGQS5BakBzY7hwVRavw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325528784228860520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325528771490759184, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Transient changes of spray cone angle after D100 and D20G80 injected through three spray nozzle with different taper, figureFileSmall=WmhMoZE3Djxzyn66MJeJDg==, figureFileBig=SOl1YXP34BjIEpoDVbswgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325528784308552297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325528771490759184, language=CN, label=图7, caption=D100与D20G80经3种不同喷孔锥度喷嘴后喷雾锥角瞬态变化, figureFileSmall=WmhMoZE3Djxzyn66MJeJDg==, figureFileBig=SOl1YXP34BjIEpoDVbswgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325528784392438378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325528771490759184, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Standard deviation of spray edge fluctuations between D100 and D20G80 injected through different tapered nozzles, figureFileSmall=VNB+XrfqGYyWqtkmWlivbQ==, figureFileBig=phfVwddHwrgJp465BAk9lg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325528784455352939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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language=CN, label=图11, caption=1～3孔喷嘴D100与D20G80燃油空化强度曲线, figureFileSmall=zankD2721GxZxTSXTv1SXQ==, figureFileBig=IDzE4KciglTnTkgaeWSeUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325528784954475122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325528771490759184, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=String cavitation between the holes of D100 and D20G80 in the two-hole nozzle, figureFileSmall=aNAa2meH2CcAlM0l/zSCSg==, figureFileBig=dh8xPB/gu9+1b3Kbff1xQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325528785017389683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325528771490759184, language=CN, label=图12, caption=2孔喷嘴内D100与D20G80的孔与孔之间的线空化, figureFileSmall=aNAa2meH2CcAlM0l/zSCSg==, figureFileBig=dh8xPB/gu9+1b3Kbff1xQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325528785080304244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325528771490759184, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Distribution of fuel cavitation length and width of D100 and D20G80 in three-hole nozzle, figureFileSmall=JK3yCRSKOInfsBAOvSffFA==, figureFileBig=fQF0Ced1VWra4rftY0qpFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325528785151607413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325528771490759184, language=CN, label=图13, caption=3孔喷嘴D100与D20G80燃油空化长度宽度分布, figureFileSmall=JK3yCRSKOInfsBAOvSffFA==, figureFileBig=fQF0Ced1VWra4rftY0qpFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325528785214521974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325528771490759184, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Transient changes of spray cone angle after D100 and D20G80 injected through spray nozzle with different number of holes, figureFileSmall=0ZPP+MbYeu2iJje169np1g==, figureFileBig=fx/PUqIoSeOzRRlqylXC1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325528785281630839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325528771490759184, language=CN, label=图14, caption=D100与D20G80经不同喷孔数喷嘴喷出后喷雾锥角瞬态变化, figureFileSmall=0ZPP+MbYeu2iJje169np1g==, figureFileBig=fx/PUqIoSeOzRRlqylXC1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325528785340351096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325528771490759184, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Mean spray cone angle of two types of fuel on one to three-hole nozzles, figureFileSmall=FDvI9uolWkyi7WJKZSicXA==, figureFileBig=eztNFzK+pjQB2wEgwCKwLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325528785424237177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325528771490759184, language=CN, label=图15, caption=两类燃油在1～3孔喷嘴上喷油中期平均喷雾锥角, figureFileSmall=FDvI9uolWkyi7WJKZSicXA==, figureFileBig=eztNFzK+pjQB2wEgwCKwLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325528785491346042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325528771490759184, language=EN, label=Fig.16, caption=Cavitation and spraying of D100 and D20G80 through inter-hole of the two-hole nozzle, figureFileSmall=QyGMjZN3m9Qrbl8Ei6Ws1w==, figureFileBig=xrUcSOSBEkStlbiYyp+Szw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325528785558454907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325528771490759184, language=CN, label=图16, caption=D100与D20G80在2孔喷嘴内孔与孔间线空化及喷雾, figureFileSmall=QyGMjZN3m9Qrbl8Ei6Ws1w==, figureFileBig=xrUcSOSBEkStlbiYyp+Szw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325528785629758076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325528771490759184, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Physical and chemical properties of fuel

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数D100D20G80
密度/(g·cm-3)0.83040.7621
运动黏度/(mPa·s)4.20.7
表面张力/(N·m-1)0.02820.0248
饱和蒸气压/kPa1.2845.10
), ArticleFig(id=1325528785713644157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325528771490759184, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

燃料理化特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数D100D20G80
密度/(g·cm-3)0.83040.7621
运动黏度/(mPa·s)4.20.7
表面张力/(N·m-1)0.02820.0248
饱和蒸气压/kPa1.2845.10
), ArticleFig(id=1325528785776558718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325528771490759184, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Nozzle structure parameters

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编号喷孔数喷孔锥度K喷孔入口孔径Din /mm
K1＝1110.2359
K1＝2120.2534
K1＝3130.2530
K2＝2220.2506
K3＝2320.2472
), ArticleFig(id=1325528785847861887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325528771490759184, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

喷嘴结构参数

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编号喷孔数喷孔锥度K喷孔入口孔径Din /mm
K1＝1110.2359
K1＝2120.2534
K1＝3130.2530
K2＝2220.2506
K3＝2320.2472
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混合燃油在喷嘴内线空化流动特性及喷雾研究
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胡碧荷 1 , 黄云龙 2 , 王健权 1 , 郭根苗 1 , 何志霞 1
内燃机学报 | 2025,43(1): 29-37
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内燃机学报 | 2025 , 43 (1) : 29 -37
混合燃油在喷嘴内线空化流动特性及喷雾研究
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胡碧荷，硕士，．

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胡碧荷，硕士，．

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胡碧荷1 , 黄云龙2, 王健权1, 郭根苗1, 何志霞1
作者信息
  • 1.江苏大学能源研究院，镇江 212013
  • 2.融通航空发动机科技有限公司，南京 210000
通讯作者:
何志霞，博士，教授，．
作者简介:

胡碧荷，硕士，．

Study on the cavitation flow and spray characteristics of gasoline-diesel blends in nozzle
Bihe Hu1 , Yunlong Huang2, Jianquan Wang1, Genmiao Guo1, Zhixia He1
Affiliations
  • 1.Institute for Energy Research，Jiangsu University，Zhenjiang 212013，China
  • 2.Rongtong Aero-Engine Technology Company Limited，Nanjing 210000，China
出版时间: 2025-01-25 doi: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202501004
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摘要
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基于高压共轨燃油喷射系统原尺寸量级透明喷嘴内部流动及喷雾可视化试验平台，针对纯柴油(D100)与汽/柴油混合燃油(D20G80)，开展了不同燃油属性下喷孔锥度(锥度分别取值为1、2和3)及喷孔数(单孔、2孔和3孔)对喷嘴内空化瞬态流动及喷雾影响的试验．结果表明：喷孔锥度对D100和D20G80在喷嘴内的空化及喷雾的影响明显不同，D20G80在不同喷孔锥度的喷嘴内均有较强的线空化出现，对应较大的喷雾锥角及喷雾边缘的波动，D100仅在锥度为2的喷嘴内出现线空化；对于锥度为2的喷嘴，2孔喷嘴内纯柴油与混合燃油均发生了线空化且与单孔喷嘴类似，但强度更低，3孔喷嘴内则主要出现几何诱导的壁面空化，喷雾边缘波动性强于单孔和2孔喷嘴．

汽/柴油混合燃油  /  喷孔锥度  /  喷孔孔数  /  空化  /  喷雾

Based on a full-scale transparent nozzle internal flow and spray visualization experiment platform, an experimental study on the effect of taper of hole(taper factor of 1, 2 and 3) and number of hole(single, two and three holes) on the cavitation transient flow and spray in the nozzles was carried out for pure diesel(D100) and gasoline-diesel blended fuel of D20G80(20% diesel and 80% gasoline). The results show that the effect of the nozzle taper on cavitation and spraying in the nozzles is obviously different for the pure diesel and the gasoline-diesel blended fuel. The blended fuel has strong string cavitation with larger spray cone angle and fluctuations in the spray edge in the nozzles with all tested nozzle tapers, while the pure diesel only has string cavitation in the nozzle with a taper factor of 2. For the nozzles with a taper factor of 2, string cavitation occurs for both the pure diesel and the blended fuel in two-hole nozzles. It also occurs in the single-hole nozzle, but with less intense. Geometry-induced wall cavitation mainly occurs in the three-hole nozzle and spray edge fluctuations are stronger than that in the single-hole and two-hole nozzles.

gasoline-diesel blends  /  hole taper  /  hole number  /  cavitation  /  spray
胡碧荷, 黄云龙, 王健权, 郭根苗, 何志霞. 混合燃油在喷嘴内线空化流动特性及喷雾研究. 内燃机学报, 2025 , 43 (1) : 29 -37 . DOI: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202501004
Bihe Hu, Yunlong Huang, Jianquan Wang, Genmiao Guo, Zhixia He. Study on the cavitation flow and spray characteristics of gasoline-diesel blends in nozzle[J]. Transactions of CSICE, 2025 , 43 (1) : 29 -37 . DOI: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202501004
正文
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柴油机高压喷射喷嘴内部存在空化流动现象，喷嘴内的空化现象根据诱因的不同可分为几何诱导空化和涡线空化[1-2]，几何诱导空化主要是由于喷孔入口处孔口收缩及入口拐弯上壁面处的回流区低压所引致，因是几何因素导致的流场压力的降低，空化发生在壁面处，所以称为几何诱导壁面空化．线空化主要是由涡旋流动中漩涡中心的低压所引发，燃油蒸气和不凝性气体在涡流低压核心聚集，进而发生空化相变．喷嘴内的空化瞬态流动特性及近喷嘴区的喷雾特性与燃油物性[3-6]、喷射压力[7-9]和喷嘴几何结构[10-15]等都存在密切的关联性．
在燃油物性对喷嘴内部流动及喷雾影响的研究中，发动机各种替代燃料的应用以及各类新型燃烧模式对燃料设计的需求是研究的主要应用背景[16-19]，特别是对后者而言，大比例汽油对应的汽/柴油混合燃油在压燃式发动机中因具备实现高效超低排放的低温均质压燃燃烧的潜力而引发关注，如汽油直喷压燃燃烧技术相比较于传统汽油点燃技术有获得50%热效率的潜力，但汽油压燃存在小负荷着火困难、大负荷爆燃的问题，汽/柴油混合燃油综合了汽油和柴油的理化属性，有潜力解决上述问题，针对汽/柴油混合燃油喷雾特性的研究[20-21]表明，其与纯柴油喷雾锥角、贯穿距等特性差异较大，随着掺混比例的增加不具备一定的规律性，所以有必要从其喷嘴内部流动的角度进一步开展分析．目前针对汽/柴油混合燃油在喷嘴内的流动特性以及对喷雾的影响研究还很缺乏．揭示这种不同物性燃油在喷油器喷嘴内部瞬态流动特性乃至喷雾特性则十分关键．
喷嘴几何结构参数中，喷孔锥度对燃油在喷嘴内的空化流动及喷雾的影响尤为显著，近些年被广为关注[22]．喷孔形状及尺寸会极大地影响到喷嘴流量及随后喷雾特性，为了尽可能提高喷嘴流量系数，发动机所用的喷油器喷嘴喷孔往往具有一定的锥度，即采用渐缩锥度孔形式，可抑制孔内空化，增加流量系数．文献[23]对比了不同喷孔锥度对孔内几何诱导壁面空化及喷雾的影响得出，较大锥度的渐缩喷孔内为纯单相流动时，喷孔出口喷雾表面也相对平滑；而渐扩锥度孔内壁面空化延伸并超出喷孔后引致喷雾表面较大的波动．
柴油机实际喷油器喷嘴往往是多喷孔，而原尺寸量级喷嘴内部空化瞬态流动可视化试验大多在单喷孔喷嘴内开展，单孔试验在揭示针阀抬起关闭过程中从喷嘴压力室流入喷孔内，孔口收缩引致的降压及空化流动现象机理方面有很大优势．但从可视化试验开展的角度来看，试验中需要同时捕获到喷嘴内部流动及孔外喷雾，超过2孔后的试验相对比较难做，从而孔数的影响尚不是很明晰．笔者尝试开展了3孔的研究，与单孔和2孔试验做了对比，基于高压共轨燃油喷射系统原尺寸量级透明喷嘴内部流动及喷雾可视化试验平台，针对纯柴油与汽/柴油混合燃油，开展不同燃油属性下喷孔锥度及喷孔数对喷嘴内空化瞬态流动及喷雾特性影响的试验．
1　试验装置及方案
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1.1　试验装置和方案
图1为高压共轨式喷射系统原尺寸量级透明喷嘴内流及喷雾可视化试验系统示意．试验系统主要包括高压共轨燃油喷射系统、高速显微成像系统和控制与存储系统．其中，高速相机为日本Photron公司的SA-Z，能提供最高210000帧/s的拍摄速度，最大像素为1024×1024．试验中长焦显微镜头来自Questar，光圈为固定值，通过设置曝光时长和灯光亮度来控制画面亮度．喷油器采用了博世110系列，试验中将金属喷嘴保留密封面及以上结构，而将包括压力室及喷孔部位的喷嘴头部采用线切割法切割后替换为亚克力材料加工的透明喷嘴，其折射率与汽/柴油折射率非常接近，可减少透明喷嘴与燃油界面上光的折射进而带来的光损失．
图2为单孔、2孔及3孔喷嘴的俯视．试验中喷嘴压力室为Min-SAC的小压力室结构，压力室直径为1mm．喷嘴喷孔长度L为1.67mm，喷孔出口直径Dout为0.22mm，喷孔和针阀轴线夹角为70°，喷孔锥度K为2．其中，K定义为
K=[(Din−Dout)/L]×100
式中：Din为喷孔入口直径．
试验针对纯柴油(D100)和汽/柴油混合燃油(D20G80，其中汽油质量分数为80%)开展．两类燃油的理化特性如表1所示．
表2为喷嘴结构参数，试验用的喷嘴结构方案有5种：喷孔数为1的单喷孔锥度K分别取1、2和3，即为K1＝1、K1＝2和K1＝3，下标代表孔数；锥度K取2时喷孔数分别为1、2和3，喷孔沿圆周均布，相应的标识为K1＝2、K2＝2和K3＝2．试验中保持喷孔出口直径为0.22mm不变，入口孔径为0.25mm，由于加工过程中的误差，不同孔数的入口孔径在0.25mm左右略有偏差，但在研究的偏差范围内．喷嘴压力室的直径均为1mm，试验喷油压力为60MPa，背压为0.1MPa，喷油脉宽为800μs．
1.2　数据处理
根据正背景打光的高速摄像成像技术可以获得不同时刻线空化、喷雾锥角以及针阀升程图像，试验所获得的图像在MATLAB中进行处理．试验中单个工况均会重复10次．试验可视化拍摄得到的喷孔内部流动图像中，燃油空化蒸气相为黑色，燃油液相为白色，灰度值则在一定程度上反映了空化程度，将图片中线空化面积统计出来，将线空化面积Acav与喷孔面积Ahole之比定义为空化强度Icav，即
Icav=(Acav/Ahole)×100%
与喷嘴内空化图像的处理过程类似，图3为喷雾锥嘴的处理过程，喷雾图像通过喷雾边缘检测仅在二值图像的列上寻找喷雾的第一个及最后一个亮点，然后将所得两条不规则曲线拟合为两条直线，这两条直线的夹角为喷雾锥角θ．由于喷雾在近喷孔区域为锥形，因而喷雾投影所呈现的角度即可反映其喷雾锥角．针阀升程则是通过检测针阀阴影最下端的相对位置获得．
2　结果及分析
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2.1　喷孔锥度对混合燃油喷嘴内空化瞬态流动特性的影响
图4示出锥度分别为1、2和3的3个单孔喷嘴内D100与D20G80在一次燃油喷射过程中随针阀抬起和关闭时喷嘴内瞬态空化强度Icav曲线．不同燃油针阀升程曲线略有区别，是由燃油物性(包括黏性、弹性模量等)的差异引致的．如果是柴油，高压共轨喷油器上端球阀部分泄压会慢，从而压差作用下针阀的抬起也慢，但电磁阀抬起关闭时间是一样的，从而针阀抬起的最大位置也低．因喷孔为渐缩锥度孔，喷嘴内如有空化的出现，主要出现在针阀抬起初始阶段和落座的接近关闭阶段，均对应了较低的针阀升程，而针阀抬至较高位置后的整个喷油过程中则几乎无空化现象．D20G80的空化强度峰值在3个不同锥度的喷嘴内均强于相应的D100．两种燃油均是在喷孔锥度为2的方案喷孔内空化相对更强．特别是D100仅在锥度为2的喷嘴内发生了微弱空化，在锥度为1和3的喷嘴内几乎无空化发生．
图5给出了针阀抬起的初始过程中可视化拍摄得到的两种燃油在锥度为2的单孔喷嘴内空化初生和发展过程．喷孔锥度的不同会影响到压力室和喷孔内漩涡大小和强度，从而对应了线状空化的出现与否以及出现后的发展，存在某个喷孔锥度，其与压力室的匹配会引致最强的旋涡流动，如研究的3种喷孔锥度中，锥度为2的方案喷嘴内空化连续出现的时间长、强度大，其中D20G80比D100更易发生空化，且空化持续时间更长．对于D100只有某个合适的喷孔锥度引致非常强烈的旋涡流动才会使其诱发线状空化，而柴油中一旦添加了汽油则不同喷孔锥度下的喷嘴内，即使最为微弱的旋涡流动也会很易引致线状空化的初生和进一步发展．即相较于柴油，D20G80中因汽油的加入在喷油的起始和将近结束终了时更易因这种线空化的出现而引致流动的不稳定性．
图6给出了D20G80在410μs和820μs时以及D100在850μs时喷孔内的线空化分布．不同时刻对应了不同的针阀高度，两种不同燃油在两个不同针阀升程下的线状空化一旦出现，其在压力室中的起源位置及高度是基本固定的，即线空化一旦出现，其空间的分布位置与燃油种类无关，而主要与喷孔的高、低位置有关．燃油种类主要影响空化是否出现、空化初生时刻及空化出现后的强度．
2.2　喷孔锥度对混合燃油喷雾特性的影响
图7为D100与D20G80经不同喷孔锥度的喷嘴喷射后的喷雾锥角变化．喷雾锥角的波动与喷嘴内线空化的出现及强度有强烈的依赖关系，两种燃油喷雾锥角的差异也主要体现在针阀抬起初始阶段和即将落座阶段，即主要与喷嘴内空化分布及瞬态空化流动特性的差异有关．整体来说，汽/柴油有更为强烈的线空化分布，进而也对应了更大的喷雾锥角．
在图7(a)中D100在孔内的线空化尽管非常微弱，但只要有就会引致喷雾锥角的增加和波动，而图7(c)中D100在孔内完全不存在线空化的初生，为单相流，从而喷雾锥角非常平稳，不存在小针阀升程时的喷雾锥角峰值现象，揭示了在一次燃油喷射过程中针阀抬起初始阶段和即将落座的终了阶段，两个喷雾锥角的显著峰值是由喷嘴内线状空化的出现引致，而非针阀突然抬起或落座的机械原因引致．D20G80在3种不同喷孔锥度的喷嘴内均存在线空化现象，也从而使喷雾锥角在喷油初期与末期均存在较大的峰值．
图8为D100与D20G80经不同喷孔锥度的喷嘴喷出后的喷雾边缘波动的对比．以一次燃油喷射过程中瞬态喷雾在空间出现时间的标准差给出，图中数值越大即颜色越偏向红色的区域表明喷雾的波动越剧烈．喷雾锥角反映了燃油喷出喷孔后空间的分布情况，而喷雾边缘的波动情况可以更好地反映燃油与空气的混合，边缘波动越剧烈，则燃油与空气混合会更充分．D100相较于D20G80经同一喷孔锥度的喷嘴喷出时其喷雾边缘的波动都明显更弱，即柴油中添加汽油后的混合燃油喷雾波动及不稳定性增加．而3种锥度喷嘴中，锥度为2的喷嘴喷雾边缘波动明显强于另外两者，且上边缘波动范围更大，即喷孔锥度为2的喷嘴内线空化更强，进而喷雾边缘波动更为强烈，可预测其油、气混合会更好．
图9为两种燃油在3个不同锥度喷嘴内的空化强度和喷雾锥角的数据散点，呈现了线空化一旦出现后的喷雾锥角与空化强度间所存在斜率一定的线性递增关系，该斜率与燃油种类及喷嘴喷孔锥度均无关．
2.3　喷孔数对混合燃油在喷嘴内瞬态空化流动特性的影响
针对单孔、2孔和3孔喷嘴开展了D100和D20G80在其内部瞬态空化流动特性的对比研究．其中，2孔和3孔喷嘴是在各孔一致性可以接受的范围内选择了其中单孔开展其内部流动的可视化试验．此处，3个喷嘴的喷孔锥度均取值为2．
图10给出了两种燃油在3个喷嘴内典型时刻的空化分布．每个试验方案选择3个时刻，0μs时刻是针阀开始抬起之前；第2个时刻是针阀抬起过程中涡线空化最为强烈的时刻；第3个时刻是针阀落座过程中空化再次出现的时刻．单孔喷嘴内，D100在490s时发生强烈线空化，并在1880μs针阀即将落座时喷嘴内多个空间点同时发生空化，其在喷孔入口附近出现了大面积空化区，接近云状空化．D20G80涡线空化最强烈时刻与D100接近，空化分布区域和形态也类似，但在即将落座的时间段，D20G80喷嘴内出现的线空化与D100出现云状空化有所不同，说明D20G80燃油在K1＝2喷嘴内的漩涡流动转动惯量更大，针阀关闭落座时更倾向于再次出现线空化．
2孔喷嘴内D100在560μs时出现较强的线空化，比单孔喷嘴出现线空化及达到最强时刻要略晚，但形态与其在单孔喷嘴内类似．1720μs时针阀即将落座，其喷孔内产生了数条线空化，相互缠绕在一起，同时压力室内出现了大量的空化，这与单孔喷嘴在即将落座时间段的空化形态有所不同．2孔喷嘴内的涡流场更加复杂，存在多个漩涡，同时漩涡场的低压区分布也更复杂．2孔喷嘴内D20G80发生线空化，对应时刻与D100大致一致，1770μs针阀即将落座，压力室内几乎被空化气相区域充满，喷孔内出现了多种空化，较难界定其种类．
3孔喷嘴内的空化现象与单孔及2孔喷嘴有很大差异，其原因在于喷孔内的流场结构发生了较大改变．3孔喷嘴中出现的空化现象则主要是几何诱导壁面空化，如在480μs时，该喷孔内出现了十分剧烈的几何诱导空化，从喷孔入口一直沿伸到喷孔出口，几乎占据了整个喷孔，因空化区域是贴着喷孔壁面的一圈环状区域内，从而采用背景光成像拍摄时整个喷孔内即为全黑．D100在压力室右侧到喷孔入口处出现一长条形线状空化．在1050μs针阀抬升到接近最大位置时，喷孔内仍有一定的几何诱导空化，空化区域缩短至在喷孔入口一小段，整个孔入口的边缘都诱发了空化．3孔喷嘴内孔与孔之间也观察到了涡线空化，但存在时间极短．
图11为两种燃油在3个不同孔数的喷嘴内空化强度的瞬态变化．当孔数从单孔增加至2孔后，燃油流入压力室被2个孔分流，其在喷孔前压力室内的流场旋涡要小．若为单孔，燃油进入压力室旋转后均从一个孔喷出，孔前压力室空间会形成更大的一个旋涡，引发更强的涡线空化．2孔喷嘴内虽然线空化现象与单孔喷嘴类似，但总的线空化强度更弱，且两种燃油的强度甚至差异已经很小．
3孔喷嘴内的空化因是几何诱导壁面空化，背景光成像的空化强度图片处理方法得出的空化强度数值即很大，表现为空化现象十分剧烈，D100与D20G80的空化强度最小值分别为14.1%、17.0%．D100的初始空化强度接近100%，D20G80空化强度曲线与D100类似，喷油初始与结尾均接近100%，两种燃油空化强度曲线的下降几乎同步．
2孔喷嘴内会出现两种形式的线空化，一种起源于针阀锥面，另一种是连接孔与孔之间而不与针阀接触．图12所示K2＝2喷嘴内在针阀升至一定高度后压力室内出现较弱的孔与孔之间的线空化．据统计，10次喷油中，D20G80燃油出现孔与孔之间线空化的总时长约为D100线空化总时长的5倍，即柴油中加入汽油后，线空化的波动性和不稳定性更大．两种燃油孔与孔之间的线空化沿伸到喷孔内后均会迅速消失，并不会像起源于针阀锥面的线空化一样在孔内继续发展，并延伸出喷孔．
图13为3孔喷嘴中空化的时空分布．颜色标尺反映空化在喷孔内的宽度，定义为空化区域在喷孔内横截面上的占比．两种燃油的长度分布变化趋势与空化强度的总体分布几乎一致，图中绿色区域即空化的终点．喷孔内的空化区域总是从入口处向出口沿伸，差别在于长短．从由颜色代表的宽度分布可知，空化总是在入口处占满整个喷孔，到下游空化末尾的位置突然变窄，最终消失．
2.4　喷嘴喷孔数对混合燃油喷雾特性的影响
喷嘴孔数改变后，因喷孔内空化流动瞬态特性的差异，带来了喷雾的差异．图14为D100与D20G80燃油经1～3孔喷嘴喷出后的喷雾锥角随时间的变化．两种燃油经2孔喷嘴喷出后的喷雾锥角曲线与单孔喷嘴高度相似，均在喷油初期出现较大的喷雾锥角，持续时间与空化发生时间接近．D20G80的喷射结束时间更晚，总持续时间大于D100，从总体上看D20G80喷雾锥角大于D100，但喷雾锥角的最大值小于后者．而3孔喷嘴喷雾锥角的变化过程则与单孔、2孔具有明显的差异．由于其内发生几何诱导空化，喷雾锥角并没有增大，反而在发生超空化时喷雾锥角减小．
D20G80燃油经2孔喷嘴和3孔喷嘴喷出后的喷雾锥角在大多数时间内都大于D100，尤其是在喷油初期和末期，针阀升程较低时，压力室内流道狭小，对下游流动具有明显的影响，由燃油物性导致的差异被放大．D100的喷雾锥角在约600μs时并没有因为发生超空化而更大，其变化趋势与D20G80相同，说明在喷油初期，超空化并不是影响喷雾锥角的决定性因素．两种燃油经2孔喷嘴喷出时，喷油结束时的喷雾锥角迅速减小，结束时间相差明显，而3孔喷嘴喷油结束时喷雾锥角缓慢减小，喷油结束时间点的差异没有2孔的大．图14(c)所示当孔数增加到3之后，喷油结束阶段，喷嘴内没有线空化的发生，只有沿着壁面延伸出喷孔的超空化，此时的喷雾锥角比起单孔和2孔时要小，表明旋涡空化效应引致的喷雾锥角的增加要远远大于壁面超空化．
图15为两种燃油经这3种不同孔数的喷嘴喷出后喷油中期平均喷雾锥角，D20G80燃油的平均喷雾锥角均大于D100．在喷油中期阶段，2孔喷嘴压力室内D20G80燃油出现线空化的频率明显高于D100，但2孔喷嘴增幅相较单孔喷嘴增幅变化不大．由此可知，压力室内的线空化未对喷雾造成明显的影响，其原因在于涡流强度较弱，具有转动惯量的燃油进入喷孔后旋转受到阻碍，转动惯量被耗散，当燃油到达喷孔出口时已不再具有转动惯量．
图16为D100与D20G80两种燃油在2孔喷嘴内出现的两种线空化及其对应的近喷孔区域的喷雾投影．两种燃油在喷嘴内出现孔与孔之间的线空化时，通常都比较弱，线空化无法发展至喷孔出口，对应的喷雾锥角较小．而当发生起源于针阀锥面处的线空化时，空化强度较大，同时很容易在喷孔内发展延伸到喷孔出口，喷雾锥角显著增加．无论发生哪种线空化，D20G80燃油的喷雾锥角都大于D100，即除空化因素外，D20G80的物性导致的流动状态改变，使其喷雾锥角略大于D100．
3　结论
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对不同燃油属性下喷孔锥度及喷孔数对喷嘴内空化瞬态流动及喷雾特性影响开展了试验．对于实际发动机如果从纯柴油换成汽/柴油混合燃油后，因更容易出现空化，流量会有所下降，故对应的喷射策略中喷射脉宽需要略微调大；喷射的不稳定性会增加，这也是汽/柴油喷射系统需要重点关注的问题．具体结论如下：
(1) 喷孔锥度会影响到孔内线空化的初生及发展，对于纯柴油，只有某个喷孔锥度使喷嘴内存在非常强烈的旋涡流动才会诱发线空化，而柴油中一旦添加了汽油则不同喷孔锥度喷嘴内，即使最为微弱的旋涡流动也很易引致线空化的初生．
(2) 燃油种类影响线空化的初生及强度，而其一旦出现后的空间分布与燃油种类无关，主要与喷孔的高低位置相关．
(3) 喷孔内涡线空化一旦出现，喷雾锥角和孔内空化强度呈线性关系，与燃油种类及喷嘴结构均无关；对于锥度孔喷嘴，单孔和2孔喷嘴内均主要为线空化，2孔喷嘴内的线空化强度更弱，3孔喷嘴内则主要是几何诱导空化．
(4) 喷孔内的几何诱导空化及多孔喷嘴孔与孔间未延伸至喷孔出口的线空化对喷雾影响均很弱，而起源于针阀锥面延伸至喷孔出口的线空化则会引致较大的喷雾锥角，高压共轨喷油器在针阀抬起初始阶段和即将落座的终了阶段所出现的两个显著喷雾锥角峰值即是由该类线空化所引致．
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52376113)
文献
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参考文献 引证文献
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2025年第43卷第1期
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doi: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202501004
  • 接收时间：2024-01-29
  • 首发时间：2026-11-06
  • 出版时间：2025-01-25
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  • 收稿日期：2024-01-29
  • 修回日期：2024-05-13
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52376113)
作者信息
    1.江苏大学能源研究院，镇江 212013
    2.融通航空发动机科技有限公司，南京 210000

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何志霞，博士，教授，．
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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