Article(id=1325528762703700367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325528735126151362, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202501002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1710777600000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-19, revisedDate=1725984000000, revisedDateStr=2024-09-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793960284160, onlineDateStr=2026-11-06, pubDate=1737734400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793960284160, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793960284160, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793960284160, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325528735126151362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, year='2025', volume='43', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='95', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1737734400000', pubDateStr='2025-01-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793960277585, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793960521174, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1325529757923951150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325528735126151362, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1325529757923951151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325528735126151362, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=11, endPage=19, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325528763076993424, articleId=1325528762703700367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, language=EN, title=Ammonia fuel piston trajectory combustion optimal control based on genetic algorithm, columnId=null, journalTitle=Transactions of CSICE, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Utilizing a repetitive control-based proactive controller known as the‘virtual crankshaft’, diverse piston trajectory operating characteristics under the same compression ratio(represented by parameter Ω, which is the ratio between the minor axis and the major axis of the ellipse generating trajectories)were achieved in a free piston engine. Through an analysis considering characteristics such as indicated thermal efficiency, peak pressure location, ignition delay, nitrogen oxide emissions, etc., an optimal piston trajectory based on parameter Ω was obtained. Using this as the initial condition for optimization parameters, a global optimization design of the piston trajectory was performed based on a genetic algorithm, with indicated thermal efficiency as the optimization objective. The research results demonstrate that changes in the piston trajectory affect ammonia HCCI combustion processes. The optimized trajectory obtained through the design optimization process shows a 3.35% improvement in indicated thermal efficiency compared to traditional internal combustion engines, along with a 42.93% reduction in ignition delay time.

, authors=Jiaqi Li1, Chen Zhang2, Jin Xiao1, Zhen Huang1, 2, authorsList=Jiaqi Li, Chen Zhang, Jin Xiao, Zhen Huang, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chen Zhang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325528767124496807, articleId=1325528762703700367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, language=CN, title=基于遗传算法的氨燃料活塞轨迹燃烧优化控制, columnId=null, journalTitle=内燃机学报, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

利用基于重复控制的主动控制器“虚拟曲轴”,在自由活塞发动机中实现了同一压缩比下的不同活塞轨迹运行特征(以参数Ω表征,为生成轨迹的椭圆的短轴与长轴之比),并从指示热效率、峰值压力位置、着火延迟和氮氧化物排放等特征的分析中,获得了参数Ω表征的最优活塞轨迹.以此轨迹作为进一步优化的初始条件,基于遗传算法,以指示热效率为优化目标,对活塞轨迹进行了全局寻优设计.研究结果表明:活塞运动轨迹的变化会影响氨的均质压燃过程.经过寻优设计得出的最优轨迹相较于传统内燃机能够提升3.35%的指示热效率,并减小了42.93%的着火延迟时间.

, authors=李家齐1, 张宸2, 肖进1, 黄震1, 2, authorsList=李家齐, 张宸, 肖进, 黄震, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张宸, authorNote=

李家齐,硕士研究生,.

, correspAuthorsNote=
张宸,博士,副教授,.
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FPE specifications

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参数数值
缸径/mm79.5
最大行程/mm62
单缸排量/L0.6
缸数2
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FPE技术参数

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参数数值
缸径/mm79.5
最大行程/mm62
单缸排量/L0.6
缸数2
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基于遗传算法的氨燃料活塞轨迹燃烧优化控制
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李家齐 1 , 张宸 2 , 肖进 1 , 黄震 1, 2
内燃机学报 | 2025,43(1): 11-19
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内燃机学报 | 2025 , 43 (1) : 11 -19
基于遗传算法的氨燃料活塞轨迹燃烧优化控制
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李家齐1 , 张宸2 , 肖进1, 黄震1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.上海交通大学动力机械与工程教育部重点实验室,上海 200240
  • 2.上海交通大学智慧能源创新学院,上海 200240
通讯作者:
张宸,博士,副教授,.
作者简介:

李家齐,硕士研究生,.

Ammonia fuel piston trajectory combustion optimal control based on genetic algorithm
Jiaqi Li1 , Chen Zhang2 , Jin Xiao1, Zhen Huang1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education,Shanghai Jiao Tong University,Shanghai 200240,China
  • 2.College of Smart Energy,Shanghai Jiao Tong University,Shanghai 200240,China
出版时间: 2025-01-25 doi: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202501002
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利用基于重复控制的主动控制器“虚拟曲轴”,在自由活塞发动机中实现了同一压缩比下的不同活塞轨迹运行特征(以参数Ω表征,为生成轨迹的椭圆的短轴与长轴之比),并从指示热效率、峰值压力位置、着火延迟和氮氧化物排放等特征的分析中,获得了参数Ω表征的最优活塞轨迹.以此轨迹作为进一步优化的初始条件,基于遗传算法,以指示热效率为优化目标,对活塞轨迹进行了全局寻优设计.研究结果表明:活塞运动轨迹的变化会影响氨的均质压燃过程.经过寻优设计得出的最优轨迹相较于传统内燃机能够提升3.35%的指示热效率,并减小了42.93%的着火延迟时间.

自由活塞发动机  /  氨  /  燃烧控制  /  遗传算法

Utilizing a repetitive control-based proactive controller known as the‘virtual crankshaft’, diverse piston trajectory operating characteristics under the same compression ratio(represented by parameter Ω, which is the ratio between the minor axis and the major axis of the ellipse generating trajectories)were achieved in a free piston engine. Through an analysis considering characteristics such as indicated thermal efficiency, peak pressure location, ignition delay, nitrogen oxide emissions, etc., an optimal piston trajectory based on parameter Ω was obtained. Using this as the initial condition for optimization parameters, a global optimization design of the piston trajectory was performed based on a genetic algorithm, with indicated thermal efficiency as the optimization objective. The research results demonstrate that changes in the piston trajectory affect ammonia HCCI combustion processes. The optimized trajectory obtained through the design optimization process shows a 3.35% improvement in indicated thermal efficiency compared to traditional internal combustion engines, along with a 42.93% reduction in ignition delay time.

free piston engine  /  ammonia  /  combustion control  /  genetic algorithm
李家齐, 张宸, 肖进, 黄震. 基于遗传算法的氨燃料活塞轨迹燃烧优化控制. 内燃机学报, 2025 , 43 (1) : 11 -19 . DOI: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202501002
Jiaqi Li, Chen Zhang, Jin Xiao, Zhen Huang. Ammonia fuel piston trajectory combustion optimal control based on genetic algorithm[J]. Transactions of CSICE, 2025 , 43 (1) : 11 -19 . DOI: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202501002
随着《巴黎协定》的签署以及中国旨在优化能源结构、加快推广清洁能源与减排技术应用的“3060”双碳目标[1]的提出与执行,减少碳排放将成为中国能源结构转型与产业结构未来发展的重要方向.在中国约50%以上的石油被交通运输业消耗[2],除轻型机动车外,还涉及重型机动车、非道路移动机械,乃至海洋船舶等能量密度要求高、输出功率要求大和补能速度要求快的应用领域.由动力电池驱动的纯电动力系统难以满足这样的复合需求.鉴于能源生产和消费现状,内燃机在不久的将来仍会在上述应用领域作为主要动力来源,因此,利用可再生燃料和新型内燃机成为交通运输业碳减排的重要途经[3].
近年来,由于氨的零碳属性及其生产、储存和运输技术成熟,其作为可再生燃料的应用前景吸引了众多科研人员的兴趣[4],在内燃机、燃气轮机和燃料电池等领域得到了广泛研究;但氨存在层流燃烧速度低、点火所需能量高和本身热值低等缺点.解决上述问题的主流方法是添加汽油、柴油、二甲醚或氢气作为助燃剂,构成双燃料发动机;但这种方法不仅在燃料喷射控制上存在技术挑战,而且还可能重新引入碳元素,造成碳排放.除此之外,还可通过提高压缩比来实现氨燃料的稳定燃烧.事实上,针对氨作为单一燃料的研究表明,氨的稳定燃烧需25甚至30以上的压缩比[5],这在具有曲柄连杆机构的传统内燃机上是难以实现的.并且氨自身含有氮元素,在高压缩比下燃烧产生的高温将造成更多的氮氧化物(NOx)排放,需要考虑利用以均质充量压燃(HCCI)为代表的低温燃烧技术[5]以及特定的后处理系统[6]来予以解决.
自由活塞发动机(FPE)相较于传统内燃机去除了曲柄连杆机构,能够灵活地实现可变压缩比,并轻易达到比传统发动机更高的压缩比[7].同时FPE具有摩擦损失少、指示热效率高及可兼容多种燃料与燃烧模式等优点[8-10];但FPE的活塞运动完全取决于燃烧压力与实时的负载力[11],缺乏兼具精准性与鲁棒性的控制手段.为解决该问题,研究团队在前置工作中开发了一个基于重复控制的主动控制器[12-13],将其命名为“虚拟曲轴”.利用“虚拟曲轴”,可以通过活塞轨迹控制气缸容积的时变,进而调节循环各时刻的缸内压力、温度及燃烧产物的组分浓度,最终实现对燃烧全过程的控制[14],这展现了基于活塞运动轨迹的燃烧控制方法的广阔前景[15].
就氨而言,FPE不需复杂的机械结构改造即可实现其作为单一燃料燃烧所需的高压缩比;控制活塞在上止点附近滞留可有效缓解氨的层流燃烧速度较低对燃烧造成的负面影响;设计特定的活塞轨迹可使气缸温度在氨完全燃烧后迅速下降,避免产生更多NOx排放[16];以循环指示热效率为目标对活塞轨迹进行优化,可设计出最佳轨迹曲线,实现热效率最大化.
因此,笔者首先将氨引入FPE中,利用“虚拟曲轴”这一主动控制机制,从指示热效率、峰值压力位置、着火延迟和NOx排放等角度探讨了以参数Ω表征的多种活塞轨迹对于氨燃烧过程的具体影响,得出了基于参数Ω的最优活塞轨迹.研究以这条轨迹作为优化的初始条件,在此基础上,以提升循环指示热效率为目标,基于遗传算法进行了针对活塞轨迹的优化设计工作,最终确定了同一压缩比下活塞运动的最优轨迹,所得结论对工程实践具有借鉴意义.
研究对象是一个具有独特的对置活塞-对置气缸结构的FPE[12-13],如图1所示.燃烧在发动机两侧的气缸中交替进行;单侧气缸中燃烧产生的压力推动内、外两个活塞对反向运动,并压燃另一侧气缸中的燃料.研究中的仿真模型是基于上述FPE的实体结构开发的,其主要参数如表1所示.由于该FPE的对称结构,可假设气缸内的燃烧过程相同,因此,研究只针对左侧一个气缸进行了仿真模拟与分析.
为便于研究活塞运动轨迹对氨燃烧的影响,仿真模型的开发遵循假设是:(1)燃烧模式为HCCI,假定氨和空气已经充分预混;(2)在仿真过程中,忽略了FPE的扫气过程,只考虑压缩与膨胀过程;(3)仿真将初始压力设定为0.1MPa,初始温度设置为473K,过量空气系数设定为3,计算传热损失时壁面温度设为恒定的500K[17];(4)仿真的循环周期固定为40ms,即工作频率为25Hz(相当于传统内燃机转速为1500r/min),并只对单一循环进行仿真分析.
由于FPE没有曲柄连杆机构,活塞运动不受约束,研究采用了“虚拟曲轴”主动控制机制,并利用液压装置对活塞轨迹进行了精确控制.在FPE运行过程中,控制器根据活塞实时的位置反馈产生控制信号调节液压伺服阀[14],进而控制高、低两个液压泵的流量.通过控制伺服阀的开闭,控制器实际上控制了作用在活塞上的主动力,从而控制了活塞的运动.该型液压伺服阀选用了穆格(MOOG)公司的产品,其阀门开度连续可调,从全开到全闭的响应时间不超过5ms[12].液压系统的良好性能也是研究团队开发的“虚拟曲轴”主动控制机制的重要基础.通过试验[13]验证,“虚拟曲轴”能够有效控制活塞精确地沿着预先设定的轨迹曲线运动,其误差小于1mm.
为了描述FPE中的活塞在上止点(TDC)与下止点(BDC)之间,不同于传统内燃机的、可变压缩比的运动模式,研究参考椭圆圆周上的点绕椭圆中心运动的位移,提出了一种新的轨迹曲线表达方式[14],如图2所示,其位移表达式为
X=AΩcos(2πft)Ω2cos(2πft)2+sin(2πft)2+B
式中:X为活塞的位移;Ω为曲线形态参数,等于椭圆的短轴与长轴之比;f为FPE的工作频率;t为时间;A、B则共同决定了TDC与BDC的位置,从而确定了压缩比,其关系如式(2)所示.
{TDC=B−A BDC=B+A
图3为不同压缩比ε及不同Ω值的轨迹形态.因为在TDC处活塞速度为0,所以在压缩和膨胀过程中,Ω的取值可以不同,由此可以生成不对称的活塞轨迹.利用这一特征,可以通过设计活塞压缩轨迹来调整着火延迟,并通过设计膨胀轨迹来减少NOx排放[16],以达到提升指示热效率的目标[15].
基于前述假设,可认为气缸是一个变容积的匀质、零维的闭口反应器[18].根据热力学第一定律,气缸内的能量守恒方程为
dUdt=−pdVdt−Q˙HT+Q˙chem
式中:U为缸内气体的内能;p为缸内压力;V为气缸容积;QHT为传热损失的热量;Qchem为燃烧放热.
气缸内的物质守恒方程为
mdωidt=m˙i (i=1 , 2 , ⋯,N)
式中:m为缸内气体的总质量;ωi为组分i的质量分数;mi为组分i的质量;N为反应涉及到的组分总数.
缸内的气体主要以对流的方式将热量传递到缸壁,因而式(3)中的传热损失项可被表示为
Q˙HT=hAwall(T−Twall)
式中:Awall为包含两个活塞面积与实时缸套表面积的总壁面面积;Twall为壁面温度,根据假设被设置为恒定的500K;传热系数h采取Woshini传热系数关系式[17]计算,即
h=3.26b−0.2p0.8T−0.55v0.8
式中:b为气缸缸径;T为缸内温度;v为缸内气体平均速度,一般设定为8m/s.
进一步将式(3)左端表示为
dUdt=∑i=1Ncv,im ωidTdt+∑i=1Ncv,imTdωidt
式中:cv,i为组分i的定容比热容.
将式(3)、式(4)代入式(7)中,可计算出缸内温度对时间的导数,进而得到温度随时间变化的关系曲线.缸内混合气体在燃烧时满足视为理想气体的要求.因此,通过理想气体状态方程可计算出缸内压力随时间变化的关系曲线.
pV=mRmixT
Rmix=∑i=1NRiωi
式中:Rmix为缸内混合气体的等效气体常数;Ri为组分i的气体常数.
在热力学模型中,含有ωi、cv,i和Q˙chem等化学反应动力学参数,所以引入具体的化学反应动力学机理是不可或缺的.完整的反应机理中各组分的热物性通常用拟合曲线表示,如式(10)~(12)所示.
cv,i(T)R=a0+a1T+a2T2+a3T3+a4T4−1
hi,m(T)RT=a0+a12T+a23T2+a34T3+a45T4+a5
Si,m(T)R=a0lnT+a1T+a22T2+a33T3+a44T4+a6
式中:a0~a6为各组分的拟合参数;hi,m为组分i的比焓;Si,m为组分i的比熵.通过这些参数和实时的缸内温度,各组分的等容比热、比焓和比熵都可被近似地计算出来.对于涉及到的每个反应,反应机理涵盖了其反应物和产物的化学计量数、用于计算化学反应速率的指前因子和活化能等参数,进而计算出每个组分净产率,并推导出式(13)和式(14).
Q˙chem=−V∑i=1Nvihi,m
mdωidt=m˙i=VMivi
式中:vi为组分i的净产率;Mi为组分i的摩尔质量.由此可计算出热力学模型中所需的各项参数值.
选取了一个详细的氨反应机理[19]来进行仿真研究.该反应机理包括31个物种和203个反应,经过了理论分析与试验验证.尽管该机理是在以前的高温条件下的反应动力学基础上建立起来的,但在其发展过程中也特别考虑了低温和高度贫燃的环境,这对于确定FPE中氨HCCI燃烧模式的准确着火延迟时间的数值至关重要.
研究是基于Cantera代码库进行前述各个模型的开发,优化工作则应用scikit-opt代码库.整个模型的逻辑流程如图4所示.研究的仿真模拟、数据分析与可视化都是在特定环境下的Python 3.9中进行的.
为了研究不同活塞轨迹对燃烧过程的具体影响,研究中选取了指示热效率、峰值压力位置、着火延迟和NOx排放4个参数来进行对比与分析.
指示热效率是研究主要的目标,也是FPE性能的关键参数,其计算方法为
η=∫pdV/(QLHVmfuel)
式中:η为指示热效率;QLHV为氨燃烧的低位热值;mfuel为燃料氨的总质量.
在HCCI燃烧模式、氨与空气完全充分预混的假设下,燃烧引起的压力上升是近似瞬间完成的,这使得峰值压力位置成为了反映燃烧特性的重要参数.由于FPE在结构上没有曲柄连杆机构,所以研究采用运行时间代替曲轴转角来说明峰值压力出现的位置,如TDC出现的位置就是20ms(源于工作频率固定为25Hz的假设).
氨的点火能量很大,致使其着火延迟时间较长,甚至有可能导致失火.在HCCI下,没有火花塞触发氨的燃烧,其点燃完全依靠自身化学动力学驱动,因而直接受到活塞轨迹的影响,并缺少一个明确的时刻作为衡量着火延迟的基点,如点火正时或喷油正时.鉴于氨的氧化对温度较为敏感,且一般在1000K时开始氧化[17],研究中选用缸内温度达到900K的时刻作为着火延迟的开始时刻,并选用峰值压力位置作为着火延迟的结束时刻.
氨作为零碳燃料,主要的缺陷是在燃烧时会产生大量的NOx排放.HCCI作为一种低温燃烧模式,可以有效减少NOx排放;而FPE中压缩比较高,易形成气缸内的高温,导致NOx排放增加.鉴于氨燃烧产生的NOx中绝大部分成分是NO、NO2以及N2O,在统计NOx排放时只关注这3种组分.
仿真模型中的FPE的压缩比被设置为25.研究团队前期的研究结果[15]表明,该压缩比对于氨的HCCI燃烧模式是适宜的,既不会因为压缩比设置过高而掩盖了活塞轨迹对燃烧过程具体影响,也不会因为压缩比过低而出现较多的失火工况,影响对仿真结果的整体分析.为了对照分析FPE中不同活塞轨迹对燃烧的独特影响,研究首先设计了一个在相同压缩比下的具有曲柄连杆机构的传统内燃机的活塞轨迹,其连杆比被设置为1/3.研究中采用Ω com与Ω exp分别指代FPE中活塞轨迹在压缩过程与膨胀过程中的曲线形态参数Ω.
将Ω exp保持在0.7不变,分别取Ω com的值为0.4、0.7和1.0,得出的不同轨迹如图5(a)所示.各条轨迹的燃烧特性情况如图6所示.可以发现,Ω com为0.7和1.0的两条轨迹最接近传统内燃机的活塞轨迹;更小的Ω com可以促使活塞在接近TDC时速度更快、在TDC附近停留的时间更短.相反,更大的Ω com会使得活塞在TDC附近停留相对较长的时间,这有利于氨的点燃,传统内燃机的活塞在TDC附近的表现则介于Ω com为0.7和1.0之间.
在指示热效率上,随着Ω com的增大,指示热效率不断减小,因为Ω com较大时,活塞在TDC附近的滞留伴随着燃烧的高温造成了大量的热损失.当Ω com较小时,活塞在TDC附近停留较短,其指示热效率明显高于传统内燃机,而当Ω com=0.1时,活塞在TDC附近的停留时间已与传统内燃机相近,二者的指示热效率也非常接近.
图5(b)所示峰值压力位置则随着Ω com的减小而不断向后推移,但受到的影响并不显著.在着火延迟上,虽然较大的Ω com值可以迫使活塞在TDC附近停留更长时间,但却没有造成着火延迟的缩短,反而增加了着火延迟时间.
图5(c)所示氨的点燃会产生大量的OH[19],在随后的反应过程中,与OH相关的脱氢反应会大量消耗活化的自由基,而高Ω com值的轨迹OH基团的生成更加提前,这阻碍了氨的燃烧.高Ω com值的轨迹增加了活塞在TDC附近的停留时间,但缸内的峰值温度没有太大变化,这也加速了与OH相关的脱氢反应.另外,高Ω com值轨迹到达900K的时刻较早,这使得对着火延迟的计算开始时间提前.以上原因最终使得高Ω com值轨迹的着火延迟相较其他轨迹明显增加.
在峰值压力位置上,Ω com=0.4的轨迹的活塞在15~20ms时相较其他轨迹距离TDC位置较远,导致Ω com=0.4的轨迹中压力上升的较慢,造成了峰值压力位置的滞后.
氨燃烧造成的NOx排放问题较为严重,各种活塞运动轨迹下的排放都在6.0g/kg左右,高Ω com下的轨迹中,活塞在TDC附近更长时间的停留促进了氨的氧化,进而使得NOx排放增加.值得注意的是,传统内燃机的NOx排放要高于所有FPE轨迹,这是其轨迹中活塞在TDC附近滞留时间最长所导致的.
将Ω com保持在0.7不变,分别取Ω exp的值为0.4、0.7和1.0,得出的不同轨迹如图7(a)所示.各条轨迹的燃烧特性如图8所示.类似地,Ω exp为0.7和1.0的两条轨迹最接近传统内燃机的活塞轨迹.更小的Ω exp可以促使活塞到达TDC后更快地离开,活塞在TDC附近停留的时间也同样更短.更大的Ω exp则会使得活塞较为缓慢地离开TDC,停留时间更长.
在指示热效率上,随着Ω exp的增大,指示热效率不断减小,对比Ω com变化时的该项指标,可以发现Ω exp对于热效率的影响更加显著,这说明在氨开始燃烧后活塞快速地离开TDC,可以更有效地降低热损失.Ω exp=1.0的轨迹的指示热效率则低于传统内燃机,其过大的Ω exp值使得活塞在氨开始燃烧后在TDC附近停留的过久,造成了大量的热损失.
图7(b)中,由于Ω com相同,FPE中的轨迹峰值压力位置均保持一致,并不受Ω exp的影响,且晚于传统内燃机峰值压力位置.但Ω exp主导了循环膨胀过程的压力变化,较小的Ω exp能使缸内压力迅速降低.
Ωexp的变化对着火延迟几乎没有影响,主导它的仍是Ωcom.FPE中的活塞轨迹的表现均要优于传统内燃机的轨迹.NOx排放上,高Ωexp值会增加活塞在TDC附近的停留时间,促进氨的氧化,最终导致NOx排放的增加.同样地,传统内燃机的NOx排放高于FPE中的所有活塞轨迹.
对于参数Ω表征的活塞轨迹而言,Ωcom=0.7、Ωexp=0.4的非对称活塞轨迹的指示热效率是最高的;但这类活塞轨迹是Ω值限定的曲线族,仍不是完全“自由”的.为了寻找该压缩比下的指示热效率最大值,研究采用scikit-opt代码库中的遗传算法(GA)来进行优化工作[20],这是模仿生物进化的自然选择过程来求解非线性优化问题的一种方法.
通过总结前述中大量的、形状不同的活塞运动轨迹的仿真研究结果,可以发现活塞轨迹曲线共同的离散化特征是:(1)活塞在循环开始与结束时位于BDC处,且此时速度为0;(2)活塞从BDC运动到TDC的过程是严格单调或单调的,从TDC运动到BDC的过程亦然;(3)活塞会在循环中点(即20ms处)到达TDC,此时速度为0.
这些离散化特征为以提升指示热效率为目标的轨迹优化控制研究提供了基础.每条轨迹曲线可被离散为n个数据点,并用1个n维向量u来表征.轨迹向量u将以插值的形式构成1条连续的活塞轨迹曲线.如式(16)所示,将轨迹向量u导入仿真模型中,即可计算出循环中各时刻的活塞位移X、缸内温度T、缸内压力p和各组分质量分数等物理量.
Φ(u)=[X(t),T(t),p(T),ωi,⋯]
式中:Φ为仿真模型的映射函数,是对在特定环境下的Python 3.9中编写的仿真程序的封装,代表了FPE单个气缸内氨燃烧的这一系统,并描述了其在各个时刻的系统状态.
进而对FPE的活塞轨迹最优控制可以表示为
J=f(Φ(u),u)u∈Rng(u)≤0uL≤u≤uU
式中:J为性能指标;f(Φ(u),u)为损失函数;g(u)为不等式约束;uL与uU分别为轨迹向量u取值的下界与上界,由TDC与BDC决定.由此,优化问题被转化为静态的非线性规划问题.
优化中在每条轨迹上间隔0.5ms设置1个数据点,性能指标J选定为循环的指示热效率.具体如图9所示,GA在每一代优化初始时将生成若干轨迹向量u(其中包含由前述仿真得出的最优轨迹曲线,即Ωcom=0.7、Ωexp=0.4的曲线,其余的则随机生成),作为父代样本;损失函数f(Φ(u)u)将轨迹向量u导入至仿真模型的映射函数Φ(u)中,并计算出循环的指示热效率后,将热效率数值传递给性能指标J.随后GA会将每个轨迹向量u中的部分数据点进行随机“变异”,产生新的子代,并对子代重新计算指示热效率,再将结果与父代对比,进行“优胜劣汰”.这一过程会反复进行,直至达到设定的迭代次数或优化的性能指标(即指示热效率)满足设定的要求.优化结束后,GA将筛选出具有最佳指示热效率的最优轨迹向量u作为优化结果.
考虑到实际中FPE的结构承受能力、控制器所能提供的最大主动力等限制,优化过程中存在不等式约束条件g(u)为
g(u)=X¨−X¨max≤0
式中:X¨max为活塞运动的最大加速度.通过前述中多种活塞轨迹下的燃烧过程的仿真研究,可以发现Ωcom=0.4或Ωexp=0.4的轨迹相比于其他轨迹指示热效率最高;并且Ω值越小,轨迹曲线变化的越陡峭,这也需要更大的外部合力来提供更高的加速度.因此,优化中将X¨max限制在与Ω=0.4的轨迹同一水平.优化迭代出的最优轨迹如图10所示,其各项燃烧特性参数如图11所示.选取了一条Ωcom=0.7、Ωexp=0.4的非对称活塞轨迹作为对比,它是前述的各条轨迹中指示热效率最高的.
在最优轨迹中,活塞到达TDC和离开TDC的速度都很快,这使得它兼具了低Ωcom值与低Ωexp值的轨迹的减小TDC附近热损失的优势,在循环过程中总的热损失更小,从而能够获得更高的指示热效率,为59.11%,相较于传统内燃机55.76%的指示热效率提升了3.35%.在研究团队以往的利用Ωcom和Ωexp参数以组合策略进行的优化工作中、压缩比为25的条件下,最优轨迹的指示热效率则接近57.5%[15].经过GA优化得出的最优轨迹无论相比于前述的参数Ω表征的最优轨迹,还是以往的研究结果,都具有更高的指示热效率.
但同时具备低Ωcom值与低Ωexp值的轨迹特征使得活塞在TDC附近停留时间过短,极有可能造成着火时间延迟,甚至失火.为了避免这一问题的发生,最优轨迹中活塞在到达TDC前的短暂间隔内做接近等容变化的运动,以此来保证氨的正常燃烧.这一轨迹特征也促使了着火延迟的缩短.传统内燃机的着火延迟为3.82ms,最优轨迹下的FPE的着火延迟则为2.18ms,获得了约42.93%的降低效果.
在峰值压力位置上,最优轨迹较Ωcom=0.7、Ωexp=0.4的非对称轨迹略微提前.这是由于最优轨迹中活塞到达TDC前做近似等容变化的位置已经非常接近TDC,弥补了之前压缩较慢的劣势.活塞到达TDC后,相较于传统内燃机轨迹,最优轨迹中的缸内温度降低的更快,这有助于减少壁面传热损失,将更多的内能转化为输出功,提高热效率.在NOx排放上,传统内燃机活塞轨迹与最优轨迹表现接近.
综上,经过GA优化的活塞轨迹可以达到同压缩比下的各种活塞轨迹的热效率最优值,并显著降低着火延迟时间,具有明显优势.尽管实现最优轨迹需要“虚拟曲轴”主动控制器液压力的介入,造成额外的能量消耗,但在FPE中实现传统内燃机的活塞轨迹同样需要主动控制器来加以控制,也会消耗额外的能量.从这一角度来说,活塞轨迹的寻优设计对提升、优化整个FPE动力系统的能耗状况具有积极意义.
研究比较分析了传统内燃机活塞轨迹、参数Ω表征的最优轨迹以及经过GA优化的最优轨迹对氨的燃烧特性的影响,最终得出了以下结论:
(1) 轨迹曲线的形态参数Ωcom或Ωexp的增加可以促进氨的燃烧,但会导致更多的热损失,从而降低指示热效率.
(2) Ωcom决定了氨燃烧的峰值压力位置与着火延迟,Ωexp变化对其几乎不产生影响.
(3) 在以指示热效率为目标的活塞轨迹优化研究中,通过GA迭代得出的最优轨迹能兼具多种轨迹的优势,具有最佳的热效率.
  • 上海市科学技术委员会基金资助项目(19511108500)
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2025年第43卷第1期
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doi: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202501002
  • 接收时间:2024-03-19
  • 首发时间:2026-11-06
  • 出版时间:2025-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-19
  • 修回日期:2024-09-11
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上海市科学技术委员会基金资助项目(19511108500)
作者信息
    1.上海交通大学动力机械与工程教育部重点实验室,上海 200240
    2.上海交通大学智慧能源创新学院,上海 200240

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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