Article(id=1325528753019044230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325528735126151362, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202501010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1707580800000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-11, revisedDate=1720108800000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793960281853, onlineDateStr=2026-11-06, pubDate=1737734400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793960281853, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793960281853, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793960281853, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325528735126151362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, year='2025', volume='43', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='95', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1737734400000', pubDateStr='2025-01-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793960277585, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793960521174, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1325529757923951150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325528735126151362, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1325529757923951151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325528735126151362, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=79, endPage=87, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325528753295868295, articleId=1325528753019044230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, language=EN, title=Mechanism research of anthracene conversion to benzopyrene based on PAC growth mechanism, columnId=null, journalTitle=Transactions of CSICE, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on density functional theory(DFT) and transition state theory(TST), the formation process of benzopyrene in the cylinder of internal combustion engines was investigated by phenyl-addition cyclization(PAC) mechanism. The results show that the entrance reactions of both anthracene free edge and sawtooth edge with phenyl exhibit barrierless, high exotherm and fast rate. By analyzing the rate-limiting step rates of each pathway, it is found that the anthracene free edge C1 site is more likely to generate benzopyrene than the sawtooth edge C2 site, and the optimal reaction pathway rate-limiting step energy barrier is only 176.2kJ/mol with a reaction rate of 3.7×109s-1. The rate-limiting step of the two main paths at the C2 position of the sawtooth edge is the isomerization of the five-membered ring into the six-membered ring. The energy barrier is up to 417.2kJ/mol and 421.7kJ/mol, and the reaction rates are 8.7×104s-1 and 5.8×104s-1, respectively. In addition, the H migration reaction on the aromatic ring is more difficult than on the aliphatic chain. This study provides the mechanism of PAC generation of benzopyrene, which gives a theoretical basis for the construction of chemical kinetics model of benzopyrene and is important for predicting the generation of benzopyrene in the cylinder of internal combustion engines.

, authors=Wei Zhang1, Zhenzhu Ma1, Zhaohui Chen1, Zehong Li1, Shuo Ning1, Kegang Bi2, authorsList=Wei Zhang, Zhenzhu Ma, Zhaohui Chen, Zehong Li, Shuo Ning, Kegang Bi, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhaohui Chen, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325528757674721694, articleId=1325528753019044230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, language=CN, title=基于PAC生长机制下的蒽转化苯并芘机理研究, columnId=null, journalTitle=内燃机学报, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于密度泛函理论(DFT)和过渡态理论(TST),利用苯基加成环化(PAC)机制,对内燃机缸内的苯并芘生成历程进行探索.结果表明:蒽自由边和锯齿边与苯基的入口反应均表现出无能垒、高放热和速率快的特点.分析各路径限速步速率可知,蒽自由边C1位点比锯齿边C2位更易生成苯并芘,最优反应路径限速步能垒仅为176.2kJ/mol,反应速率为3.7×109s-1.锯齿边C2位的两条主路径限速步为五元环转化成六元环的异构化反应,能垒分别高达417.2kJ/mol和421.7kJ/mol,反应速率分别为8.7×104s-1和5.8×104s-1.此外,芳香环上H迁移反应的难度高于脂肪链上H迁移.该研究提供了苯并芘的PAC生成机理,这为构建苯并芘的化学动力学模型提供理论依据,对预测内燃机缸内的苯并芘生成具有重要意义.

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张韦,博士,教授,.

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陈朝辉,博士,教授,.
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A theoretical study of the potential energy surface for the isomerization reaction of fluoranthene to aceanthrylene:Implications for combustion chemistry[J]. 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journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325528753019044230, language=CN, label=图10, caption=H迁移的反应速率, figureFileSmall=0UQYQLRdHVJZR3WM5gk6JQ==, figureFileBig=1zl5nU0fqGhlTGEHcy6HuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325528765727785443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325528753019044230, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Arrhenius parameters of bimolecular reaction at 500—2500K

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
反应指前因子A/( cm3·mol-1·s-1)温度指数n活化能Ea/(kJ·mol-1)反应速率k/(cm3·mol-1·s-1)
1500K2500K
CS2+H→CS3+H26.53×1071.8465.702.33×10114.85×1012
CS34+H→CS35+H21.58×1071.8764.657.60×10101.55×1012
), ArticleFig(id=1325528765799088612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325528753019044230, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

500~2500K下双分子反应的Arrhenius参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
反应指前因子A/( cm3·mol-1·s-1)温度指数n活化能Ea/(kJ·mol-1)反应速率k/(cm3·mol-1·s-1)
1500K2500K
CS2+H→CS3+H26.53×1071.8465.702.33×10114.85×1012
CS34+H→CS35+H21.58×1071.8764.657.60×10101.55×1012
), ArticleFig(id=1325528765887168997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325528753019044230, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Arrhenius parameters of the key single-molecule reactions at 500—2500K

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
反应指前因子A/ s-1温度指数n活化能Ea/(kJ·mol-1)反应速率k/s-1
1500K2500K
CS6→CS74.24×10110.63344.814.20×1013.60×106
CS11→CS123.08×10120.0542.951.47×10115.98×1011
CS13→CS14+H3.59×10110.74168.351.09×1083.41×1010
CS14→CS151.19×10110.63347.939.35×1008.85×105
CS18→CS191.90×10110.58172.661.11×1073.68×109
CS20→CS279.95×10110.77169.033.57×1081.15×1011
CS27→CS286.20×10110.55375.153.11×1006.78×105
CS35→CS363.78×10110.1257.149.11×1096.01×1010
CS38→CS392.79×10110.57105.553.92×1091.52×1011
CS41→CS161.69×10110.65125.488.51×1086.50×1010
CS45→CS464.92×10120.22171.222.60×1076.96×109
CS48→CS491.79×10110.69200.972.76×1062.4272×109
CS50→CS519.83×10110.0618.643.39×10116.34×1011
CS47→CS523.04×10110.21162.703.09×1066.31×108
CS54→CS554.90×10110.51125.878.20×1085.89×1010
CS55→CS561.35×10120.1341.081.29×10115.12×1011
CS47→CS571.75×10110.07145.582.41×1062.65×108
CS59→CS164.94×10100.73283.201.34×1031.71×107
), ArticleFig(id=1325528765966860774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325528753019044230, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

500~2500K下关键单分子反应的Arrhenius参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
反应指前因子A/ s-1温度指数n活化能Ea/(kJ·mol-1)反应速率k/s-1
1500K2500K
CS6→CS74.24×10110.63344.814.20×1013.60×106
CS11→CS123.08×10120.0542.951.47×10115.98×1011
CS13→CS14+H3.59×10110.74168.351.09×1083.41×1010
CS14→CS151.19×10110.63347.939.35×1008.85×105
CS18→CS191.90×10110.58172.661.11×1073.68×109
CS20→CS279.95×10110.77169.033.57×1081.15×1011
CS27→CS286.20×10110.55375.153.11×1006.78×105
CS35→CS363.78×10110.1257.149.11×1096.01×1010
CS38→CS392.79×10110.57105.553.92×1091.52×1011
CS41→CS161.69×10110.65125.488.51×1086.50×1010
CS45→CS464.92×10120.22171.222.60×1076.96×109
CS48→CS491.79×10110.69200.972.76×1062.4272×109
CS50→CS519.83×10110.0618.643.39×10116.34×1011
CS47→CS523.04×10110.21162.703.09×1066.31×108
CS54→CS554.90×10110.51125.878.20×1085.89×1010
CS55→CS561.35×10120.1341.081.29×10115.12×1011
CS47→CS571.75×10110.07145.582.41×1062.65×108
CS59→CS164.94×10100.73283.201.34×1031.71×107
), ArticleFig(id=1325528766033969639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325528753019044230, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Arrhenius parameter of the impotent barrier reaction calculated by VTST refers

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
反应指前因子A温度指数n活化能Ea/(kJ·mol-1)
CS1+C6H5→CS29.88×10-1 cm3·mol-1·s-12.98-40.77
CS33+C6H5→CS341.43×101 cm3·mol-1·s-13.01-37.08
CS51→CS161.18×1013 s-10.58375.89
), ArticleFig(id=1325528766117855720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325528753019044230, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

VTST计算的无能垒反应的Arrhenius参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
反应指前因子A温度指数n活化能Ea/(kJ·mol-1)
CS1+C6H5→CS29.88×10-1 cm3·mol-1·s-12.98-40.77
CS33+C6H5→CS341.43×101 cm3·mol-1·s-13.01-37.08
CS51→CS161.18×1013 s-10.58375.89
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基于PAC生长机制下的蒽转化苯并芘机理研究
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张韦 1 , 马珍珠 1 , 陈朝辉 1 , 李泽宏 1 , 宁硕 1 , 毕克刚 2
内燃机学报 | 2025,43(1): 79-87
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内燃机学报 | 2025 , 43 (1) : 79 -87
基于PAC生长机制下的蒽转化苯并芘机理研究
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张韦1 , 马珍珠1, 陈朝辉1 , 李泽宏1, 宁硕1, 毕克刚2
作者信息
  • 1.昆明理工大学云南省内燃机重点实验室,昆明 650500
  • 2.昆明市节能监察支队,昆明 650506
通讯作者:
陈朝辉,博士,教授,.
作者简介:

张韦,博士,教授,.

Mechanism research of anthracene conversion to benzopyrene based on PAC growth mechanism
Wei Zhang1 , Zhenzhu Ma1, Zhaohui Chen1 , Zehong Li1, Shuo Ning1, Kegang Bi2
Affiliations
  • 1.Yunnan Key Laboratory of Internal Combustion Engine,Kunming University of Science and Technology,Kunming 650500,China
  • 2.Kunming Energy Conservation Supervision Detachment,Kunming 650506,China
出版时间: 2025-01-25 doi: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202501010
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基于密度泛函理论(DFT)和过渡态理论(TST),利用苯基加成环化(PAC)机制,对内燃机缸内的苯并芘生成历程进行探索.结果表明:蒽自由边和锯齿边与苯基的入口反应均表现出无能垒、高放热和速率快的特点.分析各路径限速步速率可知,蒽自由边C1位点比锯齿边C2位更易生成苯并芘,最优反应路径限速步能垒仅为176.2kJ/mol,反应速率为3.7×109s-1.锯齿边C2位的两条主路径限速步为五元环转化成六元环的异构化反应,能垒分别高达417.2kJ/mol和421.7kJ/mol,反应速率分别为8.7×104s-1和5.8×104s-1.此外,芳香环上H迁移反应的难度高于脂肪链上H迁移.该研究提供了苯并芘的PAC生成机理,这为构建苯并芘的化学动力学模型提供理论依据,对预测内燃机缸内的苯并芘生成具有重要意义.

多环芳烃  /  苯基加成环化  /  蒽  /  苯并芘  /  密度泛函理论  /  过渡态理论

Based on density functional theory(DFT) and transition state theory(TST), the formation process of benzopyrene in the cylinder of internal combustion engines was investigated by phenyl-addition cyclization(PAC) mechanism. The results show that the entrance reactions of both anthracene free edge and sawtooth edge with phenyl exhibit barrierless, high exotherm and fast rate. By analyzing the rate-limiting step rates of each pathway, it is found that the anthracene free edge C1 site is more likely to generate benzopyrene than the sawtooth edge C2 site, and the optimal reaction pathway rate-limiting step energy barrier is only 176.2kJ/mol with a reaction rate of 3.7×109s-1. The rate-limiting step of the two main paths at the C2 position of the sawtooth edge is the isomerization of the five-membered ring into the six-membered ring. The energy barrier is up to 417.2kJ/mol and 421.7kJ/mol, and the reaction rates are 8.7×104s-1 and 5.8×104s-1, respectively. In addition, the H migration reaction on the aromatic ring is more difficult than on the aliphatic chain. This study provides the mechanism of PAC generation of benzopyrene, which gives a theoretical basis for the construction of chemical kinetics model of benzopyrene and is important for predicting the generation of benzopyrene in the cylinder of internal combustion engines.

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons  /  phenyl addition cyclization  /  anthracene  /  benzopyrene  /  density functional theory  /  transition state theory
张韦, 马珍珠, 陈朝辉, 李泽宏, 宁硕, 毕克刚. 基于PAC生长机制下的蒽转化苯并芘机理研究. 内燃机学报, 2025 , 43 (1) : 79 -87 . DOI: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202501010
Wei Zhang, Zhenzhu Ma, Zhaohui Chen, Zehong Li, Shuo Ning, Kegang Bi. Mechanism research of anthracene conversion to benzopyrene based on PAC growth mechanism[J]. Transactions of CSICE, 2025 , 43 (1) : 79 -87 . DOI: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202501010
多环芳烃(PAHs)来自于内燃机不完全燃烧形成的碳氢化合物,是颗粒物(PM)的重要前驱体[1-2].刘海峰等[3-4]通过研究柴油烃族组分对柴油机的排放影响发现,碳烟和HC排放都会随总芳烃含量的增多而上升.此外,PAHs对人体健康具有强危害性,随着PAHs环数的增加,其毒性也会增强.4~6环的PAHs在所有PAHs中的占比高达83.24%~96.98%[5],且五环以上的PAHs是PM成核的关键物质.五芳环苯并芘(BaP,C20H12)作为毒性最强的大分子PAHs,被国际卫生组织认为是毒性评价的“金标准”,属于一类有毒物.苯基加成环化(PAC)机制是一种高效的PAHs生长机制,其加成方式不受反应位点影响[6].因此,有必要针对受PAC机制影响的苯并芘生长机理进行深入探索,以便能够有效评估、预测发动机缸内苯并芘的生成.
目前,众多学者提出脱氢加乙炔(HACA)[7]、脱氢加乙烯基乙炔(HAVA)[8]、苯基加成环化(PAC)[6]、甲基加成环化(MAC)[9]和共振稳定自由基链式反应(AHRCR)等[10]PAHs生长机制.其中,HACA机制被大部分研究人员认为是PAHs的主要生成机理.Liu等[11]基于HACA机制研究了A1到A4的PAHs生成过程,并探究了位点效应对其生成的影响.但有研究证明HACA机制低估了火焰中PAHs和碳烟的浓度,并且HACA反应速率慢,无法解释火焰中PAHs的快速生长过程[12-14].Zhao等[15]研究了茚基(C9H7)与乙烯基乙炔(C4H4)加成生成苯并茚及其异构体的反应过程,发现HAVA机制可在低温下形成PAHs.Georganta等[16]研究了菲与甲基加成生成芘的反应机理,探明了MAC机制在PAHs形成和生长中的间接作用.Sinha等[17]研究了苄基重组生成蒽和菲的过程,明确了菲是高温下的主要产物.上述研究探索了小分子PAHs的生长,而对于大分子PAHs生成过程的认识仍然有限.Shukla等[6]证明了PAC机制是一种高效的PAHs生长机制,能使PAHs连续增长.而对于苯并芘的研究,Reizer等[18-19]以苯并蒽和为反应物,通过MAC、HACA、乙基自由基加成(HAERA)和乙炔-丁二烯加成(DA)等机制研究其生长过程.综上所述,当前对大分子高毒性苯并芘的PAC生成机制的研究还较为薄弱,亟需明确其生长机制.
因此,笔者以蒽为初始反应物,研究PAC机制下的苯并芘生成机理.采用密度泛函理论(DFT)方法计算了反应路径的势能面,利用过渡态理论(TST)研究了所有基元反应的反应速率常数.该研究可为构建大分子高毒性苯并芘的精确生长化学动力学模型提供支撑,也将为抑制发动机燃烧过程中苯并芘的生成提供理论指导.
采用DFT中的B3LYP泛函[20]并结合6-31+G(d,p)基组对反应物、过渡态、中间体和产物进行优化,频率矫正因子为0.964.对于苯并芘大分子PAHs,DFT能够有效计算其分子结构、转动惯量和振动频率等信息.对优化后的过渡态结构,进行内禀反应坐标(IRC)计算,以确保过渡态正确连接反应物和产物[21].为验证笔者所采用DFT方法的准确性,在B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p)计算水平下获得菲的键长,将其与Martin等[22]使用B3LYP/cc-pVYZ的计算结果对比发现,二者的相对误差小于0.2%.此外,还将计算结果与Trotter [23]采用X射线测得菲键长的试验值进行对比,二者的误差小于3.0%.笔者采用B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p)的计算结果与其他文献中的模拟值与试验值均基本吻合,故笔者所采用的DFT计算方法是准确、可靠的.采用高精度计算方法M06-2X/cc-pVTZ获得所有反应物、过渡态、中间体和产物的单点能[24].所有的量子化学数据通过Gaussian16软件包计算得到.
TST是计算反应速率常用的方法[25].采用TST计算温度为500~2500K的基元反应速率常数.对于无能垒反应的速率常数则采用变分过渡态理论(VTST)计算.使用Canneaux等[26]计算所有基元反应随温度变化的反应速率常数K(T),其公式为
K(T)=CWσkBTh⋅QTS(T)ΦR(T)exp(−V≠RT)
式中:CW为隧道校正因子;σ为反应路径简并度;kB为玻尔兹曼常数;QTS(T)为过渡态总配分函数;ΦR(T)为反应物总配分函数;V≠为包含零点能的活化能垒;T为温度;h为普朗克常数;R为理想气体常数.
在TST计算速率常数的过程中需进行隧道效应的修正,因而要采用Wigner法计算隧道修正因子[27],Wigner校正因子CW的数学表达式为
CW=1−124(hv≠kBT)2
式中:v≠为过渡态虚频的量级.
采用最小二乘拟合算法可对改进的Arrhenius表达式进行拟合[28],得到指前因子A、温度指数n和活化能Ea.反应速率常数K(T)的计算式为
K(T)=ATnexp(−EaRT)
笔者利用Multiwfn程序[29-30]和分子视图软件VMD[31]对蒽分子反应位点进行预测,结果如图1所示.图1(a)为蒽分子的表面ESP分布,蓝色代表低电势区域,红色表示高电势区域.静电势越负(越正)的地方对应的原子越容易发生亲电(亲核)反应.黄色小球为静电势极大值点,青色小球为极小值点.蒽分子的H原子附近为静电势极大值点,静电势值为0.680eV,较难发生反应.而C原子附近为极小值点,原因是C原子的电负性大于H原子.自由边C1原子附近静电势值为-0.598eV,且与C3原子的静电势值相当.因为C3位点的两侧分别为自由边和锯齿边,故不考虑C3位点.C2原子为锯齿边碳位点,其静电势值为-0.517eV,略大于C1碳位点.因此,只考虑静电势极小值的自由边C1位和锯齿边C2位.蒽分子的其他与C1、C2和C3对称的位点静电势值大致相同.图1(b)为蒽分子表面的ALIE分布,ALIE表示分子中的电子在局部位置上被束缚的程度,其数值越小,局部极化率越大,代表在此处的电子平均能量越高,电子活性越强,被束缚得越弱,因而也越容易参与亲电或自由基反应.红色区域的ALIE较高,较难发生反应.蓝色为低ALIE区域,容易发生反应.青色小球代表极小值点,黄色小球代表极大值点.图1(b)显示自由边C1位的ALIE极小值为8.541eV,易发生反应.C3位点的ALIE值与C1位点相当,而锯齿边C2位ALIE值稍大于C1位,同样也较容易发生反应.综合分析ESP和ALIE可知,研究选择最容易反应的自由边C1位点和锯齿边C2位点作为主反应位点.
蒽是具有多个锯齿状表面位置平行排列的气相PAHs单体[32],具有高对称性,在大气环境中的浓度可达40ng/m3,占PAHs总浓度的12.5%[33-34].其次,蒽作为典型的三环PAHs,具有较高的化学反应活性.Zhu等[33]研究了蒽、菲与环戊二烯及茚生成PAHs的反应机理,发现蒽更容易与环戊二烯基和茚基反应生成PAHs.苯是最简单的芳香族化合物,也是重要的燃烧中间体[35].因此,笔者将研究蒽的C1自由边位点和C2锯齿边位点与苯基的加成反应.在所有反应中,TS表示过渡态,CS表示中间体.由于蒽具有严格的对称性,且结合ESP及ALIE分析,该研究只考虑蒽C1和C2位的反应即可.
图2为蒽基C1自由边位点与苯基加成反应路径1的势能.图2(a)显示该路径入口反应为无能垒、高放热的吸附反应,反应生成稳定的CS2,释放482.7kJ/mol的能量.路径1的入口反应比菲与甲基的无能垒加成反应所释放的能量(385.0kJ/mol)稍多[16],原因是两组反应物的分子大小和结构存在差异.之后,CS2克服70.6kJ/mol的能垒,脱H生成CS3+H2.该反应的能垒与文献[36]中苯环上锯齿边脱H克服76.0kJ/mol的能垒相当.CS3自由基位与苯基通过C—C键连接形成含有四元环结构的CS4.此后,CS4中的四元环和六元环在克服271.4kJ/mol的高能垒之后,异构化为含两个五元环结构的CS5.CS5通过H迁移,经历一个比初始反应物低156.9kJ/mol的跃迁态TS4,释放260.4kJ/mol的高能量,生成饱和的CS6.
图2(b)为路径1从CS6开始经历一系列反应生成CS16的势能.首先,CS6外围五碳环上的H原子克服345.3kJ/mol的高能垒迁移到邻位C原子上,生成比CS6能量高147.2kJ/mol的中产物CS7,该H迁移将为下一步高温下的C—C键断裂做准备.CS9中C3H3的C—C键克服27.4kJ/mol的低能垒发生旋转,生成比CS9能量高12.1kJ/mol的CS10.CS11支链上的C—C键旋转生成CS12,该反应将为后续的成环过程提供条件.之后,CS12克服6.4kJ/mol的低能垒,发生闭环反应形成五元、六元和七元环相互融合的稳定物质CS13.比较CS2→CS3和CS13→CS14两个脱氢反应,二者所需能垒分别为70.6kJ/mol和165.3kJ/mol,这说明有大量自由基参与的脱氢反应比直接脱氢反应更容易进行[37].此后,CS14中七元环上的H原子克服348.1kJ/mol的高能垒转移到七元环和五元环共用的C原子上,生成具有自由基位点的CS15.该反应具有较高的正向势垒,低温下难以发生反应,且容易发生逆反应,因而该反应成为路径1的速率限速步.CS15存在自由基位点,结构不稳定,有七元环向六元环转化的倾向,生成更加稳定的苯并芘CS16.路径1的速率限速步为CS14→CS15,最高势垒为348.1kJ/mol.
图3为反应路径2的势能.CS6经异构化反应,形成三元、四元和五元环融合的CS17.从能垒角度分析,路径2的CS6→CS17比路径1的CS6→CS7更具优势,因而此处朝着路径2的反应更有利.从CS18到CS16将经历四元环解环、形成四元环及四元环再次解环的过程,包含H迁移、C—C键断裂、C—C键旋转、闭环和H解离反应.其中,CS18→CS19、CS22→CS23为H迁移,所需能垒分别为176.2kJ/mol和170.3kJ/mol,是路径2中的高能垒反应.CS18→CS19和CS22→CS23的反应类型和反应发生的位置相似,故二者能垒几乎相同.CS20→CS21和CS24→CS25为C—C键旋转,所需能垒较低,反应物和产物能量差在0~1.5kJ/mol之间,容易发生反应.CS26→CS16为苯环上的H解离,该过程需克服107.8kJ/mol的能垒,与芘分子上的H解离需要的99.0kJ/mol能垒相当[16].由图3可知,路径2的限速步为CS18→CS19的H迁移,其能垒为176.2 kJ/mol,低于路径1限速步的能垒348.1kJ/mol,因而路径2比路径1更具优势.
图4为路径3的反应势能.该路径经历形成三元环和三元环解环.路径3中CS20→CS27 (138.1kJ/mol)的能垒高于路径2中CS20→CS21(120.4kJ/mol)的能垒,此处路径2比路径3更有利.CS27→CS28为六芳环上的H迁移,需克服274.1kJ/mol的高能垒,反应会在苯环上产生一个C自由基位.CS27→CS28的逆向势垒远小于正向势垒,容易发生逆反应,该反应成为路径3的限速步.CS29处于不稳定状态,C2H基团经C—C键断裂转移到邻位C原子上.由图4可知,从CS20到CS29的反应为吸热过程,之后为放热过程.路径3中反应限速步为CS27→CS28的H迁移反应,其能垒为274.1kJ/mol,明显高于与之对应的路径2中的最高能垒.路径2比路径3更具优势,而路径2又较路径1有优势.因此,在蒽的C1自由边位点与苯基的反应过程中,路径2为生成苯并芘的最优路径.
图5为蒽基C2锯齿边位点与苯基的加成反应路径4.CS33→CS34和前文的CS1→CS2入口反应类似.CS34→CS35与CS2→CS3同为外加H原子的脱H反应,能垒仅相差0.6kJ/mol.CS36经失H生成CS37(苯并荧蒽C20H12).苯并荧蒽为苯并芘的同分异构体,也是16种需优先控制PAHs中的一种,它对PAHs生长及碳烟成核具有重要作用.从CS37开始为苯并荧蒽异构化成苯并芘的过程,分为两条分支路径.图5中从CS37到CS16为第一条分支路径,图6为第二条分支路径.首先,CS37克服417.2 kJ/mol的高能垒经历异构化,使得六元环和五元环相互转化.该过程容易发生逆反应,为路径4的限速步反应.且该异构化反应能垒与Nguyen等[38]研究荧蒽异构化成醋蒽烯的393.6kJ/mol能垒相当.之后,CS39克服385.4kJ/mol的高能垒开环,反应吸收412.8kJ/mol的高热量,且极易发生逆反应.路径4中限速步为CS37→CS38的异构化反应,能垒为417.2kJ/mol,2500K时的反应速率为8.7×104s-1,这严重限制了整条路径的反应速率.
图6为从CS37到CS16的反应路径5.CS37→CS42和CS37→CS38同样为异构化反应,该反应也需克服421.7kJ/mol的高能垒,吸收398.0kJ/mol的高热量,且容易发生逆反应,为路径5的速率限速步.从CS47到CS16为后续三条闭环反应中的一条,CS47经三次H迁移,C—C键旋转和闭环反应生成CS16.CS47→CS48为苯环上的H迁移到支链上,CS48→CS49为C3H3脂肪链上的H迁移到苯环的C自由基位.CS49→CS50为C3H3脂肪链末端CH2基团上H迁移到自由基位.路径5的限速步为CS37→CS42的异构化反应,其能垒为421.7kJ/mol,2500K时的反应速率为5.8×104s-1.对比路径4和路径5的反应限速步能垒和反应速率可以看出,路径4比路径5稍具优势.
图7为从CS47开始生成CS16的反应路径6和路径7.黑色线为路径6,红色线为路径7.首先,CS47→CS52的脂肪链C3H3克服162.8kJ/mol的能垒闭环,形成一个五元环和CH2基团.CS52→CS53为五碳环上的H迁移到相邻苯环上的C自由基位.之后,CS55中的CH基团嵌入到五元环,经解环生成CS16.路径6中的反应限速步为CS52→CS53(369.0kJ/mol)的H迁移反应.路径7从CS47到终产物的反应过程与路径5、路径6类似,也需经历三次H迁移反应.其中,CS58→CS59为相邻苯环C原子之间的H迁移,反应需克服288.6kJ/mol的能垒,成为路径7的反应限速步.由于路径7的限速步能垒为288.6kJ/mol,低于路径6的限速步能垒369.0kJ/mol,故路径7比路径6更具优势.此外,路径6和路径7的限速步能垒都高于路径5中的最高能垒CS49→CS50(212.1kJ/mol),故反应沿着路径5中的CS47→CS48→CS49→CS50→CS51→CS16方向进行会更有利.在蒽C2锯齿边位点与苯基的加成反应过程中,最有利于苯并芘生成的反应路径为路径4.C2锯齿边生成苯并芘的最优路径4的限速步能垒,高于C1自由边位生成苯并芘的最优路径2的限速步能垒,故C1自由边位的反应路径2为生成苯并芘的最优主反应路径.
基于DFT计算结果,利用TST计算温度为1500K、2500K下双分子和单分子反应的速率常数k、指前因子A、温度指数n和活化能Ea,结果如表1和表2所示.无能垒反应的速率常数利用VTST计算,结果如表3所示.为了探讨温度对反应速率的影响,利用TST计算温度为500~2500K时,反应体系中关键反应及限速步的高压极限(HP)下的速率常数,结果如图8~图10所示.
图8(a)为蒽C1自由边位点与苯基反应的路径1~3的限速步反应速率,其中路径2的反应速率最快,路径1和3的反应速率较慢,这与前文能垒分析的结果一致.因此,路径2为C1自由边位点与苯基反应最有利的路径.路径1和3低温下与路径2的反应速率相差较大,但随着温度的升高,反应速率逐渐接近.图8(b)为蒽C2锯齿边位点与苯基反应的限速步反应速率,对比路径4和路径5可知,CS37→CS38和CS37→CS42的异构化反应速率最慢,与路径2的限速步反应速率相差5个数量级.路径4和路径5相比,路径4的反应速率略高.图8(b)中绿色、紫色和青色3条线分别为从CS47到CS16的反应过程中路径5~7的限速步反应速率.而路径5对应的限速步CS49→CS50(212.1kJ/mol)的速率高于路径6中CS52→CS53(369.0kJ/mol)和路径7中CS58→CS59(288.6kJ/mol)的限速步反应速率,路径5具有优势,但路径4又优于路径5.综上所述,路径4为蒽C2锯齿边位与苯基加成最有利的路径.对比图8(a)、图8(b)可知,路径4的反应速率明显低于路径2的反应速率,故C1自由边与苯基的反应路径2为生成苯并芘的主路径.图8中限速步的反应速率都具有一定的温度依赖性,反应速率随温度的升高而加快,表明高温有利于降低高能垒反应的活化能.
图9为总反应路径中四~七元环的闭环反应速率,其中七元环的闭环反应速率最快,六元环的反应速率稍低于七元环,二者的反应速率随温度而变化的趋势不明显.五元环的闭环反应速率最慢,这与闭环之后五元环外围含有一个CH2基团有关,CH2基团对闭环反应产生了空间位阻效应.四元环的闭环反应速率比五元环快,但低于六元环和七元环的闭环反应速率.这与前文的能垒分析结果一致.
图10为6条H迁移反应的速率曲线,CS6→CS7为五元环上的H迁移,CS10→CS11为C3H3脂肪链上的H迁移,CS14→CS15为七元环上的H迁移,CS27→CS28为六元环上的H迁移,CS43→CS44为分子中带自由基位点的五元环的H迁移,CS49→CS50为分子中带自由基位点的C3H3上的H迁移反应.其中CS49→CS50的反应速率最快,CS27→CS28的反应速率最慢,且芳香环上的H迁移反应速率普遍高于脂肪链C3H3上的H迁移反应速率,这表明芳香环上的H迁移反应更难发生.对比CS10→CS11、CS49→CS50、CS6→CS7和CS43→CS44发现,CS49→CS50的速率高于CS10→CS11的速率,而CS43→CS44的速率高于CS6~CS7的速率,这说明存在自由基位点的分子更容易发生H迁移反应.
(1) 从反应势能面分析,在蒽基自由边C1位和锯齿边C2位与苯基反应生成苯并芘的过程中,其入口反应均表现为无能垒、高放热和速率快的特点,所释放的热量可为后续反应提供能量.
(2) 从能垒方面分析,在与苯基反应生成苯并芘的过程中,蒽基C1自由边位比C2锯齿边位的反应更容易发生;自由边位最优路径的限速步反应的能垒为176.2kJ/mol,低于锯齿边限速步的能垒(417.2kJ/mol).
(3) 从反应速率方面分析,在苯并芘生成过程中,2500K下的自由边最优路径反应限速步速率为3.7×109s-1,高于锯齿边最优反应路径的限速步速率(8.7×104s-1);脂肪链C3H3上H迁移反应的速率比芳香环上H迁移更迅速.
(4) 基于PAC机制的蒽与苯基生成苯并芘的反应过程需经历:加成、脱H、五元环转六元环、C—C键旋转、H迁移、开环和闭环反应.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(22362018; 52166007)
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2025年第43卷第1期
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doi: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202501010
  • 接收时间:2024-02-11
  • 首发时间:2026-11-06
  • 出版时间:2025-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-11
  • 修回日期:2024-07-05
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(22362018; 52166007)
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    1.昆明理工大学云南省内燃机重点实验室,昆明 650500
    2.昆明市节能监察支队,昆明 650506

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陈朝辉,博士,教授,.
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