Article(id=1325528737118441983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325528735126151362, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202501006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1709308800000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-02, revisedDate=1726675200000, revisedDateStr=2024-09-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793960278061, onlineDateStr=2026-11-06, pubDate=1737734400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793960278061, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793960278061, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793960278061, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325528735126151362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, year='2025', volume='43', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='95', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1737734400000', pubDateStr='2025-01-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793960277585, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793960521174, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1325529757923951150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325528735126151362, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1325529757923951151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325528735126151362, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=47, endPage=54, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325528738330595840, articleId=1325528737118441983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, language=EN, title=Concentration distribution of ultra-high pressure natural gas jet based on laser induced fluorescence method, columnId=null, journalTitle=Transactions of CSICE, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The concentration distribution characteristics of ultra-high pressure natural gas jet were studied by laser induced fluorescence imaging method based on a high-pressure dual-fuel direct injection valve. The data processing method of natural gas jet concentration distribution was optimized by dividing the natural gas jet into shock core region, concentration rapid decline region, concentration mixing region and boundary diffusion region. The results show that the core region of shock wave is affected by the Mach disk, and the concentration peak appears at and is highly correlated with the location of the Mach disk. It is found in the study of the axial concentration of natural gas that the injection pressure has the greatest influence on the shock core region and the concentration rapid decline region near the nozzle. When the injection pressure is increased from 22MPa to 31MPa with a step of 3MPa, the length of the shock core region and the concentration rapid decline region increases by 60%, while the length of the concentration mixing region decreases by 2.2%. The boundary diffusion region is least affected, and the region length increases first and then decreases. The horizontal concentration study of natural gas also shows that the concentration of natural gas has a strong influence on the area near the nozzle. The axial concentration in the shock core region and the concentration rapid decline area increases with the increase of the injection pressure, while the concentration fluctuation area appears in the concentration mixing area and the boundary diffusion area far away from the nozzle.

, authors=Xu Fan, Quan Dong, Zuo Ni, Tianfeng Xia, authorsList=Xu Fan, Quan Dong, Zuo Ni, Tianfeng Xia, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Quan Dong, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325528740822012439, articleId=1325528737118441983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, language=CN, title=基于激光诱导荧光法的超高压天然气射流浓度分布, columnId=null, journalTitle=内燃机学报, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于高压直喷双燃料喷射阀,采用激光诱导荧光成像方法对超高压天然气射流的浓度分布特性进行了研究.优化了天然气射流浓度分布数据处理方法,将天然气射流喷雾划分为激波核心区、浓度速降区、浓度混合区及边界扩散区.结果表明:激波核心区受到马赫盘影响,在马赫盘产生位置出现浓度峰值,发现了浓度峰值同马赫盘位置的高度相关性;天然气轴向浓度研究中,喷射压力对喷嘴附近的激波核心区、浓度速降区影响最大,当喷射压力从22MPa以3MPa步长增加到31MPa时,激波核心区、浓度速降区区域长度增长均为60%,而浓度混合区长度减少2.2%,边界扩散区受到影响最小,区域长度出现先增大后减小的现象;天然气径向浓度研究中,同样显示出天然气浓度对喷嘴附近区域的强影响性,激波核心区、浓度速降区径向浓度随着喷射压力的增加而增大,而在远离喷嘴的浓度混合区及边界扩散区出现浓度波动区.

, authors=樊旭, 董全, 倪佐, 夏天峰, authorsList=樊旭, 董全, 倪佐, 夏天峰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=董全, authorNote=

樊旭,硕士研究生,.

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董全,博士,副教授,.
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樊旭,硕士研究生,.

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Experimental parameters

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参数数值
喷射压力/MPa22,25,28,31
喷射时间/ms0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5,0.6,0.7,0.8,0.9,1.0
背景压力/MPa0.1
背景温度/K300
), ArticleFig(id=1325528748824744526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325528737118441983, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试验参数

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参数数值
喷射压力/MPa22,25,28,31
喷射时间/ms0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5,0.6,0.7,0.8,0.9,1.0
背景压力/MPa0.1
背景温度/K300
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基于激光诱导荧光法的超高压天然气射流浓度分布
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樊旭 , 董全 , 倪佐 , 夏天峰
内燃机学报 | 2025,43(1): 47-54
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内燃机学报 | 2025 , 43 (1) : 47 -54
基于激光诱导荧光法的超高压天然气射流浓度分布
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樊旭 , 董全 , 倪佐, 夏天峰
作者信息
  • 哈尔滨工程大学动力与能源工程学院,哈尔滨 150006
通讯作者:
董全,博士,副教授,.
作者简介:

樊旭,硕士研究生,.

Concentration distribution of ultra-high pressure natural gas jet based on laser induced fluorescence method
Xu Fan , Quan Dong , Zuo Ni, Tianfeng Xia
Affiliations
  • School of Power and Energy Engineering,Harbin Engineering University,Harbin 150006,China
出版时间: 2025-01-25 doi: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202501006
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基于高压直喷双燃料喷射阀,采用激光诱导荧光成像方法对超高压天然气射流的浓度分布特性进行了研究.优化了天然气射流浓度分布数据处理方法,将天然气射流喷雾划分为激波核心区、浓度速降区、浓度混合区及边界扩散区.结果表明:激波核心区受到马赫盘影响,在马赫盘产生位置出现浓度峰值,发现了浓度峰值同马赫盘位置的高度相关性;天然气轴向浓度研究中,喷射压力对喷嘴附近的激波核心区、浓度速降区影响最大,当喷射压力从22MPa以3MPa步长增加到31MPa时,激波核心区、浓度速降区区域长度增长均为60%,而浓度混合区长度减少2.2%,边界扩散区受到影响最小,区域长度出现先增大后减小的现象;天然气径向浓度研究中,同样显示出天然气浓度对喷嘴附近区域的强影响性,激波核心区、浓度速降区径向浓度随着喷射压力的增加而增大,而在远离喷嘴的浓度混合区及边界扩散区出现浓度波动区.

天然气  /  高压直喷  /  激光诱导荧光法  /  浓度分布特征

The concentration distribution characteristics of ultra-high pressure natural gas jet were studied by laser induced fluorescence imaging method based on a high-pressure dual-fuel direct injection valve. The data processing method of natural gas jet concentration distribution was optimized by dividing the natural gas jet into shock core region, concentration rapid decline region, concentration mixing region and boundary diffusion region. The results show that the core region of shock wave is affected by the Mach disk, and the concentration peak appears at and is highly correlated with the location of the Mach disk. It is found in the study of the axial concentration of natural gas that the injection pressure has the greatest influence on the shock core region and the concentration rapid decline region near the nozzle. When the injection pressure is increased from 22MPa to 31MPa with a step of 3MPa, the length of the shock core region and the concentration rapid decline region increases by 60%, while the length of the concentration mixing region decreases by 2.2%. The boundary diffusion region is least affected, and the region length increases first and then decreases. The horizontal concentration study of natural gas also shows that the concentration of natural gas has a strong influence on the area near the nozzle. The axial concentration in the shock core region and the concentration rapid decline area increases with the increase of the injection pressure, while the concentration fluctuation area appears in the concentration mixing area and the boundary diffusion area far away from the nozzle.

natural gas  /  high pressure direct injection  /  laser induced fluorescence method  /  concentration distribution characteristics
樊旭, 董全, 倪佐, 夏天峰. 基于激光诱导荧光法的超高压天然气射流浓度分布. 内燃机学报, 2025 , 43 (1) : 47 -54 . DOI: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202501006
Xu Fan, Quan Dong, Zuo Ni, Tianfeng Xia. Concentration distribution of ultra-high pressure natural gas jet based on laser induced fluorescence method[J]. Transactions of CSICE, 2025 , 43 (1) : 47 -54 . DOI: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202501006
天然气主要成分是甲烷(CH4),相较于柴油及汽油,天然气具有更小的m(C)/m(H)、更低的燃烧温度使得天然气燃烧产物中CO2及NOx含量更少[1].常规天然气燃烧分为点燃式天然气发动机、压燃式天然气发动机和天然气-柴油双燃料发动机.根据天然气喷射方式,天然气-柴油双燃料发动机可分为气道喷射天然气发动机与缸内直喷天然气发动机(DI-NG).为改善进气喷射方式存在的进气充量损失、爆震限制压缩比、热效率低和甲烷排放等问题,2012年,潍柴西港新能源公司自主研发出中国首台缸内高压直喷(HPDI)天然气发动机,便于实现天然气喷气量与喷气时刻的精准控制,达到“高效减排”的要求[2].在HPDI天然气发动机中,采用同轴结构将柴油和天然气集成到一个单一的喷射阀中,它对现有的发动机结构非常友好,这使得传统的柴油发动机仅需做一些修改即可匹配HPDI喷射阀.HPDI阀可以独立喷射柴油和天然气,当与先进的电子控制技术相结合时,可以实现灵活的燃油喷射策略和不同的缸内燃烧模式[3-6].
目前,对HPDI的研究大多集中在发动机试验和仿真研究上[7-8].发动机试验虽然可以获得喷气压力等参数对发动机性能的影响,但无法准确观察天然气射流发展特性.燃气射流发展特性的研究可以为喷油阀结构设计、气缸电控装置、燃油喷射和燃烧策略优化提供重要的基础数据和关键仿真模型边界条件.在高喷射压力下,天然气可以在喷管出口形成欠膨胀气体射流.在HPDI发动机中天然气喷射压力一般大于20MPa,足以在喷嘴外产生高度欠膨胀的气体射流,与常规液体燃料射流特性有很大区别.为此,许多研究人员通常采用可视化测试技术来探索天然气喷射特性,主要有纹影法及平面激光诱导荧光法(PLIF).王金华等[9]采用纹影法对不同喷射压力及背压下的天然气高压喷射射流特性进行研究,将天然气高压喷射射流发展分为两阶段,发现喷射压力增加及背景压力增加使得射流内整体过量空气系数增大.Yu等[10]利用激光诱导荧光(PLIF)成像方法研究了不同喷孔压力比(NPR)为7~50时的天然气射流结构和湍流混合特性,解释了气体射流的不同特性,并通过数值模拟探讨了膨胀下气体射流特性.Dong等[11-12]采用纹影成像方法和数值模拟研究了NPR(NPR为6~16)和喷管直径对激波结构演化和气体喷射射流平均当量比的影响,发现高NPR及大孔径条件有利于缩短气体射流喷射时间,并获得均匀的混合气.
丙酮作为PLIF成像方法的示踪剂具有良好的精密度、准确性,丙酮浓度与激光激发的荧光强度之间呈良好的线性关系[13-14],所以选取丙酮作为该项试验中的示踪剂.目前研究人员一直在不断探索欠膨胀气体射流的近喷嘴激波结构和混合特性,主要应用于较大的航空发动机.针对高压天然气射流的研究很少,尤其在HPDI系统控制的超高压天然气射流浓度分布方面.笔者采用PLIF成像方法,研究了常温、常压下(背景温度为300K,背景压力为0.1MPa)使用HPDI喷射阀的超高压气体射流(喷射压力为22~31MPa)的宏观气体射流特性和浓度分布特性.目的是拓展天然气射流的可视化测试边界,揭示超高压天然气射流的浓度分布特征.提出了一种天然气射流荧光浓度计算方法;针对天然气射流进行区域划分,分析了不同喷射压力条件下,天然气射流轴向上不同射流区域浓度发展规律;并以射流区域中点为基准点,对天然气射流径向浓度场变化进行规律研究.
HPDI喷射阀是一种同轴柴油/天然气双燃料喷射器,需要同时提供柴油和天然气.主要考察高压气体射流的特性,柴油机喷射驱动通道是封闭的,但柴油仍然需要被送入喷射阀以支持气体喷射.
图1给出了天然气射流研究PLIF试验系统原理,该试验装置主要包括柴油供给、柴油喷射系统及光学可视化系统等3个部分.能够实现天然气压力的稳定建立、柴油及天然气的协调喷射以及天然气射流喷射的动态捕捉.
柴油通过高压共轨供给,减小柴油压力波动.天然气增压泵能够将天然气增压至40MPa.柴油和天然气同时进入气体控制阀(GCM),保证柴油压力高于天然气压力1MPa.PLIF试验中使用的示踪剂为丙酮.采用图1中的1.1L的混气罐,该混气罐最大可承受42MPa的压力,在混合罐中加入0.5L液体丙酮.为了稳定丙酮的蒸发效率,在混气罐外加装水浴加热装置,在30℃恒温下进行水浴加热;高压天然气通过插入丙酮的气管进气,丙酮液面以上的另一根气管输出与丙酮蒸气混合的天然气.为了使丙酮和天然气混合均匀,使丙酮蒸气饱和,每次喷射前混合时间都在30s以上.混气罐的另一个作用是进行压力调节,减少喷射过程中的喷气压力波动.
图像采集系统由像增强器相机(IRO-CCD)、UV镜头(Nikon PF10545MF-UV)及LIF带通滤波器构成.相机的拍摄时间为0.1~1.0ms,以0.1ms为步长拍摄相同工况条件下的10张图像,为减少意外误差,每一时刻重复拍摄10次,最终结果取10次图像数据的平均值.由于荧光信号较弱,需要在高速相机前添加像增强器(IRO)来捕获荧光图像,为了减少IRO增益带来的背景噪声,对IRO增益参数及门宽参数进行了试验选取,分别为40%和30ns.采用Nd:YAG脉冲激光器(EKSPLA-NL303HT),选用266nm的点激光,穿过片光器形成厚度为1mm的片状激光,用以激发射流截面上的丙酮示踪剂.丙酮在激光诱导下产生的荧光在400nm左右,为了排除非丙酮荧光的干扰,选用了LIF带通滤波器,其穿透特性如图2所示,在400nm左右穿透力超过90%,使得荧光收集更加精准.试验工况如表1所示.
图3为激光能量随激光脉冲数的变化趋势.当激光脉冲次数大于50时,激光能量波动率小于2.9%.在研究中,每次喷射前将触发激光100次,使激光能量稳定在87mJ.
根据PLIF原理,需要找到荧光强度与气体射流浓度之间的函数关系.当丙酮处于300K左右的环境温度时,其荧光信号强度与丙酮浓度[15]呈高度线性相关,关系式为
Iv=KCva
式中:Iv为荧光强度;Cva为丙酮浓度;K为荧光强度与丙酮浓度之间的转换系数.传统的气体射流浓度校准方法需要在不同丙酮浓度条件下拍摄荧光强度,并绘制丙酮浓度与荧光强度之间的拟合曲线,最终得到转换系数K,再利用道尔顿分压原理计算真实气体射流浓度分布,但该方法非常复杂.提出了一种基于不同时刻实际气体射流质量mt标定气体射流浓度的方法.用定容法[16]求得气体射流质量流量m˙.荧光强度仅作为气体射流浓度的标尺,省略了道尔顿分压的计算步骤.荧光强度与气体射流浓度直接相关.
在对气体射流浓度进行处理之前,首先要对气体射流总荧光强度的计算方法进行优化.研究人员经常假设气体射流图像是轴对称的,因此,通过旋转体假设一般只能得到一半射流的模拟气体射流的锥模型;但气体射流中轴线两侧的荧光强度和结构是不对称的,只取喷雾的一半作为荧光总量的估计是不公平的.为了减少这种不对称误差,借助上述射流体积处理方法,将射流分成单像素高度的圆盘进行分析.图4为圆盘荧光计算方法的模型示意.将气体射流沿y轴按像素尺度分层,选取j层进行分析.按单层进行荧光分析,首先将一层的荧光进行总和计算,得到平面上j层的总荧光量Ij.
Ij=∑ilirI(i)
式中:il为沿x轴计算的j层最左侧像素点;ir为沿x轴计算的j层最右侧;i为j层上从il点向右第i个点;I(i)为像素的荧光强度值.
将该层看作长为Njdp、宽dp和高dL的长方形,进一步计算一个立方体像素块的平均荧光量I¯j,即
I¯j=dpIj/(dLNj)
式中:dL为激光束厚度,取值为1mm;Nj为该层像素点个数.
计算j层的像素点数体积Vj为
Vj=π(Njdp2)2⋅dp
计算j层由m个像素块组成,即
m=Vj/dp3
采用平均荧光进行相关标定即可达到总荧光量Ijv,即
Ijv=mI¯j
将所有层数荧光总量相加即得到荧光总量Iv为
Iv=∑jyIjv
计算出气体射流的总荧光强度后,就可以计算出气体射流的浓度分布.不同时刻处的气体射流质量mt通过积分得到m˙,即
mt=∫0tm˙ dt
同样,mt可以用式(9)来评估.
mt=C¯v⋅VS
其中C¯v为气体射流的平均浓度,由式(10)可得.
C¯v=I¯v/Kt
式中:I¯v为平均荧光强度;Kt为不同时刻气体射流浓度与荧光强度之间的转换系数.
假设气体射流总体积由n个像素体积组成,有
VS=n⋅vpixel
式中:vpixel为激光激发平面内的单位像素体积,vpixel= dp2⋅dL.气体射流的总荧光强度可计算为
Iv=n⋅I¯v
结合式(9)~(12)可以建立气体质量与总荧光强度的函数关系为
mt=(Iv⋅vpixel)/Kt
根据式(13),可以计算出不同时间外排液浓度与荧光强度之间的转换系数Kt.最后,通过式(10)可计算出喷雾激发平面上各点的浓度分布.
通过ICCD相机对激光诱导下丙酮产生的荧光进行捕获,得到图5,即不同喷射压力下天然气射流浓度变化,其中横坐标时间轴以天然气射流喷射时刻为0时刻为基准,进行步长为0.1ms的图像获取.随着喷射压力的增大,喷嘴附近的高浓度区域增大.在喷射初期(0.1~0.3ms),针阀抬升过程导致高压气体尚未扩散,产生延迟,整体天然气浓度出现轻微下降现象.
进一步分析了天然气射流浓度的分布特征Cv,为便于分析天然气浓度变化趋势,将天然气浓度进行微分处理,获得天然气射流中轴线上浓度梯度变化趋势Gi.图6所示根据天然气射流浓度梯度变化,以浓度曲线为基准,在浓度曲线上浓度降低至浓度峰值的30%、10%及5%处,根据曲线变化趋势,在射流浓度梯度曲线上选择拐点,确保区域的细化划分.从而将天然气射流结构分为激波核心区(SCR)、浓度速降区(CDR)、浓度混合区(CMR)及边界扩散区(BDR).可以看见,天然气射流浓度随着时间发展将出现微小范围内的波动,在天然气浓度趋势变化位置产生一个波谷,该波谷位置预示着分区拐点.在浓度上升及下降的过程中,将出现浓度最大增大速率及浓度最大减小速率的位置.根据微分定义,该位置对应浓度梯度变化曲线的波峰.根据浓度曲线变化趋势,在天然气射流浓度变化明显处根据浓度微分曲线的波峰位置,在天然气射流中轴线上将天然气浓度划分为上述4个区域,图6中所标记的a、b和c点即为区域划分点.下列沿天然气射流中心轴线进行各区域的单独分析,以SC区(激波核心区,天然气射流高浓度区域)、CD区(浓度速降区,天然气浓度快速下降区域)、CM区(浓度混合区,天然气同背景环境进行混合区域)和BD区(边界扩散区,天然气射流头部扩散区域)依次分析探究.SC区(在a点之前)首先在喷管附近由低浓度垂直上升到高浓度,这是由于在激光进行喷雾浓度的诱导过程中,喷孔出口处激光照射存在盲点.喷雾从喷嘴处受到微量激光照射,产生少量荧光,使得图像显示中浓度较低,后续位置激光能量充足,浓度出现快速上升的现象.当浓度达到最高点时,立即以高速下降,这与高度欠膨胀气体产生的激波结构有关,在喷管与马赫盘之间,欠膨胀气体射流在膨胀波的作用下迅速膨胀且加速到超声速并产生马赫盘结构,这使得浓度集中存在于马赫盘附近,出现浓度峰值.在此过程中,射流的马赫数远大于1,同时压力和密度也会快速下降.当气体通过马赫盘时,气体速度从超声速迅速下降到亚声速,速度的突然下降会使气体的压力和密度升高.这与a点附近观测到的曲线在小范围内反弹的现象是一致的.在CD区(a点和b点之间),未膨胀的气体将出现波动,重复膨胀和压缩两个过程,受到膨胀和压缩交替波的影响,直到气体压力与环境压力平衡.但在超高压射流中,湍流作用于天然气气体射流,使得马赫盘下游无法形成稳定的激波结构,导致气体浓度下降过程呈现无序波动特征.但在这一区域,气体的欠膨胀程度仍然很高,气体向周围的快速膨胀扩散也导致气体浓度快速下降.
当气体发展到CM区(在b点和c点之间)时,喷雾发展到浓度混合区,天然气经过长时间与背景气体混合.此时,背景气体与环境之间只有很小的压力差距,气体浓度下降相对稳定,轴向浓度几乎没有变化.当接近气体射流边缘时,浓度突然下降.当气体进入BD区(c点之后)时,由于周围超高压气体射流不断膨胀扩散,天然气射流很难在短时间内形成大涡流将内部环境气体卷入其中进行深度混合.而气体的外围则与环境空气直接接触,在接触面上,由于气体剪切力和外部湍流涡旋环的作用,射流外的气体不断地与环境空气交换动量和质量,形成混合气体层.
图7为喷射时间为1ms时不同NPR条件下气体射流中轴线浓度分布.随着气体压力的增加,SC区和CD区浓度都有一定程度的增加.对比CD区及CM区,压力变化对CD区影响较大,而CM区浓度对压力变化无明显响应.主要原因是SC区和CD区浓度的变化强烈依赖于气体的欠膨胀程度,而喷射压力是最直接的影响因素.当喷射压力增大时,天然气射流在喷嘴外的膨胀和压缩波强度增大,这会导致浓度波动范围增大.另外,随着喷射压力的增大,气体质量流量也随之增大,SC区和CD区气体还没有完全膨胀,因而气体浓度保持在较高水平.当气体进入CM区时,随着膨胀能量的耗尽,气体与环境之间的压力差变小,这也代表了气体扩散能力的减弱.因此,在这个区域,影响气体浓度的主要因素是环境空气的流动状态.此外,由于湍流的影响,气体射流不能保持最高浓度停留在中轴,这也是CM区轴向浓度与喷射压力没有表现出显著正相关的原因之一.
从图7中可以看出,在不同NPR条件下,SC区存在一个明显的波峰,根据前述分析,该波峰同马赫盘结构相关.为了验证波峰位置与马赫盘的相关性,此处采用马赫盘经验方程(14)求出马赫盘高度,并与浓度曲线的波峰位置进行对比.
H/D=0.67pinj/p∞
式中:H为马赫盘的高度;D为喷管的直径;pinj为喷射压力;p∞为背景压力.
图8为马赫盘高度对比.当NPR=220时槽的位置和马赫盘的理论高度几乎相同,随着NPR的增大,峰值位置同马赫盘高度的差值增大了一点,这可能是由于高NPR导致湍流强度增大,使得马赫盘位置波动所致.根据经验公式下的马赫盘高度同试验SC区波峰位置的误差可知,所有条件下误差均小于6.5%;低NPR条件下,SC区波峰的位置与马赫盘的位置高度相关,在高NPR条件下,马赫盘经验公式将出现误差.
为深入分析不同区域天然气射流浓度区别,图9(a)给出4个区域的浓度范围分布针对不同NPR条件对区域浓度的影响进行了分析.增强NPR对4个区域的影响规律并不一致.在SC区,随着气体压力的增加,浓度上限有一定程度的提高.浓度分布的中位数变化趋势也显示出NPR同气体浓度呈正相关关系,但随着NPR的增加,浓度增长率明显下降,且CD区浓度分布中位数也呈现出与SC区相同的趋势,这可能是由于NPR的增加,使得天然气在喷嘴处被进一步压缩,喷嘴内部天然气浓度升高,导致喷嘴内部堵塞严重,气体质量流量的增长率逐渐降低.
在CM区,浓度的中位数变化斜率几乎为零,说明NPR的增加对CM区气体浓度的影响不明显,这是由于在CM区,天然气射流与环境的压差较小,气体扩散速度较慢.可以推断,CM区气体浓度水平与环境压力有关.当气体进入BD区后,随着NPR的增大,气体浓度中位数呈下降趋势.这是由于随着NPR的增加,天然气的扩张程度难以提高,同时喷嘴外气体的膨胀和湍流强度提高促进了气体与环境空气之间的动量和质量交换.虽然这种影响很小,但也证明了NPR的提高对气体射流外围与环境的混合有积极的影响.
从图9(b)可以看出,随着NPR的增加,4个区域的长度变化趋势并不一致,SC区、CD区的长度随着NPR的增加进行增大.CM区域则随着NPR的增加而出现减少现象,长度减少2.2%;而BD区和NPR并没有线性关系.从整体特性可以看出,NPR的增加对喷嘴近场有很大的影响.由于天然气射流距离喷嘴较远,NPR的增加对气体射流的影响将会迅速减小,并且随着NPR的增加,气体射流和环境将会引起湍流,这使得BD区长度变化具有很大的不确定性.
针对天然气射流的轴向浓度进行了分析,单独的轴向分析不能够代表整体天然气的研究规律.在该部分对天然气射流的径向部分进行分析,保证了对天然气射流研究的丰富性及完整性.
为了探究气体射流的径向浓度分布趋势,选取图6中的4个区域中点进行分析.以中点为中心,向上方及下方各取两个像素点,以该像素范围进行了平均浓度计算,减少意外误差.图10为4个区域中心的径向浓度分布曲线.为保证天然气射流左右范围表述清晰,将天然气射流中轴线位置规定为坐标0,负数位置为天然气射流左半部分,正数位置为天然气射流右半部分.为了比较不同条件下的浓度下降梯度,以NPR为220条件下的横坐标范围为基准,为减少意外误差,向上、下各取两个像素点进行平均浓度计算,然后采用微分对径向浓度变化进行计算,获得不同NPR的平均浓度下降梯度G¯.由于气体射流的不对称性,中轴线两端的气体射流的G¯不同.图10中给出平均浓度下降梯度最大值,左半部分气体射流的下降梯度一般大于右半部分,但总体趋势是一致的.
由射流左侧分析可知,随着NPR的增大,G¯从SC区到CD区呈现减小趋势.当NPR为310时,天然气射流SC区的平均G¯最大值达到1.300,而CD区G¯最大值为0.346.当NPR为220时,SC区和CD区气体射流G¯最大值分别为1.251和0.295.相同时刻下随着NPR的增加,SC区左侧和右侧的G¯分别提高了3.77%和9.78%,CD区分别提高了14.74%和15.84%.由此可见,NPR的变化对CD区结构的影响较大.
当气体射流发展到CM区和BD区时,中轴线附近的浓度曲线将突破高斯分布趋势,开始出现浓度波动区,同时将出现几个波峰.这是由于气体射流与环境空气相互作用所产生的强烈湍流会使射流周围的压力分布极不均匀,在BD区上更明显的波动面积增加证实了这一点.由于射流远离喷嘴的核心区域,天然气射流的动能不断被周围的气体消耗,气体的径向浓度分布逐渐趋于平缓.在BD区波动区,不同NPR条件下径向浓度分布呈水平波动特征,NPR的增大使水平波动范围变宽,这与燃气射流尖端与环境空气的对冲运动有关.随着气体射流的发展,气体在射流尖端中点周围不断扩散,增加了中心周围气体的浓度,造成射流径向分布的水平波动.NPR虽然可以提高CM区及BD区的整体浓度水平,但浓度梯度的随机性较强,这一过程与急流湍流和环境空气的运动状态有关.
(1) 根据天然气浓度梯度变化将天然气射流划分成4个区域,通过SC区的波峰位置与公式计算马赫盘位置对比,发现了马赫盘产生导致SC区出现波峰,验证了低NPR条件及高NPR条件下,马赫盘经验公式与SC区波峰位置的关系.
(2) 由4个区域长度可以看出,随着NPR的增加,SC区、CD区和CM区区域长度的变化率分别为60%、60%和-2.2%;但BD区长度并非呈单一趋势,而是先增大后减小,是气体喷射压力和环境湍流综合作用的结果.
(3) SC区和CD区径向浓度分布呈高斯分布特征,气体射流径向浓度下降梯度G¯与NPR呈正相关,随着NPR的增加,CM区和BD区整体径向浓度分布增加,但由于气流和环境湍流的影响,低NPR区域的局部浓度也增加,浓度波动区出现在CM区和BD区,随着NPR的增大,射流浓度波动范围也增大.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51879056)
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2025年第43卷第1期
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doi: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202501006
  • 接收时间:2024-03-02
  • 首发时间:2026-11-06
  • 出版时间:2025-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-02
  • 修回日期:2024-09-19
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(51879056)
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    哈尔滨工程大学动力与能源工程学院,哈尔滨 150006

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董全,博士,副教授,.
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