Article(id=1325524255479452100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325524161678033072, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202503024, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1726156800000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-13, revisedDate=1740067200000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793959209555, onlineDateStr=2026-11-06, pubDate=1748102400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793959209555, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793959209555, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793959209555, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325524161678033072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, year='2025', volume='43', issue='3', pageStart='193', pageEnd='287', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1748102400000', pubDateStr='2025-05-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793959187179, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793959945056, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1325527341178569523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325524161678033072, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1325527341178569524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325524161678033072, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=201, endPage=210, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325524257438192069, articleId=1325524255479452100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, language=EN, title=Influence of pre-chamber fuel injection parameters on combustion and emissions of a heavy-duty diesel engine, columnId=null, journalTitle=Transactions of CSICE, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The impact of pre-chamber injection timing and spray angle on combustion and emissions of a WP10H heavy-duty diesel engine was investigated using the numerical simulation software CONVERGE. The results show that under high-load conditions, pre-chamber combustion system improves combustion efficiency, advances the combustion phase, increases the peak cylinder pressure, shortens the combustion duration, and leads to an elevated wall heat transfer loss. Some pre-chamber setups studied effectively reduces both NOx and soot emissions. The optimized pre-chamber configurations demonstrates that sustained turbulence induced by the pre-chamber disrupts the redistribution of unburnt mixture in the main chamber, decreasing the presence of dilute mixtures in the cylinder and subsequently lowering NOx emissions. Additionally, with an equivalence ratio near 1, the increased mixture facilitates more comprehensive combustion, resulting in higher temperature in the main chamber during the soot oxidation stage and aiding in soot reduction. The final optimized solution involves selecting a pre-chamber injection timing of 0° CA ATDC and a pre-chamber injection angle of 54.5°. This configuration, compared to the baseline engine, results in a 2.48% reduction in NOx emissions and a 21.07% reduction in soot emission.

, authors=Yufeng Chen1, Yingying Lu1, Daochen Zhang1, Yiqiang Pei2, authorsList=Yufeng Chen, Yingying Lu, Daochen Zhang, Yiqiang Pei, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yingying Lu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325524264249741798, articleId=1325524255479452100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, language=CN, title=预燃室内喷油参数对重型柴油机燃烧和排放的影响, columnId=null, journalTitle=内燃机学报, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

以重型柴油机WP10H为研究对象,基于数值仿真软件CONVERGE研究预燃室式燃烧系统中预燃室内喷油定时和喷油角度对重型柴油机燃烧和排放的影响.结果表明:在大负荷工况下,预燃室式燃烧室能够强化燃烧,提前燃烧相位,提高缸压峰值,缩短燃烧持续期,但增加壁面传热损失;部分预燃室方案能够同时降低NOx和碳烟排放.优化后的方案表明,预燃室产生的持续湍动能扰动使得主燃室未燃混合气重新分布,降低稀燃混合气比例,降低NOx排放;同时当量比为1左右混合气比例增多,燃烧更加充分,在碳烟氧化阶段,主燃室温度高,利于碳烟氧化,降低碳烟排放.选择预燃室喷油定时为0° CA ATDC、预燃室喷油角度为54.5°作为最终优化方案,该预燃室方案相较于原机,NOx排放减少2.48%,碳烟排放减少21.07%.

, authors=陈雨凤1, 鹿盈盈1, 张道陈1, 裴毅强2, authorsList=陈雨凤, 鹿盈盈, 张道陈, 裴毅强, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=鹿盈盈, authorNote=

陈雨凤,硕士,.

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鹿盈盈,博士,副教授,.
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figureFileBig=dGLimqkchTb5RJwvoo8eIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325524271166149134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325524255479452100, language=CN, label=图3, caption=PIT对预燃室缸内压力、预燃室燃烧温度及主-预燃室压力差的影响, figureFileSmall=THN6uJPlFbppsl3Un8cuNA==, figureFileBig=dGLimqkchTb5RJwvoo8eIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325524271237452303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325524255479452100, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Impact of PIT on indicated thermal efficiency,combustion phase,peak cylinder pressure,and energy distribution, figureFileSmall=+JT3D6XudZK9GSJWErqhEQ==, figureFileBig=AfK7hElq0pWNckF4p1xewA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325524271308755472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325524255479452100, language=CN, label=图4, caption=PIT对指示热效率、燃烧相位、缸压峰值及能量分布的影响, figureFileSmall=+JT3D6XudZK9GSJWErqhEQ==, figureFileBig=AfK7hElq0pWNckF4p1xewA==, 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label=Fig.8, caption=Impact of PIT on NOx emissions, figureFileSmall=0dQc33ksgqoFV6aaU6IKAw==, figureFileBig=1hBtvDq997g3XX4ba/QbPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325524271883375128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325524255479452100, language=CN, label=图8, caption=PIT对NOx排放的影响, figureFileSmall=0dQc33ksgqoFV6aaU6IKAw==, figureFileBig=1hBtvDq997g3XX4ba/QbPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325524271950483993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325524255479452100, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Distribution of in-cylinder TKE,temperature,equivalence ratio,and NOx at 30° CA ATDC under different PITs, figureFileSmall=cYRLPHg125EkHZ1QvennZw==, figureFileBig=OdagUiQvoEZ+otFOq3OYug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325524272025981466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325524255479452100, language=CN, label=图9, caption=不同PIT下30° CA ATDC时缸内湍动能、温度、当量比和NOx分布, figureFileSmall=cYRLPHg125EkHZ1QvennZw==, figureFileBig=OdagUiQvoEZ+otFOq3OYug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325524272093090331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325524255479452100, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Mass distribution ratio of equivalence ratio from 0 to 1, figureFileSmall=8Lzsd8wcJ4g1ETerGig8wA==, figureFileBig=1evaZbLTSTIH5Bzji4QViw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325524272239890972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325524255479452100, language=CN, label=图10, caption=在当量比为0~1时质量分布比例, figureFileSmall=8Lzsd8wcJ4g1ETerGig8wA==, figureFileBig=1evaZbLTSTIH5Bzji4QViw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325524272315388445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325524255479452100, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Impact of PIT on soot formation and oxidation, figureFileSmall=wnhCeOjuVDMUqexrJLSfEA==, figureFileBig=hFGk5m0KidNMZNyYr8zomQ==, 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label=Fig.16, caption=Effect of different PIAs on the equivalence ratio in the pre-chamber, figureFileSmall=IXEvU5m7ajFwWtmxtoBEng==, figureFileBig=gm5o32+DH7sxT9pkpHxsZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325524276870402600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325524255479452100, language=CN, label=图16, caption=不同PIA对预燃室内当量比影响, figureFileSmall=IXEvU5m7ajFwWtmxtoBEng==, figureFileBig=gm5o32+DH7sxT9pkpHxsZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325524276962677289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325524255479452100, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Engine specifications

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参数数值
缸径/mm116
活塞行程/mm150
连杆长度/mm224.5
转速/(r·min-1)1200
喷油系统高压共轨
喷油压力/MPa180
喷孔数量8
喷孔直径/mm0.169
喷孔之间夹角/(°)149
排量/L9.5
压缩比18.5
燃油种类国V0号柴油
), ArticleFig(id=1325524277071729194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325524255479452100, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

发动机技术参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
缸径/mm116
活塞行程/mm150
连杆长度/mm224.5
转速/(r·min-1)1200
喷油系统高压共轨
喷油压力/MPa180
喷孔数量8
喷孔直径/mm0.169
喷孔之间夹角/(°)149
排量/L9.5
压缩比18.5
燃油种类国V0号柴油
), ArticleFig(id=1325524277201752619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325524255479452100, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Initial and boundary conditions of simulations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
进气门关闭/(°)CA ATDC-150
排气门开启/(°)CA ATDC126
涡流比1.1
缸内初始压力/MPa0.35
进气温度/K326
气缸壁温度/K455
气缸盖温度/K535
活塞头温度/K524
总喷油量/mg180
主燃烧室喷油定时/(°)CA ATDC-2
), ArticleFig(id=1325524277294027308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325524255479452100, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

模拟的初始条件和边界条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
进气门关闭/(°)CA ATDC-150
排气门开启/(°)CA ATDC126
涡流比1.1
缸内初始压力/MPa0.35
进气温度/K326
气缸壁温度/K455
气缸盖温度/K535
活塞头温度/K524
总喷油量/mg180
主燃烧室喷油定时/(°)CA ATDC-2
), ArticleFig(id=1325524277369524781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325524255479452100, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Comparison of simulated and experimental emission data

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参数试验仿真误差/%
NOx排放/(g·kW-1·h-1)8.658.590.69
碳烟排放/(g·kW-1·h-1)0.004120.00425-3.05
), ArticleFig(id=1325524277445022254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325524255479452100, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

模拟与试验排放数据对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数试验仿真误差/%
NOx排放/(g·kW-1·h-1)8.658.590.69
碳烟排放/(g·kW-1·h-1)0.004120.00425-3.05
), ArticleFig(id=1325524277696680495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325524255479452100, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Pre-chamber structural parameters and schemes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
预燃室容积比例/%3
通孔直径/mm2
通孔倾角/(°)30
预燃室喷油器孔数2
预燃室喷油器孔径/mm0.169
预燃室喷油比例/%1
喷油压力/MPa80
PIA/(°)74.5,54.5,34.5,14.5
PIT/(°)CA ATDC-2,0,2,4,6
), ArticleFig(id=1325524277805732400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325524255479452100, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

预燃室结构参数及方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
预燃室容积比例/%3
通孔直径/mm2
通孔倾角/(°)30
预燃室喷油器孔数2
预燃室喷油器孔径/mm0.169
预燃室喷油比例/%1
喷油压力/MPa80
PIA/(°)74.5,54.5,34.5,14.5
PIT/(°)CA ATDC-2,0,2,4,6
), ArticleFig(id=1325524278065779249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325524255479452100, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Summary of calculation results for different fuel injection parameters in the pre-chamber

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
预燃室方案PIT/(°)CA ATDCPIA/(°)NOx排放(与原机相较)/%碳烟排放(与原机相较)/%
1-274.5-5.81-7.37
2-254.5-3.12-9.58
3-234.52.04-14.75
4-214.5-2.82-13.45
5074.50.84-20.61
6054.5-2.48-21.07
7034.5-0.56-21.62
8014.5-5.57-16.16
9274.50.24-14.62
10254.51.43-14.66
11234.51.31-13.26
12214.52.15-16.37
13474.53.98-15.06
14454.50.00-12.87
15434.50.43-12.59
16414.51.33-13.12
17674.5-1.65-8.00
18654.5-0.93-7.29
19634.52.33-10.53
20614.52.17-12.37
), ArticleFig(id=1325524279743500850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325524255479452100, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

预燃室内不同喷油参数计算结果汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
预燃室方案PIT/(°)CA ATDCPIA/(°)NOx排放(与原机相较)/%碳烟排放(与原机相较)/%
1-274.5-5.81-7.37
2-254.5-3.12-9.58
3-234.52.04-14.75
4-214.5-2.82-13.45
5074.50.84-20.61
6054.5-2.48-21.07
7034.5-0.56-21.62
8014.5-5.57-16.16
9274.50.24-14.62
10254.51.43-14.66
11234.51.31-13.26
12214.52.15-16.37
13474.53.98-15.06
14454.50.00-12.87
15434.50.43-12.59
16414.51.33-13.12
17674.5-1.65-8.00
18654.5-0.93-7.29
19634.52.33-10.53
20614.52.17-12.37
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预燃室内喷油参数对重型柴油机燃烧和排放的影响
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陈雨凤 1 , 鹿盈盈 1 , 张道陈 1 , 裴毅强 2
内燃机学报 | 2025,43(3): 201-210
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内燃机学报 | 2025 , 43 (3) : 201 -210
预燃室内喷油参数对重型柴油机燃烧和排放的影响
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陈雨凤1 , 鹿盈盈1 , 张道陈1, 裴毅强2
作者信息
  • 1.南京工业大学机械与动力工程学院,南京 211816
  • 2.天津大学先进内燃动力全国重点实验室,天津 300350
通讯作者:
鹿盈盈,博士,副教授,.
作者简介:

陈雨凤,硕士,.

Influence of pre-chamber fuel injection parameters on combustion and emissions of a heavy-duty diesel engine
Yufeng Chen1 , Yingying Lu1 , Daochen Zhang1, Yiqiang Pei2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechanical and Power Engineering,Nanjing Tech University,Nanjing 211816,China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Engines,Tianjin University,Tianjin 300350,China
出版时间: 2025-05-25 doi: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202503024
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以重型柴油机WP10H为研究对象,基于数值仿真软件CONVERGE研究预燃室式燃烧系统中预燃室内喷油定时和喷油角度对重型柴油机燃烧和排放的影响.结果表明:在大负荷工况下,预燃室式燃烧室能够强化燃烧,提前燃烧相位,提高缸压峰值,缩短燃烧持续期,但增加壁面传热损失;部分预燃室方案能够同时降低NOx和碳烟排放.优化后的方案表明,预燃室产生的持续湍动能扰动使得主燃室未燃混合气重新分布,降低稀燃混合气比例,降低NOx排放;同时当量比为1左右混合气比例增多,燃烧更加充分,在碳烟氧化阶段,主燃室温度高,利于碳烟氧化,降低碳烟排放.选择预燃室喷油定时为0° CA ATDC、预燃室喷油角度为54.5°作为最终优化方案,该预燃室方案相较于原机,NOx排放减少2.48%,碳烟排放减少21.07%.

柴油机  /  预燃室  /  湍动能  /  排放

The impact of pre-chamber injection timing and spray angle on combustion and emissions of a WP10H heavy-duty diesel engine was investigated using the numerical simulation software CONVERGE. The results show that under high-load conditions, pre-chamber combustion system improves combustion efficiency, advances the combustion phase, increases the peak cylinder pressure, shortens the combustion duration, and leads to an elevated wall heat transfer loss. Some pre-chamber setups studied effectively reduces both NOx and soot emissions. The optimized pre-chamber configurations demonstrates that sustained turbulence induced by the pre-chamber disrupts the redistribution of unburnt mixture in the main chamber, decreasing the presence of dilute mixtures in the cylinder and subsequently lowering NOx emissions. Additionally, with an equivalence ratio near 1, the increased mixture facilitates more comprehensive combustion, resulting in higher temperature in the main chamber during the soot oxidation stage and aiding in soot reduction. The final optimized solution involves selecting a pre-chamber injection timing of 0° CA ATDC and a pre-chamber injection angle of 54.5°. This configuration, compared to the baseline engine, results in a 2.48% reduction in NOx emissions and a 21.07% reduction in soot emission.

diesel engine  /  pre-chamber  /  turbulent kinetic energy  /  emission
陈雨凤, 鹿盈盈, 张道陈, 裴毅强. 预燃室内喷油参数对重型柴油机燃烧和排放的影响. 内燃机学报, 2025 , 43 (3) : 201 -210 . DOI: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202503024
Yufeng Chen, Yingying Lu, Daochen Zhang, Yiqiang Pei. Influence of pre-chamber fuel injection parameters on combustion and emissions of a heavy-duty diesel engine[J]. Transactions of CSICE, 2025 , 43 (3) : 201 -210 . DOI: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202503024
目前,直喷系统是柴油机上应用较为广泛的技术之一.虽然柴油机高压直喷燃烧技术能够提高充量密度,但由于缸内最大爆发压力的限制,充量密度存在一个限制,并且喷油压力过高也会带来发动机附件功增大,对整机效率不利[1].直喷技术配合大喷孔直径喷油器能够提高指示热效率,但使得碳烟排放增加.因此,在柴油机上使用直喷技术仍存在排放量过高的问题.
传统的预燃室都具有较大的预燃室容积(占总燃烧室容积的25%~40%)和较大的喷孔直径,Gussak等[2]根据射流引燃的概念设计的预燃室具有较小的容积(一般小于总燃烧室容积的3%)和较小的喷孔直径,这种结构使得预燃室中的射流火焰以更快的速度通过喷孔,在相同的时间内,更广泛地将燃烧产生的活性基分布到主燃室当中,从而加快燃烧速度,拓宽稀燃极限.近年来多名学者在预燃室点火系统方面进行研究,Liu等[3]提出预燃室点火能够拓宽甲烷发动机的稀燃极限,提高发动机热效率,降低NOx排放.占文峰等[4]试验表明,当全局过量空气系数小于1.4时,预燃室点火燃油消耗率恶化;当全局过量空气系数大于1.4时,预燃室射流点火可以改善热效率.Li等[5]研究发现,将高压缩比与预燃室相结合,能进一步提高指示热效率,并且降低NOx排放.Liu等[6]在氨气内燃机中使用氢气作为预燃室燃料,发现预燃室式燃烧系统能够缩短点火延迟和燃烧持续期,从而提高燃烧效率.Heyne等[7]发现在一台天然气发动机上通过对预燃室壁进行电阻加热使预燃室自燃,实现预燃室点火,尤其在稀薄燃烧条件下,燃烧效率和排放都得到优化.Sandoval等[8]发现预燃室点火能显著降低发动机排放,其几何形状对燃烧特性和排放有很大影响,在一定范围内增加预燃室体积会提高燃烧速度,缩短燃烧持续时间.Wang等[9]研究表明,预燃室布局显著影响涡流运动和火焰传播,随着预燃室通道角度的增加,涡流流动增强,火焰传播加速,但壁面传热损失也随着增加.江枭枭等[10]试验表明,预燃室射流点火模式可实现更快的燃烧速度和火焰传播速度,对点燃式发动机的爆震有较好的抑制效果,在中等负荷具有更低的燃油消耗率,但在低负荷及高负荷阶段,燃油消耗率恶化.
由于重型柴油机大负荷下油、气混合难度大,通过高速射流促进燃烧中后期的油、气混合,对于提高燃油经济性、降低碳排放具有重大意义.张志强[1]对重型柴油机大负荷工况下的油、气混合过程进行了研究,提出了预燃室射流扰动强化燃烧系统概念,并对其进行了初步探索.研究认为预燃室射流的介入能够显著改善主燃室燃烧过程中的油、气混合,缩短燃烧持续期,具有提升指示热效率的潜力.聂靖宇等[11]设计了一种适用于柴油机的预燃室射流扰动燃烧系统,建立了预燃室仿真模型,基于仿真结果建立了相应的试验平台,研究结果显示,该燃烧系统在不显著增加排放的前提下,明显提高发动机的指示热效率.
综上可知,关于预燃室对柴油机燃烧和排放方面的研究只进行了初步探索,预燃室和直喷技术共同作用对柴油机燃烧和排放的影响鲜见报道,并且预燃室的研究多集中于汽油机和双燃料发动机射流点火方面.为了解预燃室和直喷技术中预燃室内喷油参数对射流燃烧的影响,笔者从喷油角度和喷油定时入手,在一台重型柴油机模型基础上,计算了不同预燃室喷油角度和喷油定时对缸内燃烧参数和排放的影响,以期为预燃室在重型柴油机上的应用研究提供参考.
试验在一台改装的6缸重型柴油机WP10H上进行,表1为主要技术参数.为满足单缸试验方案的需要,对其第6缸进行了改造作为试验用气缸,配备了单独的电控高压共轨燃油供应系统、模拟增压进气系统以及废气再循环(EGR)系统,以对燃油状态和缸内状态进行实时准确控制.排气分析仪采用Horiba 7100气体分析仪,可以测量排气中的NOx、UHC、CO、CO2和O2.采用AVL415烟度计测量碳烟排放.
应用CONVERGE软件,为了后续预燃室结构的研究,对主燃室进行全模型标定,在全局计算中使用CONVERGE软件的自适应网格划分方法(AMR),可捕捉缸内速度流场、温度场以及排放物浓度场,并进行网格加密.其中基础网格尺寸设置为4mm,启用局部网格加密功能,将缸盖、缸套和活塞顶部网格加密至2mm,喷雾锥区域网格加密至0.5mm;启用AMR自适应网格加密功能,自动捕捉缸内速度、温度与排放浓度变化较大的区域,将其网格加密至0.5mm.具体数值模拟参数见表2.
使用湍流模型为RNG κ-ε模型[12],喷雾破碎模型采用KH-RT模型[13-14],喷雾湍流耗散模型为O’Rourke模型[15],喷雾蒸发模型为Frossling模型[16],液滴碰撞模型为NTC模型[17],油束/壁面相互作用模型为Wall film模型[18],壁面传热采用Boundary Heat Flux模型[19].燃烧模型为SAGE详细化学反应模型[20],其中化学反应机理有42个种类、168个化学反应.NOx排放模型采用Extended Zeldovich Mechanism模型[21],碳烟排放模型采用Hiroyasu模型[22].
图1为缸内压力、放热率的模拟与试验结果对比.模拟与试验结果曲线在形状与趋势上基本一致,其中着火时刻和燃烧持续期基本吻合,验证了模型的准确性.峰值的差异可能是由于模拟燃料与试验燃料物性略有不同.表3为模拟与试验排放数据对比,排放物标定误差保持在5%以内.
由于重型柴油机在燃烧中后期,尤其是喷油结束后主燃烧室内缺乏进一步混合能量的来源,油、气混合变得非常困难.通过预燃室产生的高速射流促进燃烧中后期的油、气混合,对于改善发动机燃烧、降低排放具有重大意义.为了探究预燃室喷油参数对燃烧过程的影响,构建预燃室式燃烧室数值仿真模型,并对各参数进行模拟计算.预燃室计算中主燃室的设置与验证基准工况相同.图2为预燃室式燃烧系统上止点处的计算网格模型和预燃室在XOZ平面内的喷油角度θ示意.
固定预燃室容积、通孔和喷油比例,主要探究预燃室喷油角(PIA)和预燃室内喷油定时(PIT)的变化对缸内整体燃烧的影响(整体是指主燃烧室和预燃室),具体参数见表4.该预燃室结构参数延用课题组前期对预燃室结构参数的优化[23]的数值.
适当的PIT应该在主燃室喷雾火焰充分贯穿的同时,保证预燃室射流扰动强化主燃室燃烧中后期的油、气混合,提高燃烧速率.固定主燃室喷油定时为-2° CA ATDC,选择PIT为-2°、0°、2°、4°和6° CA ATDC进行研究.
图3为不同PIT对预燃室内缸内压力、燃烧温度及主-预燃室压力差的影响.图3(a)和图3(b)随着PIT推迟,预燃室内缸压峰值越高,燃烧温度峰值越低.图3(c)示出不同PIT对主-预燃室压力差的影响,PIT越晚,预燃室对主燃烧室的射流作用越晚,持续时间越短且作用越小.预燃室燃烧开始得越迟,预燃室内初始压力越高(主燃室开始燃烧),所以预燃室内压力峰值会随着PIT推迟而增高.虽然PIT越靠后,预燃室内缸压峰值越高,但是预燃室内平均温度峰值越低,这是因为预燃室燃烧开始得越晚,主燃烧室中的压力大于预燃室压力的时间越长,压力差存在使得主燃室中的气流流入预燃室中,导致预燃室内燃烧温度降低.
图4为不同PIT下指示热效率、燃烧相位、缸压峰值及能量分布的变化情况.由图4(a)可知,PIT变化带来的指示热效率变化幅度很小,基本控制在0.5%以内,与原机相比,降幅不超过0.6%.以PIA=54.5°为例,图4(b)示出预燃室喷油定时对燃烧相位、缸压峰值的影响.PIT对燃烧相位和缸压峰值影响很小,峰值变动范围在2%以内,这也就解释了指示热效率随预燃室喷油定时变化不大的原因.但采用预燃室式燃烧室提前了燃烧相位,使得燃烧重心更接近上止点,燃烧持续期缩短了5%,提高了缸压峰值,有提高指示热效率的潜力[24].能量分布计算公式为:指示热效率+燃烧损失+壁面传热损失+排气损失=100%[25].从图4(c)可以看出,采用预燃室后,壁面传热损失增加了约2%,而指示热效率下降了约0.5%,由此可见燃烧传热损失是导致预燃室式燃烧系统指示热效率下降的主要原因.
图5为不同PIT下燃烧室各个壁面的传热量和湍动能历程.图5(a)示出与无预燃室相比,预燃室的存在使得各个壁面的传热损失增加,并且活塞面增幅较大;图5(b)示出预燃室式燃烧室整体的缸内平均湍动能明显大于原机,并且出现两次湍动能峰值.说明预燃室给主燃烧室带来了较强湍动能作用,导致壁面对流换热系数显著增加,因而预燃室射流的存在虽然能够提高燃烧速率、提前燃烧相位,但也会使传热损失增大;由于PIT带来的湍动能大小对指示热效率的影响不大(变化幅度在0.5%以内),故不深入探究.
图6为不同PIT对排放的影响.由图6(a)可知,各方案下NOx排放变化并未呈现出一定的规律,但在PIT为-2° CA ATDC和0° CA ATDC时,大部分方案的NOx排放低于原机.由图6(b)可知,随着PIT变化,碳烟排放先下降后上升,且所有方案碳烟排放均低于原机.以预燃室喷油角度为54.5°为例,研究预燃室内PIT对排放的影响.
PIT不仅会影响预燃室本身的燃烧情况,而且还会对主燃烧室油、气混合情况造成影响.图7为不同PIT下湍动能和当量比分布.PIT不同会引起湍动能作用于主燃室混合气的时刻不同,故需要选择相应时刻进行研究.随着PIT推迟,由预燃室形成的湍动能射流作用于主燃室的时刻也相应推迟.当PIT在上止点之后时,预燃室内未燃混合气较多,通过连接通道进入主燃烧室的未燃混合气也较多,这是因为预燃室内喷油时活塞正处于下行阶段,未燃混合气容易受到气流影响进入主燃烧室内.随着PIT推迟,湍动能对主燃烧室内混合气分布影响越明显.PIT推迟至上止点之后,湍动能破坏了燃烧室弧脊对混合气的引导作用,原本向弧脊处发展的混合气由于湍动能的作用向主燃烧室凹坑底部发展.
图8为不同PIT NOx的生成历程.22° CA ATDC之前,不同PIT下的NOx生成曲线并未呈现出明显差异,在22°~33° CA ATDC期间NOx生成曲线出现差异,在33° CA ATDC之后基本不变.从燃烧室空间上来分析:选择30° CA ATDC时缸内温度、当量比和NOx分布进行分析,如图9所示.与无预燃室相比,预燃室可以在燃烧后期产生持续的湍动能射流扰动,使得燃烧室凹坑处的混合气重新分布,从而改变了缸内高温分布和NOx分布区域.根据当量比与温度映射可知,大部分NOx生成于温度大于2200K(缸内局部温度),在当量比小于1时,以2200K为参照温度.与无预燃室相比,当预燃室喷油定时为-2° CA ATDC时,由于湍动能的作用使主燃烧室内部分混合气随着气流运动聚积到右侧(预燃室侧)凹坑处,使得该区域从范围较大的稀混合气转为当量比为1左右混合气,同时减少了主燃烧室右侧温度大于2200K的分布范围,从而减少了右侧凹坑处NOx浓区.预燃室喷油定时为0° CA ATDC时,湍动能作用使主燃烧室中部分混合气汇聚至两侧凹坑处,减少了稀燃混合气,能够降低NOx排放.但当PIT继续推迟时,湍动能的作用容易使主燃烧室一侧稀混合气增多,从而生成NOx浓区.
从时变角度分析,图10为不同PIT下整体当量比在0~1之间的分布比例.各比例中稀混合气在15° CA ATDC之后出现明显差异;在燃烧中后期,预燃室式燃烧室稀混合气比例明显小于无预燃室燃烧室;除无预燃室的案例以外,稀混合气占比随PIT推迟的变化趋势与NOx最终生成量一致.
碳烟的最终生成量取决于两方面,一方面是碳烟生成,其条件是高温缺氧;另一方面是碳烟氧化,条件是高温富氧[26].图11为PIA为54.5°时不同PIT下碳烟历程变化.碳烟在15° CA ATDC时达到峰值,在该时刻之前碳烟处在生成阶段.从燃烧室空间上分析,图12为不同PIT、14° CA ATDC时缸内的当量比、温度和碳烟分布.预燃室式燃烧室使得可燃混合气分布范围更广、更均匀,高温分布范围(大于1700K有利于碳烟热裂解、氧化[27])更大,说明燃烧更加充分,从而使得碳烟生成大都低于无预燃室式.无预燃室时,碳烟生成浓区大都在喷油油束所接触的燃烧室壁面处,加入预燃室后,预燃室一侧油束受扰动较大,从而影响碳烟分布.预燃室带来的扰动使得混合气分布更广,但却使得燃烧室靠近预燃室一侧形成了更大的混合气浓区,造成该处生成的碳烟范围也增大.随着PIT变化,燃烧室油束之间混合气渐浓,而油束位置混合气浓区范围渐小,这两个位置同时影响碳烟生成.
图11示出从15° CA ATDC开始,碳烟进入氧化阶段,至40° CA ATDC时,碳烟量基本不再变化.图13为不同PIT、40° CA ATDC时的缸内氧气、温度和碳烟分布情况.无预燃室时,碳烟分布均匀,且受温度影响较大,高温区域几乎无碳烟生成.而预燃室式燃烧室由于后期湍动能作用较强,预燃室中的氧气随气流进入到主燃烧室中,并且由于前期燃烧完全,缸内温度较高,加强了碳烟氧化,使得主燃烧室内碳烟分布区域减小,大部分区域浓度降低.当PIT为-2° CA ATDC时,在主燃烧室凹坑处(靠近预燃室一侧)出现了未被氧化的碳烟浓区.随着PIT推迟,燃烧室凹坑处(近预燃室一侧)碳烟氧化氛围越好,该处碳烟随之减少,但预燃室内碳烟却增加.这解释了碳烟最终生成量随PIT推迟先下降后上升的现象.就碳烟排放而言,应选择PIT为0° CA ATDC.
从时变角度分析,根据图11可知,碳烟从15° CA ATDC时刻开始处于氧化阶段,故统计各PIT及无预燃室方案下15°~40° CA ATDC该期间内缸内整体的平均温度及碳烟氧化阶段缸内最高温度大于1700K的持续期,如图14所示.可见预燃室使得碳烟氧化时期缸内整体的平均温度提高,并且使得缸内最高温度大于1700K的持续时间增长,但PIT变化对这两者的影响并不大,再次验证了预燃室能够加快燃烧速率,为碳烟氧化提供良好的温度氛围的结论.
综上所述,就NOx排放而言,PIT应设定在上止点时或上止点之前,合理利用预燃室带来的湍动能作用,使主燃烧室中稀燃混合气汇聚成当量比为1左右的混合气,从而减少NOx浓区.若PIT在上止点之后,预燃室前期湍动能及其携带的热射流物质会破坏主燃烧室中火焰的发展,造成预燃室侧主燃烧室中的火焰偏离弧脊位置,往主燃烧室凹坑处发展,使燃烧室一侧形成大量稀混合气,燃烧温度高,造成NOx排放增多.就碳烟排放而言,预燃室式燃烧室使得混合气分布范围更广、更均匀,高温分布范围也增大,使得燃烧更加充分,从而使得碳烟生成大都低于无预燃室式,且由于后期湍动能作用较强,缸内整体温度较高,加强了碳烟氧化,引起碳烟排放下降.综合考虑NOx和碳烟排放,应选择PIT为0° CA ATDC.
因为预燃室容积只占燃烧室总容积的3%,且预燃室内喷油量仅有1%,其燃烧过程中产生的碳烟和NOx排放在总排放中占比很小,故不对预燃室内产生的排放单独进行研究.但预燃室内燃烧情况会直接影响到主燃烧室,选择PIT为0° CA ATDC.图15为不同PIA下预燃室内缸内压力、预燃室内放热率情况.图16为不同PIA下预燃室内当量比分布情况.当PIA为74.5°时,由于预燃室体积较小,喷油角度过大,油束在预燃室壁面形成油膜,不利于预燃室内燃油完全燃烧,导致该PIA下的预燃室内缸压峰值和放热率峰值在3° CA ATDC之前明显低于其他方案,但在燃烧后期放热率高于其他方案,这是由于在预燃室壁面上的油膜逐渐蒸发形成可燃混合气并缓慢燃烧;这也导致第一次湍动能下降得较快.当PIA为14.5°时,喷油角度过小,导致两股油束未在预燃室中燃烧完全,便随着气流运动通过通道进入主燃烧室中,导致缸内整体两次湍动能峰值都较低.综合考虑预燃室内燃烧和整体缸内湍动能情况,应选择PIA为54.5°或34.5°.
对表3中预燃室喷油参数进行组合计算,表5为各预燃室方案下排放与原机的对比汇总结果,原机NOx排放为10.84g/(kW·h),碳烟排放为2.29mg/(kW·h).预燃室部分方案可以同时降低NOx和碳烟排放,大部分预燃室方案碳烟排放与原机相比大幅度降低.当PIT为0° CA ATDC时,预燃室式燃烧室带来的湍动能效益能够在不破坏主燃室燃烧火焰的情况下,减少NOx和碳烟排放,且合适的PIA能够使预燃室内燃烧充分,增大湍动能效益.因此,选择方案6为最终的预燃室方案,在指示热效率不明显降低的前提下,NOx排放降低2.48%,碳烟排放下降21.07%.
(1) 预燃室对主燃烧室的强湍动能作用能够强化缸内整体燃烧,提前燃烧相位和提高整体缸压峰值,但导致燃烧室各壁面传热损失增大,使得指示热效率稍有下降;随着PIT推迟,预燃室内压力明显提升,燃烧温度明显降低.
(2) 预燃室产生的持续湍动能作用使得主燃烧室内混合气重新分布,降低了稀混合气的质量分布比例,同时改变主燃烧室内高温分布区域;保持主燃烧室喷油定时为-2° CA ATDC、PIA为54.5°不变,随着PIT推迟,预燃室形成的湍动能作用于主燃烧室的时刻也相应推迟,稀混合气质量分布比例和NOx最终生成量呈现先上升后下降的趋势.
(3) 预燃室的存在使得缸内整体燃烧更加充分,提高了碳烟氧化阶段主燃烧室内温度,有利于碳烟热裂解,使碳烟排放最终生成量大都低于原机;随PIT推迟,主燃烧室凹坑处(近预燃室一侧)碳烟氧化氛围越好,该处碳烟随之减少,但预燃室内碳烟却逐渐增加;当PIT为0° CA ATDC时,碳烟排放表现最佳.
(4) 预燃室内燃烧情况和缸内整体湍动能受到PIA的影响;当PIA为74.5°时,燃油在预燃室壁面形成油膜,预燃室内缸压峰值和放热率峰值明显低于其他方案;当PIA为14.5°时,部分未燃混合气通过通道进入主燃烧室,导致预燃室内燃烧不完全;选择PIA为54.5°、PIT为0° CA ATDC为最终优化方案,该预燃室方案相较于原机,NOx排放下降2.48%,碳烟排放下降21.07%.
  • 先进内燃动力全国重点实验室开放研究资助项目(K2023-01)
  • 江苏省研究生科研与实践创新计划资助项目(JXSS-025; SJCX25_0572)
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doi: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202503024
  • 接收时间:2024-09-13
  • 首发时间:2026-11-06
  • 出版时间:2025-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-13
  • 修回日期:2025-02-21
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先进内燃动力全国重点实验室开放研究资助项目(K2023-01)
江苏省研究生科研与实践创新计划资助项目(JXSS-025; SJCX25_0572)
作者信息
    1.南京工业大学机械与动力工程学院,南京 211816
    2.天津大学先进内燃动力全国重点实验室,天津 300350

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鹿盈盈,博士,副教授,.
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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