Article(id=1325035421868110184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325035380357079315, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202505048, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1734451200000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-18, revisedDate=1746115200000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793842662541, onlineDateStr=2026-11-05, pubDate=1758729600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793842662541, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793842662541, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793842662541, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325035380357079315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, year='2025', volume='43', issue='5', pageStart='385', pageEnd='479', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1758729600000', pubDateStr='2025-09-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793842652644, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793959718537, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1325526390799618088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325035380357079315, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1325526390799618089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325035380357079315, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=423, endPage=433, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325035423558414697, articleId=1325035421868110184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, language=EN, title=Optical diagnosis of n-butanol spray flame in a constant volume combustion chamber, columnId=null, journalTitle=Transactions of CSICE, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on a self-built optically visualized constant volume combustion chamber system, the effects of injection duration(3.0, 6.0, 8.6ms), injection pressure(30, 40, 50MPa), and ambient temperature(880, 910, 940K) on n-butanol spray flame were studied. The flame development process and combustion characteristics were revealed by flame self-illumination high-speed imaging method. Results show that the n-butanol spray flame shows a yellow-white flame as a whole, and there is a small amount of light blue flame upstream of the spray. Under small injection duration(3.0ms), a partial flame-quenching phenomenon presents after n-butanol ignites. As injection duration increases, the soot lift-off length shortens, and the flame brightness, ignition delay and combustion duration increase. As injection pressure increases, the flame brightness and flame backtracking phenomenon weaken, and the soot lift-off length increases. At the same time, the ignition delay is prolonged, but the combustion duration is shortened. The ambient temperature has a significant effect on the stable ignition of n-butanol spray flame. With an increase in ambient temperature of only 60K, the ignition delay of n-butanol spray flame is notably shortened by 4.16ms, while the flame brightness is obviously enhanced and the flame shape is more stable.

, authors=Xiaoteng Zhang1, Haifeng Liu1, Long Liu2, Zhenyang Ming1, Zunqing Zheng1, Mingfa Yao1, authorsList=Xiaoteng Zhang, Haifeng Liu, Long Liu, Zhenyang Ming, Zunqing Zheng, Mingfa Yao, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Haifeng Liu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325035427882742150, articleId=1325035421868110184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, language=CN, title=定容燃烧弹中正丁醇喷雾火焰的光学诊断, columnId=null, journalTitle=内燃机学报, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于一台自行搭建的光学可视化的定容燃烧弹系统,研究了喷油持续期(3.0、6.0和8.6ms)、喷油压力(30、40和50MPa)和环境温度(880、910和940K)对正丁醇喷雾火焰的影响.采用火焰自发光高速成像技术揭示了火焰发展过程和燃烧特性.结果表明:正丁醇喷雾火焰整体呈现黄白色火焰,喷雾上游存在少量淡蓝色火焰.较小喷油持续期(3.0ms)下,正丁醇着火后存在局部火焰熄灭现象.随着喷油持续期增加,碳烟浮起长度缩短,火焰亮度、滞燃期和燃烧持续期均增加.随着喷油压力增加,火焰亮度和火焰回溯现象减弱,碳烟浮起长度增加,同时火焰滞燃期延长但燃烧持续期缩短.环境温度显著影响正丁醇喷雾火焰的稳定着火,环境温度仅增加60K,滞燃期显著缩短4.16ms,同时火焰亮度明显增强且火焰形态更为稳定.

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张晓腾,博士,.

, correspAuthorsNote=
刘海峰,教授,博士生导师,.
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Detroit,MI,USA,2012,2012-01-1239., articleTitle=Diesel spray ignition detection and spatial/temporal correction, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1325514983055949868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325035421868110184, awardId=U2241262, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(U2241262), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1325514974617011167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325035421868110184, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325514974625399776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325035421868110184, companyId=1325514974617011167, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.State Key Laboratory of Engines,Tianjin University,Tianjin 300350,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325514974637982689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, 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remark=2.哈尔滨工程大学动力与能源工程学院,哈尔滨 150001)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1325514978698067980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325035421868110184, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Schematic of the constant volume combustion chamber system, figureFileSmall=QcPworxlLgsvJJvgOD0Jyw==, figureFileBig=rlPA3QrGkwLGsMFxN/jD6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325514978765176845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325035421868110184, language=CN, label=图1, caption=定容燃烧弹系统示意, figureFileSmall=QcPworxlLgsvJJvgOD0Jyw==, figureFileBig=rlPA3QrGkwLGsMFxN/jD6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325514978886811662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325035421868110184, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Nature luminosity single-shot true-color images of the n-butanol spray flame under different injection duration, figureFileSmall=RhdHLIRLa8hjnH9Xnu3GtA==, figureFileBig=ISOu010xf57axJUURr98YQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325514978962309135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325035421868110184, language=CN, label=图2, caption=正丁醇喷雾火焰在不同喷油持续期下的火焰自发光单次真彩, figureFileSmall=RhdHLIRLa8hjnH9Xnu3GtA==, figureFileBig=ISOu010xf57axJUURr98YQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325514979046195216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325035421868110184, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Averaged nature luminosity false-color images of the n-butanol spray flame under different injection duration, figureFileSmall=v8v4ngU8z4egejjZyPWhyw==, figureFileBig=9r1UM6XoVdMeyHE7+8BRRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325514979117498385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325035421868110184, language=CN, label=图3, caption=正丁醇喷雾火焰在不同喷油持续期下的火焰自发光平均伪色, figureFileSmall=v8v4ngU8z4egejjZyPWhyw==, figureFileBig=9r1UM6XoVdMeyHE7+8BRRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325514979184607250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325035421868110184, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Spatially integrated natural luminosity of the n-butanol spray flame versus time under different injection duration, figureFileSmall=APyuC/tjWf/0VPjh70Lz6w==, figureFileBig=FVrWFVq9aCpuafkG2qlPgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325514979243327507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325035421868110184, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同喷油持续期下正丁醇喷雾火焰的空间积分自发光亮度随时间的变化, figureFileSmall=APyuC/tjWf/0VPjh70Lz6w==, figureFileBig=FVrWFVq9aCpuafkG2qlPgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325514979310436372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325035421868110184, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Curve graph of the pixel maximum natural luminosity value in n-butanol spray flame versus time, figureFileSmall=lt7Q6H3L3N3yPtFXfuq9Sg==, figureFileBig=YVGtQ0yMYSr/owaEPYzvoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325514979381739541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325035421868110184, language=CN, label=图5, caption=正丁醇喷雾火焰像素点自发光最大亮度值随时间变化的曲线, figureFileSmall=lt7Q6H3L3N3yPtFXfuq9Sg==, figureFileBig=YVGtQ0yMYSr/owaEPYzvoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325514979453042710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325035421868110184, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Ignition delay and combustion end time of the n-butanol spray flame under different injection duration, figureFileSmall=FA1aj9fpZoyfX8tRFb5iXA==, figureFileBig=fKoVNQIusEag2N0P7dm9Rg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325514979528540183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325035421868110184, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同喷油持续期下正丁醇喷雾火焰的滞燃期和燃烧结束时刻, figureFileSmall=FA1aj9fpZoyfX8tRFb5iXA==, figureFileBig=fKoVNQIusEag2N0P7dm9Rg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325514979616620568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325035421868110184, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Nature luminosity single-shot true-color images of the n-butanol spray flame under different injection pressures, figureFileSmall=H25hTA9p/qPOJahfW5e3ow==, figureFileBig=vxXUt6ltGKtJ5yYCKJ87Kg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325514979755032601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325035421868110184, language=CN, label=图7, caption=正丁醇喷雾火焰在不同喷油压力下的火焰自发光单次真彩, figureFileSmall=H25hTA9p/qPOJahfW5e3ow==, figureFileBig=vxXUt6ltGKtJ5yYCKJ87Kg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325514979822141466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325035421868110184, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Averaged nature luminosity false-color images of the n-butanol spray flame under different injection pressures, figureFileSmall=8bM87msAwH4b4i4yn2tx5A==, figureFileBig=1ZEyr099EhejJFcmaYBeYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325514979893444635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325035421868110184, language=CN, label=图8, caption=正丁醇喷雾火焰在不同喷油压力下的火焰自发光平均伪色, figureFileSmall=8bM87msAwH4b4i4yn2tx5A==, figureFileBig=1ZEyr099EhejJFcmaYBeYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325514979973136412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325035421868110184, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Ignition delay and combustion end time of the n-butanol spray flame under different injection pressures, figureFileSmall=Fz4VNohwwH1m4+VCFt8Cyg==, figureFileBig=RcIBlP1lu8aOriVFObBFfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325514980031856669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325035421868110184, language=CN, label=图9, caption=不同喷油压力下正丁醇喷雾火焰的滞燃期和燃烧结束时刻, figureFileSmall=Fz4VNohwwH1m4+VCFt8Cyg==, figureFileBig=RcIBlP1lu8aOriVFObBFfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325514980174463006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325035421868110184, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Nature luminosity single-shot true-color images of the n-butanol spray flame under different ambient temperature, figureFileSmall=fU6Q/9lrCK/QfLPJrFcQuA==, figureFileBig=xW1PBEBDqjEKqfkt6+aCiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325514980317069343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325035421868110184, language=CN, label=图10, caption=正丁醇喷雾火焰在不同环境温度下的火焰自发光单次真彩, figureFileSmall=fU6Q/9lrCK/QfLPJrFcQuA==, figureFileBig=xW1PBEBDqjEKqfkt6+aCiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325514980392566816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325035421868110184, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Averaged nature luminosity false-color images of the n-butanol spray flame under different ambient temperature, figureFileSmall=W1qzLp7rCbCOuPkVE9op9A==, figureFileBig=MrRQtSQH9lLiiap3lRDRAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325514980480647201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325035421868110184, language=CN, label=图11, caption=正丁醇喷雾火焰在不同环境温度下的火焰自发光平均伪色, figureFileSmall=W1qzLp7rCbCOuPkVE9op9A==, figureFileBig=MrRQtSQH9lLiiap3lRDRAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325514980572921890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325035421868110184, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Ignition delay and combustion end time of the n-butanol spray flame under different ambient temperature, figureFileSmall=uQi/BaVtnc81HVT6C3K9mA==, figureFileBig=sTWvZUa2pKTlzd8hm1L4qQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325514980661002275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325035421868110184, language=CN, label=图12, caption=不同环境温度下正丁醇喷雾火焰的滞燃期和燃烧结束时刻, figureFileSmall=uQi/BaVtnc81HVT6C3K9mA==, figureFileBig=sTWvZUa2pKTlzd8hm1L4qQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325514980736499748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325035421868110184, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Nature luminosity single-shot true-color images of the n-butanol spray flame and ethanol spray flame, figureFileSmall=20uZ/t4WKow9b5+p7gr+GQ==, figureFileBig=13n9s0IUTLvdnkEW4/Qssg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325514980807802917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325035421868110184, language=CN, label=图13, caption=正丁醇喷雾火焰和乙醇喷雾火焰的火焰自发光单次真彩, figureFileSmall=20uZ/t4WKow9b5+p7gr+GQ==, figureFileBig=13n9s0IUTLvdnkEW4/Qssg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325514980874911782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325035421868110184, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Ignition delay and combustion end time of the n-butanol spray flame and ethanol spray flame, figureFileSmall=JW3XDD5R5O2uQjgUnKXE4Q==, figureFileBig=osDgjl6NXLe+qh3EQG1jAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325514982577799207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325035421868110184, language=CN, label=图14, caption=正丁醇喷雾火焰和乙醇喷雾火焰的滞燃期和燃烧结束时刻, figureFileSmall=JW3XDD5R5O2uQjgUnKXE4Q==, figureFileBig=osDgjl6NXLe+qh3EQG1jAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325514982657490984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325035421868110184, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Experimental boundary conditions

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参数数值
环境温度Ti /K880,910,940
环境压力pi /MPa4
喷油压力pj /MPa30,40,50
喷油持续期Dj /ms3.0,6.0,6.4,7.1,8.6
), ArticleFig(id=1325514982749765673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325035421868110184, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试验边界条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
环境温度Ti /K880,910,940
环境压力pi /MPa4
喷油压力pj /MPa30,40,50
喷油持续期Dj /ms3.0,6.0,6.4,7.1,8.6
), ArticleFig(id=1325514982833651754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325035421868110184, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Physicochemical properties of n-butanol

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
正丁醇分子式CH3(CH2)3OH
十六烷值25
低热值/(MJ·kg-1)33.19
氧质量分数/%22
汽化潜热/(kJ·kg-1)626
密度(20℃)/(g·cm-3)0.81
沸点/K390.7
), ArticleFig(id=1325514982909149227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325035421868110184, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

正丁醇的理化特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
正丁醇分子式CH3(CH2)3OH
十六烷值25
低热值/(MJ·kg-1)33.19
氧质量分数/%22
汽化潜热/(kJ·kg-1)626
密度(20℃)/(g·cm-3)0.81
沸点/K390.7
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定容燃烧弹中正丁醇喷雾火焰的光学诊断
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张晓腾 1 , 刘海峰 1 , 刘龙 2 , 明镇洋 1 , 郑尊清 1 , 尧命发 1
内燃机学报 | 2025,43(5): 423-433
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内燃机学报 | 2025 , 43 (5) : 423 -433
定容燃烧弹中正丁醇喷雾火焰的光学诊断
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张晓腾1 , 刘海峰1 , 刘龙2, 明镇洋1, 郑尊清1, 尧命发1
作者信息
  • 1.天津大学先进内燃动力全国重点实验室,天津 300350
  • 2.哈尔滨工程大学动力与能源工程学院,哈尔滨 150001
通讯作者:
刘海峰,教授,博士生导师,.
作者简介:

张晓腾,博士,.

Optical diagnosis of n-butanol spray flame in a constant volume combustion chamber
Xiaoteng Zhang1 , Haifeng Liu1 , Long Liu2, Zhenyang Ming1, Zunqing Zheng1, Mingfa Yao1
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Engines,Tianjin University,Tianjin 300350,China
  • 2.School of Power and Energy Engineering,Harbin University of Engineering,Harbin 150001,China
出版时间: 2025-09-25 doi: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202505048
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基于一台自行搭建的光学可视化的定容燃烧弹系统,研究了喷油持续期(3.0、6.0和8.6ms)、喷油压力(30、40和50MPa)和环境温度(880、910和940K)对正丁醇喷雾火焰的影响.采用火焰自发光高速成像技术揭示了火焰发展过程和燃烧特性.结果表明:正丁醇喷雾火焰整体呈现黄白色火焰,喷雾上游存在少量淡蓝色火焰.较小喷油持续期(3.0ms)下,正丁醇着火后存在局部火焰熄灭现象.随着喷油持续期增加,碳烟浮起长度缩短,火焰亮度、滞燃期和燃烧持续期均增加.随着喷油压力增加,火焰亮度和火焰回溯现象减弱,碳烟浮起长度增加,同时火焰滞燃期延长但燃烧持续期缩短.环境温度显著影响正丁醇喷雾火焰的稳定着火,环境温度仅增加60K,滞燃期显著缩短4.16ms,同时火焰亮度明显增强且火焰形态更为稳定.

正丁醇  /  喷雾火焰  /  定容燃烧弹  /  燃烧特性  /  光学诊断

Based on a self-built optically visualized constant volume combustion chamber system, the effects of injection duration(3.0, 6.0, 8.6ms), injection pressure(30, 40, 50MPa), and ambient temperature(880, 910, 940K) on n-butanol spray flame were studied. The flame development process and combustion characteristics were revealed by flame self-illumination high-speed imaging method. Results show that the n-butanol spray flame shows a yellow-white flame as a whole, and there is a small amount of light blue flame upstream of the spray. Under small injection duration(3.0ms), a partial flame-quenching phenomenon presents after n-butanol ignites. As injection duration increases, the soot lift-off length shortens, and the flame brightness, ignition delay and combustion duration increase. As injection pressure increases, the flame brightness and flame backtracking phenomenon weaken, and the soot lift-off length increases. At the same time, the ignition delay is prolonged, but the combustion duration is shortened. The ambient temperature has a significant effect on the stable ignition of n-butanol spray flame. With an increase in ambient temperature of only 60K, the ignition delay of n-butanol spray flame is notably shortened by 4.16ms, while the flame brightness is obviously enhanced and the flame shape is more stable.

n-butanol  /  spray flame  /  constant volume combustion chamber  /  combustion characteristics  /  optical diagnosis
张晓腾, 刘海峰, 刘龙, 明镇洋, 郑尊清, 尧命发. 定容燃烧弹中正丁醇喷雾火焰的光学诊断. 内燃机学报, 2025 , 43 (5) : 423 -433 . DOI: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202505048
Xiaoteng Zhang, Haifeng Liu, Long Liu, Zhenyang Ming, Zunqing Zheng, Mingfa Yao. Optical diagnosis of n-butanol spray flame in a constant volume combustion chamber[J]. Transactions of CSICE, 2025 , 43 (5) : 423 -433 . DOI: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202505048
内燃机是应用范围最广的动力装置,承担中国客运和货运总量80%以上,是国民经济和国防建设中至关重要的“动力心脏”[1-3].作为内燃机的主要燃料来源,石油化石能源的消耗不断增加;化石能源作为不可再生能源,大量使用将会导致能源危机[4-5].内燃机的使用也对环境带来了严峻的挑战,包括一氧化碳(CO)、碳氢化合物(HC)、碳烟和氮氧化物(NOx)排放[6-7],同时也会对人体健康造成一定危害[8].目前,降低内燃机排放的技术主要包括优化活塞形状[9]、优化喷射策略[10-11],采用新型燃烧方式[12-13](如低温燃烧(LTC)、均质充量压燃(HCCI)、活性控制压燃(RCCI)和部分预混燃烧(PPC)等),开发替代燃料[14-16](如生物柴油、醇类及醚类),添加纳米添加剂[17-18]如氧化锌(Zno)、氧化铜(CuO)和氧化铝(Al2O3)等.其中,采用替代燃料无疑是简单有效的方式之一,不仅可以缓解能源危机,而且可以实现高效清洁的排放.
正丁醇的理化特性与汽油相似,具有较高的辛烷值和挥发性,同时正丁醇黏度较大,对橡胶塑料等材料溶胀腐蚀性较小,且可以与柴油和汽油实现良好互溶.与甲醇等低碳醇相比,正丁醇碳链较长,具有更高的能量密度和更低的蒸汽压;与柴油相比,正丁醇的高含氧量促进了燃料的氧化,有利于降低发动机的碳烟和CO排放.并且正丁醇可以直接利用现有的基础设施进行运输和储存,对于内燃机的改造更少.此外,正丁醇的来源十分丰富,几乎所有含有纤维素生物质和木质素的木质茎、稻草和农业废弃物等都可以通过发酵获得正丁醇,故而不消耗粮食资源[19-20].因此,正丁醇是一种极具潜力的可持续碳中和燃料.
相较汽油机,柴油机具有更高的热效率,因而将正丁醇应用于柴油机是一种极具潜力的应用方式.目前正丁醇应用于柴油机的方式主要有两种,一种是将正丁醇和柴油混合后直接喷入缸内,以压燃的方式燃烧;另一种是气道喷射正丁醇,缸内直喷柴油的双燃料燃烧方式.Rakopoulos等[21-22]研究结果表明,随着正丁醇掺混比例的增加,柴油机的NOx、CO和碳烟排放均明显降低,但HC排放增加,同时有效燃油消耗率(BSFC)略有增加.Yao等[23]研究了柴油掺混正丁醇对柴油机不同废气再循环率(EGR)下的燃烧和排放特性的影响,结果表明柴油机使用掺混正丁醇的混合燃料后滞燃期延长,同时缸内最大爆发压力和燃烧温度下降,并且碳烟排放降低.Nabr等[24]发现使用高比例正丁醇燃料后,柴油机的BSFC增加,这主要是由于正丁醇相较柴油较低的热值所致.Zhang等[25]和Chen等[26]试验结果表明,与柴油相比,正丁醇-柴油混合燃料的有效热效率(BTE)更高,并随正丁醇比例增加而增大,这主要是由于混合燃料的较低十六烷值增加了点火延迟,从而改善了预混燃烧,同时正丁醇的高含氧量也促进了扩散燃烧[27].此外,正丁醇的层流火焰燃烧速度高于柴油[28],也在一定程度上促进了BTE的提高.Wu等[29]研究结果表明,正丁醇的火焰浮起长度明显高于柴油.Yan等[30]试验表明,在柴油中添加正丁醇有助于降低高海拔下的喷雾穿透,同时降低碳烟排放.Soloiu等[31]研究表明,由于正丁醇较高的汽化潜热,缸内最高燃烧温度下降;结合20%的EGR率,NOx排放相较原机最高可降低50%,碳烟排放最高可降低80%,但未燃HC、醛类和CO排放略微增加.
通过上述研究可知,正丁醇在助力实现柴油机高效清洁燃烧方面具有巨大潜力,但由于正丁醇相较柴油具有较低的十六烷值和较高的汽化潜热,导致在柴油机中很难稳定压燃,因而过往研究主要围绕正丁醇掺混燃烧和双燃料燃烧两种方式.但掺混燃烧不能实现传统化石燃料的完全替代,而双燃料燃烧方式不仅需要两套供油系统,而且需要足够的柴油引燃能量以确保柴油机稳定燃烧,否则将会失火致使燃烧效率和热效率降低.近期有研究表明,通过采用进气加热或提高进气压力结合喷油策略优化可以实现纯正丁醇燃料的稳定压燃[32].采用纯正丁醇直接压燃,有助于实现传统化石燃料的完全替代,不仅结构简单,而且高的压缩比也保证了较高的热效率.但纯正丁醇直接压燃的喷雾燃烧目前尚未得到广泛研究,相关燃烧机理仍不清楚,急需补充纯正丁醇直接压燃喷雾燃烧的相关火焰发展过程和燃烧特性基础数据.
因此,笔者在一台光学定容燃烧弹上,通过高速相机拍摄纯正丁醇喷雾时间分辨的火焰图像,以分析纯正丁醇喷雾火焰的发展过程及提供有关滞燃期及燃烧结束时刻的信息,研究了不同喷油持续期、不同喷油压力和不同环境温度下纯正丁醇喷雾火焰的发展过程及燃烧特性,为纯正丁醇直接压燃应用于柴油机提供了重要的理论与参考价值.
图1所示试验在一台光学可视化的定容燃烧弹系统上进行.装置的光学可见容积为12L,四周设置4个相互垂直的光学视窗.视窗采用JGS1高紫外石英材料,以确保光线良好透过,有效可视直径为100mm.窗口下部的腔体内壁缠绕大量电阻丝,用于对装置内气体加热,最高可达1200K,并覆盖石棉用于保温.腔体顶部中心设有直径为0.18mm的单孔喷油器,竖直向下喷射.腔体底部设有进/排气口,通过连接高压气瓶对装置内部充放气以设定环境压力,最高可达6MPa.在喷油器下方轴向距离分别为10、50和90mm处布置有3个精度为±0.5K的热电偶来测定装置内温度.试验时若三者温差均小于20K,则使用中间热电偶温度作为环境温度.采用Bosch高压共轨燃油喷射系统,喷油压力最高可达160MPa.喷油参数由常州易控ECTEK软件实现精准电控,可使喷油压力稳定在目标值的±2MPa内.喷油信号同时触发一台DG645延时触发器,DG645延时触发器信号输出端连接高速摄像机信号输入端,以实现图像采集设备在燃油喷射瞬间同步拍摄.
试验采用火焰自发光高速成像技术,即高速摄影技术.采用Photron公司生产的FASTCAM SA5型CMOS高速摄像机记录纯正丁醇时间分辨的喷雾火焰发展过程.相机搭配焦距f为50mm、最大光圈为f/1.4的Nikon镜头.试验时采用的光圈为f/2.8,拍摄帧率为10000幅/s,曝光时间为100µs,图片分辨率为896×848像素.
试验边界条件如表1所示.为了保证纯正丁醇稳定压燃,环境温度Ti分别设置为880、910和940K,环境压力pi设置为4MPa.事实上,对于一台压缩比为17.5的自然吸气柴油机而言,压缩至上止点的热力学状态参数处于上述的温度和压力参数下.由于正丁醇较好的挥发性降低了喷油压力的需求,同时较高的喷油压力可能会导致正丁醇喷雾燃烧不稳定,因此,喷油压力pj分别设置为30、40和50MPa.为研究输入能量对正丁醇喷雾燃烧的影响,喷油压力固定为30MPa,喷油持续期Dj分别设置为3.0(对应喷油量为12mg)、6.0(对应喷油量为24mg)和8.6ms(对应喷油量为36mg).进一步探究喷油压力对正丁醇喷雾燃烧的影响,保持输入能量一致(36mg),喷油持续期分别为8.6(30MPa)、7.1 (40MPa)和6.4ms(50MPa).试验燃料为纯正丁醇,为了有效去除正丁醇中可能存在的杂质影响,采用的正丁醇纯度级别为色谱级(>99.99%),其理化特性如表2所示.
图2为高速相机拍摄得到的正丁醇喷雾火焰在不同喷油持续期下的火焰自发光单次真彩.喷嘴位于每幅图片左侧中心处,图片下方的刻度表示该位置距喷嘴的轴向距离,图片左上角的数字表示该图片距喷油开始的间隔时间.除喷油持续期不同外,其余试验条件均相同,环境压力为4MPa,环境温度为940K,喷油压力为30MPa.每行图片的前3张图片反映了喷雾火焰从着火到火焰长度基本恒定(进入准稳态阶段)的发展过程,第4张图片有助于识别是否发生火焰回溯现象,最后一张图片反映了火焰消失前的火焰形态.为了减少循环波动,从而更准确地分析火焰发展特征,将10次重复试验的结果进行平均并转化为灰度值再进行上色得到平均伪色图,得到仅包含火焰自发光亮度信息的火焰自发光平均伪色,如图3所示,图片中最大亮度为255.
观察图2和图3可以看到,正丁醇喷雾火焰整体上呈现黄白色扩散火焰,在喷雾的上游存在少量预混淡蓝色火焰.黄白色火焰主要来自于少量的碳烟热辐射,也可能是由于H2O和O2的高温热辐射所引起[33].而淡蓝色火焰主要可能是由于CO等产物的化学发光引起[34].同时可以看到,正丁醇喷雾火焰不存在像传统柴油喷雾火焰类似的半球形头部,而是一种带有许多褶皱的不稳定火焰.这主要是由于正丁醇具有较长的点火延迟,喷雾锥角较大且燃油束比较分散,从而促进了喷雾火焰与周围空气的湍流混合,导致在喷雾火焰的边缘出现了许多褶皱.当喷油持续期为3.0ms时,由于整体当量比和放热量较低,正丁醇喷雾火焰的整体亮度较弱且亮度分布较为均匀,同时火焰形态较短.此外,在着火开始后可观察到正丁醇喷雾火焰头部存在局部火焰熄灭现象.这主要是由于正丁醇的热值较低,汽化潜热较高,从而导致已燃烧的燃料释放的热量不能满足后续燃料着火的要求,因而出现局部火焰熄灭现象.
伴随喷油持续期增加,单位喷雾的正丁醇量增加,火焰释放出更多的热量,因而火焰整体亮度增加并且火焰变长,同时火焰中开始出现亮度饱和区域.由于燃料与空气混合的时间增加,满足着火条件的可燃混合物向喷雾上游移动,碳烟浮起长度也随喷油持续期的增加而减小.另外,火焰自发光的高亮度区域主要集中在火焰上游,随着火焰向下游发展,吸入的氧气量增多,促进了碳烟的进一步氧化,因而火焰下游自发光亮度降低.当喷油持续期为8.6ms时,可发现火焰上游存在明显的火焰回溯现象,喷雾火焰上游由9.0ms时距离喷嘴为27.6mm回溯至11.6ms时距离喷嘴为15.4mm.火焰回溯现象是指喷油结束后火焰从浮起区域回溯至喷嘴附近的现象,喷油结束后的火焰回溯现象有利于消耗未燃碳氢化合物,从而提高燃烧的效率[35-36].
将火焰自发光平均伪色图对应的灰度图中每个像素点的亮度值进行累加计算,可得到不同喷油持续期下正丁醇喷雾火焰的空间积分自发光亮度(SINL),如图4所示,每个数据点上的颜色条表示该数据点10次重复试验结果的标准偏差.
SINL可以有效反映火焰亮度随时间的变化规律.伴随喷油持续期增加,正丁醇喷雾火焰的SINL上升和下降速率逐渐增加,并且峰值亮度即整体火焰自发光亮度也呈现增加趋势,这可归因于单位时间内燃料燃烧速率的增加.SINL一定程度上也可反映出火焰中的碳烟浓度,伴随喷油持续期增加,正丁醇喷雾的整体当量比增加,火焰中心区域得不到充足的氧气,不利于碳烟的进一步氧化,因而碳烟排放随喷油持续期增加而增大.并且伴随喷油持续期增加,SINL起始点逐渐推迟,这主要是由于局部当量比增加,增强了喷雾冷却效应从而退化了着火热力学条件所致.
燃料燃烧要经历低温反应与高温反应两个阶段,相应的自发光亮度也会呈现出低温化学发光和高温化学发光两个阶段,并且两者在数量级上的差别十分显著.在以往的研究中,火焰自发光图像的亮度变化与高温放热密切相关,因此,可以建立起自发光亮度与滞燃期、燃烧结束时刻等燃烧特性的对应关系[37].并采用美国圣地亚国家实验室Engine Combustion Network网站中对光学滞燃期的定义[38],利用火焰自发光平均伪色,绘制出图5所示像素点自发光最大亮度值随时间的变化,该曲线为8.6ms喷油持续期下的试验结果.Lillo等[39]研究表明,由于低温化学发光强度很低且难以被高速相机捕捉,因而低温化学发光处于图像自发光最大亮度值为0~1的稳定阶段,而高温化学发光处于图像自发光最大亮度值为最高水平的稳定阶段.正丁醇喷雾火焰呈现出明显的低温化学发光和高温化学发光两个阶段.借鉴Lillo等[39]研究将高温化学发光强度的20%作为阈值来确定滞燃期和燃烧结束时刻,由此得到不同喷油持续期下正丁醇喷雾火焰的滞燃期和燃烧结束时刻.燃烧结束时刻与滞燃期的差值即为燃烧持续期,如图6所示.每个数据点上的误差条表示该数据点10次试验结果的标准偏差.可以看到当喷油持续期为3.0ms时,由于燃料整体当量比较低,喷雾获得的氧气量较为充足,燃料蒸发和混合较快,容易形成适合着火的当量比区域,因而燃料较快着火并且迅速完成燃烧.当喷油持续期增加后,一方面由于碳烟浮起长度的缩短导致卷吸进入喷雾内部的氧气量减少;另一方面单位时间内扩散进喷雾内部的氧气量有限,同时燃料整体当量比也在增加,因此,单位燃料喷雾所能获得的氧气量减小,满足着火条件的可燃混合物比例降低,导致高温反应前的准备时间延长,喷雾火焰滞燃期和燃烧持续期均出现延长,而燃烧持续期的延长不利于热效率的提升.
为进一步分析喷油压力对正丁醇喷雾火焰结构特征和燃烧特性的影响,得到正丁醇喷雾火焰在不同喷油压力(30、40和50MPa)下的火焰自发光单次真彩见图7.图8为正丁醇喷雾火焰在对应喷油压力下的火焰自发光平均伪色,由10次重复试验平均得到.环境温度为940K,环境压力为4MPa,试验过程中保持输入能量一致(36mg),因而喷油持续期分别为8.6(30MPa)、7.1(40MPa)和6.4ms(50MPa).
观察图7和图8可以看到,随喷油压力增加,正丁醇喷雾火焰的自发光亮度明显减弱,这主要是由于喷油压力的增加减小了喷雾的破碎粒径,从而改善了喷雾的雾化质量.燃料蒸发速率更快,有利于燃料的完全燃烧,减少了碳烟等不完全燃烧产物的产生,因而火焰亮度减弱.同时喷油压力的增加也使正丁醇喷雾火焰向喷嘴下游移动,碳烟浮起长度增加,喷雾卷吸氧气量更多,有利于油、气混合,进一步促使了燃料的完全燃烧并降低火焰亮度.在喷油压力为50MPa下,还可以发现正丁醇喷雾火焰存在部分火焰间断现象.这可能是因为正丁醇的汽化潜热较高所致,燃油燃烧时需要吸收更多的热量,喷油压力的增加改善了燃油的雾化质量,但也加剧了燃油的蒸发冷却效应,部分燃油温度得到降低无法稳定燃烧,因而出现火焰间断现象.
计算不同喷油压力下正丁醇喷雾火焰自发光平均伪色图中像素点自发光最大亮度值随时间的变化,可得到不同喷油压力下正丁醇喷雾火焰的滞燃期和燃烧结束时刻,如图9所示.每个数据点上的误差条表示该数据点10次试验结果的标准偏差.
当喷油压力由30MPa增加到40MPa时,虽然喷雾雾化质量的改善以及卷吸氧气量的增加有助于形成满足着火条件的可燃混合物,但喷油压力的增加也加剧了喷雾与周围空气的湍流散热作用,导致滞燃期延长.两方面因素共同作用导致了正丁醇喷雾火焰的滞燃期由6.37ms增加到6.85ms.同时,由于单位时间燃油喷射量增加,燃料燃烧速率加快,正丁醇喷雾火焰燃烧持续期由9.95ms缩短到7.54ms.伴随喷油压力进一步增加到50MPa,由于正丁醇较强的蒸发冷却效应,正丁醇喷雾火焰的滞燃期进一步增加到7.15ms,但由于燃烧速率的加快和放热量的增加,正丁醇喷雾火焰的燃烧持续期显著缩短至5.10ms.因此,针对纯正丁醇直接喷射压燃,适当采取低的喷油压力有利于缩短着火滞燃期,小负荷下对油量需求小,更低的喷油压力不仅可以满足对喷油量的需求,同时也能更好地保证稳定着火.
为进一步分析环境温度对正丁醇喷雾火焰结构特征和燃烧特性的影响,得到正丁醇喷雾火焰在不同环境温度(880、910和940K)下的火焰自发光单次真彩,如图10所示.图11为正丁醇喷雾火焰在对应环境温度下的火焰自发光平均伪色,由10次重复试验平均得到.除环境温度不同外,其余试验条件均相同,环境压力为4MPa,喷油压力为30MPa,喷油持续期为8.6ms,而880K是确保该条件下正丁醇稳定着火的最低环境温度.对火焰自发光平均伪色图进行进一步处理,得到正丁醇喷雾火焰在不同环境温度下的滞燃期和燃烧结束时刻,如图12所示.每个数据点上的误差条表示该数据点10次试验结果的标准偏差.
不同环境温度下正丁醇喷雾火焰的燃烧结束时刻并无明显差别.在环境温度为880K时,正丁醇喷雾火焰的火焰自发光亮度十分微弱,滞燃期长达10.54ms.由于较长的滞燃期改善了预混燃烧效率,因而燃料在较快的时间内完成燃烧.环境温度仅增加30K至910K后,正丁醇喷雾火焰的滞燃期显著缩短至8.31ms,同时火焰自发光亮度明显增强,环境温度的增加降低了H2O2分解反应的活化能,同时增加了低温反应的最高温度,进而促进了高温反应的发生,并加快了燃烧反应速率.因此,燃料滞燃期缩短,火焰亮度增强.当环境温度进一步增加至940K后,正丁醇喷雾火焰的滞燃期进一步缩短至6.37ms,同时火焰中出现大量亮度饱和区域,火焰形态变长并向火焰上游移动,存在明显的火焰回溯现象.这也侧面印证了环境温度的提高,有助于抵消正丁醇高汽化潜热对燃烧造成的负面影响,并有效提高火焰稳定性.
相较喷油持续期与喷油压力,显然环境温度对正丁醇喷雾火焰的稳定着火影响最为显著.环境温度仅增加60K,正丁醇喷雾火焰滞燃期显著缩短4.17ms,火焰亮度明显增强且火焰形态更为稳定,更为明显的火焰回溯现象也有助于消耗未燃碳氢化合物、提高燃烧效率.
为进一步对正丁醇的实际应用提供参考,将正丁醇与目前已在成品油中广泛添加的乙醇进行对比,并保持试验边界条件一致,其中环境温度为940K,环境压力为4MPa,喷油压力为30MPa,喷油脉宽为8.6ms,得到正丁醇喷雾火焰与乙醇喷雾火焰的火焰自发光单次真彩,如图13所示.并进一步对火焰图像进行处理得到滞燃期和燃烧结束时刻,如图14所示.由于有更高的十六烷值和更低的汽化潜热,正丁醇的滞燃期短于乙醇,且其着火在喷油结束之前就已发生,而乙醇则是在喷油结束之后才发生着火.正丁醇更高的低热值也使得其火焰亮度明显高于乙醇.对比两种醇类燃料的火焰发展过程可知,正丁醇喷雾火焰的初始火核更靠近喷雾下游,并在喷油结束后出现较为明显的火焰回溯现象,而乙醇喷雾火焰的初始火核更靠近喷雾上游,且喷雾火焰上游距喷嘴距离基本保持恒定.然而滞燃期的缩短使得喷雾准备时间不足,导致正丁醇喷雾火焰的火焰发展速度慢于乙醇.虽然正丁醇早于乙醇着火,但其燃烧结束时刻晚于乙醇.
在一台光学可视化的定容燃烧弹上进行试验,利用火焰自发光高速成像技术,研究了纯正丁醇喷雾火焰在不同喷油持续期(3.0、6.0和8.6ms)、不同喷油压力(30、40和50MPa)和不同环境温度(880、910和940K)下的火焰发展特征和燃烧特性,得到以下结论:
(1) 正丁醇喷雾火焰呈现褶皱较多的不稳定黄白色火焰,喷雾上游存在少量淡蓝色火焰;喷油持续期为3.0ms时,正丁醇喷雾火焰的整体火焰亮度较弱且亮度分布较为均匀,同时火焰形态较短,并在着火后存在局部火焰熄灭现象;随着喷油持续期增加,火焰向上游移动,碳烟浮起长度缩短,同时火焰整体亮度、滞燃期和燃烧持续期均增加,且在喷油持续期为8.6ms时出现明显的火焰回溯现象.
(2) 随着喷油压力由30MPa增加至50MPa,正丁醇喷雾火焰的自发光亮度和火焰回溯现象明显减弱,喷雾整体向下游移动,碳烟浮起长度增加,同时滞燃期由6.37ms增加至7.15ms,而燃烧持续期由9.95ms缩短至5.10ms,且在喷油压力为50MPa下火焰中心区域存在部分火焰间断现象.
(3) 相较喷油持续期与喷油压力,环境温度对正丁醇喷雾火焰的稳定着火影响最为显著;环境温度由880K升至940K,正丁醇喷雾火焰滞燃期显著缩短4.17ms,火焰亮度明显增强且火焰形态更为稳定,同时出现明显的火焰回溯现象,有助于消耗未燃碳氢化合物、提高燃烧效率.
因此,保证足够的缸内温度,结合相对较低的喷油压力,更有利于提升纯正丁醇喷雾燃烧的稳定性,从而实现纯正丁醇燃料的稳定高效压燃燃烧.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(U2241262)
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2025年第43卷第5期
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doi: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202505048
  • 接收时间:2024-12-18
  • 首发时间:2026-11-05
  • 出版时间:2025-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-18
  • 修回日期:2025-05-02
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(U2241262)
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    1.天津大学先进内燃动力全国重点实验室,天津 300350
    2.哈尔滨工程大学动力与能源工程学院,哈尔滨 150001

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刘海峰,教授,博士生导师,.
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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