Article(id=1325035416444871233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325035380357079315, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202505052, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1732982400000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-01, revisedDate=1745769600000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793842661247, onlineDateStr=2026-11-05, pubDate=1758729600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793842661247, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793842661247, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793842661247, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325035380357079315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, year='2025', volume='43', issue='5', pageStart='385', pageEnd='479', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1758729600000', pubDateStr='2025-09-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793842652644, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793959718537, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1325526390799618088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325035380357079315, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1325526390799618089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325035380357079315, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=460, endPage=468, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325035416616837698, articleId=1325035416444871233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, language=EN, title=Decoupling control of air system based on neural network and particle swarm optimization, columnId=null, journalTitle=Transactions of CSICE, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the multi-input and multi-output model of a supercharged direct injection engine and vehicle, which was provided by the internal combustion power intelligent control algorithm challenge, a joint decoupling controller was developed by combining back propagation neural network(BPNN), particle swarm optimization(PSO) and proportional-integral-derivative(PID) control. In order to reduce the coupling error and achieve both target tracking and decoupling control for the exhaust gas recirculation(EGR) valve and the turbine vent valve, the PSO algorithm was employed to optimize the PID control parameters to control the opening of the EGR valve. Meanwhile, the BPNN algorithm was utilized to iterate the PID control parameters of the equivalent flow diameter of the turbine vent valve through the method of error backpropagation. The control effectiveness of the combined decoupling controller with respect to different driving speeds was evaluated on the Simulink platform. The results show that compared with the BPNN-PID algorithm, the mean integrated absolute error of the boost pressure and EGR rate of the combined BPNN-PID and PSO-PID algorithm is reduced by 31.86% and 2.46% respectively, and the controller demonstrates excellent performance under different driving speeds.

, authors=Danyang Liu1, Zhaojie Shen1, Fengliang Qiao2, Yanyan Wang1, authorsList=Danyang Liu, Zhaojie Shen, Fengliang Qiao, Yanyan Wang, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhaojie Shen, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325035425726866069, articleId=1325035416444871233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, language=CN, title=基于神经网络和粒子群寻优的空气系统解耦控制, columnId=null, journalTitle=内燃机学报, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于内燃动力智能控制算法国际挑战赛提供的多输入、多输出增压直喷发动机模型和整车模型,结合反向传播神经网络(BPNN)、粒子群寻优算法(PSO)、比例-积分-微分(PID)控制,设计一种BPNN-PSO-PID联合解耦控制器.为了减小耦合误差,实现对废气再循环(EGR)和涡轮放气阀等效流通直径的目标跟踪及解耦控制,采用PSO算法对EGR阀门开度的PID控制参数进行寻优,采用BPNN算法以误差反向传播的方式对涡轮放气阀等效流通直径的PID控制参数进行迭代,并在Simulink平台上评测联合解耦控制器在两种行驶车速下的控制效果.结果表明:相比于BPNN-PID算法,BPNN-PID与PSO-PID联合算法使增压压力和EGR率的平均积分绝对误差分别降低31.86%和2.46%,在不同行驶车速下均表现出良好的控制效果.

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刘丹阳,硕士研究生,.

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沈照杰,博士,副教授,.
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刘丹阳,硕士研究生,.

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Engine main performance parameters

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参数数值
基本构型直列4缸
排量/L1.5
标定功率/kW120(6000r/min)
最大转矩/(N·m)242(2000r/min)
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发动机主要性能参数

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参数数值
基本构型直列4缸
排量/L1.5
标定功率/kW120(6000r/min)
最大转矩/(N·m)242(2000r/min)
), ArticleFig(id=1325515037296698154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325035416444871233, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Simulation platform vehicle parameters

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参数数值
车重/kg1540
车轮滚动半径/mm334
滚动阻力系数0.01
迎风面积/m22.3
风阻系数0.33
主减速比2.77
变速箱1挡位速比4.484
变速箱2挡位速比2.872
变速箱3挡位速比1.842
变速箱4挡位速比1.414
变速箱5挡位速比1.000
变速箱6挡位速比0.742
), ArticleFig(id=1325515037363807019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325035416444871233, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

仿真平台车辆参数

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参数数值
车重/kg1540
车轮滚动半径/mm334
滚动阻力系数0.01
迎风面积/m22.3
风阻系数0.33
主减速比2.77
变速箱1挡位速比4.484
变速箱2挡位速比2.872
变速箱3挡位速比1.842
变速箱4挡位速比1.414
变速箱5挡位速比1.000
变速箱6挡位速比0.742
), ArticleFig(id=1325515037548356396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325035416444871233, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Comparison of control effects under different input conditions

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参数行驶车速A行驶车速B
增压压力的MIAE/kPa0.9690.872
EGR率的MIAE/%0.1190.112
车速的MIAE/(km·h-1)0.1690.148
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不同输入下的控制效果对比

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参数行驶车速A行驶车速B
增压压力的MIAE/kPa0.9690.872
EGR率的MIAE/%0.1190.112
车速的MIAE/(km·h-1)0.1690.148
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基于神经网络和粒子群寻优的空气系统解耦控制
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刘丹阳 1 , 沈照杰 1 , 乔奉亮 2 , 王彦岩 1
内燃机学报 | 2025,43(5): 460-468
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内燃机学报 | 2025 , 43 (5) : 460 -468
基于神经网络和粒子群寻优的空气系统解耦控制
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刘丹阳1 , 沈照杰1 , 乔奉亮2, 王彦岩1
作者信息
  • 1.哈尔滨工业大学(威海)汽车工程学院,威海 264209
  • 2.华域汽车系统股份有限公司上海第一分公司,上海 200433
通讯作者:
沈照杰,博士,副教授,.
作者简介:

刘丹阳,硕士研究生,.

Decoupling control of air system based on neural network and particle swarm optimization
Danyang Liu1 , Zhaojie Shen1 , Fengliang Qiao2, Yanyan Wang1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Automotive Engineering,Harbin Institute of Technology(Weihai),Weihai 264209,China
  • 2.Shanghai First Branch,Hua Yu Automotive Systems Company Limited,Shanghai 200433,China
出版时间: 2025-09-25 doi: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202505052
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基于内燃动力智能控制算法国际挑战赛提供的多输入、多输出增压直喷发动机模型和整车模型,结合反向传播神经网络(BPNN)、粒子群寻优算法(PSO)、比例-积分-微分(PID)控制,设计一种BPNN-PSO-PID联合解耦控制器.为了减小耦合误差,实现对废气再循环(EGR)和涡轮放气阀等效流通直径的目标跟踪及解耦控制,采用PSO算法对EGR阀门开度的PID控制参数进行寻优,采用BPNN算法以误差反向传播的方式对涡轮放气阀等效流通直径的PID控制参数进行迭代,并在Simulink平台上评测联合解耦控制器在两种行驶车速下的控制效果.结果表明:相比于BPNN-PID算法,BPNN-PID与PSO-PID联合算法使增压压力和EGR率的平均积分绝对误差分别降低31.86%和2.46%,在不同行驶车速下均表现出良好的控制效果.

增压直喷发动机  /  反向传播神经网络  /  粒子群算法  /  空气系统解耦控制

Based on the multi-input and multi-output model of a supercharged direct injection engine and vehicle, which was provided by the internal combustion power intelligent control algorithm challenge, a joint decoupling controller was developed by combining back propagation neural network(BPNN), particle swarm optimization(PSO) and proportional-integral-derivative(PID) control. In order to reduce the coupling error and achieve both target tracking and decoupling control for the exhaust gas recirculation(EGR) valve and the turbine vent valve, the PSO algorithm was employed to optimize the PID control parameters to control the opening of the EGR valve. Meanwhile, the BPNN algorithm was utilized to iterate the PID control parameters of the equivalent flow diameter of the turbine vent valve through the method of error backpropagation. The control effectiveness of the combined decoupling controller with respect to different driving speeds was evaluated on the Simulink platform. The results show that compared with the BPNN-PID algorithm, the mean integrated absolute error of the boost pressure and EGR rate of the combined BPNN-PID and PSO-PID algorithm is reduced by 31.86% and 2.46% respectively, and the controller demonstrates excellent performance under different driving speeds.

supercharged direct injection engine  /  back propagation neural network  /  particle swarm optimization  /  air system decoupling control
刘丹阳, 沈照杰, 乔奉亮, 王彦岩. 基于神经网络和粒子群寻优的空气系统解耦控制. 内燃机学报, 2025 , 43 (5) : 460 -468 . DOI: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202505052
Danyang Liu, Zhaojie Shen, Fengliang Qiao, Yanyan Wang. Decoupling control of air system based on neural network and particle swarm optimization[J]. Transactions of CSICE, 2025 , 43 (5) : 460 -468 . DOI: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202505052
发动机空气系统是多输入、多输出[1]的非线性系统,其实时精确控制[2]是改善发动机燃油经济性和排放性能的重点和难点问题[3].此外,废气再循环(EGR)阀和涡轮放气阀等效流通直径控制具有很强的耦合关系[4-5],大大增加了空气系统的控制难度.当EGR阀门开度不变时,改变涡轮放气阀等效流通直径会使进/排气压力改变,引起EGR率变化[6];当涡轮放气阀等效流通直径不变时,EGR阀的开度变化会影响排气压力,导致增压压力变化[7].传统空气系统控制方法依赖大量实车标定,耗时长、成本高及适应度差[8]且无法覆盖全域最优[9].为此,研究者将智能控制算法引入发动机空气系统控制,减少实车标定工作量,智能协调控制系统变量[10],实现多输入、多输出非线性耦合系统的解耦控制.
Kim等[11]采用反步进的输入、输出线性化方法,将非线性系统转换为线性系统;但空气系统线性化后的控制效果在某些工况上存在较大偏差,为进一步提高控制系统的精度,研究者转向非线性控制算法开发[12].Keller等[13]和Liao-McPherson等[14]将线性模型预测控制(MPC)和非线性模型预测控制(NMPC)相结合,实现对空气系统的非线性控制.于海鹏等[15]采用自抗扰算法和模型预测控制算法,实现了跟踪误差的最佳折中;Hanggi等[16]基于单个气路组件,提出NMPC,使其能够跟踪任意气路参考信号;Wahlstrom等[17]和Murtaza等[18]均采用滑模控制器构建控制器结构进行EGR和可变截面涡轮增压(VGT)控制;文献[19-21]基于空气系统误差和反馈,采用神经网络参与控制,减少系统稳态误差,达到了较好的控制效果.
发动机空气系统是一个非线性耦合系统,为提高控制效果,除采用非线性控制算法外,还需充分考虑到系统耦合的影响,并进行解耦控制[22-23].唐蛟等[24]和张科勋等[25]均采用对角矩阵解耦方法结合比例-积分-微分(PID)控制对空气系统进行解耦;Sun等[26]采用前馈和内部模型解耦控制相结合的控制方法;刘兴义等[27]提出一种基于极值搜索的模型预测控制算法,通过三入三出线性变参数预测模型和扩张状态观测器实现了空气系统的解耦控制.
基于以上研究分析,国内外学者通过解耦控制方法与线性控制算法相结合或非线性控制算法与误差反馈控制相结合的方法,实现了发动机空气系统非线性解耦控制,但仍存在控制算法复杂及计算量大等问题[28-29].综合考虑非线性和控制变量解耦问题,笔者提出寻优算法和非线性控制算法相结合的非线性解耦控制算法,使用两个PID控制器独立控制EGR率和增压压力,在PID控制的基础上,采用粒子群算法对EGR阀门开度的控制参数进行寻优,减小EGR率跟踪误差;同时,采用反向传播(BP)神经网络调整涡轮放气阀等效流通直径的控制参数,将耦合误差和增压压力跟踪误差进行反向传播,不断更新迭代网络的权重和偏置,最终输出误差最小的控制参数,减小增压压力跟踪误差.将PSO-PID控制算法与BPNN-PID控制算法相结合,两个回路同时进行运算,不断更新两个算法的控制参数,最终得到使系统误差最小的控制参数.使用PSO-PID算法与BPNN-PID算法相结合的非线性控制器,减少空气系统的耦合误差,实现多PID控制算法的解耦.
以内燃动力智能控制算法国际挑战赛提供的多输入、多输出增压直喷发动机和车辆为研究对象[30],发动机模型由GT-Power搭建,其主要性能参数如表1所示,搭载该发动机的车辆参数见表2.
空气系统包括进/排气管、电子节气门、涡轮、涡轮放气阀、三元催化器、EGR中冷器、EGR阀、压气机、增压中冷器和空气滤清器等.空气系统结构如图1所示.
压气机吸入回流EGR和新鲜空气,增压后经中冷器冷却,通过节气门流进进气歧管.排出的废气流经涡轮做功,实现进气增压,并通过调节涡轮放气阀等效流通直径控制增压压力,通过调节EGR阀门开度控制EGR率.
主要研究目标是在给定道路坡度和距离、红绿灯数量及相位、车辆及发动机参数情况下,实现增压压力、EGR率和车速在车辆整个路段行驶过程中保持较高精度的控制.尤其对于变工况过程,实现快速、精确地跟踪系统目标值.由于空气系统各结构之间存在较强的耦合关系,瞬态工况下增压压力和EGR率响应慢,导致实际值与发动机稳态工况下标定的目标值出现较大偏差,因而空气系统控制的主要难点是对EGR阀和涡轮放气阀的解耦控制问题.
针对空气系统耦合控制问题,提出BPNN-PID算法与PSO-PID算法相结合的控制器,控制变量为EGR阀开度、放气阀等效流通直径,被控变量为增压压力、EGR率和目标车速,通过控制变量调整被控变量,实现整车控制.
PID算法是工业应用中最广泛算法之一,基于PID控制算法开展智能控制算法的设计和研究.
PID控制器的数学表达式为
u(t)=Kp{e(t)+1Ki∫e(t)dt+[Kdde(t)dt]+u0}
式中:Kp为比例放大系数;Ki为积分时间常数;Kd为微分时间常数;u(t)为控制常量;e(t)为误差;u0为控制常量;t为当前时间.
空气系统是一个非线性、强耦合的系统,为了使发动机运行在最佳状态,需要引入非线性算法对PID控制算法的比例、积分和微分参数进行快速合理的标定和匹配.
为实现解耦控制,提高系统跟踪效果、非线性逼近能力和响应速率,将PSO-PID优化算法与BPNN-PID控制算法相结合.
首先初始化粒子群中初始粒子的位置和速度,设定粒子群数量为100,迭代次数为200,惯性因子ω=0.6,加速常数c1=c2=2,速度范围为±5,然后进行粒子群算法的迭代.
限制3个增益系数的取值范围为
{0≤Kp≤2000≤Ki≤2000≤Kd≤200
在迭代过程中不断更新粒子速度和位置信息,粒子速度迭代更新公式为
vt+1=ωvt+c1rand1(Pt−xt)+    c2rand2(PG−xt)
式中:vt+1为粒子的速度;rand1、rand2为[0,1]之间的随机数;Pt为此粒子在搜索过程中的最优位置,为整个粒子群搜索过程中的最优位置;xt为粒子上一次迭代的位置;PG为整个粒子群的最优位置.
由式(3)可得出当前粒子位置信息为
xt+1=xt+vt+1dt
式中:xt+1为当前粒子的位置.
迭代过程中,不断更新整个粒子群的最优位置PG,迭代结束后得到全局最优的粒子.粒子群PSO-PID优化流程如图2所示.
随着智能动力的发展,神经网络在内燃机上的应用越来越多.其中,BP神经网络简单易用、适用性强,在理论上可以逼近任意函数,具有很强的非线性映射能力、泛化能力及灵活性好,通过反向传播不断调整网络的权重和偏置,使网络的误差平方最小.BP神经网络结构如图3所示.
设置BP神经网络输入层节点数为7,分别为误差e(t)、误差的一阶导e(t-1)、误差的二阶导e(t-2)、被控变量目标值r(t)、被控变量真实值y(t)、真实值一阶导y(t-1)和控制常量一阶导u(t-1);输出层节点数为3,分别为Kp、Ki和Kd;隐藏层节点数为8.
输入层N至隐藏层P的权重为wij,输入层N的偏置记为θi,隐藏层P至输出层Q的权重为wjk,输出层Q的偏置为βk.输入向量记为Xi,隐藏层输入向量为FXj,隐藏层输出向量为FZj,输出层输入向量为FOk,输出层输出向量为Ok.其中:i∈[1,7],j∈[1,8],k∈[1,3].
正向推导过程中,使用矩阵乘法将信息从输入传递到输出上,隐藏层输入向量为
FXj=wijXi
使用Sigmoid函数作为BP神经网络的激活函数,数学表达式为
f(x)=11+e−x
隐藏层输出向量为
FZj=f(FXj−θi)
输出层输入向量为
FOk=wjkFZj
输出层输出向量为
Ok=f(FOk−βk)
可得控制常量u(t)为
u(t)=u(t−1)+Kp[e(t)−e(t−1)]+Kie(t)+  Kd[e(t)−2e(t−1)+e(t−2)]
误差的性能指标函数为
J=[r(t)−y(t)]2/2
而后以误差的性能指标函数J为神经网络输入,进行反向传播[31],有
{∂J∂y(t)=e(t)∂y(t)∂u(t)=sign[y(t)−y(t−1)Δu(t)]∂u(t)∂Ok=  [e(t)−e(t−1)  e(t)  e(t)−2e(t−1)+e(t−2)]T∂Ok∂FOk=diag(f′)∂FOk∂wjk=FZj∂J∂FOk∂J∂βk=−∂J∂FOk
最终迭代形式为
{wij(k+1)=wij(k)+α∂J∂wijwjk(k+1)=wjk(k)+α∂J∂wjk
式中:α为迭代学习速率,α=0.1.
设置精度ε=0.01,训练次数为500次,当误差满足精度要求或达到训练次数后,迭代停止.
经过BP神经网络的数据正向传播和反向误差传播,以减小误差为目标,不断调整网络的权重和偏置,最终得到使误差最小的3个控制参数.
空气系统为强耦合的多输入、多输出系统,采用两个单输入、单输出的PID控制算法,其中一个采用PSO寻优算法对PID控制参数进行寻优,另一个采用BP神经网络通过误差反向传播的方式不断迭代控制参数.控制系统示意如图4所示.其中,PSO-PID算法为离线控制,经过粒子群不断迭代,最终得到输出性能最优的控制变量;BPNN-PID算法为在线控制,在拟合出3个控制参数之后,以降低误差性能指标为目标,对3个控制参数不断迭代优化.两个控制算法相结合,在离线寻优的过程中同时进行在线迭代控制,系统互相影响,两个PID算法的控制参数也互相影响,最终达到离线寻优和在线参数调整的统一,以达到减少耦合误差的目标,实现多PID控制算法的解耦.
根据内燃动力智能控制算法国际挑战赛提供的道路信息、红绿灯信息及发动机和车辆模型,以不闯红灯、不停车、不超速、行驶平稳和燃油消耗低为目标,规划出两种不同风格的行车速度.选取规划路径中用时最短的高速模式驾驶工况A和用时最长的保守模式驾驶工况B进行算法开发和验证.驾驶工况A和工况B的车速曲线如图5所示.
采用平均积分绝对误差(MIAE)对算法控制效果进行评价,MIAE表达式为
MIAE=(∫ 0 T|h(xi)−yi|)/T
式中:T为运行总时间;h(xi)为系统真实输出;yi为系统目标输出.
BPNN-PID控制算法对空气系统中增压压力、EGR率和车速的控制效果如图6所示.图6(a)为真实增压压力与目标增压压力对比,曲线整体较为平稳,跟随效果较好,无明显振荡.
由图6可知,增压压力、EGR率和车速控制曲线与目标曲线吻合较好,实时跟踪和响应较好.其中,增压压力MIAE为1.422kPa,EGR率MIAE为0.122%,车速MIAE为0.166km/h.在BPNN-PID控制算法中,增压压力和EGR率均采用误差反向传播的方式调整参数,利用神经网络的学习能力降低两者的耦合影响,减少了因两者耦合而产生的误差.
BPNN-PID与PSO-PID联合控制算法对空气系统中增压压力、EGR率和车速的控制效果如图7所示.其中,增压压力MIAE为0.969kPa,EGR率MIAE为0.119%,车速MIAE为0.169km/h.
BPNN-PID与PSO-PID联合控制算法对控制EGR阀门开度的PID参数进行粒子群寻优,得到在所有工况下EGR率误差最小的参数.粒子群寻优过程中,EGR阀门开度的PID控制的参数固定,消除了EGR率对增压压力的影响,BPNN-PID控制根据误差反向传播不断调整放气阀有效流通直径的PID控制参数,有效控制增压压力与目标值一致,计算得出使误差最小的控制参数,降低空气系统控制误差,达到较好的解耦效果.
将BPNN-PID算法控制器控制EGR和放气阀控制的绝对误差与BPNN-PID与PSO-PID联合控制算法的绝对误差进行对比.图8为两种算法的增压压力、EGR率和车速在整个行车过程中的绝对误差对比.BPNN-PID控制算法的增压压力、EGR率和车速绝对误差最大值均大于联合控制算法.对绝对误差进行时间积分后,以式(14)计算MIAE.相比于BPNN-PID算法,BPNN-PID与PSO-PID联合控制算法的增压压力MIAE降低31.86%,EGR率MIAE降低2.46%,而车速MIAE增加1.81%.整体上看,BPNN-PID与PSO-PID联合控制算法对增压压力和EGR率进行解耦后,可以有效减小增压压力和EGR率的MIAE.
为更好地评估算法控制效果,以目标值为X轴、真实值为Y轴,分别绘制增压压力和EGR率,如图9和图10所示.相较于BPNN-PID控制算法,将BPNN-PID算法与PSO-PID算法结合,空气系统中增压压力和EGR率的目标值与真实值分布更集中于对角线附近.其中,双BPNN-PID算法和BPNN-PID与PSO-PID联合控制算法的增压压力在误差为5%以内占比分别为90.52%和93.45%;EGR率在误差为5%以内占比分别为84.28%和90.13%,联合控制算法的增压压力和EGR率控制精度均高于BPNN-PID算法.
由平均积分绝对误差和误差为5%以内占比分析可知,BPNN-PID与PSO-PID联合控制算法可以在不进行EGR阀和涡轮放气阀等效流通直径标定的前提下,实现对空气系统增压压力和EGR率的解耦控制,并达到更好的控制效果.
以车速B曲线为目标车速,分析BPNN-PID与PSO-PID联合控制算法对增压压力和EGR率的控制效果,如图11所示.在工况B下,联合控制算法对增压压力、EGR率和车速的控制效果均较好.增压压力、EGR率和车速MIAE分别为0.872kPa、0.112%和0.148km/h.表3为BPNN-PID与PSO-PID联合控制算法在车速A和B曲线下增压压力、EGR率和车速的MIAE对比.工况B的MIAE均小于工况A.这说明BPNN-PID与PSO-PID联合控制算法在不同车速曲线行驶工况下均具有较低的MIAE,MIAE值越小,联合控制器的控制误差越小.
增压压力和EGR率的目标值和真实值如图12所示.BPNN-PID与PSO-PID联合控制算法的增压压力和EGR率控制误差为5%以内的占比分别为93.56%和92.35%.进一步表明更换车速工况,BPNN-PID与PSO-PID联合控制算法仍具有较好的控制效果.
为解决空气系统增压压力与EGR率的耦合控制问题,提出了BPNN-PID与PSO-PID联合控制算法.由PSO-PID控制EGR率,由BPNN-PID控制增压压力,并通过误差反向传播进行权重和参数的调整,提高增压压力控制精度.粒子群寻优后,控制EGR率的PID参数固定,降低其对增压压力的影响,达到解耦效果.
(1) 在车速A曲线工况下,相较于BPNN-PID控制算法,BPNN-PID与PSO-PID联合控制算法的增压压力MIAE降低31.86%,EGR率MIAE降低2.46%,车速MIAE增加1.81%,其中,增压压力在误差为5%以内占比为93.45%,EGR率在误差为5%以内占比为90.13%.
(2) 在车速B曲线工况下,BPNN-PID与PSO-PID联合控制算法增压压力、EGR率和车速的MIAE值均小于工况A,增压压力和EGR率在误差为5%以内占比分别为93.56%和92.35%,表明不同行驶车速工况下,BPNN-PID与PSO-PID联合控制算法均具有较好的控制效果.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51606052; 52402107)
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2025年第43卷第5期
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doi: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202505052
  • 接收时间:2024-12-01
  • 首发时间:2026-11-05
  • 出版时间:2025-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-01
  • 修回日期:2025-04-28
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51606052; 52402107)
作者信息
    1.哈尔滨工业大学(威海)汽车工程学院,威海 264209
    2.华域汽车系统股份有限公司上海第一分公司,上海 200433

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