Article(id=1324806269709726113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1324806227083002341, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202506054, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1736870400000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-15, revisedDate=1745251200000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793788028409, onlineDateStr=2026-11-04, pubDate=1764000000000, pubDateStr=2025-11-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793788028409, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793788028409, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793788028409, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1324806227083002341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, year='2025', volume='43', issue='6', pageStart='481', pageEnd='568', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1764000000000', pubDateStr='2025-11-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793788018246, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793959617886, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1325525968575812368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1324806227083002341, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1325525968575812369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1324806227083002341, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=481, endPage=489, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1324806271601357218, articleId=1324806269709726113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, language=EN, title=Numerical simulation of filtration performance and mechanism of gasoline particulate filter, columnId=null, journalTitle=Transactions of CSICE, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A dynamic filtration model of the gasoline particulate filter(GPF) was developed,considering both pore and wall scales,with the addition of radial porosity heterogeneity in the porous media. The impact of internal structural changes in the GPF on particle filtration performance was investigated from the perspectives of filtration mechanisms and microscopic size. It is found that the primary filtration mechanisms in the GPF are Brownian diffusion and interception,which correspond to the filtration of small particles(<30nm) and large particles(>200nm),respectively. When the mean pore size in the GPF decreases or the pore size variance increases,the proportion of collectors with diameters smaller than 10μm increases. This results in a higher number of collectors achieving more than 50% filtration efficiency for particles in the range of 10—300nm,thereby enhancing the total filtration efficiency of the GPF. After 20minutes of particle filtration,the filtration efficiency of GPF increases and the particles adhere to the area of the lowest porosity,where the porosity reduces. However,the efficiency of Brownian diffusion and interception slightly decreases,indicating that porosity plays a dominant role in influencing filtration efficiency during the dynamic filtration process.

, authors=Yuxin Hu1, Fan Zhang1, Dongxia Yang2, Wenzheng Xia2, Xinbo Yuan2, Qiang Ren3, authorsList=Yuxin Hu, Fan Zhang, Dongxia Yang, Wenzheng Xia, Xinbo Yuan, Qiang Ren, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Fan Zhang, Dongxia Yang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1324806276399641015, articleId=1324806269709726113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, language=CN, title=GPF捕集性能及机理的数值模拟, columnId=null, journalTitle=内燃机学报, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

从孔隙、壁面两个维度,搭建汽油机颗粒捕集器(GPF)的动态捕集模型,考虑了多孔介质孔隙率径向不均匀,从捕集机制和微观尺寸的角度研究GPF内部结构变化对颗粒捕集性能的影响.结果表明:GPF的捕集机制主要是布朗扩散和拦截捕集,分别对应小粒径(<30nm)和大粒径(>200nm)的颗粒物捕集.当GPF中平均孔径减小或孔径方差增加,直径小于10μm收集器的比例增加,使得更多收集器对10~300nm范围颗粒物的捕集效率为50%以上,进而导致GPF总捕集效率增加.经过20min颗粒捕集,GPF捕集效率不断增大,颗粒物主要附着在孔隙率最低处,进一步降低孔隙率,但此时布朗扩散和拦截捕集效率略有降低,因而动态捕集过程中捕集效率主要受孔隙率影响.

, authors=胡雨馨1, 张帆1, 杨冬霞2, 夏文正2, 袁新波2, 任强3, authorsList=胡雨馨, 张帆, 杨冬霞, 夏文正, 袁新波, 任强, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张帆, 杨冬霞, authorNote=

胡雨馨,硕士研究生,.

, correspAuthorsNote=
张帆,博士,副教授,
杨冬霞,博士,正高级工程师,.
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Working conditions of model validation

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参数数值
平均孔径dm/µm9.4,11.7,17.7
孔径方差dv/µm7,15,30
厚度h/mm0.31
初始孔隙率εij,00.56
壁面渗透速率U/(m·s-1)0.025,0.050,0.100
粒径dp/nm10~300
颗粒物密度/(kg·m-3)1000
气体温度/℃200
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模型验证工况

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参数数值
平均孔径dm/µm9.4,11.7,17.7
孔径方差dv/µm7,15,30
厚度h/mm0.31
初始孔隙率εij,00.56
壁面渗透速率U/(m·s-1)0.025,0.050,0.100
粒径dp/nm10~300
颗粒物密度/(kg·m-3)1000
气体温度/℃200
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Parameters of modeling

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参数数值
平均孔径dm/µm15
孔径方差dv/µm35
厚度h/mm0.31
平均孔隙率0.56
最低孔隙率0.45
壁面速率U/(m·s-1)0.05
入口颗粒数/(个·min-1)1×1011
粒径dp/nm10~300
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模拟参数设定

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参数数值
平均孔径dm/µm15
孔径方差dv/µm35
厚度h/mm0.31
平均孔隙率0.56
最低孔隙率0.45
壁面速率U/(m·s-1)0.05
入口颗粒数/(个·min-1)1×1011
粒径dp/nm10~300
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GPF捕集性能及机理的数值模拟
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胡雨馨 1 , 张帆 1 , 杨冬霞 2 , 夏文正 2 , 袁新波 2 , 任强 3
内燃机学报 | 2025,43(6): 481-489
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内燃机学报 | 2025 , 43 (6) : 481 -489
GPF捕集性能及机理的数值模拟
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胡雨馨1 , 张帆1 , 杨冬霞2 , 夏文正2, 袁新波2, 任强3
作者信息
  • 1.天津大学先进内燃动力全国重点实验室,天津 300350
  • 2.昆明贵研催化剂有限责任公司贵金属催化技术与应用国家-地方联合工程实验室,昆明 650106
  • 3.上汽通用五菱汽车股份有限公司,柳州 545007
通讯作者:
张帆,博士,副教授,
杨冬霞,博士,正高级工程师,.
作者简介:

胡雨馨,硕士研究生,.

Numerical simulation of filtration performance and mechanism of gasoline particulate filter
Yuxin Hu1 , Fan Zhang1 , Dongxia Yang2 , Wenzheng Xia2, Xinbo Yuan2, Qiang Ren3
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Engines,Tianjin University,Tianjin 300350,China
  • 2.State-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Precious Metal Catalytic Technology and Application,Kunming Sino-Platinum Metals Catalysts Company Limited,Kunming 650106,China
  • 3.SAIC-GM-Wuling Automobile Company,Liuzhou 545007,China
出版时间: 2025-11-25 doi: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202506054
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从孔隙、壁面两个维度,搭建汽油机颗粒捕集器(GPF)的动态捕集模型,考虑了多孔介质孔隙率径向不均匀,从捕集机制和微观尺寸的角度研究GPF内部结构变化对颗粒捕集性能的影响.结果表明:GPF的捕集机制主要是布朗扩散和拦截捕集,分别对应小粒径(<30nm)和大粒径(>200nm)的颗粒物捕集.当GPF中平均孔径减小或孔径方差增加,直径小于10μm收集器的比例增加,使得更多收集器对10~300nm范围颗粒物的捕集效率为50%以上,进而导致GPF总捕集效率增加.经过20min颗粒捕集,GPF捕集效率不断增大,颗粒物主要附着在孔隙率最低处,进一步降低孔隙率,但此时布朗扩散和拦截捕集效率略有降低,因而动态捕集过程中捕集效率主要受孔隙率影响.

汽油机  /  捕集机制  /  收集器直径  /  孔隙率

A dynamic filtration model of the gasoline particulate filter(GPF) was developed,considering both pore and wall scales,with the addition of radial porosity heterogeneity in the porous media. The impact of internal structural changes in the GPF on particle filtration performance was investigated from the perspectives of filtration mechanisms and microscopic size. It is found that the primary filtration mechanisms in the GPF are Brownian diffusion and interception,which correspond to the filtration of small particles(<30nm) and large particles(>200nm),respectively. When the mean pore size in the GPF decreases or the pore size variance increases,the proportion of collectors with diameters smaller than 10μm increases. This results in a higher number of collectors achieving more than 50% filtration efficiency for particles in the range of 10—300nm,thereby enhancing the total filtration efficiency of the GPF. After 20minutes of particle filtration,the filtration efficiency of GPF increases and the particles adhere to the area of the lowest porosity,where the porosity reduces. However,the efficiency of Brownian diffusion and interception slightly decreases,indicating that porosity plays a dominant role in influencing filtration efficiency during the dynamic filtration process.

gasoline engine  /  filtration mechanisms  /  collector diameter  /  porosity
胡雨馨, 张帆, 杨冬霞, 夏文正, 袁新波, 任强. GPF捕集性能及机理的数值模拟. 内燃机学报, 2025 , 43 (6) : 481 -489 . DOI: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202506054
Yuxin Hu, Fan Zhang, Dongxia Yang, Wenzheng Xia, Xinbo Yuan, Qiang Ren. Numerical simulation of filtration performance and mechanism of gasoline particulate filter[J]. Transactions of CSICE, 2025 , 43 (6) : 481 -489 . DOI: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202506054
近十年,汽油机多采用汽油机缸内直喷(GDI)技术以提高燃油经济性[1],但该技术会增加超细颗粒物(dp<100nm)排放[2],不仅加剧雾霾等环境问题,还会导致心、肺系统疾病的增加.为此,许多法规开始对汽油机颗粒物排放进行限制.欧Ⅵc对GDI发动机排气中颗粒物的数量和质量分别限制为6×1011/ km和0.005g/km以内,并将在欧Ⅶ中对检测和限制的颗粒物粒径最小值调整为10nm[3].
为实现对汽油机排气中颗粒物的控制,可将颗粒捕集器应用在汽油机后处理系统中.现有的颗粒捕集器主要应用于柴油发动机,并能够实现颗粒捕集效率超过90%[4],这一高效捕集性能主要归因于柴油机排放的颗粒物具有较大的粒径,从而在捕集器通道内易于形成滤饼层[5].但汽油机排气温度较高,且排放的颗粒物粒径较小、数量较少[6],使得汽油机颗粒捕集器(GPF)中很难形成滤饼层,进而GPF的捕集效率较低,需要对其进行进一步研究和优化.
GPF工作主要为深床捕集阶段,存在压降变化较大和捕集效率较低的问题[7],因而当前研究的重点是分析多孔介质内部结构对捕集效率及颗粒物负载分布的影响,以进一步提升效率.催化剂涂覆、颗粒物和灰分负载等多种因素都会影响捕集性能.Belot等[8]采用分段X射线计算机断层扫描技术对不同涂覆的汽油机颗粒捕集器(cGPF)内部结构进行三维扫描,并对其捕集效率进行研究,结果表明:增加涂覆量可能导致捕集效率下降,这是由于催化剂涂覆不均匀所引发的多孔介质局部堵塞.尽管其余部分的通道结构存在变化,但变化程度较小,且局部渗透速率的升高导致颗粒物更容易穿透多孔介质,从而降低了整体捕集效率.马标等[9]和Chen等[10]对比了不同催化剂涂覆工艺(on-wall和in-wall技术)及不同涂覆量的影响,发现on-wall技术能有效提高捕集效率,这是因为on-wall技术能在更短时间内使捕集器从深床阶段过渡到滤饼层阶段.此外,汤东等[11]研究发现,灰分在捕集器内的沉积也可以使GPF对颗粒物和颗粒物数量(PN)保持较高的捕集效率.
催化剂涂覆和碳烟负载引起的捕集性能变化主要归因于多孔介质内部结构参数(孔尺寸、孔隙率等)的改变.Ohara等[12]研究发现,不同平均孔径的捕集器表现出不同的捕集效率;此外,沿多孔介质径向方向,孔隙率分布呈不均匀性,其在顶部和底部区域呈从外向内先降低、后升高并趋于稳定的变化趋势[13].因此,GPF内的孔隙尺寸及其分布的任何改变都会显著影响其捕集性能.颗粒物捕集的底层逻辑基于布朗扩散捕集、拦截捕集和惯性捕集[14-15]共3种主要机制,这些机制均受收集器直径、孔隙率等微观参数的显著影响.然而,目前基于捕集机制对微观参数动态变化进行定量分析的研究较少.
综上可知,为降低研究成本并对GPF捕集机理进行深入研究,可采用模拟的方式对微观结构进行研究.玻尔兹曼法是目前被广泛接受的用于计算多孔介质区域流动的方法,主要应用于三维模型中[16],可以通过对多孔介质内流场的求解进行颗粒物轨迹分析[17].但由于GPF研究中涉及微米和纳米级尺寸,采用三维模型计算量过大,因而选择单元法搭建捕集模型.现有GPF模型主要是以Lee等[18]提出的气溶胶颗粒捕集假设为基础,对流动和多孔介质区域进行完善和优化,该模型的前提是假设整个多孔介质区域的孔径、孔隙率等参数为单一平均值.汽油机中由于其特有的颗粒物排放特性,多孔介质微观不均匀结构会对结果产生很大影响,因而Gong等[13,19]搭建了非均质多尺度捕集模型(HMF),其中包括孔隙尺寸、壁面尺寸和通道尺寸,并在相应部分增加孔隙结构、轴向和径向的不均匀性,以更好地模拟GPF的压降和捕集性能.该模型目前也被广泛使用,并基于该模型进行优化,如增加化学反应动力学等.然而,当前模型中针对孔隙率径向不均匀分布的函数描述较少,同时对基于不均匀孔隙率的动态工况模拟,仍需进一步开展模拟研究与深入分析.
基于HMF模型,笔者构建了一个包含时间维度和孔隙率径向不均匀分布函数表达的二维非均匀多孔介质模型.通过调整孔隙尺寸与捕集时间,对不同多孔介质孔隙结构下的捕集效率、动态捕集过程的效率及碳烟负载进行模拟分析.此外,通过对捕集机制变化的深入研究,探讨微观结构对捕集效率的影响.
笔者采用二维模型对多孔介质的捕集性能进行模拟,并从两种不同尺寸维度[20]搭建模型,如图1所示.其中孔隙尺度中包含粒径、孔径和收集器直径等微观参数,尺寸范围约为1~50000nm,而在壁面尺度中将多孔介质沿径向分为31个捕集区域,尺寸范围约为100μm以上.在模型中假设气体为理想气体,固体及流体温度恒定,不进行任何热传递,入口气体和颗粒物混合均匀,多孔介质内壁面渗透速率方向为y方向,捕集过程中忽略主动和被动再生.
GPF/cGPF结构对颗粒物的捕集起重要作用,结构变化的主要影响因素为孔隙率、孔径和收集器直径.大孔径表示载体内孔普遍更大或催化剂层更疏松,反之亦然.假设多孔介质内存在多个圆形孔结构,在每个孔结构内部假设有一个圆形收集器用来捕集颗粒物.孔径、收集器直径和孔隙率的关系[20]可表示为
dc ij,0=3(1−εij,0)2εij,0do ij
式中:do ij为第j个捕集区域的第i个孔结构直径;dc ij,0和εij,0分别为初始时刻该孔结构内收集器直径和孔隙率.在相同孔隙率下,大孔径意味着更大的收集器直径.
基于Gong等[20]构建的孔隙尺度模型,多孔介质内部的捕集涉及3种捕集机制.扩散捕集是在布朗扩散运动作用下导致的颗粒物捕集,主要针对流速较低、粒径小于100nm的颗粒物,其捕集效率[12]ED ij,  t可表示为
ED ij,  t=2(3π4)2/3[εij,  tK(εij,  t)]−2/3Peij,  t−2/3
式中:下标t为时间;K(εij,  t)为t时刻的水动力因子;Peij,  t为佩克莱数,可表示为
Pei,  t=(Udc ij,  t)/Dij,  t
式中:U为壁面渗透速率;dc ij,  t为t时刻收集器直径;Dij,  t为颗粒物扩散系数,主要与排气温度、粒径和平均自由程等参数有关.
拦截捕集主要是粒径范围为100~1000nm的颗粒物沿流线运动到球形收集器表面附近时与介质表面接触并被黏附,该捕集效率[12]ER ij,  t可表示为
ER ij,  t=3(1−εij,  t)2K(εij,  t)⋅NR ij,  t2(1+NR ij,  t)2
式中:NR ij,  t为拦截捕集的量纲为1数,与颗粒物直径与拦截捕集的临界长度有关.
惯性捕集主要针对速度较大的颗粒物(dp>1000nm),在经过收集器表面时由于惯性较大不能随流体转向而碰撞在收集器上,其效率EI ij,  t可通过有效斯托克斯数[21]Stkij,  t表达,即
EI ij,  t=Stkij,  t3(0.014+Stkij,  t)3
采用Stkij,  t的目的是在斯托克斯数的基础上增加雷诺数对惯性捕集效率的影响.
综合上述3种捕集机制的效率,总收集器捕集效率Etotal,  ij,  t可表示为
Etotal,  ij,  t=1−(1−ED ij,  t)(1−ER ij,  t)(1−EI ij,  t)
第j个捕集区域内所有收集器的捕集效率ηj,  t可表示为
ηj,  t=1−exp[−3(1−εij,  t)h2εij,  t⋅Etotal  , tdc ij,  t]
式中h为捕集单元厚度.
基于Gong等[13]的研究构建壁面尺度模型.在多孔介质内部,沿径向厚度方向的第j层捕集单元未捕集到的颗粒物数PNj是通过其捕集效率与第j-1层出口颗粒数[13]PNj−1计算得到,即
PNj,  t(dp)=PNj−1,  t(dp)(1−ηj,  t)
式中:dp为颗粒物直径,每层捕集区域捕集到的颗粒物总质量Mi,  t(dp)可以根据不同粒径颗粒物的质量和数量计算,其中单个不同粒径颗粒物质量mk采用Viswanathan等[7]的拟合公式进行计算,即
Mj,  t(dp)=PNj,  t(dp)ηt(1−ηt)mk(dp)
mk(dp)=10−7dp3+3×10−5dp2−  3×10−4dp−0.010    6
随着颗粒物被捕集,收集器的直径dc ij,  t、孔隙率εij,  t等参数会发生变化,且每个捕集单元内收集器变化不同,与各单元内捕集颗粒物总质量mt有关[13],可表示为
dc ij,  t=2[0.75mtπρ+(0.5dc ij,  t−1)3]1/3
εij,  t=1−(1−εij,  t−1)(dc ij,  tdc ij,  t−1)1/3
式中ρ为颗粒物堆积密度.
结合试验结果,球型捕集模型中不同孔径概率密度分布[12](PDF)可以用对数正态分布表示,即
PDFo ij=1do ijσo ij2π⋅exp[−(lndo ij−μo  ij)2/2σo ij2]
式中:μ和σ分别为对数正态分布的均值和标准差.模型运行工况中的平均孔径dm和孔径方差dv分别为孔径概率密度分布的期望与方差.
此外,实际孔隙度沿径向并不均匀,多孔介质的顶部存在突变和最小值,其余区域孔隙度基本相同.然而,目前许多模拟只考虑了孔隙度的上、下端断裂,没有考虑最小值.因此,笔者采用函数对孔隙度沿径向(尤其是顶部)的分布进行表达,即
εy0=A1+(A2−A1)⋅   [p1+10(LOG y1−y)h1+1−p1+10(LOG y2−y)h2]
式中:A1、A2为控制稳定性的参数;LOG y1、LOG y2分别为产生半最大刺激和抑制的数值;h1、h2为曲线的斜率.这6个参数相互作用,共同决定了孔隙率的径向分布特征.
多孔介质内部微观结构会影响GPF捕集效率,在模型中采用对数正态分布描述孔隙结构(式(13)).为验证模型准确性,对不同孔隙尺寸GPF在不同壁面速率下的捕集效率进行验证[20],各捕集器参数及工况参数见表1.试验采用直径为25mm、厚度为0.31mm的圆盘模拟捕集器多孔介质区域,通过加热氯化锌(ZnCl2)生成气溶胶颗粒,利用差分迁移分析仪(DMA)控制入口颗粒物粒径,并通过凝结核计数器(CNC)测量颗粒浓度以计算捕集效率.此外,试验通过调节气体流量来改变壁面渗透速率.
图2为模型验证结果.随着粒径增加,粒径为10~300nm颗粒物对应的捕集效率先降低、后升高,粒径为150nm颗粒物的渗透能力最强.当孔隙尺寸降低时,各粒径颗粒物的捕集效率均有不同程度提高,同时最强渗透能力颗粒物的粒径增加,变化范围为150~200nm,这是由于对该粒径范围颗粒物的捕集扩散和拦截机制均不占主导,捕集效率最低.
在验证结果中,当平均孔径和壁面速率较大时,模拟值的误差略有增加,这可能由于颗粒动力学简化假设在高壁面速率条件下不再适用.具体而言,在实际GPF捕集过程中,高壁面速率可能导致颗粒与壁面发生碰撞后产生反弹或二次夹带现象,而现有模拟通常假设颗粒一旦接触壁面即被完全捕集,从而导致模拟的捕集效率与试验值之间存在偏差[22].同时,高流速或大颗粒可能会加剧局部温度梯度或化学反应速率的变化,而笔者模型中却忽略了这些因素,假设温度恒定且未考虑颗粒物再生过程的影响,但大部分工况下,各粒径的捕集效率模拟值与试验值之间的误差较小(<10%).此外,模型预测的捕集效率最低值对应的粒径与试验值一致,进一步验证了模型的可靠性,因而可以将其用于后续模拟.
图3为不同粒径与收集器直径对应的总捕集效率、布朗扩散捕集效率、拦截捕集效率和惯性捕集效率.在该孔隙结构特征下,布朗扩散机制对小于30nm颗粒物的捕集效率超过50%,其主要捕集区域集中在8μm以下的收集器表面,这是由于该尺寸收集器表面具有更薄的边界层和更大的比表面积,显著缩短了颗粒物的扩散距离,从而有效提升了布朗扩散捕集效率[15].同时,粒径大于200nm的颗粒物拦截捕集效率大于3.5%,其捕集行为主要发生在7μm以下的收集器区域,该尺寸收集器由于其尺寸接近颗粒物直径,能更有效地通过直接接触或近表面流场扰动实现拦截捕集[23].根据颗粒物粒径分布特征,惯性捕集机制对颗粒物在GPF上的负载贡献可忽略不计.
笔者通过改变平均孔径及孔径方差,形成具有一定尺寸分布的孔隙结构,研究其捕集效率,其余边界条件见表1,同时各粒径颗粒物入口数量保持一致.图4为不同平均孔径和孔径方差对应的PDF.
图4(a)中固定孔径方差为35μm,改变平均孔径(10、15和20μm),使孔径PDF形貌类似但宽度不同.Chen等[24]研究发现,随着平均孔径升高,PDF峰值对应的收集器直径升高,多孔介质中通道数量减小,但通道流通面积增加.图4(b)中固定平均孔径为15μm,改变孔径方差(15、35和55μm).可知,孔径方差增大,PDF峰值存在差异.当孔径方差减小,PDF宽度越窄,孔径范围大小明显降低,相应PDF峰值会增加,多孔介质中各通道流通面积差异减小.
图5示出图4中对应孔径分布下的捕集效率.图5(a)中,保持孔径方差一定,平均孔径增大,捕集效率逐渐降低,最低捕集效率降低了41%.在当前模拟工况中,平均孔径的变化(10~20μm)对粒径较小(<20nm)的颗粒物捕集效率影响较小(<15%),随粒径增大,对应的颗粒物捕集效率影响越大,尤其是最低捕集效率对应的粒径范围(150~250nm),最大变化量约为41%.Meng等[14]和Chen等[24]研究中也观察到了类似现象.较小的平均孔径使得收集器直径更小(图4(a)),在相同孔隙率下收集器数量会增加,进而增加了多孔介质的表面积,提高了捕集颗粒物的能力.图5(b)中,在平均孔径一定、孔径方差增大时,捕集效率逐渐增加,增幅最大为19%.这是由于孔径方差较小时,GPF中存在更多尺寸较小的收集器(图4(b)),理论上会增加多孔介质内与颗粒物接触表面积,进而更有利于布朗扩散和拦截捕集效率提高.这一现象与李志军等[25]的研究结果相似.
图6为不同平均孔径下的总捕集效率(对应图4(a)).图7为不同孔径方差下的总捕集效率(对应图4(b)).图6(a)中,当平均孔径为10μm、孔径方差为35μm时,捕集器对所有粒径颗粒物(10~300nm)都有较高的捕集效率(>50%),且主要集中在直径小于15μm的收集器上.随着平均孔径的增加,高捕集效率对应的粒径范围缩小(图5(b)和图5(c)),当平均孔径为20μm时,只对粒径小于12nm的颗粒物有较高的捕集效率,但高效捕集可以在更大尺寸范围的收集器上进行.这是由于平均孔径增加会导致收集器直径增加,进而影响布朗扩散和拦截捕集的效率(式(2)、式(4)).
由图7(c)可知,固定平均孔径为15μm,当孔径方差为55μm时,对所有粒径颗粒物都有较高的捕集效率(>50%),且主要集中在直径小于17μm的收集器上.随着孔径方差的减小,高捕集效率(50%)对应的粒径范围缩小(图7(a)和图7(b)).当孔径方差为15μm时(图7(a)),只对粒径小于21nm的颗粒物有较高的捕集效率,且实现高效捕集的收集器尺寸范围也减小.
此外,由于在各孔隙尺寸分布下都存在能对10~300nm颗粒物实现捕集效率为8%的收集器.在一个捕集器中(图6(a)),随着粒径增加(10~300μm),收集器能达到总捕集效率为8%的最大尺寸先降低、后增加.对于平均孔径从10μm增到20μm,基准线最低点对应粒径从170nm增至220nm(图6(a)和图6(c)).对于孔径方差从15μm增到55μm,基准线最低点对应粒径从190nm增至220nm(图7(a)和图7(c)).此时,由于收集器尺寸范围的增加,多孔介质内通道形状和分布更加复杂,增加了小粒径颗粒物通过布朗运动随机撞上收集器的可能.基准线最低点随着平均孔径和孔径方差的变化与图5中最强渗透能力颗粒物粒径的变化相对应.
GPF动态捕集过程中会存在大量的颗粒物捕集并负载在多孔介质内,且沿径向(多孔介质内气体流动方向)从入口端到出口端负载量逐渐减少.由于捕集器内孔隙率沿径向呈不均匀分布[26],因而后续研究设置径向的孔隙率不均匀分布并进行动态仿真,模拟中的孔隙结构和入口参数如表2所示.
图8为不同时刻颗粒物负载质量在径向上的分布.在各时刻下,颗粒物负载质量在多孔介质径向方向呈先增加、后减小的趋势,这与模型中捕集器上端存在孔隙率最低点密切相关.当气体进入多孔介质的上端区域时,其垂直速度在入口处变化较小,随后开始出现剧烈波动[27],表明气体刚进入多孔介质时孔隙率较高,流动阻力较小;而随着气体逐渐深入,孔隙率降低,多孔介质内部通道结构变得更加复杂,从而显著提高了颗粒物被捕集的概率.
在GPF动态捕集过程中,随着捕集的进行,多孔介质各位置的颗粒捕集量均逐渐增加.其中,孔隙率最低点位置的颗粒物负载质量增幅最大,而该点下方多孔介质区域的颗粒负载质量增量则沿多孔介质径向方向逐渐减小.比较5min和20min的孔隙率最低点处与捕集器底部的颗粒物负载质量可知,在15min内,捕集器最底端颗粒物负载变化量约为0.5×10-12 kg,而孔隙率最低点变化量约为1.1×10-12kg,约是最底端的2.2倍.此外,相邻时间点孔隙率最低点处的负载质量变化约为0.3×10-12、0.4×10-12和0.5×10-12kg.负载质量的差异是由于孔隙率最低处对颗粒物的阻碍和捕集最多,导致该处孔隙率进一步减小的同时,渗透到下方多孔介质区域的颗粒物数量大幅降低,随着捕集的进行,颗粒物被孔隙率最低点捕集的概率和质量不断增加,最终只在该区域及上方进行颗粒捕集和沉积,并逐步过渡为滤饼层阶段.颗粒物在孔隙率最低点处的捕集概率和沉积质量不断增加.
动态捕集过程会影响GPF中各种捕集机制的效率.图9为不同时刻捕集器最低孔隙率点处的布朗扩散捕集效率和拦截捕集效率.对比图9(a)~图9(c)可知,经过20min的捕集,高布朗扩散捕集效率(>50%)对应的收集器直径几乎不变,说明小粒径主要由20μm以下的收集器捕集,约30μm以下的收集器在相当长时间内都具有50%以上的捕集效率.但捕集效率为50%对应的最大粒径从120nm降为95nm.结合式(2)可知,随捕集进行,孔隙率降低使得通道的水动力因子K(εij,t)升高,同时收集器直径dc ij,  t升高使佩克莱数增加,这些变化都会导致布朗扩散捕集效率降低.
由图9(d)~图9(f)可知,高拦截捕集(>2.5%)对应的收集器直径也几乎不变,对应的粒径从190nm上升为220nm.在式(4)中,孔隙率的降低会提高拦截捕集效率,但水动力因子的升高起反作用,在模拟工况中拦截捕集效率略有降低.
图10为不同时刻下捕集器对各粒径颗粒物的捕集效率.随着捕集的进行,各粒径颗粒物的捕集效率均上升,特别是大粒径的捕集效率更高.这与Viswanathan等[28]的结果相一致,他们发现当粒径为30~200nm时,随着粒径增加,捕集对粒子渗透能力的抑制作用逐渐增强.随着颗粒物在捕集器中的沉积,收集器直径不断增加,孔隙率减小,降低了收集器上布朗扩散效率和拦截捕集效率.结合式(7),整个捕集器的效率不仅与收集器尺寸和效率相关,还受孔隙率影响,且捕集器的效率更依赖于孔隙率变化.
(1)GPF的捕集机制主要是布朗扩散和拦截捕集,分别对应小粒径(<30nm)和大粒径(>200nm)的颗粒物被捕集在小尺寸收集器(<7μm)上.
(2)减小多孔介质的平均孔径、增大孔径方差,可以扩展在收集器上实现高捕集效率(>50%)所对应的颗粒物粒径范围,从而提升GPF对不同粒径颗粒物的捕集性能.
(3)适当降低多孔介质入口区域孔隙率,使得颗粒负载更加集中,有利于捕集效率的提高和向滤饼层阶段过渡;颗粒物在多孔介质的负载会导致GPF捕集效率增加,但随捕集进行,布朗扩散捕集效率、拦截捕集效率略有降低,因而捕集过程中效率的升高主要是由于孔隙率减小.
  • 云南贵金属实验室科技计划资助项目(YPML-2023050263)
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2025年第43卷第6期
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doi: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202506054
  • 接收时间:2025-01-15
  • 首发时间:2026-11-04
  • 出版时间:2025-11-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-15
  • 修回日期:2025-04-22
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云南贵金属实验室科技计划资助项目(YPML-2023050263)
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    1.天津大学先进内燃动力全国重点实验室,天津 300350
    2.昆明贵研催化剂有限责任公司贵金属催化技术与应用国家-地方联合工程实验室,昆明 650106
    3.上汽通用五菱汽车股份有限公司,柳州 545007

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张帆,博士,副教授,
杨冬霞,博士,正高级工程师,.
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